1.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
2.
Juan M. Arellano
–
This is about a Filipino architect, for the Filipino lexicographer see Maria Odulio de Guzman. For the Filipino actress, see Malou de Guzman, Juan Marcos Arellano y de Guzmán, or Juan M. Juan M. Arellano was born on April 25,1888 in Tondo Manila, Philippines to Luis C. Arellano married Naty Ocampo on May 15,1915 and he had eight children, Oscar, Juanita, Cesar, Salvador, Juan Marcos, Luis, Gloria and Carlos. He attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated in 1908 and his first passion was painting and he trained under Lorenzo Guerrero, Toribio Antillon, and Fabian de la Rosa. Arellano went to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1911 and he was trained in the Beaux Arts and subsequently went to work for George B. Post & Sons in New York City, where he worked for Frederick Law Olmsted and he then returned to the Philippines to begin a practice with his brother, Arcadio. He later joined the Bureau of Public Works just as the last American architects, George Fenhagen and he and Tomás Mapúa were then named as supervising architects. In 1927, he took a leave and went to the United States where he was greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture. In 1930, he returned to Manila and designed the Bulacan Provincial Capitol, Manila Metropolitan Theater and he continued to act as a consulting architect for the Bureau of Public Works where he oversaw the production of the Manilas first zoning plan. In 1940, he and Harry Frost created a design for Quezon City and it was during that time that he designed the building that would house the United States High Commission to the Philippines, later the Embassy of the United States in Manila. He designed a demesne along the edge of Manila Bay, which featured a revival style mansion that took advantage of the seaside vista. The Americans instead opted for a building that ended up overpriced. During World War II, the Legislative Building and Jones Bridge, were totally destroyed, while these structures were all reconstructed, his original designs were not followed and were considered poor replications. Arellano retired in 1956 and went back to painting, in 1960, he exhibited his work at the Manila YMCA. He died at the age of 72 on December 5,1960, culture of the Philippines ^ Alcazaren, Paulo, Juan M de Guzman Arellano, Renaissance Man, The Philippine Star. National Historical Commission of the Philippines, JUAN MARCOS G. ARELLANO Outstanding Architect
3.
Post office
–
A post office is a customer service facility forming part of a national postal system. Post offices offer mail-related services such as acceptance of letters and parcels, provision of post office boxes, and sale of stamps, packaging. In addition, many post offices offer services, providing and accepting government forms, processing government services and fees. The chief administrator of a post office is a postmaster, prior to the advent of postal and ZIP codes, postal systems would route items to a specific post office for receipt or delivery. The term post office or post-office has been in use since the 1650s, in early Modern England, post riders – mounted couriers – were placed every few hours along post roads at posting houses or post houses between major cities. These stables or inns permitted important correspondence to travel without delay, in early America, post offices were also known as stations. This term and post house fell from use as horse and coach service was replaced by railways, aircraft, today, post office usually refers to postal facilities providing customer service. The term General Post Office is sometimes used for the headquarters of a postal service. A postal facility that is used exclusively for processing mail is known as sorting office or delivery office. Integrated facilities combining mail processing with railway stations or airports are known as mail exchanges, there is evidence of corps of royal couriers disseminating the decrees of the Egyptian pharaohs as early as 2,400 BC and the service may greatly precede even that date. Similarly, organized systems of posthouses providing swift mounted courier service seems quite ancient, certainly, by the time of the Persian Empire, a system of Chapar-Khaneh existed along the Royal Road. The 2nd-Century BC Mauryan and Han dynasties established similar systems in India, suetonius credited Augustus with regularizing the Roman network, the cursus publicus. Local officials were obliged to provide couriers who would be responsible for their messages entire course, locally maintained post houses privately owned rest houses were obliged or honored to care for them along their way. Diocletian later established two parallel systems, one providing fresh horses or mules for urgent correspondence and another providing sturdy oxen for bulk shipments, procopius, though not unbiased, records that this system remained largely intact was dismantled in the surviving empire by Justinian in the 6th Century. The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis initiated regular mail service from Brussels in the 16th century, the British Postal Museum claims that the oldest functioning post office in the world is on High Street in Sanquhar, Scotland. This post office has functioned continuously since 1712, an era in which horses, in parts of Europe, special postal censorship offices existed to intercept and censor mail. In France, such offices were known as cabinets noirs, in many jurisdictions, mail boxes and post office boxes have long been in widespread use for dropoff and pickup of mail and small packages outside of post offices or when offices are closed. Deutsche Post introduced the Packstation for package delivery in 2001, in the 2000s, the United States Postal Service began to install Automated Postal Centers in many locations both in post offices and in retail locations
4.
Manila
–
Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
5.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
6.
Philippine Postal Corporation
–
The Philippine Postal Corporation, abbreviated as PHLPost, is a government-owned and controlled corporation responsible for providing postal services in the Philippines. The Philippine Postal Corporation has in excess of 8,000 employees, PHLPost is based in the Philippines primary post office, the Manila Central Post Office, which overlooks the Pasig River. Its policy-making body is the Board of Directors, composed of seven including the Postmaster General who serves simultaneously as the Chief executive officer. The Philippine Postal Savings Bank, one of three government-owned banks in the Philippines, was organized under PHLpost, now it is a separate company. The Philippine postal system has a history spanning over 250 years, in 1767, the first post office in the Philippines was established in the city of Manila, which was later organized under a new postal district of Spain. In 1779, the district encompassed Manila and the entire Philippine archipelago. The postal district was reestablished on 5 December 1837, a year later, Manila became known as a leading center of postal services within Asia. Spain joined the Universal Postal Union in 1875, which was announced in the Philippines two years later, on 5 December 1837, the first postal service in the Philippines, established by a royal decree in 1767,70 years earlier, was reorganized. A year later, Manila became known as a center of postal services within Asia. Upon its creation in 1767, the first post office was established in the city of Manila, serving mainly to courier government and it was later organized under a new postal district of Spain, encompassing Manila and the entire Philippine archipelago, in 1779. During the Philippine Revolution, President Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the establishment of a service to provide postal services to Filipinos. It was later organized as a bureau under the Department of Trade on 5 September 1902,426, which was passed by the Philippine Commission. The Philippines eventually joined the Universal Postal Union, this time as a sovereign entity, after the war, the Central Post Office was rebuilt in 1946. With the overhaul of the Philippine bureaucracy in 1987, the Bureau of Posts was renamed the Postal Service Office by Executive Order No,125, issued by President Corazon Aquino on 13 April 1987. It was also that order that placed the PSO under the DOTC, on 2 April 1992, by Republic Act No.7354 the Postal Service Office became the present-day PHLPost. The law also granted the Philippines Postal Corporation, the authority to reopen the Philippine Postal Savings Bank, which occurred on 21 July 1994 by President Fidel V. Ramos
7.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
8.
Ermita
–
Ermita is a district in Manila, Philippines. It is a significant center of finance, education, culture, Ermita serves as the civic center of the city, bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the areas employment, business, and entertainment activities. Private and government offices, museums, and university thrives in Ermita and it is also the home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks, among them is the Rizal Park, the premier national park of the Philippines. Ermita was founded in the late 16th century, the hermitage has since evolved into Ermita Church, which has been rebuilt several times since the early 17th century. Ermita gained renewed prominence during the American colonial period, the residential portion of Ermita was populated by American residents, who set up such establishments as the Army and Navy Club, and the University Club. During the early half of the 20th century, the Ermita district as well as its adjacent district, the richest people then lived in the two neighborhoods who are both facing the Manila Bay. In February 1945, during the 1945 Battle of Manila, Ermita was the scene of some of the most horrific massacres that occurred during the Second World War. The wife and four children of future President Elpidio Quirino were murdered in Ermita, between 68% to 85% of Ermita was destroyed during the Battle of Manila, with an estimated total of 100,000 Filipino civilians killed in the city itself. After the war, the district slowly transformed from an area into a commercial area as the upper classes moved to other cities such as Quezon City. Ermita was rebuilt after the devastation of the war, however, as decades passed, Ermita started earning a reputation as the red-light district of Manila. During the term of Mayor Alfredo Lim, an effort was made to clean up Ermitas image, however, a local city ordinance prohibiting the establishment of motels, lodging houses and other similar establishments, was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Padre Burgos Street, Taft Avenue. The Park N Ride Lawton Bus Station, the main public transport hub, is located in the district along Padre Burgos Street. The Manila Light Rail Transit System follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Ermita, Central Terminal Station, United Nations Station and Pedro Gil Station, Ermita is known as the civic center of Manila. The city government is housed in the Manila City Hall along Padre Burgos Street, the offices of the judicial department of the Philippine government is located in the district along Taft Avenue and Padre Faura Street. The Supreme Court of the Philippines, the Court of Appeals, the National Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Justice, Ermita is home of the countrys major maritime and travel companies which can be found along Kalaw and UN Avenues. Philam Life Insurance Company is headquartered in its building along United Nations Avenue, the Daily Tribune has its publishing house in the area along Kalaw Avenue. Moldex Realty Inc. the largest real estate developer in the city, is headquartered in 1322 Golden Empire Tower, the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation is also headquartered along Roxas Boulevard
9.
Intramuros
–
Intramuros is the oldest district and historic core of Manila, Philippines. It is also called the Walled City, and at the time of the Spanish Colonial Period was synonymous to the city of Manila itself and it was the seat of government when the Philippines was a component realm of the Spanish Empire. Districts beyond the walls were referred as the extramuros of Manila, construction of the defensive walls was started by Spanish colonial government in the late 16th century to protect the city from foreign invasions. The 0. 67-square-kilometre walled city was located along the shores of the Manila Bay. Guarding the old city is Fort Santiago, its located at the mouth of the river. Land reclamations during the early 20th-century subsequently obscured the walls and fort from the bay, Intramuros was heavily damaged during the battle to recapture the city from the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second World War. Reconstruction of the walls was started in 1951 when Intramuros was declared a National Historical Monument, the region was invaded around 1485 by Sultan Bolkiah and became a part of the Sultanate of Brunei. The site of Intramuros then became a part of the Islamic Kingdom of Maynila a Bruneian puppet-state ruled by Rajah Sulayman, a Muslim Rajah who swore fealty to the Sultan of Brunei. In 1564, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailed from New Spain, having heard of the rich resources in Manila from the natives, Legazpi dispatched two of his lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo to explore the island of Luzon. The Spaniards arrived on the island of Luzon in 1570, after quarrels and misunderstandings between the Islamic natives and the Spaniards, they fought for the control of the land and settlements. Legazpi declared the area of Manila as the new capital of the Spanish colony on June 24,1571 because of its strategic location and he also proclaimed the sovereignty of the Monarchy of Spain over the all the archipelago. King Philip II of Spain delighted at the new conquest achieved by Legazpi and his men, awarded the city a coat of arms and declaring it as, Intramuros was settled and became the political, military and religious center of the Spanish Empire in Asia. The city was in constant danger of natural and man-made disasters and worse, in 1574, a fleet of Chinese pirates led by Limahong attacked the city and destroyed it before the Spaniards drove them away. The colony had to be again by the survivors. These attacks prompted the construction of the wall, the city of stone began during the rule of Governor-General Santiago de Vera. The city was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest, Antonio Sedeno and was approved by King Philip IIs Royal Ordinance that was issued in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls, Fort Santiago was rebuilt and a circular fort, known as Nuestra Senora de Guia, was erected to defend the land and sea on the southwestern side of the city. Funds came from a monopoly on playing cards and fines imposed on its excessive play, Chinese goods were taxed for two years
10.
Daniel Burnham
–
Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA was an American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D. C. Burnham was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago and his parents brought him up under the teachings of the Swedenborgian called The New Church, which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. After failing admissions tests for both Harvard and Yale and a stint at politics, Burnham apprenticed as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney. At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wight, Burnham and Root were the architects of one of the first American skyscrapers, the Masonic Temple Building in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, under the design influence of Root, the firm had produced modern buildings as part of the Chicago School. Following Root’s premature death from pneumonia in 1891, the became known as D. H. Burnham & Company. Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to design and construction of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago’s then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest worlds fair to date, it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus famous voyage. Under Burnhams direction, the construction of the Fair overcame huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a financial panic. Considered the first example of a planning document in the nation, the fairground was complete with grand boulevards, classical building facades. Often called the White City, it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental and rational Beaux-Arts plan, the remaining population of architects in the U. S. were soon asked by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs. Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett prepared The Plan of Chicago and it was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city, and an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included proposals for the lakefront and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago, Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause, plans and conceptual designs of the south lakefront from the Exposition came in handy, as he envisioned Chicago being a Paris on the Prairie. French-inspired public works constructions, fountains, and boulevards radiating from a central, City planning projects did not stop at Chicago though. Burnham had previously contributed to plans for such as Cleveland, San Francisco. The Plan for Manila never fully materialized due to the out of World War II
11.
Pasig River
–
The Pasig River, is a river in the Philippines that connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. Stretching for 25 kilometres, it bisects the Philippine capital of Manila and its major tributaries are the Marikina River and San Juan River. The total Drainage basin of Pasig River including the Laguna de bay drainage basin covered 4,672 sq. km, the Pasig River is technically a tidal estuary, as the flow direction depends upon the water level difference between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. During the dry season, the level in Laguna de Bay is low with the rivers flow direction dependent on the tides. During the wet season, when the level of Laguna de Bay is high. The Pasig River used to be an important transport route and source of water for Spanish Manila, due to negligence and industrial development, the river has become very polluted and is considered dead by ecologists. that introduced the Piso para sa Pasig campaign in the 1990s. The Pasig River winds generally north-westward for some 25 kilometres from the Laguna de Bay, from the lake, the river runs between Taguig and Taytay, Rizal, before entering Pasig. This portion of the Pasig River, to the confluence with the Marikina River tributary, is known as the Napindan River or Napindan Channel. From there, the Pasig forms flows through Pasig until its confluence with the Taguig River, From here, the whole river and most portions of its tributaries lie entirely within Metro Manila, the metropolitan region of the capital. Isla de Convalecencia, the only island dividing the Pasig River, can be found in Manila and it is where the Hospicio de San Jose is located. One major river that drains Laguna de Bay is the Taguig River, Pateros River then enters the confluence where the Napindan Channel and Marikina River meet. The Marikina River is the larger of the two tributaries of the Pasig River, and it flows southward from the mountains of Rizal. The San Juan River drains the plateau on which Quezon City stands, within the city of Manila, various esteros criss-cross through the city and connect with the Tullahan River in the north and the Parañaque River to the west. A total of 19 bridges cross the Pasig, the first bridge from the source at Laguna de Bay is the Napindan Bridge, followed by the Arsenio Jimenez Bridge to its west. Crossing the Napindan Channel in Pasig is the Bambang Bridge, the newest bridge, opened in February 2015, is the Buting-Sumilang Bridge that connects barangays Buting and Sumilang in Pasig. The next bridge downstream is the C-5 Road Bridge connecting the cities of Makati, the Guadalupe Bridge between Makati and Mandaluyong carries Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major artery of Metro Manila, as well as the MRT-3 line from Guadalupe Station to Boni Station. The Estrella–Pantaleon and Makati-Mandaluyong Bridges likewise connect the two cities downstream, with the forming the end of Makati Avenue. The Mabini Bridge provides a crossing for Nagtahan Avenue, part of C-2 Road, Ayala Bridge carries Ayala Boulevard, and connects the Isla de Convalecencia to both banks of the Pasig
12.
Avenue (landscape)
–
In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the same species or cultivar, so as to give uniform appearance along the full length of the avenue. The avenue is one of the oldest ideas in the history of gardens, an avenue of sphinxes still leads to the tomb of the pharaoh Hatshepsut, see the entry Sphinx. Avenues similarly defined by stone lions lead to the Ming tombs in China. British archaeologists have adopted highly specific criteria for avenues within the context of British archaeology, in order to enhance the approach to mansions or manor houses, avenues were planted along the entrance drive. Sometimes the avenues are in rows on each side of a road. Trees preferred for alleys were selected for their height and speed of growth, such as poplar, beech, lime, in the American antebellum era South, the southern live oak was typically used, because the trees created a beautiful shade canopy. Sometimes tree avenues were designed to direct the eye toward some distinctive architectural building or feature, such as a chapels, gazebos, in Garden à la française Baroque landscape design, avenues of trees that were centered upon the dwelling radiated across the landscape. See the avenues in the Gardens of Versailles or Het Loo. C, avenues will typically be the main roads. In Washington, DC the avenues radiate from the centre running diagonally across the grid of streets, which follows typical French usage of the name
13.
Liwasang Bonifacio
–
The Liwasang Bonifacio, also known by its former name, Plaza Lawton, is a city square and transport hub in front of the Manila Central Post Office in the Ermita district of Manila, Philippines. It lies at the end of Jones Bridge, MacArthur Bridge and Quezon Bridge that link the northern districts of Binondo, Santa Cruz. The plaza straddles the line between Ermita and Intramuros and is the starting point of Padre Burgos Avenue which connects to Taft Avenue. A monument in his honour now stands in the center of the plaza and it was located in the early Chinese trading village of Parián right outside the walls of Intramuros before it moved north of the Pasig River to Binondo and Santa Cruz in the late 18th century. El Fortín served as the quarters of a contingent of the Spanish infantry regiment where it is fronted by a plaza surrounded by stone benches and trees. The Plaza del Fortín also doubled as a recreation area at night where early residents would gather to hear musical performances. By the late 19th century, the fortress was acquired by the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas and was converted into a factory called the Fabrica del Fortín and it was the largest tobacco factory in the Philippines at the time which employed more than 5,000 laborers. After the Spanish–American War, the became the head office of the Bureau of Post and was eventually replaced by the Manila Central Post Office building. The Manila tranvía had a terminal in the plaza which was then renamed Plaza Lawton after Henry Ware Lawton, a statue of Andres Bonifacio was erected here in 1963 designed by national artist Guillermo Tolentino to commemorate his birth centennial. It was also in 1963 when Plaza Lawton was renamed Liwasang Bonifacio in his memory
14.
Philippine Commission
–
The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the President of the United States to assist with governing the Philippines. The first Philippine Commission was appointed by President William McKinley on January 20,1899 to make recommendations, the second Philippine Commission, also known as the Taft Commission, was a body appointed by the President to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. It was first appointed by President McKinley in 1900 under his executive authority, in 1902, the Philippine Organic Act was passed by the United States Congress which enshrined into law the Commission legislative and executive authority. The Jones Act of 1916 ended the Commission replacing it an elected Philippine Senate as the Legislatures upper house, between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, the 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, on 4 July 1901, Taft became governor of a civil administration for the Philippines. This regime, called the Insular Government, administered the country until 1935, the two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos, in July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and the legislature opened its first session on October 16,1907. Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines, the LAWPHiL Project - Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank. NB, very little material actually online Acts of the Philippine Commission, NB, very little material actually online
15.
Jones Bridge
–
The William A. Jones Memorial Bridge is a bridge that spans the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the Manila area of Binondo on Rosario Street, with the center of city in Ermita. The previous bridge that connected the two areas was the Puente Grande, later called the Puente de España located one block upriver on Nueva Street and that span was considered as the oldest established in the Philippines. After the Puente de España suffered from wear and tear beyond repair, a new bridge was constructed beside the Puente de España which remained in use until the newer bridges completion. The new bridge was named as the Jones Bridge after former Virginia Rep. William Atkinson Jones, the bridges construction fully commenced in 1919 by the City Government of Manila but the American colonial government took over to finish the bridge in 1920. Jones Bridge was inaugurated in 1921, the Neoclassical design by Juan M. Arellano was an ornate concrete arch bridge. The bridge was patterned afte the style of bridges in Paris during the Napoleonic, the bridge had three arches resting on two piers. The piers interior was reinforced with steel while the cladding and ornamental designs were made in concrete, other elements of the bridge such as the balustrads, finials, lamp posts and moldings are likewise heavily ornamented. Statuary on plinths were also placed on both ends of the Jones Bridge, a sculptor named Martinez was commissioned to create four allegorical tableaus which shared the similar theme of motherhood and nationhood. The bridge was heavily damaged after the Japanese bombed it during the World War II. After the war a bailey bridge was used until the bridge could be repaired. After the war, the bridge was reconstructed by the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, carrying the name of the bridge, the new span was a simple bridge with metal pole railings, bare in design. The war also lost one of the four La Madre Filipina statues, two of them now stand near the steps of the Court of Appeals Building while one was moved to Rizal Park. Jones Bridge is one of the busiest bridges in the country, some recent improvements on the current bridge were the addition of street lamps and replacing the old pole railings with stone railings reminiscent of the first Jones Bridge. List of crossings of the Pasig River
16.
Quiapo, Manila
–
Quiapo is a district of Manila, Philippines. It derives its name from the cabbage, which is named quiapo or kiapo in the Tagalog language. Referred to as the Old Downtown of Manila, Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church, Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting. Plaza Miranda, in the heart of the Quiapo district, is a square named after Jose Sandino y Miranda. It is located in front of the Quiapo Church, and has become a site of political rallies. On August 21,1971, while the Liberal Party held their miting de avance in the plaza, the Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population in Manila. The Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here, a large population of self described fortune tellers and stores offering herbal products surround the Quiapo church. Ongoing sales of illegally copied media and thievery are prevalent in the district, parts of Rizal Avenue, starting from Carriedo Street to Recto Avenue, were converted into pedestrian shopping arcades. Quiapo is geographically located at the center of the city of Manila. It is bounded by the Pasig River and Estero de San Miguel to the south, San Miguel to the east, Recto Avenue to the north, consequently, many long-time establishments vacated the area. Following the People Power Revolution in 1986, the vibrancy of Quiapo further diminished, Quiapo contains 16 barangays, Barangay 306 to 309 and 383 to 394. Hidalgo Street Media related to Quiapo, Manila at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Binondo
–
Binondo is a district in Manila and is referred to as the citys Chinatown and is the worlds oldest Chinatown. Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo, Santa Cruz and it was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period. Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila, where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive. Noted residents include St. Lorenzo Ruiz, the Filipino protomartyr, numerous theories on the origin of the name Binondo, and that of Tondo, its neighboring district, have been put forward. Founded in 1594, Binondo was created by Spanish Governor Luis Pérez Dasmariñas as a permanent settlement for Chinese immigrants who converted to Catholicism and it was across the river from the walled city of Intramuros, where the Spaniards resided. Originally it was intended to replace the Parian near Intramuros, where the Chinese were first confined, the Spanish gave a land grant for Binondo to a group of Chinese merchants and artisans in perpetuity, tax-free and with limited self-governing privileges. The Spanish Dominican fathers made Binondo their parish and succeeded in converting many of the residents to Catholicism, Binondo soon became the place where Chinese immigrants converted to Catholicism, intermarried with indigenous Filipino women and had children, who became the Chinese mestizo community. Over the years, the Chinese mestizo population of Binondo grew rapidly and this was caused mainly because the lack of Chinese immigrant females and the Spanish officials policy of expelling or killing Chinese immigrants who refused to convert. In 1603 a Chinese revolt took place led by Juan Suntay and it was put down by joint Spanish and Filipino forces led by Luis Pérez Dasmariñas. In the aftermath most of the 20,000 Chinese that composed the colony were killed, the revolt took place right after a visit to Manila by three official Chinese representatives who disclosed they were searching for a mountain of gold. This strange claim prompted the Spanish to conclude there was an imminent invasion from China in the making. At the time the local Chinese outnumbered the Spaniards by twenty to one, the Chinese afterward played down those events in an attempt to preserve their commercial interests. During the brief British occupation of Manila, between 1762 and 1764, Binondo was bombarded on several occasions and some of its structures destroyed, many Spanish, Mestizos, Chinese and Filipinos were killed and brought into prisons indiscriminately. Binondo became the center for business and finance in Manila for the ethnic Chinese, Chinese mestizos. During the Spanish colonial period, many esteros were constructed in the Binondo area, among the many who married at the historic Binondo Church was Andres Bonifacio in 1895, who became a hero of the Philippine Revolution. These banks were located mostly along Escólta, which used to be called the Wall Street of the Philippines, after the war and new development, most businesses began to relocate to the newer area of Makati. Given its rich historical and financial significance, Binondo is said to have one of the highest land values nationwide, el Hogar Filipino Building Davao Chinatown Media related to Binondo at Wikimedia Commons Binondo travel guide from Wikivoyage Manila Chinatown
18.
Malate, Manila
–
Malate is a district of Manila, Philippines. Together with the district of Ermita, it serves as Manilas center for commerce, the word Malate is believed to have stemmed from the corruption of the Tagalog word maalat. Tradition notes that the tidewaters from Manila Bay flowed far inland, Malate during the Spanish colonial period was an open space with a small fishing village. During the Spanish period, the center of activity was the Malate Church, devotion to the image was especially popular among pregnant women having a difficult pregnancy. American expatriates and some of the old Spanish mestizo families populated the district in high rise apartments. Despite extensive damage after the Second World War, many homes, the displaced wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the 1970s. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate during the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave and safe haven. Malate is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment for Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos and novelty stores opening for business. The block bounded by the streets, Maria Orosa, Julio Nakpil, Adriatico and Remedios have become synonymous to street parties, al fresco dining, street dancing and concerts. The western side of Malate across Taft Avenue remains a quiet area with several apartment rows converted into dormitories for students enrolled at nearby schools. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue. The Light Rail Transit follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Malate, Vito Cruz Station, Quirino Station and Pedro Gil Station, the Bureau of Plant Industry is also headquartered in the area. In the 1990s, Malate and the district of Ermita had been cleaned-up and big businesses. Harrison Plaza, Manilas first enclosed mall, is located in the Malate district. There is one hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard, the district is also home to the Philippines first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and the countrys premiere zoological park, the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been more convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Baywalk area. A portion of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex also lies within the district, education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Paul University Manila and St. Scholasticas College Manila, prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School
19.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
20.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Tourism in Manila
–
Tourism is an important industry in Manila, Philippines. In 2012, the city and region welcomed 974,379 overnight visitors, as the main gateway to the Philippines many destinations, the city is visited by the majority of international tourists to the country registering a total of 3,139,756 arrivals in 2012. Global Blue ranked Manila eleventh in its Best Shopping Destinations in Asia, the city is ranked tenth in MasterCards global top 20 fastest growing cities for international visitors from 2009-2013. Metro Manila contains several attractions including a UNESCO World Heritage Site and 45 other cultural heritage landmarks. These cultural attractions are concentrated in the City of Manila and offer a glimpse into the citys Malay, Spanish. Intramuros is a fortified complex that is home to Manilas oldest colonial structures. Located just outside Intramuros is the Rizal Park and it is a 58 hectares historical urban park located along Roxas Boulevard. The Rizal Monument, located in the center of the park, is the memorial to the Philippine national hero, the districts of Ermita and Malate are Manilas center for culture, commerce, entretainment and tourism. Ermita, located outside the walls of Intramuros near Luneta, is home to government buildings. The Manila Ocean Park is an oceanarium with a mall and hotel, it is located behind Quirino Grandstand. Malate, the center of Manila, is famous for the Baywalk. Manila Zoo, the oldest zoo and botanical garden in the Philippines, is located in that district. Binondo, an old district of Manila that is home to Manilas Chinatown, is established since 1521 and its main attractions are Binondo Church, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist temple and Chinese restaurants. Quiapo is the location of Plaza Miranda and Quiapo Church, which is home to the Black Nazarene, the San Sebastian Church, which is also located in Quiapo, is the only all-steel Gothic basilica in Asia. Makati CBD, one of Southeast Asias biggest financial hubs, is noted for its cosmopolitan culture, the city is a major cultural and entertainment hub in Metro Manila. The business districts of Ortigas and Bonifacio Global City are also important cultural, financial. It contains the Solaire Resort & Casino, City of Dreams Manila, Okada Manila and more world class integrated resort, also located in Bay City is the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, a 62-hectare arts and culture district along Manila Bay. Other popular tourist destinations around Metro Manila include, Ayala Museum, Makati - the largest private museum of Philippine art, Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, Taguig - the largest U. S. cemetery in the Asia-Pacific region
22.
Coconut Palace
–
The Coconut Palace, also known as Tahanang Pilipino, is a government building located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, in Manila, Philippines. It was the residence and the principal workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines during the term of Jejomar Binay. It cost 37 million Philippine pesos to build and it is owned by the government-owned and controlled corporation the Government Service Insurance System. The Coconut Palace is made of several types of Philippine hardwood, coconut shells, each of the suites on the second floor is named after a specific region of the Philippines and displays some of the handicrafts these regions produce. The palace is located on F. Ma, guerrero Street at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex between the Folk Arts Theatre and the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Hotel. Before becoming the residence of the Vice President, the palace was used for wedding receptions. The palace is shaped like an octagon, while the roof is shaped like a traditional Filipino salakot or hat, some of its highlights are the 101 coconut-shell chandelier, and the dining table made of 40,000 tiny pieces of inlaid coconut shells. Highlighted as one of the Cultural Center of the Philippines’ most striking structures for its architecture and interiors, from the coconuts roots to its trunk, bark, fruit, flower and shell, the palaces design, form and ornamentation echo these elements. The Coconut Palace has been a guesthouse for many guests, including Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, Brooke Shields, the Coconut Palace has found itself being featured in various TV shows. On the fifth season of the reality series The Amazing Race, the contestants were welcomed by Luli Arroyo, daughter of Former Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The Palace was made a primary filming location for the ABS-CBN television series Tanging Yaman, the Coconut Palace underwent major renovations as it was being eyed as the official office and residence of the Vice President of the Philippines. The palace has seven guest rooms named after Philippine provinces, Malacañan Palace, Philippine Presidential Palace
23.
Corregidor
–
Corregidor Island /kəˈrɛɡᵻˌdɔːr/, locally called Isla ng Corregidor, is an island located at the entrance of Manila Bay in southwestern part of Luzon Island in the Philippines. The island was also the site of a military airfield. During World War II, Corregidor played an important role during the invasion and liberation of the Philippines from Japanese forces. Heavily bombarded in the part of the war, the ruins left on the island serve as a military memorial to American, Filipino. Corregidor is one of the important historic and tourist sites in the country, Corregidor and the other fortified islands of Manila Bay fall under the jurisdiction of the City of Cavite, Cavite province. The tadpole-shaped island, with its tail running eastward, is about 6.5 km long, the highest elevation is at 180 m on the Topside. The island is divided into four sections, The islands biggest area, beneath this was the fortified communications center of the island, as well as the location for the Army headquarters, barracks for enlisted men, a branch of the Philippine Trust Co. Bottomside is the part of the island and is the neck that connects the tail. South of Bottomside was Barangay or Barrio San José, on the north is what was Army Dock, the Malinta Hill separates Bottomside from the Tail End. The Tailside or Tail End is not a name, but it is the remaining portion of the island where different memorials, shrines. Kindley Field was constructed in the early 1920s and named in honor of a hero of the U. S. Army Air Corps. The airfield was operated then by the army, and the navy had a seaplane base, the short runway, cramped and hilly terrain had limited its use. Corregidor and Caballo islands are remnants of a crater, the Corregidor Caldera. However, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology still classifies Corregidor as an active volcano. The island came under Spanish sovereignty on May 19,1570, Legazpi was authorized by the Spanish Crown to establish the capital of the Philippines in Manila, and convert the Muslims in Luzon and Mindanao to Christianity. Corregidor was used as a site for the nine Spanish galleons used during the campaign. Corregidor comes from the Spanish word corregir, meaning to correct, another version claims that the island was used a penitentiary or correctional institution by the Spanish government, and thus came to be called El Corregidor. Corregidor is also a position of authority within the former Spanish administrative structure
24.
Manila Bay
–
Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila, in the Philippines. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km2 of watershed area, with an average depth of 17 m, it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic metres. Entrance to the bay is 19 km wide and expands to a width of 48 km, however, width of the bay varies from 22 km at its mouth and expanding to 60 km at its widest point. The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi towards the North and 6.5 mi wide on the South side. Mariveles, in the province of Bataan, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance, on either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage,40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, to the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay, being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. Manila Bay was connected to Laguna de Bay approximately 3,000 years ago, recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the Pasig River, the bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States naval strength, all major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy. During the Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers managed to make port in then-United States-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in conflict, the trio of warships. In World War II, Corregidor Island was annexed by 1942 by Japanese forces based in Manila Bay, much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. It also serves a focus for recreation for Metro Manila and is a destination for walks. Much of the land fronting the bay along Metro Manila is reclaimed land now includes important sites such as the Philippine Senate. On 27 September 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the surge caused by Typhoon Pedring. Even the United States Embassy, Museo Pambata and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding and it was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair
25.
Baluarte de San Diego
–
The Baluarte de San Diego is a bastion in Intramuros, part of the Spanish colonial fortification in the walled city of Manila in the Philippines. The existence of the fort started from Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas who integrated an older fort with cortina or curtain walls, the bastion is a protruding structure with facing flanks built along the cortina. The purpose of its projection was to ensure a view of the cortina for the artillery - in order for them to prepare against invaders. The bastion has two parts, face and flanks, several developments were added in the course of time such as addition of semi-circular structures at the base called orillons or little ears making the bastion resemble an ace-of-spades shape. Baluarte de San Diego was a bastion built on the southwestern corner of Intramuros. In 1609, a writing from Antonio de Morga states that the structure was only a tower within a larger construction of the Fort Nuestra Señora de Guia. Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeño was the parish priest responsible for the construction of the Fort Nuestra Señora de Guia. Some of the amenities and facilities included within the fort were courtyard, cistern tank, lodging quarters, however, the construction of the fort was always interrupted due to arising circumstances, thus, was not finished. The archaeological excavation of Bastion de San Diego was conducted by Intramuros Administration, dog-leash method was used due to the sandy soil condition of the site. This method involved measuring the location of artifacts and their distances from a control point. The construction of the second and first circular structures is not contemporaneous with the structure, being differentiated from the third circle by its finish. The terra-cotta finish of the masonry of the second and first circles appears to have applied for waterproofing. Brick tiles were introduced in the flooring of the innermost circle so that it may act as filter from underground impurities, no trace was left of the circular wall that had supposedly surrounded the patio of Veras time. The present inner circular structures have floor elevations that fall at 3.65 metres below the present street level, the latter coincides with the flooring of the third outer circle. Bastion de San Diego is composed of three structures, the first, second, and third circle. The first circle has an diameter of 8 metres and a wall thickness of 1.41 metres. It lies 3.65 metres below the present street level of Muralla Street on the southern section and it has a total height of 5.75 metres. Also, its inner and outer sides were plastered in pink terra cotta, the second circle has a diameter of 21 metres with a wall thickness of 0.90 metres
26.
Fort Santiago
–
Fort Santiago is a citadel first built by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi for the new established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the city of Manila referred to as Intramuros. The fort is one of the most important historical sites in Manila, several lives were lost in its prisons during the Spanish Colonial Period and World War II. José Rizal, the Philippine national hero, was imprisoned here before his execution in 1896 and it is only a few meters away from the Manila Cathedral and the Palacio del Gobernador. It is located at the mouth of the Pasig River and served as the premier defense fortress of the Spanish Government during their rule of the country and it became a main fort for the spice trade to the Americas and Europe for 333 years. The Manila Galleon trade to Acapulco, Mexico began from the Fuerte de Santiago, the fort has a perimeter of 2,030 feet, and it is of a nearly triangular form. A moat connected with the river separates the fort from the city, the 22-foot high walls, with a thickness of 8 feet are pierced for the necessary communications. The front gateway façade measures 40 feet high being in the south wall, the communication with the river and the sea was by an obscure postern gate - the Postigo de la Nuestra Señora del Soledad. Inside the fort were guard stations, together with the barracks of the troops of the garrison and quarters of the warden, also inside the fort were various storehouses, a chapel, the powder magazine, the sentry towers, the cisterns, etc. The location of Fort Santiago was once the site of a fort, armed with bronze guns, of Rajah Matanda. The fort was destroyed by maestre de campo Martin de Goiti who, upon arriving in 1570 from Cebu, fought several battles with the Muslim natives. The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24,1571, the first fort was a structure of palm logs and earth. Most of it was destroyed when the city was invaded by Chinese pirates led by Limahong, Martin de Goiti was killed during the siege. After a fierce conflict, the Spaniards under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo, eventually drove the pirates out to Pangasinan province to the north, and eventually out of the country. The construction of Fort Santiago with hard stone, together with the fortified walls of Intramuros, commenced in 1590. The stones used were volcanic tuff quarried from Guadalupe, the fort as Dasmariñas left it consisted of a castellated structure without towers, trapezoidal in trace, its straight gray front projecting into the river mouth. Arches supported an open gun platform above, named the battery of Santa Barbara and these arches formed casemates which afforded a lower tier of fire through embrasures. Curtain walls of simplest character, without counter forts or interior buttresses, in 1714, the ornate gate of Fort Santiago was erected together with some military barracks
27.
Plaza de Roma
–
Plaza de Roma, also known as Plaza Roma, is one of two major public squares in Intramuros, Manila. It is bounded by Andres Soriano Avenue to the north, Cabildo Street to the east, Santo Tomas Street to the south, the plaza is considered to be the center of Intramuros. It was also referred to as the Plaza de Armas during this time. In 1901, with the start of American rule, the plaza was renamed Plaza McKinley, after U. S. President William McKinley, who authorized the colonization of the Philippines by the United States. The plaza was given its current name in 1961, following the elevation of Rufino Santos to the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church as the first Filipino cardinal, in recognition of this, the city of Rome reciprocated by subsequently renaming one of its squares Piazzale Manila. Its current configuration as a garden does not anymore allow Plaza de Roma to function as a square like Plaza Miranda. However, the Intramuros Administration plans to revert the square to its appearance in the Spanish Era, the Real Audiencia of Manila was also located in proximity to the plaza during Spanish rule. At the center of Plaza de Roma is a monument to Charles IV of Spain which was erected in 1824 in his honor for having sent the first batch of vaccine to the Philippines. A fountain surrounding the monument was erected in 1886. However, in the 1960s, the monument was replaced with a monument dedicated to the Gomburza, in 1978, President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the restoration of the Plaza de Roma along with other sites in Intramuros. The work was completed by the then-newly established Intramuros Administration in 1980, the Gomburza monument was subsequently relocated to the site fronting the National Art Gallery Building of the National Museum
28.
Manila Chinese Cemetery
–
The cemetery was witness to many executions during World War II. Apolinario Mabini was also buried in the cemetery before his remains were transferred to Batangas, built in the 1850s, this is the oldest Chinese temple in Manila. Though not as elaborate, the architecture is reminiscent of those in Fujian province as well as those in Singapore and Malaysia with their colorful friezes. Built in the early 1950s in honor of the Chinese community leaders who were executed by the Japanese during World War II, japan invaded the country in 1941 and one of the first things they did was to round up prominent Chinese community leaders and executed them. Having been enemies even before World War II commenced, the Japanese were wary of the trouble the Chinese community would cause on the plans when they invaded the Philippines and it was through his efforts the cemetery was built. During the Spanish colonial period, non-Catholics werent allowed to be buried in the city cemeteries, hence the need for the non-Christian Chinese to have their own cemetery. Built in 1974, the Ruby Tower Memorial is dedicated to the Chinese-Filipinos who perished during the deadly August 2,1968 earthquake that hit Manila. Two hundred and sixty people died during the collapse of the 6-story Ruby Tower, located near the corner of Teodora Alonzo and Doroteo Jose streets in Santa Cruz, the entire building, save for a portion of the first and second floors at its northern end, was destroyed. Allegations of poor design and construction, as well as use of low-quality building materials, arose
29.
Manila City Hall
–
The Manila City Hall is located in the historic center of Ermita, Manila. It is where the Mayor of Manila holds office and the chambers of the Manila City Council and it was originally intended to be a part of a national government center envisioned by Daniel Burnham in the 1930s. The Manila City Hall during 1901 was made up of Oregon-pine which covered one third of the used by the current building. Eventually the old City Hall was then demolished In the 1930s, a new 8,422 square meter-City Hall was constructed and this was designed by Antonio Toledo, the same architect who built the Finance and Old Legislative Buildings which were both adjacent to the new City Hall. With the aid of the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, the building sits on a trapezoidal shape of the lot in between the Legislative and Post Office buildings. Due to the monotony of the envelope, one cannot distinguish the principal facade from the main entrance properly. Successive administrations have left their mark on the building, which in recent years have further devaluated the buildings pre- and immediate post-War beauty and it stands out during nighttime when the whole of the tower lights up. Every hour, they rung the bell three times continued by a melody and it has now become the icon for the city of Manila. During its heyday, the Manila City Hall was criticized because of monotony, lack of entrances, but after years of its continued existence, the critics praise the design for its original intent. Official website of the city of Manila
30.
Manila Hotel
–
The Manila Hotel is a 570-room, historic five-star hotel located along Manila Bay in Manila, Philippines. The hotel complex was built on an area of 35,000 square metres at the northwestern end of Rizal Park along Bonifacio Drive in Ermita. Its penthouse served as the residence of General Douglas MacArthur during his tenure as the Military Advisor of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 to 1941, the hotel contains the offices of several foreign news organizations, including The New York Times. The hotel tower, built as part of the renovation and expansion from 1975 to 1977, is the tallest hotel tower in the Manila Bay area. When the United States took over the Philippine Islands from the Spanish in 1898 after the Spanish–American War, in 1900 he appointed William Howard Taft to head the Philippine Commission to evaluate the needs of the new territory. Taft, who became the Philippines first civilian Governor-General, decided that Manila. He hired as his architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham, who had built Union Station, in Manila, Burnham had in mind a long wide, tree-lined boulevard along the bay, beginning at a park area dominated by a magnificent hotel. To execute Burnhams plans, Taft hired William E. Parsons, a New York City architect, the original design was an H-shaped plan that focused on well-ventilated rooms on two wings, providing grand vistas of the harbor, the Luneta, and Intramuros. The top floor was, in fact, a viewing deck that was used for various functions. It was done under the supervision of the engineering firm Pedro Siochi. The hotel was the residence of General Douglas MacArthur when he became the Military Advisor of the Commonwealth, the hotel was the site of festivities during the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth government in November,1935. During World War II, the hotel was occupied by Japanese troops, during the Battle for the Liberation of Manila, the hotel was set on fire by the Japanese. The shell of the building survived the blaze and the structure was later reconstructed, during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, in accordance with Presidential Decree no. 645, the old Manila Hotel Company was liquidated and the government took over its ownership, the Government Service Insurance System was given the mandate to form a new subsidiary corporation that would restore, renovate, and expand the Manila Hotel. In the following two decades, Mr. Marcoss wife, Imelda, could frequently be seen at the hotel restaurants, during her visits, a red carpet and garlands were put out and the air was sprayed with deodorant. Under Imeldas patronage, the hotel reaped international recognition and awards and it was the place to go and be seen during the martial law years. The hotel was remodeled in 1975 and expanded to 570 rooms with the addition of the hotel building behind the original five-story structure. Guest amenities were updated including executive services, language translation, a library and color television
31.
Plaza Miranda
–
Plaza Miranda is a public square bounded by Quezon Boulevard, Hidalgo Street and Evangelista Street in Quiapo, Manila. It is the plaza which fronts the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, one of the churches of the City of Manila. Inaugurated in its current form by Mayor Arsenio Lacson in 1961, it is named after José Sandino y Miranda, despite fronting the Quiapo Church, Plaza Miranda and the streets surrounding it is known as a center for fortune-telling and the sale of lucky charms and amulets. Plaza Miranda has an area of 5,358 square meters, bounded by the Quiapo Church to the north, Quezon Boulevard to the east, Hidalgo Street to the south and Evangelista Street to the west. The two grand arches are separated by smaller arches which form a covered colonnade, incorporating into their design the sea lion found in the coat of arms. A larger, more elaborate grand arch was constructed on the plazas south side, at the intersection of R. Hidalgo. Two of the four corners contain historical markers. The plaza is lit at night through the use of floodlights installed at strategic points throughout the area. This and a system are controlled electronically from a control room located within the Lacson Underpass. Aside from the Quiapo Church, several notable buildings are located within the vicinity of Plaza Miranda. The most notable buildings within the vicinity are the F&C Tower, which formerly housed the headquarters of the Philippine Savings Bank. The Paterno entrance meanwhile is located at the northeast corner, beside the Quiapo Church, List of parks in Manila List of city squares
32.
EDSA Shrine
–
The shrine is also called the Archdiocesan Shrine of Mary, Queen of Peace or Mary, Queen of Peace Quasi-Parish, although these names are seldom used. Our Lady of Peace, Mother of Peace, Queen of Peace or Our Lady Queen of Peace is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church and she is represented in art holding a dove and an olive branch, symbols of peace. Her official memorial feast is celebrated on January 24 each year in Hawaii, elsewhere, the memorial feast is celebrated on July 9. The EDSA Shrine is part of the Ortigas Center, a complex of buildings and commercial centers that occupy large tracts of land in portions of Quezon City, Mandaluyong City. People Power Monument People Power Revolution Our Lady of Peace EDSA Shrine website
33.
Masjid Al-Dahab
–
Masjid Al-Dahab is situated in the predominantly Muslim section of the Quiapo district in Manila, Philippines, and is considered the largest mosque in Metro Manila. The Golden Mosque acquired its name for its gold-painted dome as well as for its location in Globo de Oro Street. Under the supervision of former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos, construction began on August 4,1976 for the visit of Libyas President Muammar al-Gaddafi and it now serves many in Manilas Muslim community, and is especially full during Jumuah prayers on a Friday. The mosque can accommodate up to 3,000 worshippers, the mosque incorporates a mixture of foreign and local influences. Its dome and erstwhile minaret are patterned after Middle Eastern structures whereas its geometric designs borrow much from the colors and variations of ethnic Maranao, Maguindanao, the curved lines are based on the serpent motifs in Maranao art. The mosque also exhibits stained glass panels by artist Antonio Dumlao, according to the mosque administrators, the minaret was torn down due to problems in structural integrity at the time of former Mayor Lito Atienza. There are already plans to rebuild the minaret as donations from all over the world are pouring in to reach the target of 12 million Philippine Pesos. The measurement of its dome is 12 meters in diameter and 10 meters in height The mosque is accessible within walking distance south east of Carriedo LRT Station of Manila LRT, islam in the Philippines „Golden Mosque“, Globo de Oro str. Wiki Pilipinas, Golden Mosque Vistapinas, Golden Mosque
34.
Manila Cathedral
–
The cathedral serves as the Episcopal See of the Archbishop of Manila. The cathedral was damaged and destroyed several times since the structure was built in 1581 while the eighth. The basilica has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII, on 27 April 1981, Pope John Paul II issued papal bull Quod Ipsum designating the cathedral as a minor basilica by his own Motu Proprio. The cathedral was originally the church of Manila officially established in 1571 by a secular priest, Juan de Vivero, de Vivero later became the vicar-general and the first ecclesiastical judge of the city of Manila. Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi chose the location of the church, the first parish priest of the church was Juan de Villanueva. When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the new structure was consecrated on December 21,1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583, which started during the funeral Mass for Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church that razed much of the city, the second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600, construction of the third cathedral began in 1614. The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614 and it was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645. The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671, in 1750, a media naranja dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the Philippines. The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879 and it was solemnly blessed in December 1879. The cross atop the dome is a reference point of astronomical longitudes of the archipelago. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958, in 1937, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the Philippines in which the cathedral played an integral part in promoting eucharistic beliefs. This incarnation of the cathedral was reduced to rubble by Allied bombardment in 1945 during the Battle of Manila, the present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 under Cardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect Fernando H. Ocampo. Pope Paul VI made a visit and celebrated Mass in the cathedral in 1970. Pope John Paul II issued a papal bull Quod Ipsum on April 27,1981, elevating the shrine to a minor basilica through his own Motu Proprio. In the same bull, He reiterated that the Pope Paul VIs papal decree of June 6,1968 be eternally preserved and enforced to the merits
35.
Quiapo Church
–
The Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene is a prominent Roman Catholic Latin-rite basilica located in the District of Quiapo in the City of Manila, Philippines. The basilica is home for the shrine of the Black Nazarene. The parish is under the Archdiocese of Manila and its current rector is Rev. Msgr, the earliest church built by missionaries of the Order of Friars Minor was made of bamboo for the frame and nipa leaves as thatching. In 1574, Limahong and his soldiers destroyed and burned the church, formerly a visita of Santa Ana, the Franciscan friar Antonio de Nombella founded the church in 1588 which was dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the Forerunner of Christ. It burned down in 1603 and the parish was turned over to the Jesuits until secular clergy objected. Governor-General Santiago de Vera initiated the construction of the church in 1686. On April 8,1639, the administration of the church was returned to the seculars who had always taking care of the church’s welfare, during the Seven Years War, the British attempted to destroy the church in 1762 as they invaded Manila. An earthquake in 1863 destroyed the church and in its place a church was built. Eusebio de León later reconstructed the church in 1879, completing the structure in 1889 with the assistance of Rev. Manuel Roxas. Roxas had raised the amount of ₱40,000.00 from donations. On 30 October 1928, the church caught fire again, in which the wooden ceiling. Magdaleno Castillo began the reconstruction of the church from the prepared by National Artist of the Philippines architect Juan Nakpil – son of composer Julio Nakpil. He added the dome and a second belfry to balance out the façade. Architect José María Zaragoza later enlarged the church and changed the design of the walls in 1984, retaining the façade. José Abriol appointed Zaragoza and engineer Eduardo Santiago to expand the church in 1984, jaime Cardinal Sin, then-Archbishop of Manila, reconsecrated the church on 28 September 1987, and the following year the church was declared a Minor Basilica. The church was conferred the title Basilica Minor of the Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno in 1988, papal Nuncio to the Philippines, Most Rev. Bruno Torpigliani, blessed the altar of Saint Lorenzo Ruíz on 1 February of that year. Built in the Baroque style, Quiapo Churchs façade is distinctive with twisted columns on both levels, the Corinthian columns of the second level has a third of its shaft twisted near the base, while the upper portion has a smooth surface. The topmost portion of the four-storey belfries are rimmed with balustrades, the tympanum of the pediment has a pair of chalice-shaped finials, and towards the end of the raking cornice, urn-like vases mark the end of the pediment
36.
San Agustin Church (Manila)
–
San Agustin Church is a Roman Catholic church under the auspices of The Order of St. Augustine, located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila. It was named a National Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1976, the present structure is actually the third Augustinian church erected on the site. The San Agustin Church is located in General Luna St, Manila, the first San Agustin Church was the first religious structure constructed by the Spaniards on the island of Luzon. Made of bamboo and nipa, it was completed in 1571, the Augustinians decided to rebuild the church using stone, and to construct an adjacent monastery. Construction began in 1586, based on a design by Juan Macías, the structure was built using hewn adobe stones quarried from Meycauayan, Binangonan and San Mateo, Rizal. The work proceeded slowly due to the lack of funds and materials, the monastery was operational by 1604, and the church was formally declared complete on 19 January 1607, and named St. Paul of Manila. Macías, who had died before the completion of the church, was acknowledged by the Augustinians as the builder of the edifice. San Agustin Church was looted by the British forces who occupied Manila in 1762 during the Seven Years War, in 1854, the church was renovated under the supervision of architect Luciano Oliver. On 3 June 1863, the strongest earthquake at that time, hit Manila leaving widespread destruction to the city with San Agustin Church, a series of strong earthquakes struck Manila again on 18–20 July 1880. This time, the left a large crack in the east bell tower. The crack was repaired, but the left tower was permanently removed with only the base remaining today. During the Japanese occupation of World War II, San Agustin Church became a concentration camp, the church itself was the sole survivor of the seven churches of Intramuros to survive the leveling by combined American and Filipino ground forces in May 1945. While the church sustained damage to its roof, the adjacent monastery was completely destroyed, in the 1970s it was rebuilt as a museum under the design of architect Angel Nakpil. The church was renovated in 2013, replacing its colorful facade with a mature stone-colored one, the San Agustin Church is patterned after some of the magnificent temples built by the Augustinians in Mexico. The present edifice was built in 1587, and completed, together with the monastery, the atmosphere is medieval since both church and monastery symbolize the majesty and equilibrium of a Spanish golden era. Architecture of the Philippines Spanish Baroque architecture Miguel López de Legazpi Notes Bibliography World Heritage profile
37.
San Sebastian Church (Manila)
–
The Basílica Menor de San Sebastián, better known as San Sebastian Church, is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Manila, Philippines, and the seat of the Parish of San Sebastian. Completed in 1891, San Sebastian Church is noted for its architectural features, an example of the revival of Gothic architecture in the Philippines, it is the only all-steel temple in the Philippines, and is the only prefabricated steel church in the world. In 2006, San Sebastian Church was included in the tentative list for designation as a World Heritage Site. It was designated as a National Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1973, San Sebastian Church is under the care of The Order of the Augustinian Recollects, who also operate a college adjacent to the basilica. It is located at Plaza del Carmen, at the end of Recto Avenue, in Quiapo. In 1621, Bernardino Castillo, a patron and a devotee of the 3rd-century Roman martyr Saint Sebastian. The original structure, made of wood, burned in 1651 during a Chinese uprising, succeeding structures, which were built of brick, were destroyed by fire and earthquakes in 1859,1863, and 1880. Palacios completed a design that fused Earthquake Baroque with the Neo-Gothic style and his final design was said to have been inspired by the famed Gothic Burgos Cathedral in Burgos, Spain. The prefabricated steel sections that would compose the church were manufactured in Binche, according to historian Ambeth Ocampo, the knockdown steel parts were ordered from the Societe anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels. In all,52 tonnes of prefabricated sections were transported in eight separate shipments from Belgium to the Philippines. Belgian engineers supervised the assembly of the church, the first column of which was erected on September 11,1890, the walls were filled with mixed sand, gravel, and cement. The stained glass windows were imported from the Heinrich Oidtmann Company, the church was raised to the status of a minor basilica by Pope Leo XIII on June 24,1890. Upon its completion the following year, on August 16,1891, the Basílica Menor de San Sebastián was consecrated by Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa OP, the 25th Archbishop of Manila. Paloma also noted that the part of the church was designed to resemble a ships hull. San Sebastian Church has two towers and steel vaulting. From its floor, the nave rises 12 meters to the dome. The faux finished interior of the church incorporates groined vaults in the Gothic architecture style permitting very ample illumination from lateral windows, the steel columns, walls and ceiling were painted by Lorenzo Rocha, Isabelo Tampingco and Félix Martínez to give the appearance of marble and jasper. Trompe loeil paintings of saints and martyrs by Rocha were used to decorate the interiors of the church, true to the Gothic revival spirit of the church are its confessionals, pulpit, altars and five retablos designed by Lorenzo Guerrero and Rocha
38.
Seng Guan Temple
–
Seng Guan Temple is a prominent Buddhist edifice on Narra Street, near Divisoria, in Tondo, Manila, Philippines. It contains a stupa, a repository for urns of human ashes, several meditation rooms. It is a cultural center for the Chinese Filipino community. Seng Guan Ssu was established by Wu Jianglu, Wang Zhenwen and it is regarded as the first Buddhist temple in the Philippines, being the first temple with a resident monk, Venerable Seng Guan, after whom the temple was named. Seng Guan from Fu Kien, China, was active in teaching and organizing work in Southern China, Manila, in 1960, the Seng Guan Ssu set up the Philippine Academy of Sakya, Manila. Over the years, Seng Guan Ssu also conducted many charity works for the poor, orphans, elderly, refugees, and government welfare projects
39.
Arch of the Centuries
–
Half of the current structure, the side facing the UST Main Building is the ruins of the original Intramuros arch while the side that faces España Boulevard is a replica. The Arch of the Centuries was originally erected around 1680 at Intramuros, after World War II, the university transferred to its present location at Sampaloc. The Arch was also carried piece-by-piece and was re-erected at the present Plaza Intramuros in 1954, the original Arch which faces the Main Building was the main doorway to the university building before it was destroyed during World War II when it was at Intramuros. A newer arch faced España Boulevard, which is a reconstruction of the original arch, the Arch contains Doric columns, but is Baroque in its details. The inscription on the arch says Gateway to the history of the finest breed of Filipinos, on the sides at the top of the Arch are panels depicting the life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the patron saint of the university and of all Catholic educational institutions. All incoming students, as parts of their initiation rites into the university, candidates for graduation, on the other hand, also pass through under the Arch during a parade after their Baccalaureate Mass. This tradition started on June 2002, fireworks display ends the passage and signals the party afterwards. The parade, either of freshmen or graduating seniors, is done per college/faculty in random order, there is an old superstition that while studying at the university, one should not pass under the arch until he graduates. If done so, an event will happen that will bar his graduation from the university
40.
Bonifacio Monument
–
Andrés Bonifacio fought for independence from the politically and socially ruthless colonial rule by Spain. The monument 45 feet in height with symbolic images and other known as the Cry of Pugadlawin is acclaimed as one of the best monuments in the world. The Bonifacio Monument recalls the Philippine Revolution which was spearheaded by Andrés Bonifacio who had urged his men to raise against the rule of Spain. His call to arms against the Spanish rule was given on 23 August 1896. The foundation stone for the monument was laid by Aurora Quezon. The monument, which was created under the orders of Frank Murphy, on 30 November 2013, the sesquicentennial of birthday of Andres Bonifacio and the 80th anniversary of unveiling of the landmark monument to the Father of the Nation was celebrated. It is crowned by a figure with wings representing triumph, below the vertical pylon 20 figures cast in bronze have been molded over an octagonal shaped plinth, plus one angel of peace at the top. The octagon represents the eight provinces who fought against Spain and also represents eight rays of the Katipunan flag, the plinth is raised in three steps, each step representing the three centuries of Spanish rule. These figures are a representation of the people of Philippines, who faced inequality, agony, the main central image of the monument holds a bolo, a machete, in the right hand and a gun in the other hand. At the back of the figure a flag of Katipunan in an unfurled state is depicted. The central obelisk is surrounded by pools of water
41.
Manila American Cemetery
–
The Manila American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila, within the boundaries of the former Fort William McKinley. It can be reached most easily from the city via Epifano de los Santos Ave. to McKinley Road, the Nichols Field Road is the easiest access from Manila International Airport to the cemetery. The cemetery,152 acres or 615,000 square metres in area, is located on a prominent plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west. With a total of 17,206 graves, it has the largest number of graves of any cemetery for U. S. personnel killed during World War II and holds war dead from the Philippines and other allied nations. Many of the personnel whose remains are interred or represented were killed in New Guinea, the headstones are made of marble which are aligned in eleven plots forming a generally circular pattern, set among a wide variety of tropical trees and shrubbery. The Memorial is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission, the cemetery is open daily to the public from 9,00 a. m. to 5,00 p. m. except December 25 and January 1. Otherwise, this cemetery has only one Commonwealth War Dead burial in World War I, the entrance to the cemetery is at the far side of the large grassed circle just beyond the military sentinels post which is at the junction of Rizal Drive and Eighth Avenue. Immediately beyond the gate is the plaza with its circular fountain, stretching from the plaza to the memorial is the central mall, which is lined with mahogany trees. Circular roads leading eastward and westward through the area join the straight roads along the edges of the mall. Twenty-five large mosaic maps in four rooms recall the actions of the United States Armed Forces in the Pacific, China, India, carved in the floors are the seals of the American states and its territories. Twenty-three Medal of Honor recipients are buried or memorialized at the Manila cemetery, also honored are the five Sullivan Brothers, who perished when the light cruiser USS Juneau was sunk in June 1942. A. Peter Dewey, an OSS officer killed in Saigon shortly after World War II ended, is listed on the Tablets of the Missing, the Camp ODonnell Memorial is dedicated to the memory of the Battling Bastards of Bataan. Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, Many Photographs and Information about the Cemetery, Manila American Cemetery and Memorial at Find a Grave
42.
Pinaglabanan Shrine
–
Pinaglabanan Shrine is a Filipino national shrine and park located along Pinaglabanan Street in the city of San Juan, Metro Manila, Philippines. Prominent within the shrine is a statue of elongated figures known as Spirit of Pinaglabanan created by Eduardo Castrillo and this is a new museum entirely devoted to Bonifacio and the Katipunan, with interactive displays and original Katipunan artifacts. The museum will present an initial list of members of the Katipunan and others who supported its cause. The names were obtained from archival sources, the museum also has an e-learning room where students from grades 5-7 will take online interactive lessons about Bonifacio and the Katipunan—the first in the country—produced by the NHCP. The activity is undertaken in partnership with the Department of Education, the accounts were selected and translated into English by the late Umberto Lammoglia
43.
Rizal Monument
–
The Rizal Monument is a memorial in Rizal Park in Manila, Philippines built to commemorate the executed Filipino nationalist, José Rizal. The monument consists of a bronze sculpture of the Rizal, with an obelisk. A plaque on the front reads, To the memory of José Rizal, patriot and martyr. This monument is dedicated by the people of the Philippine Islands, the perimeter of the monument is guarded continuously by the Philippine Marine Corps’ Marine Security and Escort Group, the changing of the guard having become a daily ritual. About 100 m north-northwest of the monument is the location where Rizal was executed, marked by life-size dioramas depicting his final moments. An exact replica of the Rizal Monument can be found in Madrid, Spain at the junction of Avenida de Las Islas Filipinas, there is also no official explanation of the meaning of the monument’s details. The monument depicts Rizal in overcoat holding a book, that represent his novels Noli Me Tángere, the obelisk is usually taken to mean Rizal’s masonic background while the three stars are said to stand for Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao. The figures at the back of the monument, such as leaves, the consensus is that the figures beside Rizal—a mother rearing her child and two young boys reading—signify family and education. The Rizal Monument was planned and constructed during the American colonial period of the Philippines in the early 20th century, on September 28,1901, the United States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, that granted the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the city of Manila, where the monument was erected to commemorate the memory of José Rizal, Philippine patriot, writer, and poet. The act stated that the monument would not only bear a statue of the hero, the members were tasked, among others, with raising funds through popular subscriptions. The estimated cost of the monument was ₱100,000, the insular government donated ₱30,000 for the fund. By January 1905, that goal had been oversubscribed, when the campaign closed in August 1912, the amount collected had reached ₱135,195.61. On January 8,1908, the judging committee composed of then Governor-General James F. Smith, John T. MacLeod, the first-prize winner was Carlo Nicoli of Carrara, Italy for his scaled plaster model titled “Al Mártir de Bagumbayan” besting 40 other accepted entries. Nicoli won the ₱5,000.00 first prize for his design depicting a monument rising 18 metres high with a base of 12 metres, the base was to be rendered in two shades of gray marble while the pedestal, in two shades of white marble. Among his other plans were the use of marble from Italy, the contract was awarded to second-placer Swiss sculptor named Richard Kissling for his “Motto Stella”. Many accounts explained why the contract landed to Kissling, one is Nicoli’s inability to post the required bond of ₱20,000 for the duration of the monument’s construction. Some sources say that Nicoli failed to show up at the date for the signing of the job contract
