1.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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1.
Cities of the Philippines
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Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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Cities of the Philippines
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3.
2.
Ayala Triangle
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Ayala Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Makati, Philippines. It is one of the busiest roads in Metro Manila, crossing through the heart of the Makati Central Business District, part of Ayala Avenue forms Circumferential Road 3. Because of the businesses located along the avenue, Ayala Avenue is nicknamed the Wall Street of the Philippines. It is also a link between Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Metropolitan Avenue. Ayala Avenues segment from Paseo de Roxas to Makati Avenue used to be a runway of the Nielson Airport, the airport was destroyed during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines on December 10,1941 and resumed operations after the end World War II in 1947. The runways were converted into a road in 1949 when the permanent facilities of the airport was passed on the owner of the land, the runways missing part to the main road was added. It later created new segments from Paseo de Roxas to Malugay Street, Malugay Street to Kamagong Street, the last extension is a northbound lane connecting South Avenue. When the Manila Metro Rail Transit System was established, its flyover was added for left turns onto EDSA heading to Monumento, if Bold has a street crossings. Many multinational companies, banks and other businesses are located within the triangle. A few upscale boutiques, restaurants and a park called Ayala Triangle Gardens are also located in the area, pBCom Tower, the tallest commercial building in the Philippines, is located at Ayala Avenue and V. A. It serves as the headquarters of two Philippine banks, the Philippine Bank of Communications, and East West Bank, One of the trading floors of the Philippine Stock Exchange is located on Ayala Avenues Ayala Tower One, as well as the old building of the Makati Stock Exchange. Near the building is also a statue of politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. located at the corner of Ayala Avenue, international Tower Insular Life Building LKG Tower L. V. Building UCPB Corporate Offices The monuments of Benigno Aquino, Jr. pedestrian underpasses at Glorietta, Legazpi, Paseo de Roxas, V. A
Ayala Triangle
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Ayala Avenue
Ayala Triangle
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Ayala Avenue south of Makati Avenue, 1982
Ayala Triangle
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Ayala Avenue looking north towards the Ayala Triangle
Ayala Triangle
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Ayala–Paseo de Roxas junction at night
3.
Makati Avenue
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Makati Avenue is a major commercial thoroughfare in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. It forms the border of Ayala Triangle and is one of the three main avenues of the Makati Central Business District. The avenue runs in a somewhat north-south diagonal direction almost parallel with Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and it passes through two distinct neighborhoods of the city, the Makati CBD and the old Makati Población. At its northern end lies the older part of Makati starting from the Makati-Mandaluyong Bridge and it continues through Población to Gil Puyat Avenue, marking the southern edge of the old district. South of Gil Puyat onto the CBD, the avenue becomes more commercial, the shopping hub of Ayala Center and Arnaiz Avenue lie at its southern end. Makati Avenue has two each way in the Poblacion area, widening to three or four in the CBD. It has an extension into the gated San Lorenzo Village as San Lorenzo Drive. The avenue served as the access road to the old Nielson Field airport from San Pedro de Macati. It was known as Culi-Culi Road which also led to the barrio of Culi-Culi just west of Nielson Field, when the airport was closed down after World War II, its two runways were converted into wide roads known today as Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas. The airports control tower was preserved and is now a library called Filipinas Heritage Library and this library is located along the avenue at the southeast corner of Ayala Triangle. Makati Avenue, particularly its northern segment in Poblacion, has a history of prostitution, the areas around P. Burgos Street with its nightclubs, bars and budget hotels are considered by many as the red light district of Makati. At present, however, the area is undergoing gentrification with the completion of new commercial developments including the Century City mall. Makati Avenue is a retail and entertainment hub of Makati, at its south end, the avenue bisects the Ayala Center, separating Glorietta, Landmark department store and The Link shopping mall from the more upscale Greenbelt shopping center. The stretch from Ayala Avenue to Gil Puyat Avenue is the site of the Ayala Triangle Gardens, which houses the Old Nielson Tower and this section of the avenue also hosts The Peninsula Manila, Zuellig Building, Pacific Star Building, as well as several other office buildings. North of Gil Puyat are more hotels and commercial establishments, particularly near the intersection with Kalayaan Avenue. Venue Mall and Century City Mall are located in area, as well as Gramercy Residences, Trump Tower Manila, Berjaya Makati Hotel, IM Hotel Makati, St. Giles Hotel. The San Pedro Macati Church and Saint Paul College of Makati can be accessed by turning east onto Valdez Street before reaching J. P. Rizal Avenue and the Makati–Mandaluyong Bridge
Makati Avenue
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Makati Avenue
Makati Avenue
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Old Nielson Tower on Ayala Triangle, Makati Avenue
Makati Avenue
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Greenbelt complex
Makati Avenue
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Makati's Poblacion at Makati and Kalayaan Avenues
4.
Seal of Makati
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The Seal of Makati composes of the outline map of Makati containing 33 rays, green buildings and a church. The map of Makati is in yellow color which represents wealth. The rays represents the 33 barangays of Makati which are described to be surging forward to a brighter future, the color of the buildings symbolizes life which is described to reflect a new progressive Makati. The church represents the oldest church of Makati, the Nuestra Señora de Gracia, which was used by Filipino revolutionaries against the Spaniards in 1896, the words Lungsod ng Makati and Pilipinas are inscribed in the seal. The year of cityhood of Makati,1995 is also included in the design of the seal
Seal of Makati
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The
Nuestra Señora de Gracia one of the elements of the seal of Makati.
Seal of Makati
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Seal of Makati
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
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King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
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Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
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The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
7.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Regions of the Philippines
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Philippines
8.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
9.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
Barangay
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Maybo Barangay Hall in
Boac, Marinduque
Barangay
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Philippines
Barangay
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Sulop Barangay Hall
10.
Jhong Hilario
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Virgilio Viernes Hilario, Jr. better known by his stage name Jhong Hilario, is a Filipino actor, dancer and politician. He is part of the dance group Streetboys in the Philippines and he is currently serving as a member of Makati City Council, elected last May 9,2016 under the ticket of Mayor Abi Binay. As an actor, Hilario has acted in such as Muro Ami, released in 1999, in which he portrayed Butong, D Anothers. Hilario started his career in 1993 as a member of the dance group Streetboys and he made his debut as an actor in 1996. In 2009, Hilario was part of the hosts of ABS-CBNs noontime show Its Showtime, on March 23,2016, he decided to leave Its Showtime to pursue his political career. Hilario decided to run for councilor in the First District of Makati under the United Nationalist Alliance in the Makati local elections,2016. In an interview, Hilario credited his father, Virgilio Sr. who served as a councilor for 9 years as his inspiration to run for the council seat. Official Website Jhong Hilario at the Internet Movie Database
Jhong Hilario
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Hilario in 2012
11.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
Philippine Standard Time
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World time conversion based on Philippine Standard Time (click to enlarge).
12.
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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In the Philippines, the Philippine ZIP code is used by the Philippine Postal Corporation to simplify the distribution of mail. While in function it is similar to the ZIP code used in the United States, its form, the use of ZIP codes in the Philippines is not mandatory, however it is highly recommended by Philpost that they be used. This article provides a list of Philippine ZIP codes, cities that have become independent of the province are listed under the province they used to be part of
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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ZIP codes per provinces according to the first two numbers.
13.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Fixed line area codes
14.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
Filipino language
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Filipino languages spoken around the country. This only includes languages that have at least 1 million speakers. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most number of speakers denotes a minority of the population.
15.
Philippine Stock Exchange
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The Philippine Stock Exchange, Inc. is the national stock exchange of the Philippines. The exchange was created in 1992 from the merger of the Manila Stock Exchange, including previous forms, the exchange has been in operation since 1927. The main index for PSE is the PSE Composite Index composed of thirty listed companies, the selection of companies in the PSEi is based on a specific set of criteria. There are also six additional sector-based indices, the PSE is overseen by a 15-member Board of Directors, chaired by José T. Pardo. On February 3,1936, the Securities and Exchange Commission announced that it had relinquished control of the Manila Stock Exchange, the Philippine Stock Exchange was formed on December 23,1992 from the merger of the Manila Stock Exchange and the Makati Stock Exchange. Both exchanges traded the same stocks of the same companies, on January 4,1993, the former Manila Stock Exchange started the computerization of its operations using the Stratus Trading System with a company called Equicom. On June 15, the former Makati Stock Exchange adopted the MakTrade trading system, both systems were linked on March 25,1994 to produce a One Price-One Market exchange. In October 2004, the Securities Clearing Corporation of the Philippines, the SCCP acts as the settlement coordinator and risk manager for broker transactions as well as administrator of the trade guaranty fund. The ODiSy provides a 24/7 online system access for the submission of all types of disclosures, on July 26,2010, the PSE launched its new trading system, PSEtrade, which replaced the MakTrade system. The system was acquired from the New York Stock Exchange, on June 22,2015, the PSE launch its new trading system, the PSEtrade XTS, which will replace the PSEtrade system acquired from the New York Stock Exchange. The new trading system will be acquired from the NASDAQ In 2016, on March 2,2012, the PSE Composite hits 5,000 mark the highest record close. However, in December 12,2012, almost ten months after, on January 7,2013, the PSE Composite gets to all-time record at 6,000 mark. In March it again broke another record by ending the day at 6,847.47 after Fitch Group upgraded the Philippines for the first time to investment grade status. On May 10,2013, it achieved its 29th record close for the closing at 7,262.38. In May 15,2013, the PSEi hit its 30th all-time high of 7403.65 and ending the day at 7,392.2 <Rappler, May 15,5,18 PM>. However, the tapering by the Federal Reserves in the United States caused the PSEi to end at 5,889.83. On April 6,2015, the PSE Composite hits the 8,000 mark, construction of the Philippine Stock Exchange office tower in Bonifacio Global City is expected to be completed by mid-2016. The remaining six indices are sector indices based on a main source of revenue
Philippine Stock Exchange
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Philippine Stock Exchange Plaza in Makati
Philippine Stock Exchange
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History
Philippine Stock Exchange
Philippine Stock Exchange
16.
Ayala Avenue
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Ayala Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Makati, Philippines. It is one of the busiest roads in Metro Manila, crossing through the heart of the Makati Central Business District, part of Ayala Avenue forms Circumferential Road 3. Because of the businesses located along the avenue, Ayala Avenue is nicknamed the Wall Street of the Philippines. It is also a link between Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Metropolitan Avenue. Ayala Avenues segment from Paseo de Roxas to Makati Avenue used to be a runway of the Nielson Airport, the airport was destroyed during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines on December 10,1941 and resumed operations after the end World War II in 1947. The runways were converted into a road in 1949 when the permanent facilities of the airport was passed on the owner of the land, the runways missing part to the main road was added. It later created new segments from Paseo de Roxas to Malugay Street, Malugay Street to Kamagong Street, the last extension is a northbound lane connecting South Avenue. When the Manila Metro Rail Transit System was established, its flyover was added for left turns onto EDSA heading to Monumento, if Bold has a street crossings. Many multinational companies, banks and other businesses are located within the triangle. A few upscale boutiques, restaurants and a park called Ayala Triangle Gardens are also located in the area, pBCom Tower, the tallest commercial building in the Philippines, is located at Ayala Avenue and V. A. It serves as the headquarters of two Philippine banks, the Philippine Bank of Communications, and East West Bank, One of the trading floors of the Philippine Stock Exchange is located on Ayala Avenues Ayala Tower One, as well as the old building of the Makati Stock Exchange. Near the building is also a statue of politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. located at the corner of Ayala Avenue, international Tower Insular Life Building LKG Tower L. V. Building UCPB Corporate Offices The monuments of Benigno Aquino, Jr. pedestrian underpasses at Glorietta, Legazpi, Paseo de Roxas, V. A
Ayala Avenue
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Ayala Avenue
Ayala Avenue
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Ayala Avenue south of Makati Avenue, 1982
Ayala Avenue
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Ayala Avenue looking north towards the Ayala Triangle
Ayala Avenue
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Ayala–Paseo de Roxas junction at night
17.
Tagalog people
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The Tagalog people is a major ethnolingustic group in the Philippines. They have a developed society due to the cultural heartland, Manila. The commonly accepted origin for the endonym Tagalog is the term tagá-ilog, an alternative theory states that the name is derived from tagá-alog, which means people from the ford. In 1821, American diplomat Edmund Roberts called the Tagalog Tagalor in his memoirs about his trips to the Philippines. The earliest written record of the Tagalog is a 9th-century document known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is about a remission of debt on behalf of the ruler of Tondo. Inscribed on it is year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the day of the waning moon. Some contend it is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese, the document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas. Pires exploration led him to discover that in their own country, the Luções had foodstuffs, wax, honey, inferior grade gold, had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. Contact with the rest of Southeast Asia led to the creation Baybayin later used in the book Doctrina Cristiana which is written by the 16th century Spanish colonizers, on May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title city to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19,1572, under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, the ship set sail from Macau and landed in Morro Bay in what is now the California coast on October 17 of 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the Spanish East Indies and New Spain. More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire, by 1763, Manila men or Tagalas had established a settlement called St. Malo on the outskirts of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Tagalog played a role during the 1896 Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan or the Tagalog Republic, Miguel de Unamuno described revolutionary leader José Rizal as the Tagalog Hamlet and said of him “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. ”In 1902, Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong, Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine
Tagalog people
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Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and
Marinduque.
18.
Pasig River
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The Pasig River, is a river in the Philippines that connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. Stretching for 25 kilometres, it bisects the Philippine capital of Manila and its major tributaries are the Marikina River and San Juan River. The total Drainage basin of Pasig River including the Laguna de bay drainage basin covered 4,672 sq. km, the Pasig River is technically a tidal estuary, as the flow direction depends upon the water level difference between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. During the dry season, the level in Laguna de Bay is low with the rivers flow direction dependent on the tides. During the wet season, when the level of Laguna de Bay is high. The Pasig River used to be an important transport route and source of water for Spanish Manila, due to negligence and industrial development, the river has become very polluted and is considered dead by ecologists. that introduced the Piso para sa Pasig campaign in the 1990s. The Pasig River winds generally north-westward for some 25 kilometres from the Laguna de Bay, from the lake, the river runs between Taguig and Taytay, Rizal, before entering Pasig. This portion of the Pasig River, to the confluence with the Marikina River tributary, is known as the Napindan River or Napindan Channel. From there, the Pasig forms flows through Pasig until its confluence with the Taguig River, From here, the whole river and most portions of its tributaries lie entirely within Metro Manila, the metropolitan region of the capital. Isla de Convalecencia, the only island dividing the Pasig River, can be found in Manila and it is where the Hospicio de San Jose is located. One major river that drains Laguna de Bay is the Taguig River, Pateros River then enters the confluence where the Napindan Channel and Marikina River meet. The Marikina River is the larger of the two tributaries of the Pasig River, and it flows southward from the mountains of Rizal. The San Juan River drains the plateau on which Quezon City stands, within the city of Manila, various esteros criss-cross through the city and connect with the Tullahan River in the north and the Parañaque River to the west. A total of 19 bridges cross the Pasig, the first bridge from the source at Laguna de Bay is the Napindan Bridge, followed by the Arsenio Jimenez Bridge to its west. Crossing the Napindan Channel in Pasig is the Bambang Bridge, the newest bridge, opened in February 2015, is the Buting-Sumilang Bridge that connects barangays Buting and Sumilang in Pasig. The next bridge downstream is the C-5 Road Bridge connecting the cities of Makati, the Guadalupe Bridge between Makati and Mandaluyong carries Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major artery of Metro Manila, as well as the MRT-3 line from Guadalupe Station to Boni Station. The Estrella–Pantaleon and Makati-Mandaluyong Bridges likewise connect the two cities downstream, with the forming the end of Makati Avenue. The Mabini Bridge provides a crossing for Nagtahan Avenue, part of C-2 Road, Ayala Bridge carries Ayala Boulevard, and connects the Isla de Convalecencia to both banks of the Pasig
Pasig River
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Pasig River
Pasig River
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A landsat image of
Manila Bay -
Laguna de Bay area; Pasig River can be seen on the right.
Pasig River
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The Pasig River in 1899.
Pasig River
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A PRRC perspective sketch design of the Pasig River in "the future".
19.
Kingdom of Namayan
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Namayan was one of three major polities that dominated the banks of the Pasig River and the coast of Laguna de Bay in the Philippines prior to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Namayan is said to be one of the oldest of the three Mandalas, predating the historical polities of Tondo and Maynila, formed by a confederation of barangays, it is said to have achieved its peak in 1175. Namayan was a pre-colonial Indianized kingdom and his description of Namayan included important details such as the extent of Namayans territories, and the lineage of its rulers. Three present-day locations are identified as the centres of Namayan. Two of these are within todays Santa Ana, Manila, the site most associated with the kingdom is the town proper of Santa Ana, which grew around the Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish. This site did not become the centre of the settlement until 1578, local referred to the site as Maysapan, or more simply, Sapa. Sapa is the Tagalog and Kapampangan word for a small creek, however, old Santa Ana was known for being criss-crossed by brooks and creeks, and any number of these creeks could have been obscured by eventual urbanization. Christianised into Santa Ana de Sapa, the name eventually encompassed the district of the City of Manila now known as Santa Ana, instead of the Nasapan site, local traditions say that an area called Lamayan, on the banks of the Pasig itself. It was the site of the ancient capital from which Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled and it is still recognisable today because the modern street still bears its name. Namayans territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig river, Namayan citizens called by the Army of Datu Makitan shortened in bisaya dialect means Inilad equivalent to deceived. Namayan, like Tondo, are using the Piloncitos, a small gold ingots that some of the size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold, large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River. Other than Piloncitos, the people of Namayan are also using the Gold rings, barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to 16th century. Fr. Huerta also recorded the history of Namayans rulers and it had been ruled from Sapa by Lakan Tagkan, and Lady Buan. Their known issue was five individuals of whom the principal was named Palaba, Palaba sired a son named Laboy who, in turn, had a son named Calamayin whose own son was christened Martín when he converted to Catholicism. Of greater interest in this topic, is Tagkans child by his Bornean slave-wife, the child, named Pasay, inherited the territory known today the barangays of Pio del Pilar and Bangkál, Baclaran, and the modern city which still bears the name of this individual. There is, however, some disagreement as to whether Pasay was a son or daughter, Dayang-dayang is a term only given to daughters of Sultan, Datu, Raha, and Lakan. Raha/Siptin/Tribu-ulonhon Kandula LakanDula Bangsa-rasula Olonhon-Arahan Solundon-Darahan When the parish of Sta, Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town
Kingdom of Namayan
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Charcoal: approximate territorial extent of Namayan over a map of modern
Metro Manila
Kingdom of Namayan
Kingdom of Namayan
Kingdom of Namayan
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Pre-16th century
c. 900–1589
Kingdom of Tondo c.950–1600s
Rajahnate of Butuan c.1000–1571 Kingdom of Namayan c.1450–1917
Sultanate of Sulu c.1300–1800
Sultanate of Maguindanao c.1200–1565
Rajahnate of Cebu c.1200–1582
Kedatuan of Madja-as 16th century c.1500–1571
Kingdom of Maynila 1565–1898
Las islas Filipinas 17th century
Lanao sultanates 18th century 1762–1764
British Manila
20.
Santa Ana, Manila
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The district was classified as a histo-cultural heritage/overlay zone by an ordinance passed by the Manila City Council. It was the district of the city spared from the destruction of World War II. It is also the district in Manila that is found north and south of the Pasig River. Santa Ana belongs to the 6th congressional district of Manila with thirty-two barangays from Zone 96 to 100, Santa Ana was at the centre of the ancient polity of Namayan. The Spaniards established settlements in Santa Ana that served as the seat of Namayan and they were the first to establish a mission beyond the walls of Intramuros, the colonial seat of power in Manila, in 1578. The church as it today was first built in 1720 and is known as the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned. The Rizal novels mention Santa Ana, earlier in the same century, in 1832, an American diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Santa Ana, writing about it in his travelogue, Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. Early in the century, the Americans built a Meralco streetcar line on Herrán which led to the eastern end of this long street. This line linked Santa Ana with Ermita, the Church of Santa Ana stands on the site of the first Franciscan mission established outside Manila in 1578. The church was built under the supervision of Fr, the cornerstone of the present church was laid on September 12,1720 by Francisco dela Cuesta, then Archbishop of Manila and Acting Governor General of the Philippines. The church itself is among the List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines, in addition, the church convents patio museum and the Camarin de la Virgen have been declared as National Cultural Treasures. The date of its construction has not yet determined, however. Other local sources relate the construction of the shrine with the saving of the Chinese by the Mother of Santa Ana from a Sinophobic massacre in the past. The temple is divided into two chapel rooms, the left chapel is dedicated to the Our Lady of the Abandoned while the right chapel is dedicated primarily to Pao Ong Hu. Aside from the Chinese saint, also venerated within the Pao Ong Hu chapel are other Taoist deities, the religious movement Iglesia Ni Cristo was established in 1914 by Felix Manalo in the community of Punta in Santa Ana. However, the INC did not have its own place worship until 1937, unlike the modern temples of the INC, this structure does not bear a neo-Gothic design but is rather reminiscent of the architecture during the American era. Owing to the number of churchgoers, it was decided in the 1980s that worship services would be made to a bigger temple a few meters away. The old Punta temple was deemed by the INC as a historic property and it was renovated and was eventually converted into a museum
Santa Ana, Manila
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The Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana
Santa Ana, Manila
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Santa Ana, Manila
Santa Ana, Manila
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The Taoist temple of Santa Ana
Santa Ana, Manila
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The Iglesia ni Cristo Museum in Punta
21.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
Manila
Manila
Manila
Manila
22.
Our Lady of Guadalupe
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The basilica is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage site in the world, and the worlds third most-visited sacred site. Pope Leo XIII granted the image a Canonical Coronation on 12 October 1895. Official Catholic accounts state that the Virgin Mary appeared four times before Juan Diego and one more before Juan Diegos uncle. Speaking to Juan Diego in his native Nahuatl language, the maiden identified herself as the Virgin Mary, mother of the very true deity and asked for a church to be built at that site in her honor. Based on her words, Juan Diego then sought out the archbishop of Mexico City, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, as the bishop did not believe Diego, on the same day, Juan Diego saw the Virgin Mary for a second time, she asked him to keep insisting. On Sunday, December 10, Juan Diego talked to the archbishop for a second time, the latter instructed him to return to Tepeyac Hill, and ask the lady for a miraculous sign to prove her identity. By Monday, December 11, however, Juan Diegos uncle Juan Bernardino had fallen sick and Juan Diego was obliged to attend to him. In the words which have become the most famous phrase of the Guadalupe event and are inscribed over the entrance to the Basilica of Guadalupe, she asked. She assured him that Juan Bernardino had now recovered and she told him to gather flowers from the top of Tepeyac Hill, Juan followed her instructions and he found Castilian roses, not native to Mexico, blooming there. The bishop kept Juan Diegos mantle first in his private chapel, on December 26,1531 a procession formed for taking the miraculous image back to Tepeyac where it was installed in a small hastily erected chapel. In great distress, the Indians carried him before the Virgins image, upon the arrow being withdrawn, the victim made a full and immediate recovery. Juan Diegos tilma has become Mexicos most popular religious and cultural symbol, nonetheless, Juan Diego was canonized in 2002, under the name Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin. Following the Conquest in 1519–21, the Spanish destroyed a temple of the mother goddess Tonantzin at Tepeyac outside Mexico City, newly converted natives continued to come from afar to worship there, often addressing the Virgin Mary as Tonantzin. It also contains the glyph of Antonio Valeriano, and finally, scholarly doubts have been cast on the authenticity of the document, however. This document, written in Nahuatl, but in Latin script, tells the story of the apparitions and it was probably composed by a native Aztec man, called Antonio Valeriano, who had been educated by Franciscans. The text of document was later incorporated into a printed pamphlet which was widely circulated in 1649. The main promoter of the cult was the Dominican Alonso de Montúfar, in a 1556 sermon Montúfar commended popular devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe, referring to a painting on cloth in the chapel of the Virgin Mary at Tepeyac, where certain miracles had occurred. Days later, Fray Francisco de Bustamante, local head of the Franciscan order and he expressed concern that the Archbishop was promoting a superstitious regard for an image, The devotion at the chapel
Our Lady of Guadalupe
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Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our Lady of Guadalupe
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Preliminary drawing of the Mexican Coat of arms, ca. 1743.
Our Lady of Guadalupe
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A depiction of Virgin of Guadalupe, from 1779, Mexico
Our Lady of Guadalupe
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Virgin of Guadalupe. The image had originally featured a crown on the Virgin's head. A picture from circa 1700
23.
Patron saint
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Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges. Historically, a practice has also occurred in many Islamic lands. With regard to the omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote. Traditionally, it has been understood that the saint of a particular place prays for that places wellbeing and for the health. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active, professions sometimes have a patron saint owing to that individual being involved somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession and it is, however, generally discouraged in some Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. In Islam, the veneration or commemoration and recognition of saints is found in many branches of traditional Sunnism
Patron saint
–
Saint Matthew the Apostle, depicted with an angel, is the patron saint of
Salerno, Italy, bankers and tax collectors
Patron saint
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A branch of
Saint Honore Cake Shop, a
Hong Kong chain bakery, in Hong Kong.
Saint Honorius (Honoré) is the patron saint of bakers and confectioners.
24.
Saint Peter
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Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn pronunciation, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd-century theologian, gave him the title of Apostle of the Apostles, according to Catholic teaching, Peter was ordained by Jesus in the Rock of My Church dialogue in Matthew 16,18. He is traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Rome and by Eastern Christian tradition also as the first Patriarch of Antioch. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a saint and as founder of the Church of Antioch. The New Testament indicates that Peter was the son of John and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis and his brother Andrew was also an apostle. According to New Testament accounts, Peter was one of twelve apostles chosen by Jesus from his first disciples, originally a fisherman, he played a leadership role and was with Jesus during events witnessed by only a few apostles, such as the Transfiguration. According to the gospels, Peter confessed Jesus as the Messiah, was part of Jesuss inner circle, thrice denied Jesus and wept bitterly once he realised his deed, according to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero Augustus Caesar. It is traditionally held that he was crucified upside down at his own request, Tradition holds that he was crucified at the site of the Clementine Chapel. His remains are said to be contained in the underground Confessio of St. Peters Basilica. According to Catholic doctrine, the direct successor to Saint Peter is the incumbent pope. Two general epistles in the New Testament are ascribed to Peter, the Gospel of Mark was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peters preaching and eyewitness memories. Peters original name was Shimon or Simeon and he was later given the name Peter, New Testament Greek Πέτρος derived from πέτρα, which means rock. In the Latin translation of the Bible this became Petrus, a form of the feminine petra. Another version of this name is Aramaic, , after his name in Hellenised Aramaic. The English, Dutch and German Peter, French Pierre, the Italian Pietro, the Spanish and Portuguese Pedro, the Syriac or Aramaic word for rock is kepa, which in Greek became Πέτρος, also meaning rock. He is also known as Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha, both Cephas and Kepha also mean rock. In the New Testament, he is among the first of the disciples called during Jesus ministry, Peter became the first listed apostle ordained by Jesus in the early church. Peter was a fisherman in Bethsaida and he was named Simon, son of Jonah or John
Saint Peter
–
Saint Peter by
Peter Paul Rubens shows the saint holding the
Keys of Heaven and wearing the
pallium
Saint Peter
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Calling of Peter and Andrew,
Caravaggio
Saint Peter
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Ruins of ancient
Capernaum on north side of the
Sea of Galilee.
Saint Peter
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Apostle Peter striking the
High Priests ' servant
Malchus with a sword in the
Garden of Gethsemane.
25.
Jesuit
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
Jesuit
–
Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuit
–
Society of Jesus
Jesuit
–
Church of
Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris.
Jesuit
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Fresco of Approving of bylaw of Society of Jesus depicting
Ignatius of Loyola receiving papal bull
Regimini militantis Ecclesiae from
Pope Paul III. The fresco was created by
Johann Christoph Handke in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in
Olomouc after 1743.
26.
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
–
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, also known as the Virgin of Antipolo, is a 17th-century Roman Catholic wooden image of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated in the Philippines. The image in its form of Black Madonna represents the Immaculate Conception, the image was brought to the country by Governor-General Juan Niño de Tabora from Mexico via the galleon El Almirante in 1626. His safe voyage across the Pacific Ocean was attributed to the image and it was substantiated later by six other successful voyages of the Manila-Acapulco Galleons with the image aboard as its patroness. The statue is one of the most celebrated images of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Philippines, gaining devotees since the mid-19th century, from May to July each year, the image attracts millions of devotees from all over the country and abroad. Pope Pius XI authorised her Canonical coronation on 13 June 1925 and he arrived in Manila on 18 July 1626, and the statue was brought to San Ignacio Church of the Jesuits in Intramuros. When Governor Tabora died in 1632, the statue was given to the Jesuits for enshrinement in the church of Antipolo, during construction of the church in the 1630s, the image would mysteriously vanish several times from its shrine, only to reappear atop a tipolo tree. This was taken as an omen, and the church was relocated to where the tipolo tree was situated. The images pedestal is made from the trunk of the tipolo tree. Which also gave its name to Antipolo itself, in 1639, the Chinese rose in revolt, burning the town and the church. Fearing for the safety, Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera ordered its transfer to Cavite. Don Sebastian ordered the statue removed from its Cavite shrine in 1648, at the time, the statue of a saint on the ship served as a patron saint or protector of the Acapulco trade. The statue was crowned by the Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Michael J. ODoherty. In 1944, the Japanese Imperial Army invaded the town and turned it into a garrison, with the shrine being used as an arsenal. To save the image, the head sacristan, Procopio Ángeles, wrapped it in a thick, woollen blanket and placed it in an empty petrol drum. Fighting between Imperial troops and the combined American and Filipino forces drove Ángeles and other devotees to move the image to Kulaiki Hill between Antipolo and Angono, from there, it was spirited away to Barangay Santolan in Pasig, and then to the main area of Pasig itself. The statue was housed with a certain Ocampo family in Quiapo, Manila. On 15 October 1945, the statue was translated to its church in Antipolo, the first missionaries in Antipolo were the Franciscans, who arrived in the vicinity in 1578. The Jesuits then followed and administered the church from 1591 until 1768, the church was greatly damaged during the Chinese uprising of 1639, the 1645 Luzon earthquake, and the earthquakes of 1824 and 1883
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
–
The image, in golden vestments, within its alcove above the main altar, 2012.
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
–
Entrance
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
–
Façade of the Cathedral
27.
Antipolo
–
Antipolo, or the City of Antipolo is a city in the province of Rizal, Philippines located 26 kilometres east of Manila. It is the capital of Rizal, the most-populous city in the CALABARZON region. Antipolo was converted from a municipality into a component city of Rizal Province on April 4,1998, with the transfer of the provincial government to Antipolo, it is highly favored to be officially designated as the new capital of the province. On March 14,2011, Antipolo was declared a city by President Benigno Aquino. The city is popular for being a pilgrimage site and it prides itself as the Pilgrimage Capital of the Philippines. A popular custom of pilgrims to the Virgin of Antipolo is the going to its shrine on the eves of Good Friday and May 1, from various locations in Rizal Province. The most notable of these pilgrims would begin the trek from the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, in Quiapo, there is also an existing custom to have new cars blessed at the church in the belief that this will ensure the safety of the car and its passengers. Its higher elevation than that of Metro Manila affords it a view of the metropolis. Its locally grown mangoes and cashews are popular among tourists, as well as suman – a local delicacy made out of glutinous rice, the Hinulugang Taktak National Park, which was once a popular summer get-away is being restored to become again one of the citys primary attractions. Antipolo is in the half of Rizal Province, close to its meridional center. It is found on the slopes of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, much of the city sits on a plateau averaging 200 meters. It has the second largest area in the province with an area of 156.68 km², the northern and southern sections of the city are in the dense forest areas of the Sierra Madre. Antipolo is landlocked, bounded to the north by San Mateo and Rodriguez, to the east by Tanay, to the south by Angono, Taytay and Teresa, and to the west by Cainta and Marikina City in Metro Manila. The Bitukang Manok of Pasig, also known as the Parian Creek, had linked the Marikina River with the Antipolo River. Dela Paz, thus being the detached and long-abandoned Antipolo River, even the marian processions of the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage passed this route back and forth eleven times. But ironically, the Sepoys backstabbed their abusive British lieutenants and sided with the forces of the Spanish Conquistadors, local rice farmers, fisherfolk. After the British Invasion, the Sepoys remained and intermarried with Filipina women, the city was named after the tipolo tree, which was in abundance in the area. Franciscan missionaries arrived in Antipolo in 1578, and built a church on what is now Boso-Boso Church
Antipolo
–
Clockwise from top left: Antipolo City Hall, Victory Park & Shop, Ynares Center Stadium,
SM City Masinag, Rizal Provincial Capitol,
Hinulugang Taktak Falls, Antipolo Cathedral, Native Delicacies including
Suman; the city's glutinous pride, and Boso-Boso Church.
Antipolo
–
Seal
Antipolo
–
City hall
Antipolo
–
Antipolo City downtown
28.
Ayala Corporation
–
Ayala Corporation is the publicly listed holding company for the diversified interests of the Ayala Group. Founded in the Philippines by Domingo Róxas and Antonio de Ayala during the Spanish colonial rule, as of November 2015, it is the countrys largest corporation in terms of assets. The company began in 1834 with the formation of a distillery owned by Casa Róxas, the distillery was the maker of Ginebra San Miguel and was later acquired by La Tondeña, Inc. in 1929. In the late 19th century, Ayala participated in the construction of the Puente de Ayala over the Pasig River in Manila, built of wood in 1872, the bridge was reconstructed in steel in 1908 and became the first steel bridge in the Philippines. In 1888, Ayala introduced the first tramcar service in the Philippines, Ayala was responsible for the development of Makati as the financial district of Manila and the Philippines after World War II. In April 2010, FinanceAsia named Ayala Corporation as the company in the Philippines, as well as best for corporate governance. Clara Power for run-of-the-river hydro power, Ayala will contribute 1000 MW to the Philippine power supply, by 2015. In 2015, FinanceAsia awarded Ayala Corporation as the Best Managed Company in the Philippines in the 15th annual survey of top companies in Asia. In January 2006, the board of directors announced the decision by Jaime Zóbel de Ayala to retire as chairman of the corporation by April 2006. The board also announced his appointment as chairman emeritus upon his retirement, the Zóbel de Ayala familys holding company, Mermac, Inc. continues to hold the controlling stake in Ayala Corporation. In 2014, Ayala celebrated its 180th anniversary, the company is credited for having contributed to the socio-economic development of the Philippines. Ayala Corporation website Ayala at 175 magazine Philippine Stock Exchange Information Page on Ayala Corporation
Ayala Corporation
–
Ayala Corporation
29.
Philippine Revolution
–
The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines, Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed, however, the surrounding provinces began to revolt, in particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacios death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo and that year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in Hong Kong, however, the hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21,1898, the United States launched a blockade of Cuba. On May 1, the U. S. Navys Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines, by June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence, although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city, in June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States. The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized independent state until 1946, the main influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century, when the Philippines was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first English firms were established in Manila, the Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the trade to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid, at this point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalia class in the society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The autocratic government was replaced by a government led by General Francisco Serrano
Philippine Revolution
–
Clockwise from top left: Surviving Spanish troops on Barcelona after the
Siege of Baler, Captured of a Filipino Revolutionary Leader by Spanish Troops, Filipino Soliers at the
Siege of Baler, Monument recapturing the
Battle of Imus, Filipino negotiators for the
Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Filipino soldier during the near end of the Revolution.
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
30.
Katipunan
–
The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The Tagalog word katipunan, literally meaning association, comes from the root word tipon and its official revolutionary name was Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK, being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide by the rules established by the society. Aspiring applicants were given standard initiation rites in order to members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos, later, the Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan which issued its first and last printing in March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Filipino literature was expanded by some of its prominent members, in planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise to rescue Rizal from his detention. In May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor Meiji in order to solicit funds, the name Katipunan comes from the full Tagalog name for the society, Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan. The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were, effectively, successor organizations of La Liga Filipina and this organization was part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. Katipunan founders Andrés Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata were all members of La Liga and were influenced by the ideals of the Propaganda Movement in Spain. Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, the Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry, Del Pilars plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the end, even if each took a different road to it. Captured Katipunan members, who were members of La Liga. One group insisted on La Ligas principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed revolution, Bonifacio did establish the Katipunan when it was becoming apparent to anti-Spanish Filipinos that societies like the La Liga Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities. He was assisted by his two friends, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa, plus Valentín Díaz and Deodato Arellano, the Katipunan was founded along Azcarraga St. near Elcano St. in San Nicolas, Manila. Despite their reservations about the reformation that Rizal espoused, they named Rizal honorary president without his knowledge. The Katipunan, established as a secret organization, went under the name Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan. The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign, the Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission, hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence
Katipunan
–
A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement:
José Rizal,
Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.
Katipunan
–
early flag of the Katipunan Revolutionaries
Katipunan
Katipunan
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A Katipunan officer's sword.
31.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
–
Lady of Elche
Spain
–
Flag
Spain
–
Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
–
Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
32.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
33.
Alabang
–
Alabang is a barangay in Muntinlupa, Philippines. At one time the area was a district, and has since grown from a village to a commercial center, including the Alabang Commercial Center. It is also resides near the Jalgalado Business Park, a large portion of Ayala Alabang came from Barangay Alabang. Barangay Alabang, part of the district of Muntinlupa, has undergone tremendous growth mainly due to a development boom in the late 1990s. V. The mall opened in the middle of May,1998, and it became Filinvest’s flagship project, festival Supermall is the biggest of all five current malls in City. It is located at the heart of Filinvest City, a business district in Alabang. The mall can be accessed via South Luzon Expressway from Filinvest Exit, Alabang Exit, and South Station Exit. Festival Supermall is also adjacent to some of the largest malls South of Metro Manila, namely Alabang Town Center, SM Southmall, Starmall Alabang, or formerly known as Metropolis Star Alabang is the first community shopping mall in this city and it is owned by Starmalls, Inc. It has features and anchors like, Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Department Store, Finds, Cinemas, there is also the South station, Fastbyte at Northgate, Westgate Center, Commerce Center, South Supermarket and The Filinvest Tent Commercial Block. There are multiple car dealerships located in Muntinlupa and most of them are along the Alabang-Zapote Road in Alabang, Ford Motors Alabang has a five-floor facility covering a floor area of nearly 13,000 square meters. The Ford dealership boasts a 2-floor, 23-vehicle showroom and a 4-floor, toyota Alabang also constructed a facility with a showroom, parts warehouse, office & service facilities in a 5,000 square meter lot adjacent to the Ford Dealership. Audi Alabang, Chevrolet Alabang, Crysler Alabang, Mitsubishi Motors Alabang, Nissan and Suzuki Alabang are also located within the area, still in Alabang-Zapote Road but located in barangay Ayala Alabang are Hyundai Alabang, Isuzu Alabang and Honda Alabang. Muntinlupa Ayala Alabang Media related to Alabang at Wikimedia Commons West Valley Fault in Muntinlupa City -3229 IV 6C Alabang
Alabang
–
Filinvest City skyline in Alabang
Alabang
–
The Insular Life Corporate Centre in
Muntinlupa City
Alabang
–
Facade of Festival Supermall
34.
Muntinlupa
–
Muntinlupa, officially the City of Muntinlupa, is the southernmost city in Philippine National Capital Region. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 504,509 and it is classified as a highly urbanized city. It is given the nickname Emerald City of the Philippines by the tourism establishment, Muntinlupa came from at least three versions. First, its association with the topsoil in the area. Third, the nature of the area, where the term Monte or mountain was expanded to Muntinlupa or mountain land. 1869, The lands were transferred to the state and large individual landholders, August 6,1898, The town supported the Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards and formally joined the revolutionary government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. June 1,1901, The Philippine Commission promulgated Rizal Province on June 11,1901 through Act 137, Muntinlupa becomes a district of Morong, Rizal. November 25,1903, Under the American regime, Muntinlupa was incorporated under Act 1008, Muntinlupa residents protested this Executive Act, and through their town head, Marcelo Fresnedi, filed a formal petition to the Governor for the return of the municipality to the province of Rizal. March 22,1905, Act 1308 paved the way for Muntinlupas return to Rizal province to become a part of Taguig along with Pateros. January 1,1918, Governor General Harrisons Executive Order 108, vidal Joaquin, a native of Alabang, served as the first appointed mayor in 1918-1919 followed by Primo Ticman, native of Poblacion 1919-1922 while the first elected mayor was Melencio Espeleta. January 22,1941, The historic New Bilibid Prison, the penitentiary, was established in the hills of Muntinlupa. November 7,1975, Muntinlupa became a part of Metropolitan Manila by virtue of Presidential Decree No.824 issued by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, Muntinlupa together with Las Piñas formed one political district. December 6,1988, President Corazon C. Aquino by Proclamation 351 declares the 19th of December as Municipality of Muntinlupa Day, february 16,1995, House Bill No.14401 converting the Municipality of Muntinlupa into a highly urbanized city was approved by the House of Representatives. Then on March 1, Muntinlupa becomes the 65th city in the Philippines as signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos, August 3,2007, The city hall of Muntinlupa was completely damaged and later abandoned due to a fire. The fire started from an area behind the city hall. Almost all files, important documents and other references of Muntinlupa were burned, muntinlupa’s terrain is relatively flat to sloping towards the east along the lake. Gentle rolling hills occupy the part of the city, with elevation increasing up to 60 meters. The West Fault is capable of producing large earthquakes on its active phases with a magnitude of 7 or higher
Muntinlupa
–
Skyline of Alabang, Muntinlupa
Muntinlupa
–
Muntinlupa City Hall
Muntinlupa
–
Insular Life Corporate Centre. Cultural Heritage Monument in the Philippines No. PH-00-0198
Muntinlupa
–
Alabang Town Center main atrium.
35.
Fort William McKinley
–
Fort Bonifacio, is the national headquarters of the Philippine Army and is located in southeastern Metro Manila in an area disputed between Taguig, Makati and Pateros. It is located near the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force. The camp is named after Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan during the revolutionary period of the Philippines against Spain - Philippine Revolution. Fort William McKinley, now Fort Bonifacio, was established during the Philippine–American War in 1901 and this expropriation was later challenged by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the US agreed to compensate, through him, in trust deposits. In 1916, the 3rd Battalion of the 31st Infantry Regiment was formed here, until December 1920, this was the home of the 31st Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the USAFFE headquarters for the Philippine Department, the bulk of the Philippine Division was stationed there and this was where, under the National Defense Act of 1935, specialized artillery training was conducted. On May 14,1949, Fort McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government, the facility became the home of the Philippine Army and later the Philippine Navy and was renamed Fort Bonifacio. It lies in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque, Makati, the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial was established here. Later, it was turned into a real estate development area called Bonifacio Global City, Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
Fort William McKinley
–
Philippine Scouts at Fort McKinley firing a 37-mm. antitank gun in training
36.
Fort Bonifacio
–
Fort Bonifacio, is the national headquarters of the Philippine Army and is located in southeastern Metro Manila in an area disputed between Taguig, Makati and Pateros. It is located near the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force. The camp is named after Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan during the revolutionary period of the Philippines against Spain - Philippine Revolution. Fort William McKinley, now Fort Bonifacio, was established during the Philippine–American War in 1901 and this expropriation was later challenged by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the US agreed to compensate, through him, in trust deposits. In 1916, the 3rd Battalion of the 31st Infantry Regiment was formed here, until December 1920, this was the home of the 31st Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the USAFFE headquarters for the Philippine Department, the bulk of the Philippine Division was stationed there and this was where, under the National Defense Act of 1935, specialized artillery training was conducted. On May 14,1949, Fort McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government, the facility became the home of the Philippine Army and later the Philippine Navy and was renamed Fort Bonifacio. It lies in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque, Makati, the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial was established here. Later, it was turned into a real estate development area called Bonifacio Global City, Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
Fort Bonifacio
–
Main gate of the Philippine Army Headquarters
37.
Manila (province)
–
Manila, also formerly known as Tondo, was a historical province in the Philippines, encompassing the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. In 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities and it was incorporated into the Province of Rizal in 1901. The province was composed of the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. The districts of Binondo, Dilao, Ermita, Malate, Pandacan, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, and Tondo are often referred to as pueblos, arrabales or neighbourhoods of Manila. From the 1860s onward, the area was referred to as Ciudad de Manila y sus arrabales or as Manila y los pueblos de extramuros. The present-day City of Manila includes all these areas, the table below presents information from the cited source. Shown below are the locations of the municipalities of the province of Manila, except for Montalban and San Mateo, all these areas are included in the present-day cities of Metro Manila. The province of Manila, as of 1898
Manila (province)
–
Location of the historical province of Manila.
38.
Rizal
–
Rizal, officially known as the Province of Rizal is a province in the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region, just 16 kilometres east of Manila. The province is named after José Rizal, one of the national heroes of the Philippines. Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, Bulacan to the north, Quezon to the east, the province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Antipolo offers a view of Metro Manila and is the location of the Hinulugang Taktak. Tagalog settlement arrived some time in the pre-Spaniard period, the provincial territory began with the organization of the Tondo province and Laguna province during the Spanish administration. Some of the towns like Pasig, Parañaque, Taytay and Cainta were already thriving. From the reports of the Encomiendas in 1582-1583, the Encomiendas of Moron was under the jurisdiction of La Laguna and, in 1853, a new political subdivision was formed. This district was changed to Distrito Politico-Militar de Morong after four years. In 1860, by virtue of Circular No,83, dated September 2,1859, the Province of Tondo became the Province of Manila. All its towns were placed under the administration, fiscal supervision, the town of Mariquina became the capital of the Province of Manila during the tenure of the revolutionary government of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. The Province of Morong had for its capital the town of Antipolo for the period 1898-1899, the first Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft and composed of Commissioners Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, Bernard Moses and Dean C, worcester, discussed with the Assembly the issue of whether or not to write the Province of Manila with Morong Province, was not self-sufficient to operate as a separate province. Although the delegates from Morong, Hilarion Raymundo and José Tupas, objected to the proposal, after much acrimonious debate and upon the suggestion of Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera the body agreed on the creation of a new province independent of the Province of Manila. The new province was named after Jose Rizal, the countrys national hero. The new province was composed of 29 municipalities,17 from the old Province of Manila, the City of Manila from the old Province of Manila was treated as a separate entity. The seat of the government was Pasig. In year 1939, Quezon City was established, which included parts of Caloocan, during World War II, Japanese fighter and bomber planes rained explosives on the province in December 1941
Rizal
–
Rizal Provincial Capitol
Rizal
–
The old Capitol Building of Rizal in
Pasig. Pasig served as the seat of government for the province of Rizal until the new capitol building in Antipolo was completed.
39.
Meralco
–
The Manila Electric Company, also known as Meralco, is the Philippines largest distributor of electrical power. The name Meralco is an acronym for Manila Electric Railroad And Light COmpany, organized in 1891 and beginning operations in late 1894, La Electricista was the first electric company to provide electricity to Manila towards the close of the Spanish Era. La Electricista had built a power plant on Calle San Sebastian in Quiapo. On January 17,1895, its streetlights were turned on for the first time and by 1903, detroit entrepreneur Charles M. Swift was the sole bidder and on March 24,1903, was granted the original basic franchise of Meralco. Construction on the tramway began that same year. By 1906, Meralcos yearly power output capacity was eight million kWh. Swift was awarded another franchise in 1906 to operate a 9.8 kilometres extension line from Paco to Fort McKinley and Pasig, in 1919 this company merged with the Manila Electric Company. This extension was one of the most profitable of Meralcos lines, by the 1920, Meralco had a 170-strong fleet of streetcars, before switching over to buses later in that decade. The company operated 52-miles of trams until World War II, the equipment and tracks of the system was severely damaged during the war and had to be removed. By 1915, electricity generation and distribution became the main Meralcos main income generator, in 1919, it changed its official name to Manila Electric Company. By 1920, the power capacity had grown to 45 million kWh. In 1925, Meralco, was acquired by the utility holding company Associated Gas and Electric or AGECO, which had begun a massive expansion throughout the United States and the Dominion of Canada. With AGECOs financial backing, Meralco began acquiring a number of existing utility companies in the Philippines, by 1930, Meralco had completed construction of the Philippines first hydroelectric power plant, the 23MW Botocan Hydro Station. At the time, this plant was one of the largest engineering projects in Asia, the additional capacity allowed the company to begin hooking up customers throughout the metropolitan area. To drive demand for power, Meralco also opened a retail store in order to sell electric home appliances. During the Second World War, the Japanese occupying forces forcibly transferred all of Meralcos assets, by wars end, most of the former Meralco facilities had been destroyed. After the war, Meralcos autobus franchise was sold to Halili Transport, in 1962, Don Eugenio López, Sr. acquired Meralco and finally making it wholly Filipino-owned. During 1962-72, he increased Meralcos power generating capacity five times with the building of power stations in the Manila area with two more planned in Rizal Province
Meralco
–
Meralco office (
Malolos City Cultural and Heritage house.)
Meralco
–
MERALCO
Meralco
–
Meralco (López) Building along Ortigas Avenue, Pasig,
Metro Manila.
40.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
House of Representatives of the Philippines
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
House of Representatives of the Philippines Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
Joint session of the Philippine Legislature, Manila. November 15, 1916
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
Philippine legislature before 1924
41.
Luzon
–
Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
Luzon
–
Luzon
Luzon
–
Luzon
mainland in red; its associated islands in maroon
Luzon
–
U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering
Lingayen Gulf, January 1945
Luzon
–
The
Sierra Madre mountains as viewed from
Cabagan
42.
Nielsen Field
–
Nielson Field was the location of the Far East Air Force headquarters. Most of the aircraft of the FEAF were based at either Clark Field or Nichols Field, laurie Reuben Nielson was one of the many foreigners attracted by the business opportunities in the Philippines and moved to the country before World War II. Born in New Zealand, Nielson and his American wife, Annette and he established himself in local business, setting up his own firm, L. R. Nielson & Co. and making inroads in the securities and stock brokerage business, importing, and mining. Nielson also sat on the board of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation branch in Manila, Nielson was an avid aviation enthusiast, with this, he became involved in a project to build an aviation school and airport in Manila. When it was inaugurated in July 1937, the Nielson Airport was being touted as the biggest, after the outbreak of the war and the invasion of Manila by Japanese forces in 1942, Nielson and his family were detained by the Japanese authorities. Nielson’s wife and two sons were brought to the internment camp at the University of Santo Tomas, Nielson, because he was British, was taken for internment in Hong Kong. Nielson was never seen or heard from again, by the time the Philippines was liberated from the Japanese, Nielson’s businesses and most of his properties were all gone. After his wife and two left the Philippines and returned to the United States for good, Nielson’s only remaining legacy to the Philippines was the airport he had built. The property on which the airport stood was part of the Hacienda San Pedro de Macati owned by the Zóbel de Ayala family, the hacienda encompassed most of what is now the city of Makati. It was a location for the airport because Makati was then just a sparsely populated town adjacent to Manila. The site was located on a tract of land jutting from rice fields, clearly visible from the air. The Nielson Airport became the base of the American Far Eastern School of Aviation, when Philippine Air Lines was established, its very first flight took off in March 1941 from the Nielson Airport for Baguio. As a response to the expansionist policy of Japan, authorities in the Philippines set up the Far East Air Force headquarters at the Nielson Airport. Commercial flights at the airport were halted in October 1941 and the carriers were asked to relocate their services to make room for the U. S. Army Air Forces. When Japanese planes attacked the Philippines on 8 December 1941, the planes were spotted by a radar station in Northern Luzon. Unfortunately, by the time FEAF officers were able to get through to Clark Air Base in Pampanga, it was already too late. By December 9, Nielson Airport was also under siege, when Manila was liberated, the Americans and the Filipinos were again able to wrest control of the airport from the Japanese. The partially damaged airport and its facilities were restored and commercial air services, including international flights
Nielsen Field
–
The plaque at the entrance to Nielson Tower
Nielsen Field
–
Nielson Field in flames after a Japanese attack on December 10, 1941
Nielsen Field
–
Old Nielson Field Tower, now a restaurant
43.
Philippine National Railways
–
The Philippine National Railways, or PNR, is a state-owned railway company in the Philippines, operating a single line of track on Luzon. As of 2016, it operates one commuter rail service in Metro Manila, PNR began operations on November 24,1892 as the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company during the American colonial period. It became the Philippine National Railways on June 20,1946 by virtue of Republic Act No.4156, the PNR is an agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications. PNR used to operate over 1,100 km of route from La Union up to Bicol, however, continued neglect in past decades reduced PNRs efficiency and railroad coverage. Persistent problems with informal settlers in the 1990s contributed further to PNRs decline, in 2006, Typhoons Milenyo and Reming caused severe damage to the network, resulting in the suspension of the Manila-Bicol services. In July 2009, PNR unveiled a new identity and inaugurated new rolling stock. Long-distance Bicol services resumed in June 2011, but were suspended again in October 2012, local service between Naga and Legazpi resumed in October 2015. On June 25,1875, under a decree issued by King Alfonso XII of Spain. The plan, which was submitted five months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón, and was promptly approved. Similar to other railroads at the time, the Manila Railroad Company suffered from financial difficulties during World War I, and on February 4,1916,2574, authorizing the Governor-General to negotiate for the nationalization of the MRRs assets. The MRR was eventually nationalized in January 1917, with the Philippine government paying ₱8 million to the companys owners, consequently, the MRRs management shifted from British to American hands, and in 1923, José Paez became the first Filipino general manager. During the 1920s, the MRR embarked on a program of improvements as a result of operating surpluses accrued over much of the decade. MRR property was returned to the Philippine government on February 1,1946. By July 1,1947, funded by a ₱20 million rehabilitation allocation set aside by the Philippine government, around 75% of the entire railway network prior to 1941 was rehabilitated. By 1951, with the MRR receiving ₱3 million in war reparations funds,941.9 kilometers of track, later in the 1950s, the MRR fleet of locomotives was converted from steam to diesel engines, and the company was given a new charter under Republic Act No. 4156, becoming the modern-day Philippine National Railways, natural calamities such as the 1973 and 1975 floods disrupted services and forced the closure of several parts of the main lines. On July 23,1979, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No,546, which designated the Philippine National Railways as an attached agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications. In 1988, during the administration of Corazon Aquino, the North Main Line was closed, with trains unable to reach various provinces in the country
Philippine National Railways
–
Route map of Bicol Express
Philippine National Railways
Philippine National Railways
Philippine National Railways
44.
Second World War
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
Second World War
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
Second World War
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
Second World War
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
Second World War
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
45.
Nielson Field
–
Nielson Field was the location of the Far East Air Force headquarters. Most of the aircraft of the FEAF were based at either Clark Field or Nichols Field, laurie Reuben Nielson was one of the many foreigners attracted by the business opportunities in the Philippines and moved to the country before World War II. Born in New Zealand, Nielson and his American wife, Annette and he established himself in local business, setting up his own firm, L. R. Nielson & Co. and making inroads in the securities and stock brokerage business, importing, and mining. Nielson also sat on the board of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation branch in Manila, Nielson was an avid aviation enthusiast, with this, he became involved in a project to build an aviation school and airport in Manila. When it was inaugurated in July 1937, the Nielson Airport was being touted as the biggest, after the outbreak of the war and the invasion of Manila by Japanese forces in 1942, Nielson and his family were detained by the Japanese authorities. Nielson’s wife and two sons were brought to the internment camp at the University of Santo Tomas, Nielson, because he was British, was taken for internment in Hong Kong. Nielson was never seen or heard from again, by the time the Philippines was liberated from the Japanese, Nielson’s businesses and most of his properties were all gone. After his wife and two left the Philippines and returned to the United States for good, Nielson’s only remaining legacy to the Philippines was the airport he had built. The property on which the airport stood was part of the Hacienda San Pedro de Macati owned by the Zóbel de Ayala family, the hacienda encompassed most of what is now the city of Makati. It was a location for the airport because Makati was then just a sparsely populated town adjacent to Manila. The site was located on a tract of land jutting from rice fields, clearly visible from the air. The Nielson Airport became the base of the American Far Eastern School of Aviation, when Philippine Air Lines was established, its very first flight took off in March 1941 from the Nielson Airport for Baguio. As a response to the expansionist policy of Japan, authorities in the Philippines set up the Far East Air Force headquarters at the Nielson Airport. Commercial flights at the airport were halted in October 1941 and the carriers were asked to relocate their services to make room for the U. S. Army Air Forces. When Japanese planes attacked the Philippines on 8 December 1941, the planes were spotted by a radar station in Northern Luzon. Unfortunately, by the time FEAF officers were able to get through to Clark Air Base in Pampanga, it was already too late. By December 9, Nielson Airport was also under siege, when Manila was liberated, the Americans and the Filipinos were again able to wrest control of the airport from the Japanese. The partially damaged airport and its facilities were restored and commercial air services, including international flights
Nielson Field
–
The plaque at the entrance to Nielson Tower
Nielson Field
–
Nielson Field in flames after a Japanese attack on December 10, 1941
Nielson Field
–
Old Nielson Field Tower, now a restaurant
46.
Forbes Park, Makati
–
Forbes Park, also known simply as Forbes, is a private subdivision and gated community in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Established in the 1940s, Forbes Park was named after William Cameron Forbes, the first gated village to be developed by the Ayala Corporation, Forbes Park is home to the Manila Golf and Country Club and the Manila Polo Club. It has been called the Beverly Hills of Manila and many of the countrys wealthiest families, as well as foreign diplomats, the Santuario de San Antonio, a Franciscan church, and San Antonio Plaza, a small commercial center, lie between North and South Forbes Park. Meanwhile, the Church of the Holy Trinity, an Anglican-Episcopal Pro-cathedral, is just across the street
Forbes Park, Makati
–
Topics
47.
Philippine Army
–
The Philippine Army, is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines responsible for ground warfare. Commanding General, Lieutenant General Eduardo Año, former Chief of Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its main headquarters is located at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig, Metro Manila. Years of Spanish rule, which dragged on to almost three centuries made the Filipinos restive and they were soon clamoring for reforms and an end to oppressive friar rule. In 1896, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan to prepare his band of freedom loving Filipinos for armed revolt, the Katipunan formed the nucleus of the Revolutionary Army. General Artemio Ricarte was named Captain General of the Ejercito en la Republica de las Islas Filipinas or the revolutionary Philippine Army and this date marks the founding day of the modern day Philippine Army. On June 12,1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spain and formed the first Philippine Republic, the treaty ceded the Philippines to the United States. On February 4,1899, the Filipino-American War erupted, due to the superiority of American arms, the Filipinos fell from one position to another until they were forced to disband. Even after the cessation of hostilities and as the Americans have established government in 1901. Between that time until 1935, the army lost many of its cohorts in sporadic engagements with American troops. Both of these organizations and their victories over the PRA contributed to the end of the conflict in 1902. Starting in 1910, Filipino personnel in the Philippine Scouts were sent to the United States Military Academy with one PS soldier being sent per year. Several of these graduates who served with the Scouts, plus PC officers, the Philippine Army of today was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. After the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on November 15,1935, the official rebirth of the Philippine Army occurred with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 1, approved on December 21,1935, which effected the organization of a Council of National Defense, the act set forth the organizational structure of the army in some detail, set forth enlistment procedures, and established mobilization procedures. With this act, the AFP was officially established, the development of the new Philippine Army was slow. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U. S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction, by the end of the year instructors had been trained and camps established. The first group of 20,000 men was called up on January 1,1937, coast artillery instruction was carried on at Fort Stotsenburg and at Grande Island in Subic Bay by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor. On the same date, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Presidential Order did not order all the military forces of the Philippine government into the service of the United States Armed Forces
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Staff Sgt. Manolo Martin demonstrates the proper method of holding a cobra during a survival course in the
Balikatan Exercise 2008.
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Emblem
Philippine Army
–
Philippine Army Special Forces freefall jumpers with Special Operations Command, stationed at Fort Magsaysay
48.
Makati Central Business District
–
The Makati Central Business District, also known as the Makati CBD, is the leading financial and central business district in the Philippines located at the heart of Makati in Metro Manila. It is politically known аs Central Cluster in the West District of Makati and it is different from the civic center of Makati known as Makati Poblacion which is situated at the north-east portion of the district. It is bounded by EDSA, Gil Puyat Avenue, Arnaiz Avenue, the whole district occupies barangays of San Antonio, San Lorenzo, Bel-Air, and Urdaneta. Many of the skyscrapers in Metro Manila are in this area, PBCom Tower along Ayala Avenue is the countrys tallest building and reaches up 259 meters. It is the headquarters of the Philippine Bank of Communications, or PBCom, the business district is also considered as one of the most vibrant commеrcial districts in Southeast Asia. It contains the Ayala Center, one of the major shopping centers. The financial district is managed by two groups - the Makati Commercial Estates Association and the Ayala Property Management Corporation. Downtown Makati started out as part of the municipality of Santa Ana de Sapa and became a town of its own in 1670, then as San Pedro de Macati in honor of its patron. In 1851, Don José Bonifacio Roxas purchased the estate of Hacienda San Pedro de Macati from the Jesuits for 52,800 pesos. The western portion of the estate is now what is called the downtown, since then, Makati and its development remain close to the Zobel de Ayala family. That same year, the town, with a population of 25,000, was incorporated from Manila to the province of Rizal with Marcelino Magsaysay serving as the town president. In the 1930s, the first airport in Luzon island, Nielson Field, the airport was officially inaugurated in 1938, and Philippine Airlines began its operations there in 1941. After the destruction of World War II that brought upon Makati, the town grew rapidly, as Nieslon Field closed down in 1948 the plan was set for the building of the central business district. The first centrally planned communities from the Ayalas farm estate were established in the 1950s, and some of the gated communities that were developed grew into commercial areas and office parks. The multiple-lane Ayala Avenue was completed in 1958, which part of the runway of the first commercial airport in the country. The downtown was developed into high density residential and commercial areas according to specific zoning regulations, in the early 1960s, Ayala Corporation commissioned some of the first high-rise buildings to rise along Ayala Avenue from one of the countrys best known architects, Leandro V. Locsin. The Makati Stock Exchange was established on May 27,1963 with its trading area located along Ayala Avenue in downtown, in the late 1960s, Downtown Makati has been the financial capital of the Philippines due to urban decay of the City of Manila. Bañolas mayorship saw the building of the Ayala Center complex in the mid 1960s, in 1972, Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial law in the Philippines
Makati Central Business District
–
The skyscrapers of Legazpi Village in the Makati CBD as seen from
Greenbelt
Makati Central Business District
–
Plaque on the Nielson Tower, Ayala Triangle
Makati Central Business District
–
Rufino Pacific Tower, tallest steel-framed building in the country, built in 1994
Makati Central Business District
–
Ayala Triangle with the city's new slogan - "Make it Happen, Make it Makati."
.svg)
_01.jpg)
_a0001.JPG)
Geographic data related to Makati at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Makati
.JPG)
