1.
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
West Main District, Louisville
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The West Main District is one of the five districts of downtown Louisville, Kentucky. The district, or a portion of it, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as West Main Street Historic District, the buildings of this district boast the largest collection of cast iron façades of anywhere outside of New Yorks SoHo district. The district also features Museum Row, a collection of several museums located within just a few blocks of each other. The district, named for its main corridor of West Main Street, includes the 800-600 blocks of Main, many attractions are located in the West Main District
4.
Downtown Louisville
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Downtown Louisville is the largest central business district in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the urban hub of the Louisville, Kentucky Metropolitan Area. Its boundaries are the Ohio River to the north, Hancock Street to the east, York and Jacob Streets to the south, as of 2000, the population of Downtown Louisville was 2,575. The five main areas of the Central Business District consist of, of the 16 buildings in Kentucky over 300 feet,12 are in Downtown Louisville. In addition, it is the center of local and regional government, a glassed-in skywalk called the Louie Link stretches six city blocks and links together the Kentucky International Convention Center, Fourth Street Live. Three hotels, and 2,300 hotel rooms, Downtown Louisville is the oldest part of the city of Louisville, whose initial development was closely tied to the Ohio River. The largest early fort, Fort Nelson, was built in 1781 near what is today the corner of 7th, many early residents lived nearby after moving out of the forts by the mid-1780s, although little remains of the earliest structures. Early plans of the city, such as William Popes original plan in 1783, the earliest streets, Main, Market and Jefferson retain their original names from the plan, while the smaller Green Street is now known as Liberty. Main Street was the initial commercial hub for nearly a century. By 1830 Louisville passed Lexington as Kentuckys largest city, with a population over 10,000, the steamboat era saw the opening of the Louisville and Portland Canal just west of downtown, and local commerce picked up further with the founding of banks and manufacturing. Most of Louisvilles population was packed into downtown, which by this time stretched as far south as Prather Street, many still-remaining buildings reveal what the area was like at this time, with narrow, two to four-story buildings packing the streets. The area and the city continued to grow during the railroad era, railroads lead to a diminished role for the river in transportation, further reducing the importance of downtown in favor of areas on what was then the edge of the city, along rail lines. In 1886, the first skyscraper, the Kenyon Building, was completed on Fifth Street, the development of three large suburban parks and the electrified streetcar lead to the first true movement to the suburbs at this time. Some of downtowns business and industry followed people toward these areas, but by the 1920s the commercial center of Louisville was still nearby, at 4th and Broadway, dubbed the magic corner by the Herald-Post. The riverfront area of downtown was still being improved, such as with the building of what is now George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge across the Ohio at Second Street in 1929. After World War II, suburbanization increased and downtown began to decline as interstate highways further reduced the importance of its central location, since the 1970s, downtown has been the subject of both urban renewal and historic preservation efforts. While many new buildings have built, it has sometimes been at the expense of older landmarks. Many buildings sat totally or mostly vacant at this time, many riverfront industrial sites were abandoned or saw limited use, many were eventually redeveloped into Louisville Waterfront Park. Other issues in the 1970s through the early 1990s included a theater district on Jefferson Street that had become dubbed the porno district
5.
Hillerich & Bradsby
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Hillerich & Bradsby Company is a company located in Louisville, Kentucky that produces the famous Louisville Slugger baseball bat. The Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory in downtown Louisville features a retrospective of the product, H&B also makes baseball gloves, golf clubs, golf gloves and other equipment. The company announced plans on March 23,2015 to sell its Louisville Slugger division to sporting goods manufacturer Wilson Sporting Goods, J. F. Hillerich opened his woodworking shop in Louisville in 1855. During the 1880s, Hillerich hired his son, John Bud Hillerich. Legend has it that Bud, who played himself, slipped away from work one afternoon in 1884 to watch Louisvilles major league team. The teams star, Pete The Gladiator Browning, mired in a hitting slump, Bud invited Browning to his fathers shop to hand-craft him a new bat to his own specifications. Browning accepted the offer, and got three hits to break out of his slump with his new bat the first day he used it. Browning told his teammates, which began a surge of professional players to the Hillerich woodworking shop. J. F. Hillerich was uninterested in making bats, he saw the future in stair railings, porch columns. In fact, for a time in the 1880s, he even turned away ball players. Bud, however, saw the potential in producing baseball bats, the bats were sold under the name Falls City Slugger until Bud Hillerich took over his fathers company in 1894, and the name Louisville Slugger was registered with the U. S. In 1905, Honus Wagner signed a deal with the company, frank Bradsby, a salesman, became a partner in 1916, and the companys name changed to Hillerich and Bradsby. By 1923, H&B was selling more bats than any other bat maker in the country, during World War II, the company produced wooden rifle stocks and billy clubs for the U. S. Army. In 1954, the company purchased Larimer and Norton, Inc. a Pennsylvania lumber company to ensure a supply of hardwood for their products, in 1976, the company moved across the Ohio River, to Jeffersonville, Indiana, to take advantage of the railroad line there. In the 1990s, the returned to Louisville, Kentucky. Most of Hillerich and Bradsbys wood bats are made from Northern white ash grown in forests on the New York/ Pennsylvania border. Ash trees in the United States are now under attack from the ash borer. While H&Bs forests are not yet infested by the beetle, the area being destroyed is growing and moving closer to them, the company is making plans to utilize other woods in the event North Americas ash forests are totally destroyed
6.
Baseball bat
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A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the pitcher. By regulation it may be no more than 2.75 inches in diameter at the thickest part, although historically bats approaching 3 pounds were swung, today bats of 33 ounces are common, topping out at 34 ounces to 36 ounces. A baseball bat is divided into several regions, the barrel is the thick part of the bat, where it is meant to hit the ball. The part of the barrel best for hitting the ball, according to construction, the end of the barrel is called the top, end or cap of the bat. Opposite the cap, the barrel narrows until it meets the handle, the handle is comparatively thin, so that batters can comfortably grip the bat in their hands. Sometimes, especially on metal bats, the handle is wrapped with a rubber or tape grip, finally, below the handle is the knob of the bat, a wider piece that keeps the bat from slipping from a batters hands. Lumber is a slang term for a bat, especially when wielded by a particularly able batter. The bat drop of a bat is its weight, in ounces, minus its length, for example, a 30-ounce, 33-inch-long bat has a bat drop of minus 3. Larger bat drops help to increase swing speed, bats with smaller drops create more power. The bats form has more refined over time. In the mid-1800s, baseball batters were known to shape or whittle their own bats by hand and this allowed there to be a wide variety in shape, size, and weight. For example, there were flat bats, round bats, short bats, earlier bats were known to be much heavier and larger than todays regulated ones. During the 19th century, many shapes were experimented with, as well as handle designs, today, bats are much more uniform in design. On June 17,1890, Emile Kinst patented the ball-bat, the bat is shaped with a curve, hence the name banana bat. The mushroom bat, made in 1906 by Spalding, with baseball bats being larger in the 1900s the Spalding company designed a larger bat with a mushroom-shaped knob on the handle. This enabled the batter to get a distribution of weight over the entire length of the bat. The Wright & Ditsons Lajoie baseball bat and this bat had a normal size barrel but had two knobs on the handle. The lowest knob was at the bottom of the handle and the other knob was roughly two inches above the lowest knob and this was designed to have better spacing between the hands due to the knob being in the middle of the grip
7.
Norman Rockwell Museum
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The Norman Rockwell Museum is an art museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, dedicated to the art of Norman Rockwell. It is home to the worlds largest collection of original Rockwell art, the museum was founded in 1969 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. The museum has been at its current location since 1993, the museum building was designed by architect Robert A. M. Stern. In 2014 the Famous Artists School donated its archives, including drawings by Rockwell, one of its founding faculty members in 1948. In 2008, the received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities
8.
Coca-Cola
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Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company. The drinks name refers to two of its ingredients, which were kola nuts and coca leaves. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a secret, although a variety of reported recipes. The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate, which is sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce the product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water. A typical 12-US-fluid-ounce can contains 38 grams of sugar, the bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants and vending machines throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants, the Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name. Based on Interbrands best global brand study of 2015, Coca-Cola was the third most valuable brand. In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide, confederate Colonel John Pemberton, who was wounded in the American Civil War and became addicted to morphine, began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug. The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at Pembertons Eagle Drug and Chemical House and he may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani, a French coca wine. It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called Kola Coca was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, the patent for this Spanish drink was bought by Coca-Cola in 1953. In 1885, Pemberton registered his French Wine Coca nerve tonic, in 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca. The first sales were at Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including morphine addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and impotence. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the year in the Atlanta Journal. By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market, a co-partnership had been formed on January 14,1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen, J. C. Mayfield, A. O. Not codified by any signed document, a statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pembertons company as early as 1887. John Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to his son, Charley, Charleys exclusive control over the Coca Cola name became a continual thorn in Asa Candlers side. Candlers oldest son, Charles Howard Candler, authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University, in this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states
