1.
Tokusatsu
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Tokusatsu is any Japanese live-action film or television drama that features considerable use of special effects. Tokusatsu entertainment often deals with science fiction, fantasy or horror, some tokusatsu television programs combine several of these subgenres, for example the Ultraman and Super Sentai series. Tokusatsu is one of the most popular forms of Japanese entertainment, tokusatsu has origins in early Japanese theater, specifically in kabuki and in bunraku, which used some of the earliest forms of special effects, specifically puppetry. Modern tokusatsu, however, did not begin to take shape until the early 1950s, with the conceptual and creative birth of Godzilla, the special effects artist Eiji Tsuburaya and the director Ishirō Honda became the driving forces behind 1954s Godzilla. Godzilla forever changed the landscape of Japanese science fiction, fantasy, however, in 1957 Shintoho produced the first film serial featuring the superhero character Super Giant, signaling a shift in popularity that favored masked heroes over giant monsters. Along with the anime Astro Boy, the Super Giant serials had an effect on the world of tokusatsu. The following year, Moonlight Mask premiered, the first of numerous televised superhero dramas that would make up one of the most popular tokusatsu subgenres, suitmation in Japanese identifies the process in tokusatsu movies and television programs used to portray a monster using suit acting. The exact origin of the remains unknown. At the least, it was used to promote the Godzilla suit from The Return of Godzilla, the many productions of tokusatsu series have general themes common. Kaiju productions primarily feature monsters, or giant monsters, such series include Ultra Q, the Godzilla films, the Gamera series, the Daimajin series, and films such as Frankenstein Conquers the World, War of the Gargantuas, and The X from Outer Space. Kaijin productions primarily feature a supervillain as their central character and this category includes films such as The Secret of the Telegian, The Human Vapor, The H-Man, Half Human, and Tomei Ningen. Since about 1960, several long-running television series have combined other themes, Tsuburaya Productions has had the Ultra Series starting with Ultra Q and Ultraman in 1966. P Productions began their foray into tokusatsu in 1966 with the series Ambassador Magma and they also had involvement in the Lion-Maru series that concluded in November 2006. Toei Company has several series that fall under their Toei Superheroes category of programming, starting in 1961 with the single series, Moonlight Mask. Toei also produced several television series based on Ishinomoris works, including Android Kikaider and Kikaider 01, Robot Detective, Inazuman and Inazuman Flash. Toei was involved in the Spider-Man television series, which influenced their subsequent Super Sentai series, in 2003, TV Asahi began broadcasting the Super Sentai and Kamen Rider series in a one-hour block known as Super Hero Time. Toho, the creators of Godzilla, had their hands in creating the Chouseishin Series of programs from 2003 to 2006, Toeis tokusatsu productions were not limited to action-oriented superheroes and robots. Robocon, featuring friendly robot-suited actors, were successful, in 2006, Keita Amemiyas Garo, a mature late-night tokusatsu drama was released, starting a franchise composed of television series and films
2.
Nebula Mask Machine Man
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Nebula Mask Machine Man is a Japanese tokusatsu television series created by Shotaro Ishinomori and produced by Toei Company. It aired from January 13 until September 28,1984 and it revolves around the adventures of Nick, a college student from the Ivy planet and his arrival on Earth to study the earthlings behavior. Upon arrival, he is called in for the activities of the organization called Tentacle, whose don, Professor K. The series is rumored to have inspired by American DC Comics superhero Superman. Travelling in the spaceship Space Colony, Nick, with the help of his ball-shaped robot Ball Boy, arrive on Earth to study the behaviour and manners of human beings for his doctoral degree thesis. Under the human identity of a man named Ken Takase, he meets Maki Hayama, a photographer at Shukan Hit newspaper. Maki was taking pictures for a scoop about a building which had been mysteriously demolished, later, she and Ken find that the evil organization Tentacle is behind the demolitions and other evil deeds around the world. Armed with an advanced weapons, he begins fighting Tentacles cyborgs. A few episodes later, Machine Man succeeds in dismantling Tentacle, however, Professor K flees to Spain and his niece, Lady M, with her aide Tonchinkan, they establish a new organization called Octopus. Like her uncle, she is allergic to children, in the beginning, she calls up various thieves and legendary criminals from around the world, but later robotic drones are assembled to combat Machine Man. By the end of the series, the missing Professor K returns, bringing him the biggest threat the hero had ever faced, Golden Monsu. Ken Takase /Machine Man, the series protagonist and main hero, Ken was born at the Ivy Planet, upon arriving on Earth, his primary objective is studying human behavior and mannerisms in order to obtain his doctoral degree. However, upon meeting Maki and learn about Tentacle, he decides to stay longer in order to protect her, Ball Boy, a baseball-shaped robot who is Nicks companion. Smart and clever, it serves as his friend, advisor and sidekick. It is also used as a projectile by Machine Man in battles. Ironically, Ball Boy says it not have any information about baseball. Maki Hayama, a photographer and journalist at Shukan Hit newspaper and she is involved in a traffic accident with Ken and they eventually become friends. She instantly falls for Machine Man after being saved by him, usually serves as victim of Tentacles invests and is saved by Ken/Machine Man
3.
Brandon Peterson
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Brandon Peterson is an American comic book writer and artist, known for his work on Marvel Comicss Uncanny X-Men and Top Cows Codename, Strykeforce in the 1990s. Petersons early works for Marvel include a New Warriors annual and a fill-in in X-Factor in 1992, later in the year, he had a short run in Uncanny X-Men, drawing the titles issues of the X-Cutioners Song storyline. Peterson left Marvel to join Top Cow, pencilling the ongoing title Codename, after the titles cancellation, he wrote and drew the creator-owned title Arcanum, before returning to Marvel in 1999 to work on several X-Men spinoff mini-series. He left Marvel once more to become Art Director of CrossGen Comics, but returned for another stint on Ultimate X-Men and the mini-series Ultimate Vision and Strange
4.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
5.
2001: A Space Odyssey (comics)
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Jack Kirby wrote and pencilled both the adaptation and the series, which were published by Marvel Comics beginning in 1976. The adaptation was part of the agreement of Kirbys return to Marvel, Marvel published the adaptation in its then-common treasury edition format featuring tabloid-sized pages of roughly twice the size of a normal comic book. In addition, the comic narrative captions describe the thoughts and feelings. The treasury edition also contained a 10-page article entitled 2001, A Space Legacy written by David Anthony Kraft, in this issue, Kirby followed the pattern established in the film. Once again the reader encounters a man who gains new insight upon encountering a monolith as did Moon-Watcher in the film. The scene then shifts, where a descendant of Beast-Killer is part of a mission to explore yet another monolith. When he finds it, this begins to transform the astronaut into a star child. Issues #1–6 of the replay the same idea with different characters in different situations. In #7, the opens with the birth of a New Seed who then travels the galaxy witnessing the suffering that men cause each other. While the New Seed is unable or unwilling to prevent this devastation, in issue #8, Kirby introduces Mister Machine, who is later renamed Machine Man. Mister Machine is an advanced robot designated X-51, all the other robots in the X series go on a rampage as they achieve sentience and are destroyed. X-51, supported by both the love of his creator Dr. Abel Stack and an encounter with a monolith, after the death of Dr. Stack, X-51 takes the name Aaron Stack and begins to blend into humanity. Issues #9 and 10, the issues of the series. Allusions are made to the series in the Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, Marvel Comics, The Untold Story by Sean Howe. On Jack Kirbys 2001, A Space Odyssey, archived from the original on August 12,2014. The Continuity Pages,2001, A Space Odyssey, archived from the original on July 2,2014. 2001, A Space Odyssey at the Comic Book DB2001, A Space Odyssey at the Comic Book DB
6.
Jack Kirby
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Jack Kirby, born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor, widely regarded as one of the mediums major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. Kirby grew up in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and he entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, during the 1940s, Kirby, generally teamed with Simon, created numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. After serving in World War II, Kirby produced work for a number of publishers, including DC, Harvey Comics, at Crestwood Publications he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company, Mainline Publications. Ultimately, Kirby found himself at Timelys 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, there, in the 1960s, Kirby and writer-editor Stan Lee co-created many of the companys major characters, including the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk. The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim, but in 1970, feeling he had been treated unfairly, at DC, Kirby created his Fourth World saga, which spanned several comics titles. While these series proved unsuccessful and were canceled, the Fourth Worlds New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe. Kirby returned to Marvel briefly in the mid-to-late 1970s, then ventured into television animation, Kirby was married to Rosalind Roz Goldstein in 1942. They had four children, and remained married until his death from heart failure in 1994, the Jack Kirby Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor. Jack Kirby was born Jacob Kurtzberg on August 28,1917, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his parents, Rose and Benjamin Kurtzberg, were Austrian Jewish immigrants, and his father earned a living as a garment factory worker. In his youth, Kirby desired to escape his neighborhood and he liked to draw, and sought out places he could learn more about art. He was rejected by the Educational Alliance because he drew too fast with charcoal and he later found an outlet for his skills by drawing cartoons for the newspaper of the Boys Brotherhood Republic, a miniature city on East 3rd Street where street kids ran their own government. At age 14, Kirby enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, I wasnt the kind of student that Pratt was looking for. They wanted people who would work on something forever, I didnt want to work on any project forever. I intended to get things done, Kirby joined the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate in 1936, working there on newspaper comic strips and on single-panel advice cartoons such as Your Health Comes First. He remained until late 1939, when he began working for the animation company Fleischer Studios as an inbetweener on Popeye cartoons. I went from Lincoln to Fleischer, he recalled, from Fleischer I had to get out in a hurry because I couldnt take that kind of thing, describing it as a factory in a sense, like my fathers factory. Around that time, the American comic book industry was booming, Kirby began writing and drawing for the comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of firms creating comics on demand for publishers
7.
S.H.I.E.L.D.
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S. H. I. E. L. D. is a fictional espionage, law-enforcement, and counter-terrorism agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Strange Tales #135, it deals with paranormal. The acronym originally stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage, Law-Enforcement Division and it was changed in 1991 to Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate. S. H. I. E. L. D. s introduction in the Strange Tales feature Nick Fury, Agent of S. H. I. E. L. D. Occurred during a trend for action series about secret international intelligence agencies with catchy acronyms, which Stan Lee stated in a 2014 interview, was the basis for him to create the organization. Colonel Fury was reimagined as an older character with an eyepatch. Fury series reappeared as agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, most notably Timothy Dum-Dum Dugan, Furys bowler hat–wearing aide-de-camp. Its most persistent enemy is Hydra, an organization founded by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. Much was revealed over the years to fill in its labyrinthine organizational history, Stan Lee wrote each story, abetted by artist Kirbys co-plotting or full plotting, through Strange Tales #152, except for two issues, one scripted by Kirby himself and one by Dennis ONeil. Steranko quickly established the feature as one of historys most groundbreaking, innovative. Ron Goulart wrote, ven the dullest of readers could sense that something new was happening, … Which each passing issue Sterankos efforts became more and more innovative. Entire pages would be devoted to photocollages of drawings ignored panel boundaries, the first pages … became incredible production numbers similar in design to the San Francisco rock concert poster of the period. Larry Hama said Steranko combined the figurative dynamism of Jack Kirby with modern design concepts. The graphic influences of Peter Max, Op Art and Andy Warhol were embedded into the design of the pages —, all this, executed in a crisp, hard-edged style, seething with drama and anatomical tension. The series won 1967 and 1968 Alley Awards, and was inducted in the year to the awards Hall of Fame. Steranko himself was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006, the 12-page feature ran through Strange Tales #168, after which it was spun off onto its own series of the same title, running 15 issues, followed by three all-reprint issues beginning a year later. Steranko wrote and drew issues #1–3 and #5, and drew the covers of #1–7, stories would not appear for nearly two decades after the first solo title. A six-issue miniseries, Nick Fury vs. S. H. I. E. L. D. was followed by Nick Fury, Agent of S. H. I. E. L. D
8.
Civil War (comics)
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The storyline builds upon the events that developed in previous Marvel storylines, particularly Avengers Disassembled, House of M, and Decimation. The tagline for the series is, Whose Side Are You On, the superheroes in support of the law, such as Iron Man, Dr. Reed Richards, and Ms. Marvel, become increasingly authoritarian. In the aftermath of the war, Captain America surrenders and is imprisoned, a sequel, Civil War II, debuted in June 2016. The series received polarized reviews but was a commercial success, the series is the basis for the Marvel Studios film Captain America, Civil War, which likewise features Captain America and Iron Man in opposition to each other. The premise of Civil War involves the introduction of a Superhuman Registration Act in the United States, similar acts have been used as literary devices in Uncanny X-Men, DC, The New Frontier, Powers, Watchmen, and Astro City. Those who sign also have the option of working for S. H. I. E. L. D, earning a salary and benefits such as those earned by other American civil servants. While arguing directly with Iron Man about the law, Luke Cage, a number of villains have also chosen to take sides, some choosing to side with the registration, others against it. Marvel announced in August 2006 that some issues of the main Civil War series would be pushed back several months to accommodate artist Steve McNiven, the schedule had issue #4 being released one month late, in September, while issue #5 was released two months later, in November. Furthermore, various books including the Civil War, Front Line miniseries. In late November 2006, Marvel announced another delay, Civil War #6, originally scheduled for release on December 20, was pushed back two weeks and released on January 4. Unlike the previous instance, only The Punisher War Journal #2 was delayed, in a final act of rescheduling, Civil War #7 was pushed back two weeks, and then pushed back again until February 21. In summary, an explosion in Stamford by the villain Nitro causes the U. S. government to introduce the Superhero Registration Act and those not adhering to it are deemed unregistered and rogue superheroes. Tony Stark and Reed Richards lead the side of the pro-registration superheroes, Captain America leads the anti-registration side. Spider-Man, initially with Tony Stark, eventually joins the team of Captain America, Goliath is killed by the pro-registration superheroes. Many supervillains join the government in hunting down superheroes, when Mister Fantastic was researching realities where the Civil War ended differently, he found one reality in which their version of Anthony Stark was a woman named Natasha Stark. The Civil War was avoided entirely in this reality due to her marriage to Steve Rogers, in What If Civil War Ended Differently. A stranger appears in front of Iron Man, who is visiting Captain America’s grave at Arlington National Cemetery. Tony Stark is told of two ways the Civil War could have concluded, The first is detailed in, What if Captain America led all the heroes against the Registration Act
9.
Avengers (comics)
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The Avengers are a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team made its debut in The Avengers #1, created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, labeled Earths Mightiest Heroes, the Avengers originally consisted of Hank Pym, the Hulk, Iron Man, Thor, and the Wasp. The original Captain America was discovered, trapped in ice, a rotating roster became a hallmark, although one theme remained consistent, the Avengers fight the foes no single superhero can withstand. The team, famous for its battle cry of Avengers Assemble. has featured humans, mutants, inhumans, robots, aliens, supernatural beings, and even former villains. The team has appeared in a variety of media outside of comic books including a number of different animated television series. A second Avengers film titled Avengers, Age of Ultron was released on May 1,2015, the team debuted in The Avengers #1. Much like the Justice League, the Avengers were an assemblage of pre-existing superhero characters created by Lee, between 1996 and 2004, Marvel relaunched the primary Avengers title three times. In 1996, the Heroes Reborn line took place in an alternate universe, the Avengers vol.3 relaunched and ran for 84 issues from February 1998 to August 2004. In January 2005, a new version of the team appeared in the ongoing title The New Avengers, followed by The Mighty Avengers, Avengers, The Initiative, Avengers vol.4 debuted in July 2010 and ran until January 2013. Vol.5 was launched in February 2013, after Secret Wars, a new Avengers team debuted, dubbed the All-New, All-Different Avengers, starting with a Free Comic Book Day preview. After the group vanquished Loki, Ant-Man stated that the five worked well together and suggested they form a team, Captain America soon joined the team in issue #4, and he was given founding member status in the Hulks place. The Avengers went on to fight such as Baron Zemo, who formed the Masters of Evil, Kang the Conqueror, Wonder Man. The next milestone came when every member but Captain America resigned, Giant-Man, now calling himself Goliath, and the Wasp rejoined. Hercules became part of the team, while the Black Knight, Spider-Man was offered membership but did not join the group. The Black Panther joined after rescuing the team from the Grim Reaper, the X-Men #45 featured a crossover with The Avengers #53. This was followed by the introduction of the android the Vision, Pym assumed the new identity of Yellowjacket in issue #59, and married the Wasp the following month. The Avengers headquarters was in a New York City building called Avengers Mansion, the team encountered new characters such as Arkon in issue #75, and Red Wolf in #80. The Avengers briefly disband when Skrulls impersonating Captain America, Thor, the true founding Avengers, minus the Wasp, reformed the team in response after complaints from Jarvis
10.
West Coast Avengers
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The West Coast Avengers is a fictional group of superheroes that appear in publications published by Marvel Comics. The team first appeared in The West Coast Avengers #1, created by Roger Stern, the West Coast Avengers first appear in a four-issue limited series published from September to December 1984. The series was written by Roger Stern and drawn by Bob Hall and this was followed by a 102-issue series of the same name that ran from October 1985 to January 1994. The series was written by Steve Englehart and drawn by Al Milgrom. From issue #42 to 57 the title was written and illustrated by John Byrne, the series was renamed Avengers West Coast on the cover of issue #47 and in the indicia in issue #48. Writers Roy and Dann Thomas and artist Paul Ryan became the new team with issue #60. The second series was accompanied by eight annuals published from 1986 to 1993, the team is founded by the Avenger Hawkeye in response to a suggestion by android and fellow Avenger the Vision, who at the time wished to expand Avengers influence. Hawkeye recruits Mockingbird, Wonder Man, Tigra, and Iron Man, with the last actually being Jim Rhodes as opposed to Tony Stark, together the team defeat a petty criminal called the Blank and later the Avengers foe Graviton. The Fantastic Four member the Thing and the heroine Firebird briefly ally themselves with the team, henry Pym, who is saved by Firebird from a suicide attempt, and the adventurer Moon Knight formally join, while Iron Man is expelled for his actions during the Armor Wars. The Lost in Space-Time storyline began in issue #17 when Dominus sent the team back in time. The marriage of Hawkeye and Mockingbird is placed in jeopardy when, during this arc, after a trip to Hungary to investigate a report on Pyms second wife, the Wasp, the Scarlet Witch, and the Vision assist the team. Mockingbird, Tigra and Moon Knight leave the team together as a new short lived team called the Ex-WACOs over the Avengers rule of not killing in regards to Mockingbirds encounter with Phantom Rider, the Vision and the Scarlet Witch join the team as to not leave it short handed. Former Avenger ally Mantis makes a brief appearance, agents from multiple governments then abduct the Vision and dismantle him due to his return to the team. The Avengers recover the parts and Dr. Pym rebuilds the Vision and this, along with damage to the Visions synthetic skin when he was dismantled, results in the synthezoids resurrection as a colorless and emotionless artificial human. Agent is assigned to the team as a watchdog by the US government to monitor the teams activities, a group of odd super-humans decide to mimic the Avengers and become the Great Lakes Avengers, while the original Human Torch returns from his own apparent demise. This casts doubt on the Visions identity, who was believed to have been created from the Torchs body. The twins were absorbed back into Mephisto, which drives the Scarlet Witch insane. Although she eventually recovers, the Scarlet Witch and the Vision separate, Iron Man rejoins, and the mutant Quicksilver aids the team when the Scarlet Witch aids their father Magneto during a period in which she suffers from a mental breakdown
11.
Anti-gravity
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Anti-gravity also known as non gravitational field is an idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity. It does not refer to the lack of weight under gravity experienced in free fall or orbit, or to balancing the force of gravity with some other force, anti-gravity is a recurring concept in science fiction, particularly in the context of spacecraft propulsion. Examples are the gravity blocking substance Cavorite in H. G. Wells The First Men in the Moon, in Newtons law of universal gravitation, gravity was an external force transmitted by unknown means. In the 20th century, Newtons model was replaced by general relativity where gravity is not a force, under general relativity, anti-gravity is impossible except under contrived circumstances. Quantum physicists have postulated the existence of gravitons, a set of elementary particles that transmit the force. In 1948 successful businessman Roger Babson formed the Gravity Research Foundation to study ways to reduce the effects of gravity, over time the Foundation turned its attention away from trying to control gravity, to simply better understanding it. The Foundation nearly disappeared after Babsons death in 1967, however, it continues to run an essay award, offering prizes of up to $5,000. As of 2013, it is still administered out of Wellesley, Massachusetts, by George Rideout, winners include California astrophysicist George F. Smoot, who later won the 2006 Nobel Prize in physics. General relativity was introduced in the 1910s, but development of the theory was greatly slowed by a lack of mathematical tools. Although it appeared that anti-gravity was outlawed under general relativity and it is claimed the US Air Force also ran a study effort throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. Former Lieutenant Colonel Ansel Talbert wrote two series of articles claiming that most of the major aviation firms had started gravity control propulsion research in the 1950s. It is known there were serious efforts underway at the Glenn L. Martin Company. Major newspapers announced the contract that had made between theoretical physicist Burkhard Heim and the Glenn L. Martin Company. The Mansfield Amendment was passed specifically to end long-running projects that had little to show for their efforts, under general relativity, gravity is the result of following spatial geometry caused by local mass-energy. This theory holds that it is the shape of space, deformed by massive objects, that causes gravity. Although the equations cannot normally produce a negative geometry, it is possible to do so by using negative mass, the same equations do not, of themselves, rule out the existence of negative mass. Both general relativity and Newtonian gravity appear to predict that negative mass would produce a gravitational field. Bondis proof yielded singularity free solutions for the relativity equations, in July 1988, Robert L. Forward presented a paper at the AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24th Joint Propulsion Conference that proposed a Bondi negative gravitational mass propulsion system
12.
Android (robot)
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An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to look and act like a human, especially one with a body having a flesh-like resemblance. Historically, androids remained completely within the domain of science fiction where they are seen in film. Only recently have advancements in technology allowed the design of functional. The word was coined from the Greek root ἀνδρ-, man, while the term android is used in reference to human-looking robots in general, a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a gynoid. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use to Ephraim Chambers Cyclopaedia, the term android appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term android was used in a modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de lIsle-Adam in his work Tomorrows Eve. This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly, as said by the officer in the story, In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls. Although Karel Čapeks robots in R. U. R, —the play that introduced the word robot to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word robot has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term android can mean one of these, while a cyborg would be a creature that is a combination of organic. The word android was used in Star Trek, The Original Series episode What Are Little Girls Made Of. The abbreviation andy, coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. has seen some further usage, authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg. In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside, in other stories, authors have used the word android to mean a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between, several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. In 2006, Kokoro Co. developed a new DER2 android, the height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet, the air servosystem which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion, compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice, the Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science, has developed an android head called Saya, which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan
13.
Superhero
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A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine. Fiction centered on characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction. By most definitions, characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes, some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superheros archenemy, some long-running superheroes such as Iron Man, Captain America, Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Spider-Man have a rogues gallery of many villains. The word superhero dates to at least 1917, antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing. The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger, during the 1940s there were many superheroes, and only a few of these were female. The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era, most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman, inspired by the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Womans first appearance was in All Star Comics #8, published by All-American Publications, in 1952, Osamu Tezukas manga Tetsuwan Atom was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by a scientist to replace his deceased son, the 1950s saw the Silver Age of Comics. During this era DC introduced the likes of Batwoman in 1956, Supergirl, Miss Arrowette,1958 saw the debut of superhero Moonlight Mask on Japanese television. In 1963, Astro Boy was adapted into a highly influential anime television series, Phantom Agents in 1964 focused on ninjas working for the Japanese government and would be the foundation for Sentai-type series. Another important event was the debut of Mazinger Z by Go Nagai, Go Nagai also wrote the manga Cutey Honey in 1973, although the Magical Girl genre already existed, Nagais manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media. The dark Skull Man manga would later get a television adaptation, the protagonist was redesigned resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of the Kamen Rider series. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle riding hero in an insect-like costume, both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics, and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. In 1975 Shotaro Ishinomoris Himitsu Sentai Gorenger debuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams, in 1978, Toei adapted Spider-Man into a live-action series. In subsequent decades, popular characters like Dazzler, She-Hulk, Elektra, Catwoman, Witchblade, Spider-Girl, Batgirl, volume 4 of the X-Men comic book series featured an all-female team as part of the Marvel NOW. branding initiative in 2013
14.
American comic book
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An American comic book is a thin periodical, typically 32-pages, containing primarily comics content. While the form originated in 1933, American comic books first gained popularity after the 1938 publication of Action Comics and this was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of World War II. After the war, while superheroes were marginalized, the book industry rapidly expanded, and genres such as horror, crime. The 1950s saw a decline, due to a shift away from print media in the wake of television. The late 1950s and the 1960s saw a revival. Since the later 20th century, comic books have gained note as collectable items, Comic shops cater to fans, and particularly valuable issues have fetched in excess of a million dollars. Systems of grading comic books have emerged with plastic sleeves and cardboard backing available to maintain the condition of comic books, standard comics are 6.625 inches ×10.25 inches and about 32 pages long. While comics can be the work of a creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be a writer and artist, or there may be separate artists for the characters. The process begins with the coming up with an idea or concept, then working it into a plot and story. After the art production, letters are placed on the page, the creative team, the writers and artists, may work with a comic book publisher for help with marketing, advertising, and other logistics. A distributor like Diamond Comic Distributors, the largest in the U. S. helps to distribute the product to retailers. Another part of the involved in successful comics is the interaction between the readers/fans and the creator. Fan art and letters to the editor were printed in the back of the book until the early 21st century. Comic specialty stores did help encourage several waves of independently-produced comics, the development of the modern American comic book happened in stages. The G. W. Dillingham Company published the first known proto-comic-book magazine in the U. S, the Yellow Kid in McFaddens Flats, in 1897. The 196-page, square-bound, black-and-white publication, which also includes text by E. W. Townsend, measured 5×7 inches. The neologism comic book appears on the back cover, despite the publication of a series of related Hearst comics soon afterward, the first monthly proto-comic book, Embee Distributing Companys Comic Monthly, did not appear until 1922
15.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
16.
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)
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2001, A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science-fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C, Clarke, partially inspired by Clarkes short story The Sentinel. Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001, A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released, the film follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer Hal after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution. It deals with the themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence and it is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. It uses sound and minimal dialogue in place of narrative techniques, the soundtrack consists of classical music such as Gayane Ballet Suite, The Blue Danube. Production was subcontracted to Kubricks production company, and care was taken that the film would be sufficiently British to qualify for subsidy from the Eady Levy, Kubrick had shot his previous two films in England and decided to settle there permanently during filming. 2001, A Space Odyssey initially received mixed reactions from critics and audiences and it was nominated for four Academy Awards and received one for its visual effects. The sequel 2010 was released in 1984, directed by Peter Hyams, Today,2001, A Space Odyssey is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by The Moving Arts Film Journal. In an African desert millions of years ago, a tribe of ape-men is driven away from their water hole by a rival tribe and they awaken to find a featureless black monolith has appeared before them. Guided in some fashion by the monolith, they learn how to use a bone as a weapon and drive their rivals away from the water hole. Millions of years later, a Pan Am space plane carries Dr. Heywood Floyd to a station orbiting Earth for a layover on his trip to Clavius Base. After Floyd has a call with his daughter, his Soviet scientist friend. At Clavius, Floyd heads a meeting of base personnel, apologizing for the cover story. His mission is to investigate a recently found artifact buried four years ago. Floyd and others ride in a Moonbus to the artifact, an identical to the one encountered by the ape-men. Sunlight strikes the monolith and a loud high-pitched radio signal is heard, eighteen months later, the United States spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter. On board are mission pilots and scientists Dr. David Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole, most of Discoverys operations are controlled by the ships computer, HAL9000, referred to by the crew as Hal
17.
Arthur C. Clarke
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Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, FRAS was a British science fiction writer, science writer and futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host. He is perhaps most famous for being co-writer of the screenplay for the 1968 film 2001, A Space Odyssey, Clarke was a science writer, who was both an avid populariser of space travel and a futurist of uncanny ability. On these subjects he wrote over a dozen books and many essays, in 1961 he was awarded the Kalinga Prize, an award which is given by UNESCO for popularizing science. These along with his fiction writings eventually earned him the moniker Prophet of the Space Age. His other science fiction writings earned him a number of Hugo and Nebula awards, for many years Clarke, Robert Heinlein and Isaac Asimov were known as the Big Three of science fiction. Clarke was a proponent of space travel. In 1934, while still a teenager, he joined the British Interplanetary Society, in 1945, he proposed a satellite communication system, an idea which won him the Franklin Institutes Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963, and other honours. Later he was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1946–47, Clarke emigrated from England to Sri Lanka in 1956, largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving. That year he discovered the ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. Clarke augmented his fame later on in the 1980s, from being the host of television shows such as Arthur C. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death and he was knighted in 1998 and was awarded Sri Lankas highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005. Clarke was born in Minehead, Somerset, England, and grew up in nearby Bishops Lydeard, as a boy, he grew up on a farm enjoying stargazing, fossil collecting, and reading American science fiction pulp magazines. He received his education at Huish Grammar school in Taunton. Early influences included dinosaur cigarette cards, which led to an enthusiasm for fossils starting about 1925, in his teens, he joined the Junior Astronomical Association and contributed to Urania, the societys journal, which was edited in Glasgow by Marion Eadie. At Clarkes request, she added an Astronautics Section, which featured a series of articles by him on spacecraft and he moved to London in 1936 and joined the Board of Education as a pensions auditor. Clarke spent most of his wartime service working on ground-controlled approach radar, as documented in the semi-autobiographical Glide Path, although GCA did not see much practical use during the war, it proved vital to the Berlin Airlift of 1948–1949 after several years of development. Clarke initially served in the ranks, and was an instructor on radar at No.2 Radio School. He was commissioned as an officer on 27 May 1943
18.
2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)
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2001, A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction novel written by British writer Arthur C. It was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubricks film version and published after the release of the film, Clarke and Kubrick worked on the book together, but eventually only Clarke ended up as the official author. The story is based in part on various stories by Clarke, most notably. By 1992, the novel had three million copies worldwide. An elaboration of Clarke and Kubricks collaborative work on this project was made in The Lost Worlds of 2001, the first part of the novel is similar to the plot of an earlier Clarke story, Encounter in the Dawn. The book shows one such monolith appearing in ancient Africa,3 million years B. C. where it inspires a group of hominids to develop tools. The ape-men use their tools to kill animals and eat meat and they then use the tools to kill a leopard preying on them, the next day, the main ape character, Moon-Watcher, uses a club to kill the leader of a rival tribe. The book suggests that the monolith was instrumental in awakening intelligence, the book then tells of the year C. E.1999, detailing Dr. Heywood Floyds travel to Clavius Base on the Moon. An excavation of the area has revealed a large slab, precisely fashioned to a ratio of exactly 1,4,9, or 1², 2², 3². Floyd and a team of scientists travel across the Moon to view TMA-1 and it then sends a piercing radio transmission to one of the moons of Saturn, Japetus, where an expedition is then planned to investigate. One feature of the monolith was that it absorbed all the sunlight cast on it. Therefore, no shadows were seen on its jet black surface, the HAL9000, an artificially intelligent computer, addressed as Hal, maintains the ship. While Poole is receiving a message from his family on Earth. Poole takes one of the pods and swaps the AE-35 unit. Poole and Bowman become suspicious at Hals refusal to admit that his diagnosis was mistaken, in communicating with Earth, Poole and Bowman are directed to disconnect Hal for analysis. These instructions are interrupted as the signal is broken, and Hal informs them that the AE-35 unit has malfunctioned, as Poole is removing the unit he is killed when his spacesuit is torn, exposing him to the vacuum of space. Bowman, uncertain of Hals role therein, decides to wake the three astronauts, and therefore quarrels with Hal, with Hal refusing to obey his orders. Bowman threatens to disconnect him if his orders are not obeyed, as Bowman begins to awaken his colleagues, he hears Hal open both airlocks into space, releasing the ships internal atmosphere
19.
Monolith (Space Odyssey)
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Clarkes Space Odyssey, monoliths are machines built by an unseen extraterrestrial species. In the series of novels, three monoliths are discovered in the system by humans. The response of the characters to their discovery drives the plot of the series and it also influences the fictional history of the series, particularly by encouraging humankind to progress with technological development and space travel. The first monolith appears at the beginning of the story, set in prehistoric times and it is discovered by a group of hominids and somehow triggers a considerable shift in evolution, starting with the ability to use tools and weaponry. The existence of species is only hypothesized by the rest of humanity. The extraterrestrial species that built the monoliths developed intergalactic travel millions or perhaps billions of years before the present time, in the novels, Clarke refers to them as the Firstborn since they were quite possibly the first sentient species to possess a significant capability of interstellar travel. Members of this species explored the universe in the search of knowledge, while these early explorers discovered that life was quite common, they observed that intelligent life was often stunted in its development, or else died out prematurely. Hence, they set about fostering it, However, the evolutionary development projects they began would by their nature require very long time-spans to complete, far longer than the lifetimes of their creators. Therefore, the aliens created increasingly complex automated machines to oversee, One such planet, encountered when it was still quite young, was the Earth. They also observed Jupiter and its moon, Europa. The decaying ecology of Mars was also visited, but passed over in favour of more fruitful locations like Earth, the aliens left behind three monoliths to observe and enact their plan to foster humans to pursue technology and space travel. As described in Clarkes novel, the Firstborn discovered later how to transfer their consciousness onto computers, the Firstborn had abandoned physical form, but their creations, the monoliths, remained, and these continued to carry out their original assignments. In the novel, the Russian crewmen of the spaceship Alexei Leonov refer to the TMA-2 as Zagadka, the name Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-1 refers to the strong magnetic field found somewhere in the lunar Crater Tycho by an American scientific satellite. Astronauts find that this anomaly is caused by an alien monolith buried about 15 meters below the surface. When the monolith is excavated and examined, it is found to be a black cuboid whose sides extend in the ratio of 1,4,9. However, in the novel, Clarke suggests that this sequence or ratio extends past the three spatial dimensions into the much higher dimensions, like this,16,25,36. Its powerful magnetic field disappears immediately, in the novel, some scientists speculate that its magnetic field came from large electric currents, circulating in a system of superconductors for millions of years as an energy-storage mechanism. All of that power was expended in the one radio signal
20.
The Incredible Hulk (comic book)
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The Incredible Hulk is an ongoing comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero the Hulk and his alter ego Dr. Bruce Banner. First published in May 1962, the series ran for six issues before it was cancelled in March 1963, with issue #102, Tales to Astonish was renamed to The Incredible Hulk in April 1968, becoming its second volume. The Incredible Hulk returned in September 2009 beginning at issue #600, which became The Incredible Hulks in November 2010 and focused on the Hulk and the modern incarnation of his expanded family. The series returned to The Incredible Hulk in December 2011 and ran until January 2013, the original series was canceled with issue #6. Lee had written each story, with Jack Kirby penciling the first five issues, a year and a half after the series was canceled, the Hulk became one of two features in Tales to Astonish, beginning in issue #60. This new Hulk feature was initially scripted by writer-editor Lee and illustrated by the team of penciller Steve Ditko, the Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains the Leader, who would become the Hulks nemesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being. Marie Severin finished out the Hulks run in Tales to Astonish, beginning with issue #102 the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the series, the Incredible Hulk vol.2 was published through the 1970s. At times, the writers included Archie Goodwin, Chris Claremont, len Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978. Nearly all of the 1970s issues were drawn by either Herb Trimpe, who was the regular artist for seven years, or Sal Buscema, issues #180–181 introduced the character Wolverine, who would go on to become one of Marvel Comics most popular. The original art for the book page that introduced Wolverine sold for $657,250 in May 2014. Key supporting characters included Jim Wilson and Jarella, both of whom would make few appearances outside of this decade, in 1977, Marvel launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk, a black-and-white comics magazine. This was originally conceived as a series, set between the end of his original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales to Astonish. After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk. following Roger Stern, Bill Mantlo took over the writing with issue #245. Among the adversaries Mantlo created for the series were the U-Foes, mantlos Crossroads of Eternity stories, which ran through issues #300–313, explored the idea that Banner had suffered child abuse. Later The Incredible Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak called these stories an influence on their approaches to the series and he told me to do whatever was necessary to get on the book, he liked my ideas so much. I did, and once installed he immediately changed his mind—You cant do this, six issues was as much as I could take. Byrnes final issue featured the wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross, Byrne had done a seventh issue, consisting entirely of one-panel pages
21.
Marv Wolfman
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Marvin Arthur Marv Wolfman is an American comic book writer. Marv Wolfman was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of police officer Abe and he has a sister, Harriet,12 years older. When Wolfman was 13, his family moved to Flushing, Queens, in New York City and he went on to New Yorks High School of Art and Design, in Manhattan, hoping to become a cartoonist. Marvin Wolfman was active in fandom before he began his comics career at DC Comics in 1968. Wolfman was one of the first to publish Stephen King, with In A Half-World of Terror in Wolfmans horror fanzine Stories of Suspense #2. This was revised version of Kings first published story, I Was a Teenage Grave Robber, Wolfmans first published work for DC Comics appeared in Blackhawk No.242. He and longtime friend Len Wein created the character Jonny Double in Showcase No.78 scripted by Wolfman, the two co-wrote Eye of the Beholder in Teen Titans No. 18, which would be Weins first professional comics credit, neal Adams was called upon to rewrite and redraw a Teen Titans story which had been written by Wein and Wolfman. The story, titled Titans Fit the Battle of Jericho, would have introduced DCs first African American superhero, but was rejected by publisher Carmine Infantino. The revised story appeared in Teen Titans No.20, Wolfman and Gil Kane created an origin for Wonder Girl in Teen Titans No.22 which introduced the characters new costume. He and artist Bernie Wrightson co-created Destiny in Weird Mystery Tales No,1, a character which would later be used in the work of Neil Gaiman. In 1972, Wolfman moved to Marvel Comics as a protégé of then-editor Roy Thomas, when Thomas stepped down, Wolfman eventually took over as editor, initially in charge of the publishers black-and-white magazines, then finally the color line of comics. Wolfman said in 1981 that, Marvel never gave full commitment to the black-and-white line, No one wanted to commit themselves to the staff. He added, We used to farm the books out to Harry Chester Studios and whatever they pasted up, I formed the first production staff, hired the first layout people, paste-up people. Wolfman stepped down as editor-in-chief in order to more time writing. He and artist Gene Colan crafted The Tomb of Dracula, a comic that became one of the most critically-acclaimed horror-themed comic books ever. During their run on this series, they created Blade, a character who would later be portrayed by actor Wesley Snipes in a film trilogy, Wolfman co-created Bullseye in Daredevil No.131. He and artist John Buscema created Nova in that characters eponymous first issue, Wolfman and Gil Kane adapted Edgar Rice Burroughs Barsoom concepts into comics in Marvels John Carter, Warlord of Mars series
22.
Steve Ditko
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Stephen J. Steve Ditko is an American comic book artist and writer best known as the artist and co-creator, with Stan Lee, of the Marvel Comics superheroes Spider-Man and Doctor Strange. Ditko studied under Batman artist Jerry Robinson at the Cartoonist and Illustrators School in New York City and he began his professional career in 1953, working in the studio of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, beginning as an inker and coming under the influence of artist Mort Meskin. During this time, he began his long association with Charlton Comics, where he did work in the genres of science fiction, horror. He also co-created the superhero Captain Atom in 1960, during the 1950s, Ditko also drew for Atlas Comics, a forerunner of Marvel Comics. He went on to contribute much significant work to Marvel, in 1966, after being the exclusive artist on The Amazing Spider-Man and the Doctor Strange feature in Strange Tales, Ditko left Marvel for reasons never specified. Ditko also began contributing to small independent publishers, where he created Mr. A, since the 1960s, Ditko has declined most interviews, stating that it is his work he offers readers, not his personality. Ditko was inducted into the comics industrys Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1990, the second-eldest child in a working-class family, he was preceded by sister Anna Marie, and followed, according to the 1940 census, by sister Elizabeth and brother Patrick. Good with his hands, Ditko in junior school was part of a group of students who crafted wooden models of German airplanes to aid civilian World War II aircraft-spotters. Upon graduating from Johnstown High School in 1945, he enlisted in the U. S. Army on October 26,1945, and did service in postwar Germany. Following his discharge, Ditko learned that his idol, Batman artist Jerry Robinson, was teaching at the Cartoonists, moving there in 1950, he enrolled in the art school under the G. I. He was in my class for two years, four or five days a week, five hours a night, Ditkos first published work was his second professional story, the six-page Paper Romance in Daring Love #1, published by the Key imprint Gillmor Magazines. Beginning as an inker on backgrounds, Ditko was soon working with and learning from Mort Meskin, Meskin was fabulous, Ditko once recalled. I couldnt believe the ease with which he drew, strong compositions, loose pencils, yet complete, Ditkos known assistant work includes aiding inker Meskin on the Jack Kirby pencil work of Harvey Comics Captain 3-D #1. For his own published story, Ditko penciled and inked the six-page A Hole in His Head in Black Magic vol. 4, #3, published by Simon & Kirbys Crestwood Publications imprint Prize Comics, Ditko then began a long association with the Derby, Connecticut publisher Charlton Comics, a low-budget division of a company best known for song-lyric magazines. He first went on hiatus from the company, and comics altogether, in mid-1954, hed take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect. Kirby told Lee about his own 1950s character conception, variously called the Silver Spider and Spiderman, Comics historian Greg Theakston says Lee and Kirby immediately sat down for a story conference and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages. A day or two later, Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, and, as Lee recalled, not that he did it badly — it just wasnt the character I wanted, it was too heroic
23.
Tom DeFalco
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Tom DeFalco is an American comic book writer and editor, well known for his association with Marvel Comics and in particular for his work with Spider-Man. During his tenure with Archie Comics, he initiated and developed the Archie Comics Digest Series, learning fast, DeFalco was soon writing for the flagship title Archie as well as for other titles including Scooby-Doo and Josie and the Pussycats. He later joined Marvel Comics, with whom he would spend the next twenty years of his career, DeFalco briefly wrote for DC Comics in the late 1970s. He scripted several Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane stories for the Superman Family title, the issue of Starfire. DeFalco then moved to Marvel, where he wrote two issues of Avengers and the five issues of Machine Man plus a Machine Man issue of Marvel Team-Up. DeFalco later wrote a Machine Man limited series in 1984, with art by Herb Trimpe, DeFalco was the chief designer and author for Dazzler, and later became one of the writers for the Spider-Man comic book series while at the same time rising through the editorial ranks. Joe toy line and animated television show, in 1985, as part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic entitled G. I. Joe, A Real American Hero in June 1982, DeFalco personally edited the first six issues, as well as assorted issues of G. I. The core - Real American Hero - series would run for 155 issues over the next 12 years, DeFalco was part of the creative team that introduced the Transformers to the American public in 1984. The two collaborated on April–Mays #251-252, before DeFalco took over fully with #253, for a two-year run, concurrent with editing Jim Shooters Secret Wars, DeFalco introduced Spider-Mans black costume in the pages of Amazing. DeFalco co-created the Rose, Black Fox, and Silver Sable during his tenure on the series, DeFalco and Frenz were both removed from The Amazing Spider-Man by then Spider-editor Jim Owsley, who stated that they had chronically failed to meet deadlines. Issue #285 was their final issue, after which Owsley assumed writing duties, while writing Amazing, DeFalco continued editing various comics. After co-writing two issues of Fantastic Four with Roger Stern, DeFalco took over writing duties on Thor from Walt Simonson with #383 in September, DeFalco became Marvels tenth Editor-in-Chief on April 15,1987. This change was effective in comics cover-dated November 1987 and he served from 1987 to 1994, making him one of the longest serving individuals to hold that post. The only Editors-in-Chief with longer service than him were Stan Lee, Shooter and it remains to be seen if thats good or bad. In an interview with The Comic Book Gazette, DeFalco described his experiences as Editor-in-Chief as being A lot like those old Bullpen Bulletins comic strips, but with significantly more yelling. He was a key member of the management team that took Marvel public, after clashing with the companys upper management, DeFalco was forced out in 1994. Defalco was one of the writers on the Maximum Carnage storyline in 1993 and his dismissal from the position of Editor-in-Chief coincided with a run on The Spectacular Spider-Man, after which he returned to The Amazing Spider-Man in January 1996 for issues #407-439
24.
Herb Trimpe
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Herb Trimpe was born May 26,1939, in Peekskill, New York, where he graduated from Lakeland High School. His brother, Mike Trimpe, inked an Ant-Man story that Trimpe pencilled in Marvel Feature #6, of his childhood art and comics influences, he said in 2002, I really loved the Disney stuff, Donald Duck and characters like that. Funny-animal stuff, that was kind of my favorite, and I liked to draw that kind of thing, I loved comics since I was a little kid, but I was actually more interested in syndicating a comic strip than working in comics. As well, I was a big fan of EC comics. Trimpe commuted to New York City for three years to attend the School of Visual Arts, there, Trimpe recalled in 2002, instructor and longtime comics artist Tom Gill needed a student to ink his backgrounds and stuff. So thats how I started, at Dell, doing mostly Westerns and also licensed books, Trimpe then enlisted in the United States Air Force for four years, he recalled in 1997, the standard enlistment time, from 1962 to 1966. I was a weatherman, and our unit was on loan, you might say and we supplied aviation weather support to the First Air Cavalry Division based in the central highlands in Viet Nam. They used helicopters extensively to move troops around, I was just preparing to put some material together and go to DC and Charlton when I got a call from Sol Brodsky, who was production chief. He said they needed somebody on staff in the department to run the new photostat machine they had just bought. I would primarily run the machine and wouldnt be seated at a desk. This kind of opened the door, the staff job didnt pay much by todays standards, I think it started at $135 dollars a week which wasnt as low as it sounds. Remember, it was 1966 and that was a fairly good entry-level salary and his joining the Marvel production staff was announced in the Bullpen Bulletins of Marvel comics cover-dated June 1967, such as Fantastic Four #63. He remained associated with the company through 1996, shortly thereafter, Trimpe and writer Gary Friedrich created Marvels World War I aviator hero the Phantom Eagle in Marvel Super-Heroes #16. In the 1960s, during the known as the Silver Age of Comics, Trimpe was assigned to pencil what became his signature character. Beginning with pencil-finishes over Marie Severin layouts in The Incredible Hulk vol,2, #106, he went on to draw the character for a virtually unbroken run of over seven years, through issue #142, then again from #145–193. Additionally, Trimpe penciled the covers of five Hulk annuals, under the Marvel Method of writer-artist collaboration, Trimpe, like other Marvel artists of the time, was uncredited co-plotter of most of his stories, a working arrangement Trimpe said he enjoyed. Among the characters co-created by Trimpe during his run on the title were Jim Wilson in issue #131, during his time on the comic, he became the first artist to draw for publication the character Wolverine, who would go on to become one of Marvels most popular. The character, designed by Marvel de facto art director John Romita, Sr. was an antagonist for the Hulk,2, #180 and making his first full appearance the following issue
25.
Barry Windsor-Smith
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Barry Windsor-Smith is a British comic book illustrator and painter whose best known work has been produced in the United States. He is best known for his work on Marvel Comics Conan the Barbarian from 1970 to 1973 and he was born Barry Smith in Forest Gate, London. Following this, he flew to the U. S. in summer 1968 with fellow artist Steve Parkhouse for meetings at Marvel in New York. I sent material first, and based solely upon a pleasant return note from Stan s assistant Linda Fite, my pal, largely due to his Jack Kirbyesque style, Marvel Comics Editor Stan Lee gave him the job of drawing both the cover and story of X-Men No. 53, credited to Barry Smith as he was then known and he drew Marvels Daredevil #50–52, a Western short story, Half Breed, and issue #12 of Nick Fury, Agent of S. H. I. E. L. D. Windsor-Smith later called his early art amateur and klutzy and a less than skillful Kirby imitation, despite this, Roy Thomas assigned him issues No.66 and No.67 of The Avengers after he had returned to the UK. These stories introduced the indestructible metal alloy adamantium. He continued to work at a distance for Marvel, providing the art for a number of stories in the anthology titles Tower of Shadows. Soon afterwards, Thomas offered Windsor-Smith the job as penciller for Marvels adaptation of Conan, in 1971, Windsor-Smith moved to the United States, having been granted a work permit. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Windsor-Smiths initial efforts were slightly sketchy, within a few months he had achieved a style never seen in comics before. During his run on Conan the Barbarian, Windsor-Smith was involved in the writing as well and he and writer Roy Thomas adapted a number of R. E. Howard short stories, the aforementioned The Frost-Giants Daughter, Tower of the Elephant, Rogues in the House, as well as the art and story contributions, Windsor-Smith provided the covers for most issues. They worked on original adventures and characters based on R. E,24, Windsor-Smiths last issue of the title. By then he had worked on 21 of the first 24 issues of the series, missing only issues No.17,22, and both he and the title had won a number of awards. In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Thomas and Windsor-Smiths work on Conan the Barbarian seventh on its list of the Top 10 1970s Marvels, Windsor-Smith provided the art for a number of other Marvel Comics titles, including the Ka-Zar stories in Astonishing Tales #3–6 and No. 10, three issues of The Avengers – about which he would later remember the nightmare of drawing all those bloody characters that I didnt give tuppence about. 42, and Marvel Premiere #3–4, which featured Doctor Strange, howard characters, Kull in Exile of Atlantis, and Bran Mak Morn in Worms of the Earth. Other than ten pages of inking of Jack Kirby pencil work for Captain Americas Bicentennial Battles, at this point he changed his professional surname to Windsor-Smith, adding his mothers surname to his own, and began to pursue a career in fine art
26.
Cyberpunk
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The settings are usually post-industrial dystopias but tend to feature extraordinary cultural ferment and the use of technology in ways never anticipated by its original inventors. Much of the genres atmosphere echoes film noir, and written works in the often use techniques from detective fiction. Primary exponents of the field include William Gibson, Neal Stephenson, Bruce Sterling, Bruce Bethke, Pat Cadigan, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley. Blade Runner can be seen as a example of the cyberpunk style. Video games, board games, and tabletop role-playing games, such as Cyberpunk 2020 and Shadowrun, often feature storylines that are influenced by cyberpunk writing. Beginning in the early 1990s, some trends in fashion and music were also labeled as cyberpunk, Cyberpunk writers tend to use elements from hardboiled detective fiction, film noir, and postmodernist prose to describe an often nihilistic underground side of an electronic society. The genres vision of a future is often called the antithesis of the generally utopian visions of the future popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Gibson defined cyberpunks antipathy towards utopian SF in his 1981 short story The Gernsback Continuum, in some cyberpunk writing, much of the action takes place online, in cyberspace, blurring the line between actual and virtual reality. A typical trope in such work is a connection between the human brain and computer systems. Cyberpunk settings are dystopias with corruption, computers and internet connectivity, giant, multinational corporations have for the most part replaced governments as centers of political, economic, and even military power. The economic and technological state of Japan, in the 80s influenced Cyberpunk literature at the time, of Japans influence on the genre, William Gibson said, Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. Cyberpunk is often set in urbanized, artificial landscapes, and city lights, receding was used by Gibson as one of the genres first metaphors for cyberspace and virtual reality. The cityscapes of Hong Kong and Shanghai have had influences in the urban backgrounds, ambiance and settings in many cyberpunk works such as Blade Runner. Ridley Scott envisioned the landscape of cyberpunk Los Angeles in Blade Runner to be Hong Kong on a bad day. The streetscapes of Ghost in the Shell were based on Hong Kong, mamoru Oshii felt that Hong Kongs strange and chaotic streets where old and new exist in confusing relationships, fit the theme of the film well. Hong Kongs Kowloon Walled City is particularly notable for its disorganized hyper-urbanization, one of the cyberpunk genres prototype characters is Case, from Gibsons Neuromancer. Case is a cowboy, a brilliant hacker who has betrayed his organized criminal partners. These anti-heroes—criminals, outcasts, visionaries, dissenters and misfits—call to mind the private eye of detective fiction and this emphasis on the misfits and the malcontents is the punk component of cyberpunk
27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
Sunset Bain
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Sunset Bain is a fictional villainess in the Marvel Comics universe. She is a shady business-woman who occasionally masquerades as Madame Menace, although very technologically adept, she personally does not have any super-powers. Publicly she is the CEO of Baintronics, privately she maintains her wealth through black market weaponry deals and other shady practices. She primarily is an adversary of Machine Man and Iron Man, Sunset Bain is an underworld armorer who supplies sophisticated weaponry to an elite clientele of master criminals, terrorists, and revolutionaries. Sunset Bain first appeared in Machine Man #17-18, and was created by Tom DeFalco, Sunset Bain received an entry in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #1. Sunset Bain got her start by seducing fellow MIT undergraduate Tony Stark into revealing the security codes for Stark Industries, shortly thereafter a force of masked men invaded and stole several prototypes. Within a year, Baintronics was founded and Sunset broke it off with Stark, when Machine Man lost an arm while fighting Baron Brimstone and the Satan Squad, Madame Menace bought it, obtaining a low price by threatening the seller with one of her flesh-eating roaches. Her plans for reverse engineering the limb were interrupted when Machine Man came to claim it, despite her electromagnets and sonic disrupter cannon, Machine Man prevailed, and Sunset had to blow up her yacht to escape. An accidental run-in with Alpha Flight members Aurora, Northstar and Sasquatch eventually persuaded her to set aside her Machine Man machinations for a while, Madame Menace then made a few minor appearances supplying weapons to Ghost Rider villain, Orb, and then Doctor Octopus. Sunset next showed up in a meeting with Tony Stark which was interrupted when a damaged Machine Man showed up with the head of Jocasta, having lost a battle to Terminus. Stark changed into Iron Man and brought the damaged androids to Baintronics, when the repaired Machine Man left, Sunset managed to give him the fake Jocasta. The real Jocasta and false Machine Man left with Baintronics laid in-continuity foundations for the Machine Man 2020 miniseries, after this, Sunset, as Madame Menace, teamed with the New Enforcers in their plot to take over the fallen Kingpins crime cartel. Ostensibly, Bain did this in order to study the New Enforcers technology, including Dragon Man, Dreadnought, having failed to decode the intricacies of Jocastas AI, Sunset decided to hire Tony Stark to investigate. As Stark was already employed otherwise, Sunset hired the new War Machine to destroy his current employers, after Iron Man defeated Fin Fang Foom, Baintronics took the contract for transporting the beasts massive bulk. Using this as an in, Sunset asked Tony to work for her again, growing suspicious, Stark accepted in order to learn more. Stark then freed Jocasta and persuaded the new War Machine to stop working for Sunset Bain, later, Sunset hired Taskmaster to sabotage a Stark Enterprises operation. In lieu of paying him, she betrayed him to the police, in retaliation, the Taskmaster instigated a war between the Triads and Baintronics. He even managed to shoot Sunset in the shoulder, as of the end of the mini-series, the hostilities between the two were unresolved, but aside from their enmity, the status quo was mostly restored
29.
Sentinel (comics)
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The Sentinels are a fictional variety of mutant-hunting robots appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually portrayed as antagonists to the X-Men, the Sentinels have been featured in several X-Men video games, and played a large role in the 1990s X-Men animated series. Additionally, a version made a brief appearance in the beginning of the 2006 film, X-Men. They are featured prominently in the 2014 film X-Men, Days of Future Past and also appear at the end of the 2016 film X-Men, in 2009, the Sentinels were ranked by IGN as the 38th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, they first appeared in The X-Men #14, according to Marvel canon, Sentinels are programmed to locate mutants and capture or kill them. Though several types of Sentinels have been introduced, the typical Sentinel is three stories tall, is capable of flight, projects energy blasts, and can detect mutants. Sentinels are designed to hunt mutants who often represent the protagonists of Marvel stories, therefore, while many are capable of tactical thought, only a handful are self-aware. Sentinels are technologically advanced, and have exhibited a variety of abilities. They are armed, capable of flight, and can detect mutants at long range and they possess vast physical strength, and their bodies are highly resistant to damage. Some are able to alter their physical forms or re-assemble and reactivate themselves after they have been destroyed, Some Sentinel variants have the ability to learn from their experiences, developing their defenses during an engagement. Several groups of the robots have been created or led by a single, massive Sentinel, Some sentinels are also equipped with an inconspicuous logic loop in case they should go rogue to convince them that they are mutants as demonstrated in the tri-sentinel. Mark I and Master Mold - Created by Bolivar Trask, Bolivar Trask sacrificed himself to destroy the Master Mold. Mark II - Created by Larry Trask and this model was capable of adapting to and counter-acting super-powers almost instantly. Composite - Created by merging the remaining portions of five Sentinels destroyed by the X-Men and it was destroyed by her when it rebelled against her. Mark III - Created by Stephen Lang and Project, Armageddon, secretly funded by Edward Buckman, x-Sentinels - Created by Stephen Lang. They are androids who were duplicates of the original X-Men, Mark IV - Created by Sebastian Shaw. Mark V - Created by Sebastian Shaw for U. S. governments Project Wideawake, First appeared in New Mutants #2. Mark VI - Created by Shaw Industries for Project, Wideawake, also incorporated parts of Project Nimrod
30.
Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. It is therefore common to see the plural form nanotechnologies as well as nanoscale technologies to refer to the range of research. Because of the variety of applications, governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Until 2012, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars, scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether regulation of nanotechnology is warranted. The term nano-technology was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, also in 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute to help increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications. In the 1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology in modern era, the microscopes developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the atomic force microscope that year. Second, Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, in the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Societys report on nanotechnology, challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003. Meanwhile, commercialization of products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging and these products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter. Governments moved to promote and fund research into nanotechnology, such as in the U. S, by the mid-2000s new and serious scientific attention began to flourish. Projects emerged to produce nanotechnology roadmaps which center on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discuss existing and projected capabilities, goals, Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced, one nanometer is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0. 12–0.15 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length, by convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules
31.
Celestial (comics)
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The Celestials are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Immensely powerful and of huge humanoid shape, the Celestials are some of the oldest entities in the Marvel Comics universe and they debuted in the Bronze Age of Comic Books and have appeared in Marvel publications for four decades. They also appear in forms of merchandise such as trading cards. The Celestials debuted in Eternals #1 and were created by writer-artist Jack Kirby and they reappeared as regular guest stars in three subsequent limited series sequels, Eternals vol. 2, #1 -12, Eternals vol,3, #1 -7, and Eternals vol. Celestials existed near the birth of the universe and created life, after a bitter war of attrition, during which the Godkiller destroyed countless Celestials, the Aspirants and the Godkiller were ultimately defeated and the Aspirants wiped out. New Celestials may be born by consuming the mass of an entire galaxy, resenting the presence of the Celestials and their monitoring of Earths progress, the Skyfather figures of Earth attempted to stop the Third Host, but were quickly outmatched. Thor threw the Odinsword through Arishems chest, but he removed it, analyzed it, the Earthmothers of Earth, however, made an offering of twelve perfect humans, which was accepted and the planet was spared judgment. Exitar terraforms the planet in question into a paradise, with only the evil inhabitants having been destroyed. On one occasion, the hero Quasar observes a race completely failing the genetic test, the Celestials actions conflicted with the policy of non-interference practiced by fellow cosmic entities the Watchers, with the two races becoming enemies. A team of adventurers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, find. Dubbed Knowhere, the structure acts as a common port of call for travelers from all points in the space-time continuum. The base is administrated by its chief of security, Cosmo, courtesy of the deceased Celestials Continuum Cortex, travelers with special passport bracelets can teleport to any point in the universe instantaneously. During the Time Runs Out storyline, the Beyonders are revealed to have killed all the Celestials in each reality across the multiverse, arishem the Judge, A Celestial tasked with judging whether the civilization of a planet will live or die. Ashema the Listener, A female Celestial tasked, along with Nezarr the Calculator, the Blue Celestial, The first Celestial whose birth is documented. The Celestial Gardener, A Celestial tasked with the maintenance of the Apocalypse entity on Earth, Devron the Experimenter, A young Celestial tasked with watching over Earth alongside Gamiel the Manipulator. The Dreaming Celestial, Originally known as Tiamut the Communicator, a renegade Celestial, ea the Wise, An action figure sized Celestial Machine Man carries and treats as an imaginary friend. Eson the Searcher, The Celestial tasked with seeking, exitar the Exterminator, A Celestial tasked with the destruction of life on worlds that fail the Celestials tests
32.
Hulk (comics)
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The Hulk is a fictional superhero created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book The Incredible Hulk in May 1962 published by Marvel Comics. The Hulks level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate to his level of anger, however, his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow heroes and others. Lee stated that the Hulks creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll, although the Hulks coloration has varied throughout the characters publication history, the most usual color is green. He has two catchphrases, Hulk is strongest one there is. And the better-known HULK SMASH. which has founded the basis for pop culture memes. The Hulk first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1, written by writer-editor Stan Lee, penciled and co-plotted by Jack Kirby, and inked by Paul Reinman. Lee cites influence from Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in the Hulks creation, for a long time Id been aware of the fact that people were more likely to favor someone who was less than perfect. Its a safe bet that you remember Quasimodo, but how easily can you name any of the heroic, handsomer, ive always had a soft spot in my heart for the Frankenstein monster. No one could ever convince me that he was the bad guy and he never wanted to hurt anyone, he merely groped his torturous way through a second life trying to defend himself, trying to come to terms with those who sought to destroy him. I decided I might as well borrow from Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as well—our protagonist would constantly change from his identity to his superhuman alter ego. Kirby, commenting upon his influences in drawing the character, recalled as inspiration the tale of a mother who rescues her child who is trapped beneath a car, Lee has also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology. In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War and the threat of nuclear attack, in the debut, Lee chose grey for the Hulk because he wanted a color that did not suggest any particular ethnic group. Colorist Stan Goldberg, however, had problems with the coloring, resulting in different shades of grey. After seeing the first published issue, Lee chose to change the color to green. Green was used in retellings of the origin, with reprints of the original story being recolored for the next two decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302 reintroduced the grey Hulk in flashbacks set close to the origin story, since then, reprints of the first issue have displayed the original grey coloring, with the fictional canon specifying that the Hulks skin had initially been grey. Lee gave the Hulks alter ego the alliterative name Bruce Banner because he found he had difficulty remembering alliterative names. Despite this, in stories he misremembered the characters name and referred to him as Bob Banner
33.
Fantastic Four
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The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1, which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium. As the first superhero team title produced by Marvel Comics, it formed a cornerstone of the companys 1960s rise from a division of a publishing company to a pop culture conglomerate. Since their original 1961 introduction, the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a dysfunctional, yet loving. Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time, they would squabble, the Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media, including four animated series and four live-action films. According to Lee, writing in 1974, Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes, if the Justice League is selling, spoke he, why dont we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes. Determined to carve a career for myself in the nowhere world of comic books, Lee concluded that, For just this once. Lee said he created a synopsis for the first Fantastic Four story that he gave to penciller Jack Kirby, Kirby turned in his penciled art pages to Lee, who added dialogue and captions. Kirby claims he came up with the idea for the Fantastic Four in Marvels offices, Kirby also sought to establish, more credibly and on numerous occasions, that the visual elements of the strip were his conceptions. He regularly pointed to a team he had created for rival publisher DC Comics in the 1950s, F you notice the uniforms, theyre the same. I always give them a skintight uniform with a belt, the Challengers and the FF have a minimum of decoration. And of course, the Things skin is a kind of decoration, the chest insignia of a 4 within a circle, however, was designed by Lee. The characters wear no uniforms in the first two issues, given the conflicting statements, outside commentators have found it hard to identify with precise detail who created the Fantastic Four. Comics historian R. C. Harvey believes that the Fantastic Four was a furtherance of the work Kirby had been doing previously, but Harvey notes that the Marvel Method of collaboration allowed each man to claim credit, and that Lees dialogue added to the direction the team took. Wells argues that it was Lees contributions which set the framework within which Kirby worked, and this made Lee more responsible. Comics historian Mark Evanier, an assistant to Jack Kirby in the 1970s, says that the considered opinion of Lee and Kirbys contemporaries was that Fantastic Four was created by Stan. No further division of credit seemed appropriate, the release of The Fantastic Four #1 was an unexpected success
34.
Aurora (comics)
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Aurora is a fictional character, a Canadian superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was one of the characters in the first volume of Alpha Flight. Aurora is the sister of Northstar and the former lover of Sasquatch. The character struggled with an identity disorder for years leading to two distinctive personalities, the quiet, religious Jeanne-Marie and the outgoing, heroic, uninhibited Aurora. Aurora and Northstar worked together for years as part of Alpha Flight and she was briefly a member of the X-Men and also participated in the Weapon X program in an attempt to gain control of her splintered personalities. During the Chaos War storyline, Aurora alongside Northstar, Sasquatch, Aurora first appeared in X-Men #120 as a member of Alpha Flight, and was created by Chris Claremont and John Byrne. Jeanne-Marie Beaubier was born in Montréal, Québec, Canada and she and her twin brother Jean-Paul were separated in infancy after their parents died. Jean-Paul was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Louis Martin, the Martins could not afford to adopt Jeanne-Marie as well and arranged for Jeanne-Marie to be raised at Madame DuPonts School for Girls in LaVelle, Quebec, a reactionary religious school. Soon afterward, the Martins moved to Northern Quebec, the Martins were killed in an accident several years later and Jean-Paul was placed in a foster home, unaware that he had a sister. Extremely nervous and introverted, Jeanne-Marie Beaubier was miserable at Madame DuPonts School, at the age of thirteen, she attempted suicide by throwing herself from the roof of one of the schools buildings. Instead of falling to her death, Beaubier discovered that she could fly at great speed, unaware that she was a mutant, the deeply religious Beaubier believed that her flight was the result of a divine miracle. The next morning, she explained to the schools headmistress what she believed had happened, believing the young girl to be guilty of blasphemy, the headmistress had Beaubier severely disciplined. This incident triggered a dissociative identity disorder in Jeanne-Marie, a personality, extroverted. Under the influence of this personality, Beaubier secretly left the school that same night. Returning three days later, she had no memory of where she had been or what she had done, the resulting trauma was so great that Beaubier repressed her second personality. Five years later, Beaubiers application to become a teacher of history, by this time, Beaubier had adjusted to life at the school and her everyday personality was that of a prim, proper, repressed woman. The same night that her application was accepted, her second personality re-emerged, confronted by muggers, she knocked one unconscious by moving at superhuman speed. The second mugger was halted by Wolverine, who had witnessed the attempted assault, Hudson accepted her as a recruit and reunited her with her brother
