1.
First baseman
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First base, or 1B, is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner in order to score a run for that players team. A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base, in the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number 3. Also called first sacker or cornerman, the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility, flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders, the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls. In order for the runner to be called out, the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and they often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a.270 plus batting average. Good defensive first basemen, according to Bill James, are capable of playing off first base so that they can field ground balls hit to the side of first base. The first baseman then relies upon the pitcher to cover first base to receive the ball to complete the out, indications of a good defensive first baseman include a large number of assists and a low number of throwing errors by other infielders. The nature of play at first base often requires first basemen to stay close to the bag to hold runners or to reach the bag before the batter. First basemen are not typically expected to have the range required of a baseman, shortstop. As a result, first base is not usually perceived to be as physically demanding as other positions, however, it can also be a very hard position to play, a large amount of concentration and timing is required. Though many play at first base their entire career, it is common for players to be moved to first base in order to extend their careers or to accommodate other recently acquired players. Facing a possible trade or a reduction in playing time. Catchers and corner outfielders are often moved to first base due to deteriorating health or if their fielding abilities at their position are detrimental to the team. When first base is not occupied by a baserunner, the first baseman usually stands behind first base, the distance he plays from the base and foul line is dependent on the current hitter and any runners on base. The exact position may depend on the first basemans experience, preference. For a known right-handed pull hitter, the first baseman might position himself further towards the second basemans normal fielding position, for a known left-handed pull hitter, the first baseman will position himself closer to the foul line in order to stop a ball hit down the line. To protect against a bunt on the first base side of the infield, as soon as the pitcher commits to throwing towards home plate, the first basemen will charge towards the hitter to field the bunt. During these plays, it is the responsibility of the second basemen to cover first base, with a base runner present at first base, the first baseman stands with his right foot touching the base to prepare for a pickoff attempt. Once the pitcher commits to throwing towards home plate, the first baseman comes off the bag in front of the runner and gets in a fielding position
2.
Yorkville, Manhattan
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Yorkville is a neighborhood in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. Its southern boundary is East 79th Street, its northern East 96th Street, its western Third Avenue, the neighborhood, in Manhattan Community Board 8, is among the most affluent in the city. The Continentals disciplined northerly retreat led to the successful Battle of Harlem Heights in September 1776, in 1815, the Upper East Side was a farmland and market garden district. The Boston Post Road traversed the Upper East Side, locally called the Eastern Post Road, milepost 6 was near the northeast corner of Third Avenue and 81st Street. From 1833 to 1837 the New York and Harlem Railroad, one of the earliest railway systems in the United States, was extended through the Upper East Side along Fourth Avenue. A hamlet grew near the 86th Street station, becoming the Yorkville neighborhood as gradual yet steady commercial development occurred, the current street grid was laid-out between 1839 and 1844 as part of the Commissioners Plan of 1811, so the Eastern Post Road was abandoned. The community had been referred to as Yorkville before 1867, by 1850, a significant proportion of the inhabitants of the area were the Germans and the Irish that helped build the Croton Aqueduct. The area was included in the 19th administrative district whose boundaries were 40th and 86th Street, in 1858, trams were built along Second and Third Avenues. After the American Civil War, mansions replaced slums in Yorkville, on December 30,1878, the IRT Third Avenue Line opened, followed by the IRT Second Avenue Line in August 1879. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, Yorkville was a middle- to working-class neighborhood, inhabited by people of Czech, Slovak, Irish, Polish, German, Hungarian. The area was a mostly German enclave, though, from 1880, Yorkville became a destination for German-born immigrants. However, by the 1900s, many German residents moved to Yorkville, the ship caught fire in the East River just off the shores of Yorkville, leading family members to move closer to the site of the incident. Most of the passengers on the ship were German, in addition, the general trend towards moving to the suburbs reduced the German population in Manhattan, by 1930, most German New Yorkers lived in Queens. On 86th Street, in the portion of Yorkville, there were many German shops, restaurants. Yorkville became the melting pot of populations arriving from various regions of the Prussian-dominated German Empire and its colonies, where many cultures spoke German. In the 1930s, the neighborhood was the base of Fritz Julius Kuhns German American Bund, the most notorious pro-Nazi group in 1930s America. Yorkville was a haven for refugees from fascist Germany in the 1940s, the neighborhood is the site of the annual Steuben Parade, a large German-American celebration. The largest non-German group were the Irish, Irish mostly lived in an area bounded by 81st and 85th Streets, and Lexington and Fifth Avenues
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Riverdale, Bronx
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Riverdale is an upper middle class residential neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx, a borough in New York City. Riverdale, which has a population of 47,850 as of the 2000 United States Census, in 1642, Anthony Van Corlaer died while attempting to swim across the Hudson from nearby Spuyten Duyvil. A witness to Van Corlaers death stated that the devil in the shape of a giant fish swam up and proceeded to seize the sturdy Anthony by the leg and this may be the earliest recorded shark attack in the New World. In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek, kings Bridge, which was located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693. At the turn of the century, the new popularity of railroad commute enabled wealthy businessmen to make Riverdale their year-round residence, Fieldston, owned by a private association, is a particularly intact example of a turn-of-the century upper class suburb. The Hudson Hill neighborhood retains many of its historic mansions, Riverdales elite private schools and historic churches also reflect this past. Development of the began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central. This is the still used by Metro-North today. The first house was begun in 1910 and finished in 1911, by the beginning of the 21st century, Fieldston, as the 20th century progressed, upscale apartment buildings and smaller houses were added to the neighborhood. To this day, Riverdale continues to maintain its character as an affluent enclave in the city of New York, the rich history of Riverdale has led to the creation of the Riverdale Historic District. In May 2009, the FBI ran an operation to prevent a bombing plot in which two Riverdale synagogues were the suggested targets. This followed a Molotov cocktail attack in 2000 on a different Riverdale synagogue, on July 26,2010, the National Weather Service confirmed that an EF1 tornado had hit Riverdale the day before. There were no fatalities, but seven people were injured, on December 1,2013, a train derailment near Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in four deaths and over 70 injuries, of which 11 were critical. Riverdale covers about three miles in area. It has one of the highest elevations in New York City, affording it views of the Empire State Building, George Washington Bridge, Hudson River and it is also noted for the numerous parks and expanses of greenery and original forest that complement its hilly landscape. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by the city of Yonkers in Westchester County, and on the west by the Hudson River, the AIA Guide to New York City gives Broadway as the eastern boundary, and the Harlem River as the southern. There is also a 15-acre Riverdale Historic District in the northwest of the neighborhood, Riverdales ZIP codes are 10463 and 10471. While 10471 is entirely in Riverdale,10463 also covers the adjacent neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, administratively, Riverdale is part of Bronx Community Board 8
5.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
6.
Hit (baseball)
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If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner, he is also credited with a hit. A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple, a home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits, an infield hit is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners, a no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base, the no-hitter is a perfect game, in 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near.500, Tip ONeill of the St. Louis Browns batted.485 that season, the experiment was abandoned the following season. There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted, the number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this issues, the Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. Most current sources list ONeills 1887 average as.435, as calculated by omitting his walks and he would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion, cap Anson would be recognized, with his.421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at.372 if they are not. The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10, Rule 10.05 Comment, In applying Rule 10.05, the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. Runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorers judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred
7.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
8.
Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
9.
New York Yankees
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The Essendon Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League, the sports premier competition. Formed in 1871 as a club and playing as a senior club since 1878. It is historically associated with Essendon, a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne, dyson Heppell is the current team captain. A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association, in 1877, and the Victorian Football League, in 1896, the club claims to have over at least one million supporters Australia wide. Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships which, along with Carlton, is the most of any club in the competition, the club was founded by members of the Royal Agricultural Society, the Melbourne Hunt Club and the Victorian Woolbrokers. The Essendon Football Club is thought to have formed in 1872 at a meeting it the home of a well-known brewery family, the McCrackens, whose Ascot Vale property hosted a team of local junior players. Robert McCracken, the owner of several city hotels, was the founder and first president of the Essendon club and his son, Alex, Alex would later become president of the newly formed VFL. Alexs cousin, Collier, who had played with Melbourne, was the teams first captain. The club played its first recorded match against the Carlton second twenty on 7 June 1873, Essendon played 13 matches in its first season, winning seven, with four draws and losing two. The club was one of the junior members of the Victorian Football Association in 1877. During its early years in the Association, Essendon played its matches at Flemington Hill. In 1878, Essendon played in the first match on what would be considered by modern standards to be a field at Flemington Hill. In 1879 Essendon played Melbourne in one of the earliest night matches recorded when the ball was painted white, in 1883 the team played four matches in Adelaide. In 1891 Essendon won their first VFA premiership, which they repeated in 1892,1893 and 1894, one of the clubs greatest players, Albert Thurgood played for the club during this period. Essendon was undefeated in the 1893 season, at the end of the 1896 season Essendon along with seven other clubs formed the Victorian Football League. Essendons first VFL game was in 1897 was against Geelong at Corio Oval in Geelong, Essendon won its first VFL premiership by winning the 1897 VFL finals series. Essendon again won the premiership in 1901, defeating Collingwood in the Grand Final, the club won successive premierships in 1911 and 1912 over Collingwood and South Melbourne respectively. The nickname first appeared in print in the local North Melbourne Advertiser in 1889 and it was known firstly as Essendon Town and, after 1905, as Essendon
10.
1939 Major League Baseball season
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The 1939 Major League Baseball season. April 20 – The Boston Red Sox show off their prize rookie Ted Williams before 30,278 in Opening Day at Yankee Stadium, after striking out twice, Williams collects a double off pitcher Red Ruffing, who wins 2–0. Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig makes an error, goes hitless, other notables in what will become a historic box score include Joe DiMaggio, Bill Dickey, Jimmie Foxx, Joe Cronin, Bobby Doerr, Red Rolfe, and losing pitcher Lefty Grove. The Yankees score their first run on a run by Dickey. Boston has baserunners in each inning, but Ruffing tosses just the opening day shutout in Yankees history. Four umpires work the game including third base umpire George Pipgras, april 21 – Ted Williams plays his first game at Fenway Park, scoring the first run for the Boston Red Sox on a Frankie Hayes passed ball, in a Boston 9–2 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics. April 23 – In a Philadelphia Athletics 12–8 win over the Boston Red Sox, the Yankees lose the game and DiMaggio will miss the next 35 games. April 30 – Lou Gehrig goes hitless in four at-bats against the Washington Senators and is now hitting just.143 this season and he had just played his 2, 130th consecutive major league game. No one knew it would be the very last of his career, may 4 – The mother of Cleveland Indians pitcher Bob Feller watches her son pitch for the first time, against the Chicago White Sox. Chicago player Marv Owen fouled a pitch into the stands which knocked her out and she recovered, but would need stitches to close the wound. July 4 – Lou Gehrig day was held at Yankee Stadium, numerous people, including many from other major league teams, came forward to give Gehrig gifts and to shower praise on the dying slugger. The Yankees retired his uniform number 4, the first player in league history to be afforded that honor. Babe Ruth even showed up and ended their feud by giving his old teammate a hug. After the presentations, Gehrig approached the microphone, and addressed the crowd, Fans, yet today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. I have been to ballparks for seventeen years and I have never received anything but kindness, july 25 – Yankees pitcher Atley Donald sets a league record for consecutive wins by a rookie, bringing his record to 12–0 with a 5–1 victory over the St. Louis Browns. July 26 – The New York Yankees tied a league record by scoring in every inning against the St. Louis Browns. Bill Dickey hit three home runs in the 14–1 win, august 9 – Red Rolfe of the New York Yankees started a streak of 18 consecutive games in which he scored at least one run. During those games, he scored a total of 30 runs, august 26 – The first Major League game to be televised occurs, when WXBS-TV broadcasts the game between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field
11.
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season. Both of the major leagues share a common All-Star break, with no games scheduled on the day before or two days after the All-Star Game itself. Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to, no official MLB All-Star Game was held in 1945 including the official selection of players due to World War II travel restrictions. The first All-Star Game was held on July 6,1933 as part of the 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago, at Comiskey Park and was initiated by Arch Ward, initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. The venue for the All-Star Game is chosen by Major League Baseball, the criteria for the venue are subjective, generally, cities with new ballparks and those who have not hosted the game in a long time—or ever—tend to get selected. New York City has hosted more than any city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums. At the same time, the New York Mets failed to host for 48 seasons, in the first two decades of the game there were two pairs of teams that shared ballparks, located in Philadelphia and St. Louis. This led to some shorter-than-usual gaps between the use of venues, The Cardinals hosted the game in 1940, and the Browns in 1948. The Athletics hosted the game in 1943, and the Phillies in 1952, the venues traditionally alternate between the American League and National League every year. This tradition has been several times, The first time was in 1951. Detroit Tigers were chosen to host the game as part of the citys 250th birthday. The second was when the format during the 1959–1962 seasons resulted in the A. L. being one game ahead in turn. This was corrected in 2007, when the N. L, San Francisco Giants were the host for the 2007 All-Star Game, which also set up the 2008 game to be held at the A. L. s Yankee Stadium in its final season. This decision was made following the announcement of Miami as host for the 2017 All Star Game, the coaching staff for each team is selected by its manager. This honor is given to the manager, not the team and this happened in 2003, when Dusty Baker managed the National League team despite having moved from the National League champion San Francisco Giants to the Chicago Cubs. This has also included situations where the person is no longer actively managing a team, mcGraw came out of retirement for that purpose. Dick Williams resigned after managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1973 World Series, in 1974, he became manager of the California Angels, whose uniform he wore for the game. Tony La Russa, who managed the World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in 2011, in 1979, Bob Lemon managed the American League team after having been fired by New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner
12.
World Series
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The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League champion team and the National League champion team. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a playoff. As the series is played in October, during the season in North America. As of 2016, the World Series has been contested 112 times, with the AL winning 64, the 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs. Seven games were played, with the Cubs victorious after game seven, the final score was 8–7, the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6–6. This was the third World Series won by the Cubs, as well as their first title since 1908, in the National League, the St. As of 2016, no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998,1999, all championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season, without a postseason series being played. From 1884 to 1890, the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion. These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series, the number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884, to a high of fifteen in 1887. Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties, each team having won three games with one tie game, the series was promoted and referred to as The Championship of the United States, Worlds Championship Series, or Worlds Series for short. In his book Krakatoa, The Day the World Exploded, August 27,1883, Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper, but this view is disputed. Until about 1960, some sources treated the 19th-century Series on a basis with the post-19th-century series. After about 1930, however, many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903, following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season, the National League was again the only major league. The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half-season champions and this scheme was abandoned after one season. Beginning in 1893—and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969—the pennant was awarded to the club in the standings at the end of the season. For four seasons, 1894–1897, the league played the runners-up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup. A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle-Telegraph Cup series, in 1901, the American League was formed as a second major league. No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and these series were arranged by the participating clubs, as the 1880s Worlds Series matches had been
13.
1927 World Series
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In the 1927 World Series, the New York Yankees swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in four games. This was the first sweep of a National League team by an American League team and that year, the Yankees led the American League in runs scored, hits, triples, home runs, base on balls, batting average, slugging average and on-base percentage. It featured legends Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig at their peaks, the team won a then-league record 110 games, finished with a 19-game lead over second place, and are considered by many to be the greatest team in the history of baseball. The 1927 Pittsburgh Pirates, with MVP Paul Waner, led the National League in runs, hits, batting average, the 1927 New York Yankees had perhaps the most feared line-up in the history of baseball. Nicknamed Murderers Row, their batting order boasted the all-time great Babe Ruth at the top of his considerable powers, left fielder Bob Meusel also drove in over 100 runs, with a.337 average. The teams pitching staff was led by another Hall of Famer, Waite Hoyt, who had his best season with a 22–7 record, three more pitchers won 18 or more games, rookie Wilcy Moore, Herb Pennock and Urban Shocker. Rounding out the staff were veteran Dutch Ruether, George Pipgras, not surprisingly, the Yankees ran away with the pennant under the leadership of manager Miller Huggins. They finished with a record of 110–44,19 games in front of the second-place Philadelphia Athletics and they were overwhelming favorites to win the World Series. The 1927 Pittsburgh Pirates were by no means a weak team, the Pirates went 94–60 for manager Donie Bush during the regular season, finishing 1 1⁄2 games ahead of the defending World Champions St. Louis Cardinals. The Pirates also had their share of future Hall of Famers, the teams best hitter was right fielder Paul Big Poison Waner, who hit a league-leading.380 and drove in 131 runs, also a league-leading total. His brother, rookie center fielder Lloyd Little Poison Waner hit.355 and scored a league-leading 133 runs, third baseman Pie Traynor hit.342 and drove in over 100 runs, joining shortstop Glenn Wright who also topped the century mark. Other solid hitters for the Pirates included first baseman Joe Harris, the Pirates pitching was not as dominant. Two veterans of the 1925 World Championship team, Lee Meadows, Carmen Hill had pitched part of six seasons in the majors before 1927, never winning more than three games. In 1927, he put everything together, winning a team-leading 22 games against 11 losses, vic Aldridge went 15–10 as the fourth starter, but his 4.25 ERA was well over the league average. In the bullpen, Johnny Miljus put together a season, posting a 1.90 ERA in 76 innings. AL New York Yankees vs. NL Pittsburgh Pirates The 1927 World Series opened under sunny skies and balmy weather at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on Wednesday, October 5. The crowd of 41,467 saw Yankee right-hander Waite Hoyt, the Governor of Pennsylvania, John S. Fisher was at Forbes Field, as well as New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker. Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis was seated near the Yankees’ dugout, National League President John A. Heydler was in another field box
14.
1928 World Series
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In the 1928 World Series, the New York Yankees swept the St. Louis Cardinals in four games. This was the first time a team had swept consecutive Series, babe Ruth hit.625 as the Yankees demolished their opponents by a combined score of 27 to 10. Unlike 1926, however, it occurred in the game of a Series won by the Yanks. Lou Gehrig also had a good Series and he drove in as many runs by himself as the entire Cardinal team combined. Bill McKechnie became the manager to lead two different teams to the World Series, and like Pat Moran, won one and lost one. AL New York Yankees vs. NL St. Louis Cardinals The Cards led 2–1 in the top of the seventh, quick pitches were legal in the National League, but not in the American League or the World Series. So NL plate umpire Cy Pfirman called no pitch, touching off an argument with the Cardinals they couldnt win. Ruth then took two balls to even the count at 2–2 before homering to tie the game at two apiece, gehrigs ensuing back-to-back home run, his fourth of the Series, gave the Yanks a lead they never relinquished. They scored twice more in the seventh, and Ruth capped things off with his third homer of the game in the two-run Yankee eighth. But Ruth merely kept running right into the dugout, holding the ball in the air, in 1930, Ruth called this game the biggest thrill of his career. 1928 World Series, New York Yankees over St. Louis Cardinals Cohen, Richard M. Neft, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008
15.
1932 World Series
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The 1932 World Series was a four-game sweep by the American League champions New York Yankees over the National League champions Chicago Cubs. By far its most noteworthy moment was Babe Ruths called shot home run, in his 10th and it was punctuated by fiery arguments between the two teams, heating up the atmosphere before the World Series even began. A record 13 future Hall of Famers played in this Series, AL New York Yankees vs. NL Chicago Cubs The Cubs opened the scoring with two runs in the top of the first inning, but the Yankees jumped ahead 3–2 on a home run by Lou Gehrig. New York scored nine runs in the last three innings to win 12–6 on only eight hits, Yankee starter Red Ruffing pitched a complete game, striking out 10 Cubs but walking six and giving up six runs, only three of which were earned. Chicago got nine hits but only two runs off Lefty Gomez, and went back to Wrigley behind two games to none and this was the last World Series game Babe Ruth ever played in Yankee Stadium, with a single in his last Fall Classic home at-bat. Roughly 50,000 Cubs fans showed up for Game 3, in a prelude of things to come, Ruth and Gehrig put on an impressive batting display in batting practice. Ruth launched nine balls into the stands, while Gehrig hit seven. As reported in the first edition of A Day at the Park, by William Hartel, p.82, Ruth said while batting, Cub starter Charlie Root struggled in the opening frame. The first two Yankees reached base, and Ruth followed with a homer into the bleachers to put the Yanks up 3–0. The existing newsreel footage showed Gehrig giving Ruth a friendly swat on the buttocks as Ruth crossed the plate. Gehrig hit a home run of his own in the top of the third. This put the Yankees up 4–1, the Cubs battled back with two in the third and one in the fourth, tying the score at four. Joe Judge, who scored the tying run in the fourth, had doubled to right after Ruths futile dive for the ball, what happened in the top of the fifth is legendary, immortalizing this Series sweep in many history books for that and nothing else. Ruth and Gehrig hit back-to-back home runs, but Ruth’s is perhaps the best-known in Series history, Ruth supposedly predicted his home run by pointing to the stands as Root was preparing to pitch. Herb Pennock retired Riggs Stephenson on a fly ball to right for the last out of the Series, the Yankees had won their fourth World Series, and their 12th consecutive Series game. It was the last Series for Yankee mainstays Ruth, Combs, the Cubs extended their World Series victory drought to 24 years with their humiliating loss, their fourth consecutive in the Fall Classic after 1910,1918 &1929. The Cubs drought would end up lasting 108 years, having finally ended when the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games to win the 2016 World Series. 1932 World Series, New York Yankees over Chicago Cubs Bench jockeying, when some of Koenigs Yankee friends got wind of this, they dissed the Cubs as cheapskates in the press, tight with their Series money
16.
1936 World Series
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The 1936 World Series matched the New York Yankees against the New York Giants, with the Yankees winning in six games to earn their fifth championship. The Yankees played their first World Series without Babe Ruth and their first with Joe DiMaggio and he retired in 1935 as a member of the Boston Braves. AL New York Yankees vs. NL New York Giants †, postponed from October 1 due to rain Carl Hubbell won Game 1, but it was mostly downhill after that for the Giants. The Yankees won Game 2 at the Polo Grounds by an 18–4 count, setting Series records for the biggest margin of victory in a World Series game, DiMaggio made a tremendous play in Game 2. With two outs in the bottom of the inning, Hank Leiber drove the ball 490 feet deep into dead center. This remarkable catch was at least 40 feet further than Willie Mays far more celebrated catch of Vic Wertzs drive to deep straightaway center in Game 1 of the 1954 World Series. After DiMaggios game-ending grab, President Roosevelt, who was in attendance, all three ninth-inning outs were made by DiMaggio. Yankee second baseman Tony Lazzeri became only the player ever to hit a grand slam home run in the World Series. Prior to that, Elmer Smith of the Cleveland Indians had been the sole achiever of that feat in World Series play, the Yankees also tied the American League record at that time for the most World Series appearances with eight, also shared with the Athletics. They broke both records the following year, the Giants appeared in their 11th World Series, extending the record they already held at that time, and their seventh World Series defeat also extended the record they already owned. DiMaggio would go on to be the person to play on four World Championship teams in his first four years in the big leagues. The Yankee left fielder Jake Powell started the year with the Washington Senators before coming over in the middle of the year in a trade for Ben Chapman. In this Series, the unheralded Powell would lead all hitters in hits, batting average, runs and walks, add a run with five runs batted in. Cohen, Richard M. Neft, David S, the World Series, Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. Archived from the original on 2008
17.
1938 World Series
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Dizzy Dean, who had helped carry the Cubs to the National League pennant despite a sore arm, ran out of gas in the Series as the Yanks crushed the Cubs again, as they had in 1932. Yankee starting pitcher Red Ruffing won two games, although he allowed 17 hits in 18 innings pitched. After Game 2 of the Series, the Bronx Bombers would not return to Wrigley Field for nearly 65 years until a three-game interleague series with the Cubs beginning June 6,2003. This was the first World Series at Wrigley Field since the reconstruction of 1937 which had significantly shortened the left-center field power alley. AL New York Yankees vs. NL Chicago Cubs Game 1 of the Series matched the Yankees Red Ruffing, in the top of the second inning, Lou Gehrig walked and moved to third on a single by Bill Dickey. George Selkirk then reached on an error by Cub second baseman Billy Herman scoring Gehrig, in the bottom of the third, the Cubs cut the lead in half when Ripper Collins singled to lead off and moved to second on a groundout by Lee. Stan Hacks single to right scored Collins, Hack taking second on the throw home, but when he attempted to score on an infield single by Herman, he was gunned down at home. The top of the sixth saw New York extend its lead to 3–1 when Tommy Henrich belted a double to right and scored on a Dickey single. The Cubs could muster nothing further off Ruffing, who scattered nine hits over the course of the game, and the Yankees held on for the win and a 1–0 lead in the Series. Game 2 pitted the Yankees Lefty Gomez against the Cubs former St. Game 2 of the 1938 Series thus became known as Ol Dizs Last Stand. The Cubs gave Dean a 1–0 lead in the bottom of the first when Hack singled, advanced to third on a single by Frank Demaree, but the Bronx Bombers took the lead in the next half-inning when a Gordon double scored both DiMaggio and Gehrig. In the bottom of the third, the Cubs went back out in front by a run when Hack and Herman hit back-to-back singles, were sacrificed to third and second by Demaree, and scored on Martys double. Dean pitched effectively for the four innings, giving up only a single to Gehrig in the fourth. Johnny Murphy, in relief of Gomez, held Chicago at bay for the two innings for a 6–3 Yankee win as the Series moved east to New York with a 2–0 Series advantage for the Yankees. For Game 3 at Yankee Stadium, the Cubs threw Clay Bryant against the Bombers Monte Pearson, both pitchers matched zeroes for the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, the Cubs drew first blood when Hack doubled, moved to third on Gordons error on Phil Cavarretta and scored on Martys forceout of Cavarretta at second. In the bottom half of the inning, however, Gordon atoned for his mistake by walloping a solo home run off Bryant to tie the game. Pearson followed with a single to right, advanced to second on a Crosetti walk, in the bottom of the sixth, New York, tacked on two more runs with a two-run single by Gordon
18.
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
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The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award is an annual Major League Baseball award, given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. Since 1931, it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers Association of America, MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a definition of what most valuable means. First basemen, with 34 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen, third basemen, of the 24 pitchers who have won the award,15 are right-handed while 9 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the pitchers who have won multiple times. Barry Bonds has won the most often and the most consecutively, jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times,9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues. The awards only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, there have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, the award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams, Arizona Diamondbacks, Miami Marlins, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League, in recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011, he became the first pitcher in league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992. Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986. The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher—after Bob Gibson won in 1968, the 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobbs batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns, American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players. The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award, a committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the most important and useful player to the club and to the league. Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, in 1922 the American League created a new award to honor the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club. Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry, received a bronze medal, voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible
19.
Triple Crown (baseball)
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In Major League Baseball, a player earns the Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories in the same season. The term Triple Crown generally refers to the achievement of leading a league in batting average, home runs. The term Pitching Triple Crown refers to the achievement of leading a league in wins, strikeouts. The term Triple Crown is typically used when a player leads one league, such as the American League or the National League, a tie for a lead in any category, such as home runs, is sufficient to be considered the leader in that category. A Major League Triple Crown may be said to occur when a player leads all of Major League Baseball in all three categories, the term Triple Crown generally refers to the batting achievement. A batter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, as the term, unless modified, connotes the batting achievement, it may not be necessary to refer to this as the batting Triple Crown. It is a feat to lead all batters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times, most recently in 2012, cabreras was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat. The most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two, rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading all major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals. Ted Williams later matched this mark in the AL, winning in 1942 and 1947 with the Boston Red Sox, the Cardinals have won the most batting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsbys two, Tip ONeill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns, eleven of the thirteen eligible players who have offensive Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame. A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, because these statistics are all largely complimentary of one another, the Pitching Triple Crown is not quite as rare as the batting feat. The pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 38 times, including 8 since 1997, the most pitching Triple Crowns captured by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies, and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs. Alexander is the only pitching Triple Crown winner to win his titles with more than one team, walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the first Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913,1918, and 1924. Other pitchers who have won multiple Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson, Lefty Grove, Lefty Gomez, eighteen of twenty-four eligible pitchers who have won a Triple Crown have been elected to the Hall of Fame. Under the aforementioned eligibility rules for the Hall of Fame, four living pitchers who have been active since 2011 are ineligible for election, the Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility, the most recent Triple Crown winners for pitching are Clayton Kershaw and Justin Verlander, who won for the NL and AL respectively in 2011
20.
Batters with 4 home runs in one game
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Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball game as baseballs greatest single-game accomplishment. 16 players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers on May 8,2012, no player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four runs in a single game. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins onto the field after his home run. These games have resulted in other MLB single-game records due to the offensive performance. Mark Whiten, for example, tied Jim Bottomley for the most runs batted in in a game with 12 in his four-homer game. Shawn Green hit a double and a single along with his four runs for 19 total bases. It surpassed Joe Adcocks mark of 18, which came from a four-homer game. Chuck Klein, Pat Seerey, and Mike Schmidt each hit their four in a game went into extra innings. Four home runs generate significant offense which generally allows a team to win, although Ed Delahantys, carlos Delgado was the only one who hit his four home runs in a game in which he made only four plate appearances. Warren Spahn pitched the ball which Gil Hodges hit for the first of his four, Hodges and Adcock are the only players to hit home runs against four different pitchers in one game. Lowe and Delahanty, on the hand, are the only players to hit four home runs in one game against just one pitcher, Ice Box Chamberlain. Mike Cameron hit his four on May 2,2002, and Green matched the total 21 days later on May 23,2002, the shortest span between such games. Lowe and Seerey each hit fewer than 100 home runs over the length of their career while Willie Mays, with 660, both Mays and Schmidt are also members of the 500 home run club. Of the 11 players eligible for the Hall of Fame who have hit four runs in a game. Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons and these requirements leave four players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons, and one who did not play 10 seasons in MLB. No player has ever hit four runs in a postseason game. Nig Clarke General Society for American Baseball Research, the SABR Baseball List and Record Book, Baseballs Most Fascinating Records and Unusual Statistics
21.
Major League Baseball All-Century Team
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In 1999, the Major League Baseball All-Century Team was chosen by popular vote of fans. To select the team, a panel of experts first compiled a list of the 100 greatest Major League Baseball players from the past century, over two million fans then voted on the players using paper and online ballots. The top two vote-getters from each position, except outfielders, and the top six pitchers were placed on the team, a select panel then added five legends to create a thirty-man team, —Warren Spahn, Christy Mathewson, Lefty Grove, Honus Wagner, and Stan Musial. The nominees for the All-Century team were presented at the 1999 All-Star Game at Fenway Park, preceding Game 2 of the 1999 World Series, the members of the All-Century Team were revealed. Every living player named to the team attended, for the complete list of the 100 players nominated, see The MLB All-Century Team. There was controversy over the inclusion in the All-Century Team of Pete Rose, some questioned Roses presence on a team officially endorsed by Major League Baseball, but fans at the stadium gave him a standing ovation. During the on-field ceremony, which was emceed by Hall of Fame broadcaster Vin Scully, Grays interview became controversial, with some arguing that it was good journalism, while others objected that the occasion was an inappropriate setting for Grays persistence. After initially refusing to do so, Gray apologized a few days later
22.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
23.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
24.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
25.
Slugging percentage
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In baseball statistics, slugging percentage is a popular measure of the power of a hitter. Walks are specifically excluded from this calculation, the name is a misnomer, as the statistic is not a percentage but a scale of measure whose computed value is a rational number in the interval. For example, in 1920, Babe Ruth played his first season for the New York Yankees. In 458 at bats, Ruth had 172 hits, comprising 73 singles,36 doubles,9 triples, and 54 home runs, a predecessor metric was developed by Branch Rickey in 1954. Rickey, in Life magazine, suggested that combining OBP with what he called extra base power would give a better indicator of performance than typical Triple Crown stats. EBP was a predecessor to slugging percentage, allen Barra and George Ignatin were early adopters in combining the two modern-day statistics, multiplying them together to form what is now known as SLOB. OPS simply stands for on-base plus slugging, and is an addition of the two values. Because it is easy to calculate, OPS has been used with increased frequency in recent years as a form to evaluate contributions as a batter. The maximum numerically possible slugging percentage is 4.000, a number of MLB players have momentarily had a 4.000 career slugging percentage by homering in their first major league at-bat. No player has ever retired with a 4.000 slugging percentage, the players are Eric Cammack, Scott Munninghoff, Eduardo Rodríguez, and Charlie Lindstrom. List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders Moneyball Sabermetrics Slugging Percentage Calculator
26.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
27.
Grand slam (baseball)
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In baseball, a grand slam is a home run hit with all three bases occupied by baserunners, thereby scoring four runs—the most possible in one play. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the game of contract bridge. Roger Connor is believed to have been the first major league player to hit a grand slam, on September 10,1881, for the Troy Trojans. Although Charlie Gould hit one for the Boston Red Stockings in the National Association on September 5,1871, alex Rodriguez has 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrigs 23 on September 20,2013. Meanwhile, Don Mattingly set the record with six grand slams in 1987 – remarkably. Travis Hafner tied Mattinglys Major League record in 2006, while in 2009, several grand slams, the first being Connors in 1881, consisted of a player hitting a walk-off grand slam for a one-run victory, some baseball observers call this an ultimate grand slam. Ryan Howard was the most recent to do so in a 6-5 victory by the Philadelphia Phillies over the Houston Astros on August 7,2014, during the 2005 major league season, grand slams accounted for 132 of the 5017 home runs hit. On June 13–14,2006, the Minnesota Twins hit grand slams in consecutive games against the Boston Red Sox, in 2006, the Chicago White Sox hit grand slams in three consecutive games against the Houston Astros. Scott Podsednik hit the grand slam of his career in the series opener. Joe Crede followed up with a slam of his own on Saturday, the White Sox became the first team to accomplish this since the Detroit Tigers in 1993. On the other hand, the 2007 Kansas City Royals surrendered grand slams in three games, two against the Baltimore Orioles and one against the Tigers. Four players hit a grand slam in their first Major League at-bat, Bill Duggleby, Jeremy Hermida, Kevin Kouzmanoff, Kouzmanoff, Nava, and Duggleby hit theirs on the first pitch, Hermidas grand slam was in a pinch-hit at bat. Tony Cloninger is the pitcher to hit two grand slams in one game, for the Atlanta Braves in a 1966 contest against the San Francisco Giants. Tatis was only the second National League player to hit two grand slams in one game, joining Cloninger, tatis had never hit a grand slam before in his career. Bill Mueller is the player to hit grand slams from both sides of the plate in the same game, when he hit 2 on July 29,2003 for the Boston Red Sox vs. the Texas Rangers. Robin Ventura is the player to hit a grand slam in both games of a doubleheader, when he did so on May 20,1999 for the New York Mets against the Milwaukee Brewers. The Daiei Hawks accomplished the feat in 1999, on August 25,2011, the New York Yankees, hosting the Oakland As, became the first team in MLB history to hit three grand slams in one game. Robinson Canó, Russell Martin and Curtis Granderson took pitchers Rich Harden, Fautino de los Santos, coming back from a 7−1 deficit, the second grand slam gave the Yankees their first lead of the game, they went on to win 22–9
28.
Alex Rodriguez
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Alexander Emmanuel A-Rod Rodriguez is a Dominican-American former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers, Rodriguez was one of the sports most highly touted prospects and is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time. During his 22-year career, Rodriguez has amassed a.297 batting average,696 home runs, over 2,000 runs batted in, over 2,000 runs scored, and over 3,000 hits. He is a 14-time All-Star and has won three American League Most Valuable Player Awards, ten Silver Slugger Awards, and two Gold Glove Awards, Rodríguez is the career record holder for grand slams with 25. The Mariners selected Rodriguez first overall in the 1993 MLB draft, in 1996, he became the Mariners starting shortstop and finished second in voting for the AL MVP Award. Rodriguezs combination of power, speed, and defense made him a cornerstone of the franchise, the 10-year, $252 million contract he signed was the richest in baseball history. He played at a level in his three years with Texas, highlighted by his first AL MVP Award win in 2003. Prior to the 2004 season, Rodriguez was traded to the Yankees, in his first four seasons with New York, he was twice more named AL MVP. After opting out of his following the 2007 season, Rodriguez signed a new 10-year, $275 million deal with the Yankees. He became the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs and he won his first World Series in 2009, which was the first year of the new Yankee Stadium. The following year, he became the leader in home runs by a player of Hispanic descent. In recent years, Rodriguez has been hampered by hip and knee injuries and he played his final game as a Yankee on August 12,2016. In August 2013, MLB suspended him 211 games for his involvement in the scandal, had the original suspension been upheld, it would have been the longest non-lifetime suspension in Major League Baseball history. After an arbitration hearing, the suspension was reduced to 162 games, Rodriguez was born in the Washington Heights section of New York City, to a Dominican family. When he was four, Rodriguez and his parents moved to the Dominican Republic, then to Miami, Rodriguezs favorite baseball players growing up were Keith Hernandez, Dale Murphy, and Cal Ripken Jr. and his favorite team was the New York Mets. In 100 games he batted.419 with 90 steals, westminster went on to win the high school national championship in his junior year. He was first team prep All-American as a senior, hitting.505 with nine runs,36 runs batted in. He was selected as the USA Baseball Junior Player of the Year, in 1993, Rodriguez became the first high school player to ever try out for the United States national baseball team
29.
Cal Ripken Jr.
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Calvin Edwin Cal Ripken Jr. nicknamed The Iron Man, is an American former baseball shortstop and third baseman who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Baltimore Orioles. One of his positions most offensively productive players, Ripken compiled 3,184 hits,431 home runs, and 1,695 runs batted in during his career and he was a 19-time All-Star and was twice named American League Most Valuable Player. Ripken holds the record for games played,2,632, surpassing Lou Gehrigs streak of 2,130 that had stood for 56 years. In 2007, he was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility, born in Maryland, Ripken grew up traveling around the United States as his father, Cal Sr. was a player and coach in the Orioles organization. After a fine career at Aberdeen High School, Ripken Jr. was drafted by the Orioles in the round of the 1978 MLB draft. He reached the leagues in 1981 as a third baseman. That year, Ripken also won the AL Rookie of the Year Award, in 1983, he won a World Series championship and his first AL MVP Award. He switched back to base for the final five years of his career. In 2001, his season, Ripken was named the All-Star Game MVP and was honored with the Commissioners Historic Achievement Award. Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen in baseball history, at 6 ft 4 in,225 lb, he pioneered the way for the success of taller, larger shortstops. He is a member of the 3,000 hit club and is behind Derek Jeter, Ripken is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. whose goal is to grow the love of baseball from a grassroots level. Since his retirement, he has purchased three minor league baseball teams and he has been active in charity work throughout his career and is still considered an ambassador of the game. Ripken was born in Havre de Grace, Maryland, the son of Violet Vi Ripken and he has German, English, and Irish ancestry. Though the Ripkens called Aberdeen, Maryland, their home, they were often on the move because of Cal Sr. s coaching duties with the Baltimore Orioles organization. Cal Sr. in fact, was in Topeka, Kansas with one of his teams when his son was born, Cal Jr. grew up around baseball and got started in it at a very young age. He was able to receive instruction from players on his fathers teams and he also got advice from his father, who once remarked to his mother that his questions were better than the ones reporters had. At the age of three, Ripken knew he wanted to be a ballplayer and, at the age of 10, Ripken knew the game inside, Ripken and his brother Billy attended Aberdeen High School. They both played there, Cal also played soccer
30.
Yankee Stadium (1923)
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Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the citys Major League Baseball franchises, from 1923 to 1973, the stadium hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the home of the New York Giants football team from 1956 through the first part of the 1973–74 football season. It has also known as The Big Ballpark in The Bronx, The Stadium. The stadium was built from 1922 to 1923 for $2.4 million, Yankee Stadium opened for the 1923 MLB season and at the time, it was hailed as a one-of-a-kind facility in the country for its size. Over the course of its history, it one of the most famous venues in the United States, having hosted a variety of events. The stadium went through many alterations and playing surface configurations over the years, the condition of the facility worsened in the 1960s and 1970s, prompting its closing for renovation from 1974 to 1975. The renovation significantly altered the appearance of the venue and reduced the distance of the outfield fences, in 2006, the Yankees began building a new $2.3 billion stadium in public parkland adjacent to the stadium. The price included $1.2 billion in public subsidies, the design includes a replica of the frieze along the roof that was in Yankee Stadium. Monument Park, a Hall of Fame for prominent former Yankees, was relocated to the new stadium, Yankee Stadium closed following the 2008 baseball season and the new stadium opened in 2009, adopting the Yankee Stadium moniker. The original Yankee Stadium was demolished in 2010, two years after it closed, and the 8-acre site was converted into a park called Heritage Field, the new Yankee stadium opened in 2009 and is currently used by the NY Yankees. The Yankees had played at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan since 1913, however, relations between the two teams were rocky, with the Giants harboring resentment towards the Yankees. For the 1920 season, the Yankees acquired star slugger Babe Ruth and in his first year with his new team, by the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued an eviction notice to the Yankees, which was soon rescinded. In 1921, the Yankees won their first American League pennant and this exacerbated Giants owner Charles Stonehams resentment of the Yankees and reinforced his insistence that the Yankees find another place to play their home games. The Giants derisively suggested that the Yankees relocate to Queens or some other out-of-the-way place, tillinghast LHommedieu Huston and Jacob Ruppert, the Yankees owners since January 1915, decided to build their own stadium. They did so at considerable financial risk and speculation, Baseball teams typically played in 30, 000-seat facilities, but Huston and Ruppert invoked Ruths name when asked how the Yankees could justify a ballpark with 60,000 seats. The total bill for construction of the stadium was $2.5 million, Huston and Ruppert explored many areas for Yankee Stadium. Of the other sites being considered, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, consideration was also given to building atop railroad tracks on the West Side of Manhattan and to Long Island City, in Queens
31.
Baseball Writers' Association of America
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The Baseball Writers Association of America is a professional association for baseball journalists writing for daily newspapers, magazines and qualifying websites. The forty-three founding members of the Baseball Writers Association first met in mid-October 1908 and they included Joe S. Jackson, who became the associations first president. At that time, Jackson was the editor of the Detroit Free Press. Also selected as officers were Irving E, the slate of officers was ratified, and anyone who wrote about baseball in major league cities was eligible for membership. This policy changed, however, in December 1913, at time it was decided that minor league baseball writers could also become members. Then, Jackson became a dominant force in the years of the baseball writers. Jackson finally retired in 1919, while Sanborn returned to assume the position of president, after that, Jackson became a member of the BBWAA Board of Directors. The organizations primary function is to work with Major League Baseball and individual teams to assure clubhouse, in addition, BBWAA members also elect players to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, which is the organizations most public function. All writers with 10 continuous years of membership in the BBWAA, the Hall of Fame also empowers the BBWAAs Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 or 12 veteran BBWAA members, to formulate the annual ballot for the Veterans Committee. The BBWAAs most public function is to vote on candidates for the National Baseball Hall of Fame. From 1953 to 1962, the BBWAA presented a Sophomore of the Year Award in each league, in 1997, a 36-member BBWAA panel selected the Major League Baseball All-Time Team. The annual J. G. Taylor Spink Award is the highest award given by the BBWAA, the award is open to both BBWAA members and nonmembers, but only one winner—Roger Angell of The New Yorker, the 2014 recipient—had never been a BBWAA member in his career. Despite having written on baseball for more than a half-century, Angell never worked a specific baseball writing beat, in 2007, the BBWAA opened its membership to web-based writers employed on a full-time basis by websites that are credentialed by MLB for post-season coverage. For information about the chapter and its officer, see footnote. In 1947, the became an official MLB award, with Jackie Robinson as its first recipient. In July 1987, the award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award, for the list of presidents and secretaries from 1908 to the present, see footnote. During the 2012 World Series, the Association elected its first female president, Susan Slusser, names of members are followed by the name of the organization for whom they write. Note, New York Times, Washington Post and Baltimore Sun writers have stated that they are no longer permitted to vote by their employers, the Los Angeles Times has a similar policy, though it appears to be negotiable
32.
Monument Park (Yankee Stadium)
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When Red Ruffings plaque was dedicated in 2004, his son called it the second-greatest honor you can have in baseball, in my opinion trailing only induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The history of the original Monument Park can be traced to the old Yankee Stadium in 1929, additional team members were honored with monuments and plaques in the area over the years. During the stadiums renovation in the mid-1970s, the center field fence was moved in 44 feet, enclosing prior monuments, plaques, over time, additional plaques were added to the area and Monument Park became formalized, in 1985, the park was opened for public access. When the Yankees moved to their new ballpark in 2009, a replica Monument Park was built beyond the center-field fences, thirty-seven members of the Yankee organization have been honored in Monument Park, while 22 have had their uniform numbers retired. Plaques in Monument Park are a great honor for players so distinguished, the monuments mounted posthumously on five large red granite blocks are the highest honor of all. Only six Yankees have been so recognized, manager Huggins, players Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, and Joe DiMaggio, the original Yankee Stadium was built in 1923. As with many other so-called Jewel Box ballparks of the era the flag pole was placed in play, with a generous center field dimension of 500 feet to straightaway center field, there was plenty of room for it without materially interfering in play. This, in turn, led many Yankee fans over the years, particularly children, the Huggins monument was later joined by similar memorials to Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth, which were erected upon their deaths. Over time, a number of plaques were mounted behind them on the outfield wall, placing monuments in the field of play was not so unusual at the time, as there had been in-play stones and plaques at the Polo Grounds and Forbes Field. From 1936 through 1973, the distance from home plate to the center field fence was 461 feet, despite the distance, a batted ball still sometimes made it back there. Manager Casey Stengel hollered to the field, Ruth, Gehrig, Huggins, when Yankee Stadium was remodeled from 1974–1975, the center field fence was moved in to 417 feet from its previous 457 feet, a subsequent reduction brought the fence in again to 410 feet. This enclosed the area, formerly in play, containing the flag pole, as this fenced in area between the two bullpens gathered additional plaques on the original wall it began to be referred to as Monument Park. It was an achievement for a run to reach Monument Park on the fly. Among those who did so were Thurman Munson and Alex Rodriguez, Monument Park was inaccessible to fans until 1985. After the center field fence was moved in, the Yankees enabled fans to visit Monument Park prior to most games at Yankee Stadium, Monument Park was also part of the public tour of the venue. When the Yankees moved to their new ballpark, the Yankees established a new Monument Park in the new stadium, an area was built behind the fence in straightaway center field, below the Mohegan Sun Sports Bar that serves as the batters eye. Built of pearl blue granite from Finland, this new monument park features the five Yankee monuments in an area around a black marble Yankees logo. This is flanked by two stone walls which hold the retired numbers
33.
Yankee Stadium
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Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse section of the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It serves as the ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies and it is one block north of the original, on the 24-acre former site of Macombs Dam Park, the 8-acre site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field. Although Yankee Stadiums construction began in August 2006, the project spanned many years and faced many controversies, including the public cost. The overall price tag makes the new Yankee Stadium the most expensive ever built. It is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer. New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner began campaigning for a new stadium in the early 1980s, Steinbrenner at the time was reportedly considering a move to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey. Governor Thomas Kean in 1984 authorized the use of land for a new stadium in the Meadowlands. In a statewide referendum in 1987, New Jersey taxpayers rejected $185 million in financing for a baseball stadium for the Yankees. Despite the rejection from New Jersey, Steinbrenner frequently used a move there as leverage in negotiations with New York City. Steinbrenner agreed in principle, but then backed out of the deal, in 1993, Mayor David Dinkins expanded on Kochs proposal by offering his Bronx Center vision for the neighborhood, including new housing, a new courthouse, and relocating the Police Academy nearby. However, Cuomo lost his re-election bid a few months later, by 1995, Steinbrenner had rejected 13 proposals to keep the Yankees in the Bronx. That same year, Mayor Rudy Giuliani unveiled a plan to relocate the Yankees to the West Side Yard for a $1 billion stadium, however, with most of the funding coming from taxpayers, Giuliani tabled the proposal, fearing rejection in a citywide referendum. He estimated that both stadiums would cost $2 billion, with city and state taxpayers contributing $1.2 billion, at the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Bloombergs blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004, at the time as the plan for the Mets new stadium. The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion, taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion, the Yankees continued to play in the previous Yankee Stadium during the 2007 and 2008 seasons while their new home stadium was built across the street. The community was left without parkland for five years, after the worker was exposed by co-workers, he was forced to help exhume the jersey. The worker has since claimed to have buried a 2004 American League Championship Series program/scorecard and these attempts didnt have much effect upon the home team, though, the Yankees went on to win the 2009 World Series at the end of their first MLB season in the new stadium. The new stadium is meant to evoke elements of the original Yankee Stadium, the exterior resembles the original look of the 1923 Yankee Stadium
34.
Lou Gehrig Memorial Award
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The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award is given annually to a Major League Baseball player who best exhibits the character and integrity of Lou Gehrig, both on the field and off it. The award was created by the Phi Delta Theta fraternity in honor of Gehrig and it was first presented in 1955. The awards purpose is to recognize a players exemplary contributions in both his community and philanthropy and it is the only MLB award conferred by a fraternity. Twenty-four winners of the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award are members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the inaugural winner was Alvin Dark. Mike Timlin won the award in 2007 for his efforts in raising awareness and finding a cure for ALS, winners of the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award have undertaken a variety of different causes. Many winners, including Rick Sutcliffe, Barry Larkin, Mark McGwire, Todd Stottlemyre and Derek Jeter, roberto Clemente Award Players Choice Awards Branch Rickey Award Baseball awards List of Major League Baseball awards General Specific
35.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
36.
German Americans
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The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
37.
Metalworking
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Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts. It therefore includes a wide range of skills, processes. Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade and its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools, modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Todays machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, the oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BCE. The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the Americas was the processing of copper in Wisconsin, Copper was hammered until brittle then heated so it could be worked some more. This technology is dated to about 4000-5000 BCE, the oldest gold artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian Varna Necropolis and date from 4450 BCE. Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it, isaac Asimov speculated that gold was the first metal. His reasoning is that by its chemistry it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold, in other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as the metal that it is. There are a few metals that sometimes occur natively. Almost all other metals are found in ores, a mineral-bearing rock, another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone hammer and anvil to work the metal is needed. This is a result of properties of malleability and ductility. The earliest tools were stone, bone, wood, and sinew, at some unknown point the connection between heat and the liberation of metals from rock became clear, rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized, remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over Southwestern Asia. Metalworking was being carried out by the South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh between 7000–3300 BCE, the end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper smelting became common in Southwestern Asia. Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their potential, Iron +0.44 V
38.
Maid
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A maid, or housemaid or maidservant, is a female person employed in domestic service. Although now usually only in the most wealthy of households, in the Victorian era domestic service was the second largest category of employment in England and Wales. In the contemporary Western world, comparatively few households can afford live-in domestic help, Maids perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning the house, grocery shopping, walking the family dog, and taking care of children. In many places in some countries, maids often take on the role of a nurse in taking care of the elderly. Many maids are required by their employers to wear a uniform, legislation in many countries makes certain living conditions, working hours, or minimum wages a requirement of domestic service. Nonetheless, the work of a maid has always been hard, involving a full day, the word maid itself is short for maiden, meaning virgin. Maids traditionally have a position in the hierarchy of the large households. House-maid or housemaid, a term for maids whose function was chiefly above stairs, and were usually a little older. Where a household included multiple House Maids they were often sub-divided as below, head house-maid, the senior house maid, reporting to the Housekeeper. Parlour maid, the parlour maids cleaned and tidied reception rooms and living areas by morning, and often served refreshments at afternoon tea and they tidied studies and libraries, and answered bells calling for service. Chamber maid, the chamber maids cleaned and maintained the bedrooms, ensured fires were lit in fireplaces, laundry maid, the laundry maids maintained bedding and towels. They also washed, dried, and ironed clothes for the whole household, under house parlour maid, the general deputy to the house parlour maid in a small establishment which had only two upstairs maids. Nursery maid, also a maid, but one who worked in the childrens nursery, maintaining fires, cleanliness. Reported to the Nanny rather than the Housekeeper, kitchen maid, a below stairs maid who reported to the Cook, and assisted in running the kitchens. Head kitchen maid, where multiple kitchen maids were employed, the kitchen maid was effectively a deputy to the cook. Under kitchen maid, where multiple kitchen maids were employed these were the staff who prepared vegetables, peeled potatoes, in more modest households a single maid-of-all-work or skivvy was often the only staff. It is possible this word originates from the Italian for slave, one of the most in-depth and enduring representations of the lives of several types of maid was seen in the 1970s television drama Upstairs, Downstairs, set in England between 1903 and 1936. Another representation of the lives of maids is seen nowadays in Downton Abbey, set in England between 1912 and 1926
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