1.
Manukau
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Manukau, or Manukau Central, is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand, centred on the central business district. It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland CBD, west of the Southern Motorway, south of Papatoetoe, the industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the east and south. The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010, Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City, which was the entire area administered by the city council. The Manukau Central area was part of the rural area of Wiri in the early 20th century. Its transition from farmland was driven by Manukau City Council, which formed in 1965 and purchased land there in 1966 for the development of an administrative and commercial centre. The Manukau City Centre mall, now Westfield Manukau City, opened in October 1976, several government departments established offices in the late 1970s. In 1983 Manukau City Council decided to rename the area Manukau Central, the name Manukau City Centre has been used for the central business district around the mall and city council building. The Rainbows End theme park opened just south of the city centre in 1982, vodafone Events Centre, a multi-purpose event centre, is also opened in 2005 located at Manukau. Another shopping centre, Manukau Supa Centa, opened to the west of the city centre in 1998, Manukau Institute of Technology, which has its main campus at Ōtara, is building another campus at Manukau Central in 2014. The suburb is, since November 2010, in the Manukau ward, the Southwestern Motorway joins the Southern Motorway at Manukau Central. Eastern Line train services carry passengers between Manukau train station and central Aucklands Britomart Transport Centre, photographs of Manukau held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
2.
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
3.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
Islands of New Zealand
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New Zealand consists of a large number of islands, estimated around six hundred. The two main islands, which are larger than the rest and where most of the population lives, are the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui. The latter is referred to as the mainland, especially by its residents. However, in practice, the mainland refers to both North Island and South Island as opposed to the smaller offshore islands. Stewart Island/Rakiura, in the south, is by far the biggest of the smaller islands, the following is a list of some of the islands of New Zealand, The following table lists the largest islands of New Zealand by size. The Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and islands of the Ross Dependency are excluded, the countrys largest island within a lake, Pomona Island, has an area of just 2.6 km2. The following table lists the islands of New Zealand by their highest elevation and these islands are all in harbours or the open sea. The countrys tallest island within a lake, Pomona Island, rises to 511 metres height, only the Chatham Islands have a permanent population although others also did in the past. Others host visitors for science, conservation, meteorological observation and tourism
5.
North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
6.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
7.
Auckland Region
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The Auckland Region is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand, named for the city of Auckland, the countrys largest urban area. The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area, smaller towns, rural areas, with 34 percent of the nations residents, it has by far the biggest population and economy of any region of New Zealand, but the second-smallest land area. On 1 November 2010, the Auckland Region became a unitary authority controlled by the Auckland Council, replacing the previous regional council, in the process, an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region. The name Auckland Region remains present in casual usage, the region ends within a few kilometres of the mouth of the Waikato River. It is bordered in the north by the Northland Region, and it also includes the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. In land area it is smaller than all the other regions and its highest point is the summit of Little Barrier Island, at 722 metres. The Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea form the coastline around the Auckland region, the east coast is lapped by the waters of the Hauraki Gulf, an arm of the Pacific sheltered by a considerable number of small and large islands, notably Great Barrier Island in the northeast. An arm of the Gulf, the Waitemata Harbour, forms the main harbour of Auckland city, the mainland coastline is 1,613 kilometres long, with the total coastline being 3,100 kilometres. Much of the marine area comprises sensitive tidal inlets and estuaries and semi-enclosed Waitemata, Manukau. To the west lie two large natural harbours, the Kaipara and the Manukau, both of these have treacherous entrances and are little used by shipping. The Kaipara Harbour is one of the worlds largest natural harbours, Auckland Airport is located on the edge of the Manukau Harbour. The region is blessed with fine beaches, especially on the Tasman coast south of the Kaipara. These include Muriwai and Piha beaches, the Auckland Region is built on a basement of greywacke rocks that form many of the islands in the Hauraki Gulf, the Hunua Ranges, and land south of Port Waikato. The Waitakere Ranges in the west are the remains of a large andesitic volcano, the main isthmus and North Shore are composed of Waitemata sandstone and mudstone, and portions of the Northland Allochthon extend as far south as Albany. Little Barrier Island was formed by a relatively isolated andesitic volcano, the Manukau and South Kaipara Harbours are protected by the recent sand dune deposits of the Awhitu and South Kaipara Peninsulas. Recent basaltic volcanic activity has produced many volcanic cones throughout the Auckland Region, much of Aucklands urban area lies on top of the dormant Auckland Volcanic Field. The region is dotted by 49 volcanoes of varying age with the oldest being in the region of 150,000 years old, the most recent eruption occurred approximately 600 years ago, ending a few hundred years of activity during which Rangitoto Island was formed. Each volcanic eruption has tended to be bigger than the previous, all of the volcanoes are relatively small, most being less than 150 metres in height
8.
Len Brown
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Leonard Len Brown is a former Mayor of Auckland, New Zealand and head of the Auckland Council. Brown had previously been elected Mayor of Manukau City in October 2007, Brown is married to Shirley Anne Shan Inglis, and has three daughters, Samantha, Olivia and Victoria. They live in Totara Heights, a suburb of Manukau, Brown was born in Taumarunui, Ruapehu District, Manawatu-Wanganui Region. His family moved to Otara in Auckland when he was seven years old and he attended Mayfield Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and De La Salle College. He remembers his youth in prosperous small-town New Zealand fondly, remarking on them as generous, generous days, while not having grown up fully in Auckland, his family often travelled to see relatives there, his parents having originally moved to Taumarunui from South Auckland. A lawyer by profession, Brown was a partner at law firm Wynyard Wood and he was first elected to the Manukau City council in 1992, and continued as councillor until 2004 when he did not run for re-election. He was also the chairperson of the Counties Manukau Health Council from 1998, Brown first ran for mayor of Manukau in 2004, and narrowly lost to long serving mayor Sir Barry Curtis, he lost by fewer than 600 votes. Brown had considered requesting a re-count due to the closeness of the vote, despite his affiliation with the New Zealand Labour Party since age 17, Brown did not run for election in the 2005 General Election, and instead returned to working for Wynyard Wood. Brown resigned from Wynard Wood in 2007 to focus on his candidacy full-time, in August 2007, both Quax and Brown were polling neck and neck. Brown ran on several policies, including, capping rates at the cost of inflation, increasing public transport, and working with youth in the region. Brown won the election in October 2007 with more than 32,000 votes, his next closest rival Dick Quax had less than 18,000, and he was sworn in on 26 October 2007 at the Manukau City Council hall. On 31 May 2008 he suffered an attack, while at a music awards ceremony. The condition arose from a previously unrecognised congenital heart problem and Brown was admitted to Auckland Hospital, Brown had successful heart bypass surgery two days later and made a full recovery, returning to mayoral duties after a few months. His wife acknowledged that the attack was not stress-related, but rather a family issue, in August 2009, Brown announced that he would run for the mayoralty of the combined Auckland super-city in the Auckland mayoral election,2010. His campaign speech focused on delivering public transport, public ownership of the regions public assets, environmental protection, economic and social development. He won the position by a majority of 65,945 votes over main rival candidate, Auckland City mayor John Banks, on 9 October 2010 and his subsequent explanations for these purchases were also scrutinised at a council meeting, where Brown repeatedly slapped his face and got emotional. An advisor later explained that Browns emotional behaviour was attributable to his use of a Maori tradition, another council expense claim included an $810 dinner at a restaurant, which Brown has refused to discuss who was in attendance. He noted that the event was a fundraiser for a singer for which the Council bought a table
9.
Phil Goff
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Philip Bruce Goff CNZM is the Mayor of Auckland, in office since 2016, previously he was a Member of the New Zealand Parliament from 1981 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 2016. He served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party between 11 November 2008 and 13 December 2011 and he was elected Mayor of Auckland in the October 2016 Auckland mayoral election, succeeding Len Brown, who stepped down after two terms. In the 2017 New Year Honours List announced on 31 December 2016, Goff was born and raised in Auckland. His family was poor, and his father wanted Goff to enter the workforce immediately after finishing high school. Goff, however, wished to university, a decision that caused him to leave home when only sixteen years old. By working as a worker and a cleaner, Goff was able to fund himself through university. In 1973, he was Senior Scholar in Political Studies, while completing his MA, he lectured in Political Studies. He also briefly worked as an Insurance Workers Union organiser, Goff had joined the Labour Party in 1969, the same year he left home, and held a number of administrative positions within the party. In the 1981 elections, Goff stood for Parliament in the Roskill electorate, three years later, when Labour won the 1984 elections, Goff was elevated to Cabinet, becoming its youngest member. He served as Minister of Housing and Minister of Employment, after the 1987 elections, Goff dropped the Housing portfolio, but also became Minister of Youth Affairs and Minister of Tourism. Later, after a significant rearrangement of responsibilities, Goff became Minister of Education, in the disputes between Roger Douglas and other Labour MPs, Goff generally positioned himself on the side of Douglas, supporting deregulation and free trade. In the 1990 elections, Labour was defeated, and Goff lost his own seat to Gilbert Myles. While many commentators blamed Douglass controversial reforms for Labours loss, Goff said that the problem had been in communication. In the 1993 elections, Goff was re-elected as MP for Roskill, helen Clark, Labours new leader, made him the partys spokesperson for Justice. In 1996, Goff was part of the group which asked Clark to step down as leader, Clark survived the challenge, and was advised by her allies to demote Goff, but chose not to do so. Goff retained his seat in the 1996 elections, having elected not to be placed on Labours party list, in Opposition from 1996 to 1999, Goff was Labours spokesperson on Justice, and Courts & Corrections. In the 1999 elections, which Labour won, Goff accepted seventh place on the party list, in Clarks new government, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Minister of Justice. He retained this position after the 2002 elections, following the 2005 elections Winston Peters was made Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Goff was made Minister of Defence and Disarmament and retained the Trade portfolio
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
12.
South Auckland
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The name South Auckland is not an official place name but is in common use by New Zealanders. It is also used in the names of organisations and companies. Since the 1970s the term South Auckland has had negative connotations with outsiders, being associated with deprivation, crime, barry Curtis, when mayor of Manukau City, tried to discourage use of the name because of its negative connotations. The heart of South Auckland is the low socio-economic suburbs of the former Manukau City, typified by Otara but including Papatoetoe, Mangere and Manurewa. The area does not include the more well-to-do, eastern and northern Manukau City suburbs such as Howick, Dannemora, Botany Downs, or Pakuranga, the name does not include Franklin District, which lies south of Papakura. Prior to the 1970s, South Auckland encompassed the region from Otahuhu south to Mercer, some of the suburbs in South Auckland contain predominantly state housing and are the poorest suburbs of Auckland. The area also contains the industrial heartland of Auckland, with workshops, the general electorates of Mangere, Manukau East, and Manurewa and the Maori electorate of Tamaki Makaurau cover the area commonly referred to as South Auckland. The Maori electorate of Tamaki Makaurau was held by the Maori Party co-leader Pita Sharples from 2005 until 2014, the area has a multiracial population including Pākehā and Asians as well as a high proportion of Polynesians and Māori. This gives it a cosmopolitan feel and a thriving culture, especially at street level, most often seen by visitors at the Saturday markets at Otara, Manurewa. Manukau City, before its amalgamation, used the slogan Face of the Future to reflect its youthful demographic, South Auckland is also a major centre of hip hop culture and music in New Zealand. People who hail from South Auckland include Olympic champion John Walker, mountaineer Edmund Hillary, and former Prime Minister David Lange
13.
Auckland Council
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The Auckland Council is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards, There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It is the largest council in Australasia, with a $3 billion annual budget, $29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the regional council. The Council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, both the means by which the Council was established and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned a mostly centre-left council with Len Brown as mayor, Brown was re-elected in October 2013, again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff, the Auckland Regional Council was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven City/District authorities, plus one Regional authority, in 2007, the government set up a Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission which have not been adopted or implemented, 6B The Mayor of Aucklands annual State of the Region address should describe progress towards the attainment of the vision. 19C, Leadership support and development programmes for elected councillors should be strengthened, 21D, Auckland Council CCOs and their statements of intent should be subject to performance review by the proposed Auckland Services Performance Auditor. 21A 22A Two Māori members should be elected to the Auckland Council by voters who are on the parliamentary Māori Electoral Roll, 22B There should be a Mana Whenua Forum, the members of which will be appointed by mana whenua from the district of the Auckland Council. Where appropriate, current structures and/or memoranda of understanding should be transferred to local councils, 24F Auckland Council should consider creating an Urban Development Agency, to operate at the direction of the Auckland Council, with compulsory acquisition powers. The Auckland Council should determine the extent to which responsibilities for the delivery of services are shared between local councils and Watercare Services Limited. 26I Watercare Services Limited should be required by legislation to demand management. 26M Watercare Services Limited should be required to prepare an action plan. 27D The Auckland Council should prepare an e-government strategy as an part of its proposed unified service delivery. B) require Auckland Council CCOs providing council services to adopt the councils ICT infrastructure standards, the role of the Performance Auditor will include a) reviewing the adequacy and relevance of CCO performance targets. B) protecting the interests and advocating for them in respect of the reliability and affordability of council services
14.
Manukau Harbour
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Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, the mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour. Because of the harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads, tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealands most tragic occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. The harbour has three main arms, the Mangere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Aucklands central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Otahuhu and Mangere urban areas lie south of this arm, in the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into the urban area of Papakura. In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku, the harbour reaches into Mangere Lagoon, which occupies a volcanic crater. Auckland Airport is located close to the eastern shore. The harbour was an important historical waterway for the Māori and it had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, and various villages and pā clustered around it. Snapper, flounder, mullet, scallops, cockles and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts, cornwallis, beside the Puponga Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However, because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was abandoned in the 1840s, the last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s. However, no work was undertaken. The act was reported as still being in force as of 2008. A2,700 ft canal reserve,2 ch wide, the harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps, often local beaches are used. The harbour also houses five active sailing clubs, three on the side, one near Mangere Bridge, and one on the northern side. Since 1988, there has been an annual competition, hosted by each club in rotation
15.
Papakura District
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Papakura District is a former local council territory in New Zealands Auckland Region that was governed by the Papakura District Council from 1989 until 2010. The area makes up the southernmost part of the Auckland metropolitan area, the district is flanked by beaches on the Manukau Harbour to the west, Manukau City to the north and east, and the Franklin District to the south. In 2010, Papakura District boundaries covered 123 square kilometres and the centre of the district was located 32 km from downtown Auckland, much of the district – particularly in the west – is flat to rolling land. There is extensive peat soil in the Takanini area, which was once a vast wetland, in the east, low-to-medium-sized foothills lead out into the Hunua range. The district was arranged into four wards during the existence of the Papakura District Council, drury is the first genuine country town south of Auckland, and Takanini is Papakuras main industrial zone. In the major reformation of local government in 1989, Papakura became a district, after the major change Papakura City became Papakura District, part of the Auckland Region. The whole district counts as part of the Auckland urban area for statistical purposes, on 1 November 2010, the Papakura District Council was merged into the new Auckland Council. All council facilities and services were handed over to the new council, Papakura District’s population is estimated to be growing at three times the rate of New Zealand as a whole and is predominantly European. Over 60% residents living in Papakura District belong to the European ethnic group and 36% belong to Maori, the city council is planning for Papakuras population to more than double by 2050. In addition to the council chambers, Papakura is served by a large Police Department, one of Aucklands busiest stations, a District Courthouse. In 2004, the Papakura Courthouse acted as the Supreme Court for Pitcairn Island, Papakura once served a significant military population, but now only the SAS special forces are based at Papakura. Nearby houses were originally Army Homes, but are now in private hands, Aucklands southern motorway and the North Island Main Trunk railway run through the Papakura District and a large airfield is located nearby at Ardmore. Train and bus services provide the bulk of transport, with frequent trains on the Southern Line between Papakura and the CBD. Recent investment has focused on upgrading and refurbishing the trains and suburban railway stations. Papakura is the stop for most southbound public transport in Auckland. Drawn by frequent services into and out of the city, rail commuters come from Papakura itself, Franklin County, though the motorway and Great South Road flow relatively freely at peak times, road commuters are affected by the acute traffic congestion as they get closer to metropolitan Auckland. Ardmore Airport serves recreational aviators, private and commercial flights, the council also operates a library and a theatre. Papakura also has a number of parks, a skate bowl
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Otahuhu
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Ōtāhuhu is a suburb of Auckland 13 kilometres to the southeast of the city centre, on a narrow isthmus between an arm of the Manukau Harbour to the west and the Tamaki River estuary to the east. As the southernmost suburb of the former Auckland City it is considered part of South Auckland, the suburbs name is taken from the Māori name of a volcanic cone also known as Mount Richmond. The name refers to the place of Tāhuhu, a Maori ancestor Tāhuhu-nui-a-Rangi who settled the area, in colloquial speech locals typically shorten the name to Otahu. The suburb was established in 1847 as a settlement, where soldiers were given land with the implied understanding that in wartime. Most early features from this time have disappeared, however, such as a bridge built by the fencibles that had to make way to a widening of Great South Road. The new bus-train interchange opened on 29th October 2016 as a joint Auckland Transport, the station is at the heart of the Southern New Network, says Auckland Transport’s Chief AT Metro Officer, Mark Lambert. “Auckland is moving towards a more connected network of feeder services connecting with frequent bus. Bus and train transport hubs like Ōtāhuhu are at the heart of this transformation, the importance for transportation extended to pre-European times. The aptly named Portage Road runs across the isthmus in Ōtāhuhu and was used by Māori to move their waka between the Manukau and Waitemata harbours for raids and trading. In fact, the area, also known as Te Tō Waka, was considered the most important portage of all of New Zealand, the community and town centre flourishes as the crossroad to Central and South Auckland and is home to a sizable Pacific Island populace. Ōtāhuhu is home to the Ōtāhuhu Rugby Football Club and the Ōtāhuhu Leopards rugby league club, photographs of Otahuhu held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
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Northland Region
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The Northland Region is the northernmost of New Zealands 16 local government regions. New Zealanders often call it the Far North, or, because of its mild climate, the main population centre is the city of Whangarei and the largest town is Kerikeri. The Northland Region occupies the northern 80% of the 330 kilometre-long Northland Peninsula and it is bounded to the west by the Tasman Sea, and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. The land is predominantly rolling hill country, farming and forestry occupy over half of the land, and are two of the regions main industries. Although many of the kauri forests were felled during the 19th century. New Zealands largest tree, Tane Mahuta, stands in the Waipoua Forest south of the Hokianga Harbour, the western coast is dominated by several long straight beaches, the most famous of which is the inaccurately named 88 kilometre-long stretch of Ninety Mile Beach in the regions far north. The slightly longer Ripiro Beach lies further south, two large inlets are also located on this coast, the massive Kaipara Harbour in the south, which Northland shares with the Auckland Region, and the convoluted inlets of the Hokianga Harbour. The east coast is rugged, and is dotted with bays. Numerous islands dot this coast, notably the Cavalli Islands, the Hen and Chickens Islands, Aorangaia Island, the northernmost points of the North Island mainland lie at the top of Northland. These include several points often confused in the mind as being the countrys northernmost points, Cape Maria van Diemen, Spirits Bay, Cape Reinga. The northernmost point of the North Island is actually the Surville Cliffs, close to North Cape, Cape Reinga and Spirits Bay do, however, have a symbolic part to play as the end of the country. In Māori mythology, it is here that the souls of the dead depart on their journey to the afterlife. Northland is New Zealands least urbanised region, with 50% of the population of 171,400 living in urban areas, Whangarei is the largest urban area, with a population of 56,400. The regions population is concentrated along the east coast. During the five-year period up to 2006, Northland recorded a growth of 6.0 percent. Northland includes one of the fastest growing towns in New Zealand, Mangawhai, the region of Northland has a sub-tropical oceanic climate with warm humid summers and mild wet winters. Due to its latitude and low elevation, Northland has the countrys highest average annual temperature, however, as with other parts of New Zealand, climate conditions are variable. In summer, temperatures range from 22 °C to 26 °C, in winter, maximum temperatures vary between 14 °C and 20 °C
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Tamaki River
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The Tamaki River or Tamaki Estuary is mostly an estuarial arm and harbour of the Hauraki Gulf, within the city of Auckland in New Zealand. It extends south for 15 kilometres from its mouth between the suburb of Saint Heliers and the long peninsula of Bucklands Beach, which reaches its end at Musick Point. It has several smaller tributary arms which extend from it, the Pakuranga Creek and Otara Creek in the east, and the Otahuhu Creek and Panmure Basin in the west. The Otahuhu Creek forms the eastern shore of the narrowest point on the Auckland isthmus, here it is less than 2 kilometres to the waters of the Manukau Harbour and it was originally called Te Wai o Taiki, meaning The Waters of Taiki. The name Taiki is a form of Taikehu, the name of an ancestor of Ngāi Tai. Portage Road is the location of one of the historical portage overland routes between the two coasts, here the Maori would beach their waka and drag them overland to the other coast, thus avoiding having to paddle around North Cape. The portages made the area of strategic importance in both pre-European times and during the early years of European occupation. The circular base swivel was only removed in the 1980s from the southern shore, stones and steel had been imported from Australia, possibly reflecting the still very basic nature of industrial construction in the young colony. In the 1890s the mouth of the river was used as an anchorage for ships carrying explosives. One such ship, anchored in the mouth of the estuary, caught fire, after this the explosives buoy was moved into a more open area east of Browns Island, where it is still located. In 1925 a 1. 9-metre leopard that had escaped from the Auckland Zoo three weeks earlier was found dead in the Tamaki river by a party in Karaka Bay. The AMETI scheme has the resolution of this bottle-neck as one of its goals, the Tamaki River also has a marina / ferry wharf at Half Moon Bay, from where commuter ferries depart for the Auckland CBD and car/passenger ferries for Waiheke Island. Many yachts are moored in its relatively well protected interiors. The river channel is marked with large green buoys, deep draught vessels should stay close to the buoys as the channel, although averaging 20 metres deep is very narrow in many places. Near the large Point England sand spit there are numerous mudflats which are covered at high tide. The speed limit in the river is 10 km/h, rocks at the western mouth of the river at St Heliers are marked by a distinctive barbers pole. Vessels of more than 4-metre draught should not attempt the opening between Musick Point and Browns Island, the channel in this area is marked by port and starboard markers about 20 metres apart. It is 0.5 kilometres northwest of Musick Point, large mussel beds extend out 200 metres from Browns Island into the river
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Estuary
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An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a zone between river environments and maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflows of sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. Most existing estuaries formed during the Holocene epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea began to rise about 10. Estuaries are typically classified according to their geomorphological features or to water-circulation patterns, the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60% of the worlds population living along estuaries and the coast. The word estuary is derived from the Latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. However, this definition excludes a number of water bodies such as coastal lagoons. This broad definition also includes fjords, lagoons, river mouths, an estuary is a dynamic ecosystem having a connection to the open sea through which the sea water enters with the rhythm of the tides. The sea water entering the estuary is diluted by the water flowing from rivers. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of water, the tidal range. Drowned river valleys are known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and this is the most common type of estuary in temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the Severn Estuary in the United Kingdom and the Ems Dollard along the Dutch-German border, the width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m, examples of this type of estuary in the U. S. are the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and Delaware Bay along the Mid-Atlantic coast, and Galveston Bay and Tampa Bay along the Gulf Coast. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations and these estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches. Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters, bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U. S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments, barrier beaches form in shallow water and are generally parallel to the shoreline, resulting in long, narrow estuaries
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Hauraki Gulf
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The Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana is a coastal feature of the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 4000 km², and lies between, in order, the Auckland Region, the Hauraki Plains, the Coromandel Peninsula. Most of the gulf is part of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Hauraki is Māori for north wind. In 2014, the gulf was officially named Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana, the gulf is part of the Pacific Ocean, which it joins to the north and east. It is largely protected from the Pacific by Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island to the north and it is thus well protected against all but northern winds. Three large channels join the gulf to the Pacific, to the north of Auckland several peninsulas jut into the gulf, notably the Whangaparaoa Peninsula. Tiritiri Matangi Island is near the end of this peninsula, further north, Kawau Island nestles under the Tawharanui Peninsula. Numerous beaches dot the shores of the gulf, many of them known for swimming and surfing. During the last glaciation period the gulf was dry land, with the sea level being around 100–110 m lower than at present, the gulf was submerged when the sea reached its current level around 7200 years ago. In the west of the gulf lie a string of islands guarding the mouth of the Waitemata Harbour and these include Ponui Island, Waiheke Island, Tiritiri Matangi and the iconic dome of Rangitoto Island, which is connected to the much older Motutapu Island by a causeway. The islands are separated from the mainland by the Tamaki Strait, at the southern end of the gulf is the wide, relatively shallow Firth of Thames. Beyond this lie the Hauraki Plains, drained by the Waihou River, the Hunua Ranges and hills of the Coromandel Peninsula rise on either side of the Firth. There are approximately 25 species of mammals in the gulf. Nearly a third of the marine mammal species live in or visit the Marine Park. The population remaining is estimated to be between 100-200, in recent years, increases in numbers of migrating baleen whales are confirmed long after the end of hunting era. These are humpback whales, southern blue whales, pygmy blue whales, less frequently, fin whales and sei whales are seen as well. For southern right whales, these whales will possibly become seasonal residents in the gulf as the populations recover, many of the islands are official or unofficial bird sanctuaries, holding important or critically endangered species like kiwi, takahe, brown teal and grey-faced petrel. The gulf is a vibrant natural environment, which has seen significant damage during the 20th, particularly damaging were the introduction of industrialised fishing, with for example snapper fishing peaking in the 1970s at more than 10,000 tonnes a year
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New Zealand State Highway 1
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State Highway 1 is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand roading network, running the length of both main islands. It appears on maps as SH1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield. SH1 is 2,033 kilometres long,1,081 km in the North Island and 952 km in the South Island, for the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway, with at-grade intersections and property accesses, in both rural and urban areas. These sections have some passing lanes, around 215 km of SH1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of February 2017,191 km in the North Island and 23 km in the South Island. Current road construction will see an extra 102 km in the North Island and 11 km in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022. SH1 starts at Cape Reinga, at the tip of the Aupouri Peninsula. The highway crosses into the Auckland Region, and passes through Wellsford and Warkworth, near Puhoi, on the Hibiscus Coast, SH1 becomes the Auckland Northern Motorway, the main road north of New Zealands largest urban area. The first 7.5 km of the motorway is a toll road. At Orewa, the motorway becomes toll-free, crossing farmland to the North Shore of Auckland, the road crosses through suburbs to the Waitemata Harbour, which it briefly follows before crossing it by the Auckland Harbour Bridge. The motorway comes off the bridge into Aucklands city centre, at this junction, SH1 becomes the Auckland Southern Motorway, and, after sweeping around the southern end of central Auckland, proceeds in a south-easterly direction. The motorway continues in a broadly southeast direction across the Auckland isthmus, then through Manukau and Papakura to the top of the Bombay Hills, at Bombay, SH1 becomes the Waikato Expressway, a four-lane dual-carriageway expressway. The expressway takes the highway down the Bombay Hills to Mercer, where SH1 meets the Waikato River, the Waikato Expressway temporarily ends at Longswamp and becomes a three-laned dual carriageway, resuming at Te Kauwhata before reverting to single carriageway just south of Ohinewai. SH1 runs as a single carriageway through Huntly to Taupiri, the expressway ends in north-western Hamilton. The highway bypasses the city centre to the west, before crossing to the east side, the expressway resumes at Tamahere, bypassing Cambridge to the north before reverting to a single carriageway east of the town. The highway continues eastward to the town of Tirau, where it turns south to pass through Putaruru and Tokoroa, at Wairakei, SH1 takes an eastern route to bypass Taupo and meet the Lake Taupo shoreline south of the town near the airport. SH1 follows the shore of the lake for 50 km to Turangi. The road between Rangipo and Waiouru is commonly known as the Desert Road, and is closed by snow during winter. At km 794 on the Desert Road, SH1 is 1,074 metres above sea level - the highest point on the New Zealand State Highway network
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New Zealand State Highway 20
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State Highway 20, also known as the Southwestern Motorway, is a New Zealand State Highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with Maioro Street in Mount Roskill, via Mangere and Onehunga. The route also forms the part of the Western Ring Route. SH20 stretches from the Auckland Southern Motorway / State Highway 1 at Manukau to Maioro Road, from south to north the motorway passes through, or adjacent to, the suburbs of Wiri, Mangere, Onehunga, Hillsborough and Mount Roskill. The motorway currently terminates at Maioro Street, the planned final terminus will be the Northwest Motorway / New Zealand State Highway 16 via the Waterview Connection scheduled to open in early 2017. SH20, SH 20A, and SH 20B form an almost triangular shape between the Puhinui Interchange of the Southwestern Motorway, Auckland International Airport, and the SH 20/SH 20A motorway junction. The Southwestern Motorway bypasses Auckland International Airport, with spurs SH 20A from the north, SH 20A leaves the Southwestern Motorway in Mangere and travels south along an additional stretch of motorway, commonly referred to as the Airport Motorway. The motorway terminates at Kirkbride Road, and traffic continues on SH 20A terminating just north of the roundabout with Verissimo Drive, from there the road continues south to the airport. A construction project is underway in 2015–17 to turn SH 20A into a motorway for its length by turning the intersection at Kirkbride Road into a grade-separated intersection. The northern section was extended first to Hillsborough Road, then to Hayr Road, then to Maioro Street, the southern section was extended to Puhinui Road in 1997, along with the extensions SH 20A and SH 20B connecting to Auckland International Airport. The final southern section connecting Puhinui Road to State Highway 1 at Manukau was completed in 2010, a duplication of Mangere Bridge, with future provision for rail, was also opened in 2010. Construction of this began in 2012 and is due for completion in early 2017. List of New Zealand state highways List of motorways and expressways in New Zealand
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Mangere Bridge (bridges)
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Completed in 1983, the older portion of the bridge carries a four-lane motorway with a cycle and pedestrian path also suspended underneath the western side of the bridge. In April 2008, work began on a duplication of the 1983 bridge to cater for increased traffic, initial bridge The initial bridge in this location was built of timber and opened in January 1875. Rather narrow, it soon began to be attacked by shipworms. The bridge was also single-lane, and so narrow, even pedestrians could barely pass a vehicle safely, the bridge was eventually considered structurally unsound and closed in 1914, before being fully demolished. Old Mangere Bridge In January 1914, a 246 m long replacement bridge was opened, moore, the designer of Grafton Bridge, it was also built by the same company, the Ferro-Concrete Company of Australasia. This ferro-concrete bridge with driven concrete piles was considered an engineering achievement in its time. With a width of 11. 6m, it allowed for a tram track. The bridge however did not provide for enough clearance to let anything, in World War II, an anti-tank road block was erected on the bridge near the middle of the spans, with a small sentry shelter close by. These structures were removed, and it is unclear whether the bridge had also been mined. However, the bridge proved to have too little capacity. The bridge was closed in the 1970s to motor vehicles and is slowly deteriorating, the collision occurred despite the ships bow thrusters working at full power and a small harbour tug assisting. Due to problems with the quality of the concrete and steel, due to complaints about this course of action, plans for its removal were not finalised until 2012. Construction of a replacement structure, designed for walking, cycling and fishing, was scheduled for 2015, motorway Bridge The older portion of the current Mangere Bridge was opened in 1983, and now carries approximately 80,000 vehicles a day. This motorway bridge took 8 years to build, including a 2-year stoppage due to industrial action, a duplication of the 1983 structure, to increase capacity, was completed in 2010 at a cost of $230 million. It is 650 metres long and provides four lanes. One of the lanes is dedicated to local connectivity between Onehunga and the Mangere Bridge suburb only, the total capacity across the harbour is 10 lanes. That included funds for duplication of the 1983 bridge, to its east, the bridge was at that time expected to cost NZ$330 million. This widening was to take place to the east of the existing motorway
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Hunua Ranges
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The Hunua Ranges form a block of hilly country to the southeast of Auckland in New Zealands North Island. They cover some 250 square kilometres, containing 178 km² of parkland, Auckland gets much of its water from reservoirs within the Hunua Ranges. The ranges contain many rivers and streams, including the Hunua Falls on the Wairoa River, the ranges are located approximately 50 kilometres southeast of Auckland, above the western shore of the Firth of Thames. They are sparsely populated, and mostly lie within the boundaries of the Waharau, the settlement of Hunua lies on the foot of the Hunua Ranges. Maori made some use of the ranges and early European visitors found areas of clearing that had used as gardens. Some Maori archaeological sites are known, the main part of the ranges was subject to confiscation after the New Zealand Wars. Early European use of the ranges was for timber extraction and for farming, there has been some mining of Manganese in the past. Gold prospecting for quartz reefs has never found payable reefs, from the 1920s onwards the land was progressively bought by Auckland City Council utilising funds from its water supply operation. Development of the water supplies commenced in the late 1940s, with the first of the four dams, Cossey’s, three further dams, Mangatawhiri, Wairoa and Mangatangi were completed in 1965,1975 and 1977 respectively. Combined, the dams have a capacity of 77.1 million cubic meters, the bulk water supply operation and the land passed to the newly formed Auckland Regional Authority in 1964. The water operation was corporatised as Watercare Services Ltd in 1992, Watercare took ownership of the water related assets and took a long term lease from the Auckland Regional Council of the reservoir areas and the operational areas. The exotic forestry land was leased to another party. The catchment land became regional park land, in November 2010, the southernmost part of the Hunua Ranges were transferred to Waikato Region. Hunua Ranges, An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 26 September 2006. Barton, Ian L.1978 Aucklands south eastern bulwark, a history of the Hunua Ranges, barton, Ian L.2001 Hunua, The place and its people, a view from 2000. The Hunua Ranges are bounded on the east by the Firth of Thames, the north by the Tamaki Strait, the west by the Wairoa River, on the Vegetation of the Hunua Ranges, Auckland. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26, Hunua and Waharau Regional Parks, Auckland Regional Council
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Firth of Thames
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The Firth of Thames is a large bay located in the north of the North Island of New Zealand. It is the firth of the rivers Waihou and Piako, the former of which was named the Thames River. The firth lies at the end of the Hauraki Gulf. It occupies a valley or graben between the Coromandel Peninsula and Hunua Ranges which continues into the Hauraki Plains to the south. The Firth of Thames is an important site for waders or shorebirds, the Miranda Shorebird Centre, operated by the Miranda Naturalists Trust, is located on the western shore of the bay at Miranda. However, the firth overall is severely damaged by man-made influences, especially dairy-farm run-off, whales such as southern right whales and Brydes whales can be seen in the bay to calve and rest
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Clevedon, New Zealand
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Clevedon, earlier known as Wairoa South, is a rural town in Auckland, New Zealand, located in the Franklin ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland city. The town is governed by the Auckland Council, Clevedon is located on the Wairoa River five kilometres from its estuary and outflow into the Tamaki Strait, an arm of the Hauraki Gulf. It is 14 kilometres from the centre of the suburb of Manukau, to the south of Clevedon rise the rugged hills of the Hunua Ranges. Several popular beaches are located on the coast close to Clevedon, including Duders Beach, between these two beaches lies the Duder Regional Park. Clevedon was named for Clevedon, England, in 1866 and it was previously known as Te Wairoa. There were formerly many schools located in Clevedon but only one remains, all Souls Church is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II structure, with registration number 682. The Hon Phil Goff, the current Mayor of Auckland and former Labour Party Leader and Foreign, the Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names
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Maraetai
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Maraetai is a town in the former Manukau City and the easternmost suburb of greater Auckland in New Zealand. The closest town, Beachlands, lies approximately 4 km to the west and its name is Māori meaning meeting place by the sea. Maraetai was the name for the smooth, calm tidal passage now known as Tamaki Strait. The site of present-day Maraetai suburb was formerly the pā and kāinga settlement known as Pohaturoa, in English, Maraetai means meeting place by the sea. One of the known functions of a marae is to facilitate hui. Maraetais residents do not use city mains water and instead must use water tanks, many residents prefer it to be kept this way to maintain the towns rural aspect. Maraetais beaches are popular destinations for other Aucklanders and are crowded in the summer months. The town is home to the controversial pastor Brian Tamaki
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Papakura
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Papakura is a suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, approximately 32 kilometres south of Auckland CBD and it is under the authority of the Auckland Council. Papakura is a Māori word believed to have originated from papa, meaning earth or flat and kura meaning red, reflecting the rich, an old highway, the Great South Road, runs through Papakura, forming its main street. The road was constructed during the New Zealand Wars to transport supplies to the Waikato campaign and it was guarded by armed constabulary and was a designated military road. During the major reformation of local government in 1989, Papakura became a district, after the major change Papakura City went to Papakura District, and instead of being an independent city, the area was amalgamated, including it into the Auckland Region. The whole district counts as part of the Auckland urban area for statistical purposes, from October 2010, after a review of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated into a single city authority. The suburb of Papakura and other suburbs of the Papakura District are now in the Manurewa-Papakura Ward of the Auckland Council, the Papakura Military Camp was established on the outskirts of the town in 1939 and remains an important army base for New Zealand. Built by the Stevenson family it incorporates the New Zealand SAS training area, in the early 2000s some land was set aside for new housing developments. The following schools are located in Papakura, Papakura Normal School is a full primary school with the state system. It has a rating of 3. Papakura Central School is a full state primary school with a decile rating of 5. Papakura South School is a full state primary school. It has a rating of 1. Kelvin Road School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Edmund Hillary School is a state full primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Cosgrove School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 2. St Marys School is an integrated coeducational school. It has a rating of 4
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Franklin District
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Franklin District is a former New Zealand territorial authority that lay between the Auckland metropolitan area and the Waikato Plains. The Auckland portion is now part of the Franklin ward, which includes rural parts of the former Manukau City. Before its abolition, it was administered from the town of Pukekohe, out-going Franklin District Mayor Mark Ball had proposed that Franklin district become an independent unitary authority, fulfilling both the functions of a local and regional council. However, this was rejected by Minister Rodney Hide, the district was bounded in the north by the start of the Auckland metropolitan area and the waters of the Manukau Harbour. Awhitu Peninsula stretches up the Tasman coast to the mouth of this harbour, here are located several holiday spots, such as Kariotahi Beach and Matakawau. To the south, Franklin was bounded by the lowlands of the Waikato Plains. In the east, the rises to the Hunua Ranges. In the west is the Tasman Sea, the Waikato River mouth is at Port Waikato in the south of the region. This is renowned as a place for surfcasting. The area is rural, with local settlements such as Waiuku. One industry of note is the New Zealand Steel steel mill at Glenbrook, the name of Franklin probably derives from Lady Jane Franklin, an early British traveller and the wife of Captain Sir John Franklin, who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land. Lady Franklin visited the Waikato Heads in 1841, Franklin County News, a twice-weekly newspaper based in Pukekohe, serves the former Franklin district
30.
Auckland Airport
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Auckland Airport is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand, with 16,487,648 passengers in the year ended December 2015. The airport is located near Mangere, a suburb and Airport Oaks. It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand, and as the New Zealand hubs of Virgin Australia, Auckland Airport is one of New Zealand’s most important infrastructure assets, providing thousands of jobs for the region. It had 71% of New Zealands international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000 and it is one of only two airports in New Zealand capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft. The airport is the fourth busiest in Australasia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane airports, around 2008, the airport was rated in the top 3 worldwide for airports handling 5–15 million passengers annually. It was also voted the 12th best airport in the world in 2013 at the Skytrax World Airport Awards and it has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour, using a single runway which is fully Cat IIIb capable. In November 2007 work began on a new runway, to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft. The timing of the recommencement of construction of the runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway. The expected completion date for the runway is now 2025. The site of the airport was first used as an airfield by the Auckland Aero Club, in 1928, the club leased some land from a dairy farmer to accommodate the clubs three De Havilland Gypsy Moths. The club president noted at the time that the site has many advantages of vital importance for an aerodrome and it has good approaches, is well drained and is free from power lines, buildings and fogs. Prior to rebuilding, this was known as Mangere Aerodrome, in 1960 work started to transform the site into Aucklands main airport, taking over from Whenuapai in the north-west of the city. Much of the runway is on land reclaimed from the Manukau Harbour, the first flight to leave was an Air New Zealand DC-8 in November 1965, bound for Sydney. The airport was opened the following year, with a grand air pageant on Auckland Anniversary weekend,29 January to 31 January 1966. A new international terminal, named after Jean Batten, was built in 1977, prior to this, all flights used what is now the domestic terminal. In 2005, the terminal was altered, separating arriving and departing passengers. Previously taxiway Alpha had been modified and designated as Runway 23R/05L so that work could be completed on the main runway 23L/05R. After the work was completed, the temporary runway reverted to taxiway alpha, in 2007, construction began on a second runway to the north of the current one
31.
Rainbow's End (theme park)
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Rainbows End is a 9.3 hectares theme park in Manukau, Auckland. Rainbows End includes the theme park and also Kidz Kingdom. The park, owned by Rangatira Limited, is currently New Zealands largest theme park, the agreement with the Council also commits the company to re-invest $3 million every three years into new rides or upgrades. Ride History 1982- Park opens with the Bumper Boats, Mini Golf, Can Am Cars, Mirage Cars, 1983- Cinema 180, Pirate Ship, Maze and the indoor play area open. Castle Land closes and the new Kidz Kingdom outdoor covered area is opened on Boxing Day 2012 with 3 new rides, The Choco Express, Surf n Swing, happy Feet replaces Journey to the Centre of the Earth in the Motion Master. 2013- The indoor section of Kidz Kingdom opens which includes The Fortress of Fun, Enzos Country Raceway, 2014- Stratosfear, a Discovery Revolution ride from Zamperla, opened on 17 April. Unlike most Discoverys this version sends riders upside down, one of only 4 of them in the world that do so, 2015- Brand new Family Karts arrive, the karts can seat up to 2 passenger and go up to 22km/hr on the purpose built track. After 32 years of operation, Rainbows End closed and demolished their Cinema 180 and this was the last of its kind in the world. The park announced on their website that they will be building a new attraction around this area in the future, 2016- The Dodgems ride is completely refurbished including all new cars and 1950s drive in theme. Its main attraction is New Zealands only corkscrew roller coaster, a new ride, called Stratosfear, opened on 17 April 2014. Stratosfear is one of only 4 on the planet and it is located near the Fear Fall and Family Karts. AA Drivers Town - A driving experience covering 1, 200sq m where children up to 12 years old drive mini Suzuki Swift vehicles through a town with two way roads, roundabouts and traffic lights. Stratosfear - Billed as the scariest ride yet, sends 30 riders spinning through the air and this was one of only 4 of its kind in the world on opening day. The Invader - The Invader is a DiskO Coaster from Zamperla in Italy which utilises gravity to move across a 15 metre high,80 metre long w-shaped track, Power Surge - The Power Surge is a thrill ride that can spin on both a horizontal and a vertical axis. Dodgems- Dodgem cars with 1950s drive in theme, Kidz Kingdom - An area in the park catered for children 8 years and under. The outdoor covered area has seven rides including the Choco Express, Carousel, the indoor area includes the Fortress of Fun, Enzos Country Raceway and the Small Talk Cafe as well as interactive activities for smaller children. Corkscrew Roller coaster - A roller coaster manufactured by Arrow Dynamics and it is the only one of its kind in the country. It is over 90 feet high, and contains three inversions, a loop and a double corkscrew
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Westfield Manukau City
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Westfield Manukau City is a major shopping centre located in the Auckland suburb of Manukau. It has a current catchment area of 312,840 persons and it employs around 1,460 staff as of late 2007. Westfield Manukau City was acquired by the Westfield Group in 2001, the centre was redeveloped in 1986 and 1992, by then owners National Mutual and Fletcher Challenge
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Manukau Branch
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The Manukau Branch is a 2.5 km spur railway line off the North Island Main Trunk railway from Wiri to Manukau City Centre in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the first fully new section of line constructed in Auckland since the Eastern Line in 1930. From Manukau, the connects to the NIMT in the northbound direction only. The estimated cost of the project was $50 million, construction began in June 2008 with completion expected in late 2011. However, due to work on the Auckland network taking priority. Station works were reported essentially finished by October 2011, and the line opened on 15 April 2012, the branch leaves the NIMT south of Puhinui station and slightly north of the closed Wiri station. It runs on both New Zealand Railways Corporation and Auckland Council land, the NZ Transport Agency built some of the branchs earthworks. The extension of State Highway 20 to State Highway 1 included provision for the route, following the opening of the branch, Auckland mayor Len Brown called for the completion of its southbound link to the North Island Main Trunk. The branch has one station, Manukau train station, the terminus in Manukau City Centre. The station will be integrated with a new 16 bay bus station on Auckland Council owned Lot 59, the station is also intended to move more people into Manukau Central, an area identified by council as a future metropolitan centre. The station is in a 300m long trench, similar to the New Lynn station, a total of 47, 000m2 of earth had been excavated when earthworks finished in May 2010. The station is located at the heart of a campus for the Manukau Institute of Technology, the branch opened on 15 April 2012. Auckland mayor Len Brown believed 600,000 people would pass through the Manukau station each year, after several months in operation, during June 2012 daily usage levels were around 500-600 passengers. List of Auckland railway stations Project DART - Manukau link
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North Island Main Trunk
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The North Island Main Trunk is the main railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, connecting capital city Wellington with the countrys largest city, Auckland. The line is 682 kilometres long and passes through Paraparaumu, Palmerston North, Taihape, National Park, Taumarunui, Te Kuiti, Hamilton, most of the NIMT is single track with frequent passing loops, built to the New Zealand rail gauge of 1,067 mm. The line is double track between Wellington and Waikanae, between Hamilton and Te Kauwhata, and between Meremere and Auckland Britomart, the first section of what became the NIMT opened in 1873 in Auckland. Construction of the Wellington end began in 1885, and the line was completed in 1908, the line is credited for having been an economic lifeline for the young nation, and for having opened up the centre of the North Island to European settlement and investment. In the early days, a journey could take more than 20 hours, today. Aucklands first railway was the 13 km line between Point Britomart and Onehunga via Penrose, opened in 1873, the section from Penrose to Onehunga is now called the Onehunga Branch. This line reached Mercer by 20 May 1875, with 29 km from Ngaruawahia being constructed by the Volunteer Engineer Militia and it was extended to Frankton by December 1877, and to Te Awamutu in 1880. An economic downturn stalled construction for the five years. There were also protracted negotiations with local Māori, and the King Country was not accessible to Europeans until 1883, the Wellington-Longburn section was constructed between 1881 and 1886 by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company. The company was acquired by the New Zealand Railways Department in 1908, from Te Awamutu it was proposed that the line be built via Taupo or via Taumarunui, the eventual route. Construction of the central section began on 15 April 1885. It was 23 years before the two met, as the central section was difficult to survey and construct. The crossing of the North Island Volcanic Plateau with deep ravines required nine viaducts, by the beginning of 1908, there was a 39 km gap between Erua and Ohakune, with a connecting horse-drawn coach service. From Ohakune south to Waiouru the Public Works Department operated the train, but much of the new section was temporary, with some cuttings north of Taonui having vertical batters and some unballasted sections of track. Ward drove the last spike on 6 November 1908, and the Last Spike monument is at Manganui-o-te-Ao 39°16. 44′S 175°23. 37′E, a two-day NIMT service started on 9 November, with an overnight stop at Ohakune. The dining car went on the express from Wellington to Ohakune, then transferred to the southbound express. Under T. Ronaye the general manager from 1895 to 1913 the section south to Parnell was duplicated and improvements made to the worst gradients, under his successor E. H. Hiley the second Parnell Tunnel with two tracks and an easier gradient was completed in 1915-1916. On the Kakariki bank between Halcombe and Marton a deviation reduced the 1 in 53 grade to 1 in 70, in 1927 automatic colour light signalling was installed from Otahuhu to Mercer
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Puhinui Railway Station
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Puhinui Railway Station is a station of the Auckland rail network and is located near Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand. Passenger services on the Eastern Line and Southern Line use the station and it has an island platform and an enclosed shelter relocated from Papatoetoe station. It is accessed from Puhinui Road from both sides of the tracks via a bridge located at the site of a former level crossing. South of this station, Eastern Line and Southern Line services diverge, the Southern continues south via Homai toward Papakura. Transdev Auckland, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates services to Britomart, Manukau, Papakura
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Manukau Railway Station
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Manukau Railway Station is located at the heart of the campus of the Manukau Institute of Technology in Manukau, a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is the station for Eastern Line services between Manukau and Britomart Transport Centre in central Auckland. Access from the station to ground level and to surrounding streets is by stairs, Station works were essentially finished by October 2011, and the Manukau Branch line, a 2.5 km spur line off the North Island Main Trunk Railway, opened on 15 April 2012. Manukau station is the station on the branch line. The Eastern Line was the passenger rail line in Auckland to receive electric train services. Electric trains began running on some Eastern Line off-peak services on 15 August 2014, in December 2014, all trains using the Eastern Line began terminating at Manukau rather than alternating between Manukau and Papakura. Similarly, all Southern Line trains began terminating at Papakura or Pukekohe, transdev Auckland, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services from Manukau to Britomart along the Eastern line via Glen Innes and Panmure. At off-peak, three trains per hour depart Manukau during weekday inter-peak, decreasing to two trains per hour in the evening and on weekends, at peak times, as many as six trains per hour depart Manukau. Bus routes 33,313,352,353,361,362,365,366,368,369,380 and 580 serve Manukau Station
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Ethnic group
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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
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Polynesia
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Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including the language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they were experienced sailors who used stars to navigate at night, the term Polynesia was first used in 1756 by French writer Charles de Brosses, and originally applied to all the islands of the Pacific. In 1831, Jules Dumont dUrville proposed a restriction on its use during a lecture to the Geographical Society of Paris, historically, these islands have also been referred to as the South Sea Islands. Polynesia is characterized by an amount of land spread over a very large portion of the mid. Most Polynesian islands and archipelagos, including the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, are composed of volcanic islands built by hotspots, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Ouvéa, the Polynesian outlier near New Caledonia, are the unsubmerged portions of the largely sunken continent of Zealandia. At first, the Pacific plate was subducted under the Australian plate, the Alpine Fault that traverses the South Island is currently a transform fault while the convergent plate boundary from the North Island northwards is called the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone. The volcanism associated with subduction zone is the origin of the Kermadec. Out of approximately 300,000 or 310,000 square kilometres of land, over 270,000 km2 are within New Zealand, the Zealandia continent has approximately 3,600,000 km2 of continental shelf. The oldest rocks in the region are found in New Zealand and are believed to be about 510 million years old, the oldest Polynesian rocks outside of Zealandia are to be found in the Hawaiian Emperor Seamount Chain, and are 80 million years old. Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the Polynesian Triangle, geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, there are also small Polynesian settlements in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Caroline Islands, and in Vanuatu. An island group with strong Polynesian cultural traits outside of this triangle is Rotuma. The people of Rotuma have many common Polynesian traits but speak a non-Polynesian language, some of the Lau Islands to the southeast of Fiji have strong historic and cultural links with Tonga. However, in essence, Polynesia is a term referring to one of the three parts of Oceania. Some islands of Polynesian origin are outside the triangle that geographically defines the region. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands, most of which are part of Kiribati, are geographically Polynesian islands, tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Island Southeast Asia, there are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia
New Zealand
Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
