Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the second l
Boltzmann in 1902
Ludwig Boltzmann and co-workers in Graz, 1887: (standing, from the left) Nernst, Streintz, Arrhenius, Hiecke, (sitting, from the left) Aulinger, Ettingshausen, Boltzmann, Klemenčič, Hausmanninger
Boltzmann's 1898 I2 molecule diagram showing atomic "sensitive region" (α, β) overlap
Boltzmann's bust in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was a German theoretical physicist. He was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy q
Ludwig Boltzmann
…Ω , where Ω is the number of microstates whose energy equals the system's energy, interpreted as a measure of the statistical disorder of a system. Max Planck named the constant kB the Boltzmann constant. Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. It describes how macroscopic observations…
Plaque at the Humboldt University of Berlin: "Max Planck, discoverer of the elementary quantum of action h, taught in this building from 1889 to 1928."
Planck in 1918, the year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum theory.
From left to right: Nernst, Einstein, Planck, Millikan, and Laue at a dinner given by Laue in Berlin on 11 November 1931.