1.
Portogruaro
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Portogruaro is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Venice, Veneto, northern Italy. The city is the centre of a district, made up of 11 comuni, Portogruaro was officially founded in 1140, when the Archbishop of Concordia, Gervinus, gave a group of fishermen the right to settle there and build a river port. A castle had existed on the site as early as the 10th century, in 1420 its citizens requested membership of the Republic of Venice. According to Bertolini the towns foundation could be coeval to the Concordia Sagittarias one, under the Venetians the town retained some autonomy and was able to expand economically up until the economic decline of Venice from the 17th century onwards. Following the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars, Portogruaro was incorporated into the Austrian Empire in 1815, apart from a brief uprising in 1848 Portogruaro remained under Austrian control until 1866 when it entered the newly unified Kingdom of Italy. Since that time the population of Portogruaro has grown from under 10,000 to around 25,000, the church, built in 1211, has an 18th-century façade. The sacellum has frescoes from the 11th–12th centuries, depicting the Redemption, The Original Sin, The Punishment of Adam and Eve, the Crucifixion and the Final Judgement. Cathedral of Saint Andrea and Bell Tower Church of Saint Luis Church of Saint John Oratory of Visitation Town Hall and it houses three paintings by Luigi Russolo. The Acco Super Bulldozer is located in Portogruaro as well, the main activities include the production of wine. A former large phosphates producer is now closed, the Camuffo Boatyard, founded in 1438, is one of the oldest industries around the world. Portogruaro-Caorle railway station The local football club is called Calcio Portogruaro Summaga, founded in 1990, marmande, France, since 1987 Ejea de los Caballeros, Spain, since 1987 Official website Webcam in Piazza della Repubblica Satellite image from Google Maps Museo Nazionale Concordiese in Portogruaro
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Noise music
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Noise music is a category of music that is characterised by the expressive use of noise within a musical context. This type of music tends to challenge the distinction that is made in conventional musical practices between musical and non-musical sound, Noise music includes a wide range of musical styles and sound-based creative practices that feature noise as a primary aspect. Some of the music can feature acoustically or electronically generated noise, there may also be emphasis on high volume levels and lengthy, continuous pieces. More generally noise music may contain aspects such as improvisation, extended technique, cacophony, in many instances, conventional use of melody, harmony, rhythm or pulse is dispensed with. Contemporary noise music is associated with extreme volume and distortion. In the domain of experimental rock, examples include Jimi Hendrixs use of feedback, Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music, genres such as industrial, industrial techno, lo-fi music, black metal, sludge metal, and glitch music employ noise-based materials. According to Danish noise and music theorist Torben Sangild, one definition of noise in music is not possible. According to Murray Schafer there are four types of noise, unwanted noise, unmusical sound, any sound. Definitions regarding what is considered noise, relative to music, have changed over time, ben Watson, in his article Noise as Permanent Revolution, points out that Ludwig van Beethovens Grosse Fuge sounded like noise to his audience at the time. Indeed, Beethovens publishers persuaded him to remove it from its setting as the last movement of a string quartet. He did so, replacing it with a sparkling Allegro and he defines noise at different times as intrusive, unwanted, lacking skill, not being appropriate and a threatening emptiness. He traces these trends starting with 18th-century concert hall music, Hegarty contends that it is John Cages composition 433, in which an audience sits through four and a half minutes of silence, that represents the beginning of noise music proper. Writing about Japanese noise music, Hegarty suggests that it is not a genre, but it is also a genre that is multiple, Japanese noise music can come in all styles, referring to all other genres. But crucially asks the question of genre—what does it mean to be categorized, in Noise, The Political Economy of Music, Jacques Attali explores the relationship between noise music and the future of society. He indicates that noise in music is a predictor of social change, like much of modern and contemporary art, noise music takes characteristics of the perceived negative traits of noise mentioned below and uses them in aesthetic and imaginative ways. In common use, the word noise means unwanted sound or noise pollution, Noise can block, distort, or change the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication. White noise is a signal with a flat power spectral density. In other words, the signal contains equal power within a fixed bandwidth at any center frequency, White noise is considered analogous to white light which contains all frequencies
4.
Experimental musical instrument
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An experimental musical instrument is a musical instrument that modifies or extends an existing instrument or class of instruments, or defines or creates a new class of instrument. Some are created through simple modifications, such as cracked drum cymbals or metal objects inserted between strings in a prepared piano. Some experimental instruments are created from household items like a mute for brass instruments such as bathtub plugs. Other experimental instruments are created from electronic spare parts, or by mixing acoustic instruments with electric components, even mid-20th century builders such as Ivor Darreg, Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry did not gain a great deal of popularity. However, by the 1980s and 1990s, experimental musical instruments gained an audience when they were used by bands such as Einstürzende Neubauten. Experimental musical instruments are made from a variety of materials. Some of the simplest instruments are percussion instruments made from scrap metal, some experimental hydraulophones have been made using sewer pipes and plumbing fittings. Some experimental musical instruments are created by luthiers, who are trained in the construction of string instruments, some custom made string instruments are employed with three bridges, instead of the usual two. One of the first guitarists who began building instruments with a bridge was Fred Frith. Guitarist and composer Glenn Branca has created similar instruments which he calls harmonic guitars or mallet guitars, since the 1970s, German guitarist and luthier Hans Reichel has created guitars with third-bridge-like qualities. Modern Day electronic low voltage experimental musical instruments, can be found at Bentmonkeycage in California USA and these glitched instruments are used in Movie Soundtracks, Live DUBNOISE performances, DJ performances, and Recording. The electronic unengineered circuitry within the device, can be manipulated with simple body contacts, light sensitive photocells, infrared signals, one of the rare appearances of experimental instruments in metal music is the Motograter, made by the eponymous Industrial/Nu Metal band. It is made out of 2 large industrial springs mounted on a platform, producing unique guitar. Luigi Russolo was an Italian Futurist painter and composer, and the author of the manifestoes The Art of Noises, Russolo invented and built instruments including intonarumori, to create noises for performance. Unfortunately, none of his original intonarumori survived World War II, léon Theremin was a Russian inventor, most famous for his invention of the theremin around 1919–1920, one of the first electronic musical instruments. The Ondes Martenot is another example of an electronic musical instrument. The luthéal is a type of prepared piano created by George Cloetens in the late 1890s and used by Maurice Ravel in his Tzigane for luthéal, the instrument can produce sounds like a guitar or a harmonica, with strange tick-tocking sounds. It had several tone-colour registers that could be engaged by pulling stops above the keyboard, one of these registers had a cimbalom-like sound, which fitted well with the gypsy-esque idea of the composition
5.
Futurism
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Futurism was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane, although it was largely an Italian phenomenon, there were parallel movements in Russia, England, Belgium and elsewhere. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past, Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurisms artistic style. Important Futurist works included Marinettis Manifesto of Futurism, Boccionis sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, to some extent Futurism influenced the art movements Art Deco, Constructivism, Surrealism, Dada, and to a greater degree Precisionism, Rayonism, and Vorticism. Futurism is a movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. We want no part of it, the past, he wrote, publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking. The founding manifesto did not contain an artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting. This committed them to a universal dynamism, which was to be represented in painting. The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, the Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911 they used the techniques of Divisionism, breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been originally created by Giovanni Segantini and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant-garde art. Severini was the first to come into contact with Cubism and following a visit to Paris in 1911 the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists, Cubism offered them a means of analysing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism. They often painted modern urban scenes, carràs Funeral of the Anarchist Galli is a large canvas representing events that the artist had himself been involved in, in 1904. The action of an attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals. His Leaving the Theatre uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated, Boccionis The City Rises represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted, Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, Pittura scultura Futuriste, Dinamismo plastico. Ballas Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash exemplifies the Futurists insistence that the world is in constant movement
6.
Intonarumori
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Intonarumori are a group of experimental musical instruments built and invented by the Italian futurist Luigi Russolo between roughly 1910 and 1930. There were 27 varieties of intonarumori in total with different names, Russolo built these instruments to perform the music outlined in his Art of Noises manifesto. The instruments were completely acoustic, not electronic, the boxes had various types of internal construction to create different types of noise. Often a wheel was touching a string attached to a drum, the wheel rattled or bowed the strings, while the drum functioned as an acoustic resonator. Many of the featured a handle on top of the box. Pulling the handle raised the tone, and the attached to the box amplified the sound. Intonarumori made noise, but not at a loud volume. Most of Russolos instruments were destroyed in Paris when that city was bombed during World War II, original sketches still exist, however, along with a few sound recordings of the original instruments. Based on these sources, three collections of reconstructions exist and this project offered the set of 16 original intonarumori that Russolo built in Milan in the summer of 1913. These intonarumori were physically built by luthier Keith Cary in Winters, California, under Chessa’s direction and scientific supervision. The concert premiered at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art on October 16,2009, with 2013 being the 100th anniversary of both The Art of Noises and John Cage’s birth, the curators of Carnegie Mellon University’s Wats, ON. Festival, Golan Levin and Spike Wolff felt the time was ripe for a presentation of noise, carl Bajandas, a sculptor, an instrument builder, took the lead and built 10 Intonarumori instruments. Meanwhile, experimental composer, music technologist John Ozbay, has asked to compose for the Intonarumori instruments. The performance took place in Carnegie Mellon Universitys Kresge Theatre on April 4,2013, followed by performances of electronic/experimental music artists, Jeremy Boyle, Michael Johnsen, Eric Singer and Lesley Flanigan. Dutch sound artist Wessel Westerveld made a series of replicas, westervelds replicas are the most professional versions with welded steel horns instead of cardboard and nailed steel cones like the Italian and NYC ones. The woodwork of these versions are also real hard wood instead of plywood, Westerveld has also made a few open variants with the sound system visible from the outside. Westerveld performs regularly with his Intonarumori in collaboration with Dutch sound artist Yuri Landman, the Dutch replicas were shown and played by Westerveld at the Tuned City festivals in several cities, and a few times at the Gogbot Festival in Enschede. In 2012 Lee Ranaldo wrote a score for the instruments at the Performa Festival in NYC, in 2015 the Italian band King Tongue staged a tribute to Russolo at Circolo Filologico in Milan performing along with an orchestra of four intonarumori
7.
Orchestra
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The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
8.
Violence
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This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces. However, generally, anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence. Globally, violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm,405,000 to interpersonal violence, in Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death. Corlin, past president of the American Medical Association said, The United States leads the world—in the rate at which its children die from firearms and he concluded, Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development. In 2013, assault by firearm was the cause of death due to interpersonal violence. The same year, assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths, Violence in many forms is preventable. Strategies addressing the causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence. These three broad categories are divided further to reflect more specific types of violence. Violence is primarily classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile, self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and self-abuse. The former includes suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides – also called para suicide or deliberate self-injury in some countries –, self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation. Collective violence is subdivided into structural violence and economic violence, unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts, political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups. Clearly, acts committed by larger groups can have multiple motives, however, in both research and practice, the dividing lines between the different types of violence are not always so clear. It is the most extreme form of collective violence and we know also ideological, religious and revolutionary wars. Since the Industrial Revolution, the lethality of modern warfare has grown, World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million. Violence includes those acts that result from a relationship, including threats and intimidation
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