1.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
Star Wars
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A street performer in costume as
Darth Vader in
Amsterdam. Vader is one of the most iconic characters of the Star Wars franchise.
Star Wars
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The Star Wars logo as seen in all films
Star Wars
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George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars
Star Wars
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John Williams, composer of the musical
scores for all six films of the original and prequel trilogies.
2.
Heir to the Empire
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Star Wars, Heir to the Empire is a 1991 Star Wars novel by Timothy Zahn, and the first book in the Thrawn trilogy. It reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list, Heir to the Empire is part of the Star Wars expanded universe, and takes place five years after the events of Return of the Jedi. The Rebel Alliance has destroyed the Death Star, defeated Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine, princess Leia and Han Solo are married and expecting twins. Luke Skywalker has become the first in a new line of Jedi Knights. Thrawn is searching for a Dark Jedi and is succeeding in restoring the Empire, Gilad Pellaeon, captain of the Imperial Star Destroyer Chimaera, receives word of a successful information raid on the Obroa-skai system. A retaliatory strike by an Obroa-skai task force is defeated by Pellaeons superior. On Coruscant, Obi-Wan Kenobi approaches Luke Skywalker in his sleep to say farewell, Leia Organa Solo, three months pregnant with twins, senses Lukes depression and sends C-3PO to speak with him. On Myrkr, smuggler Talon Karrde and his subordinate Mara Jade help Thrawn, afterward, the Chimaera travels to the Emperors storehouse on Wayland. On the planet, Thrawn and Pellaeon encounter Joruus Cbaoth, the guardian of the storehouse, thrawns ysalamiri prevents Cbaoth from using the Force within a short radius, with little choice, Cbaoth offers his services in exchange for two prospective students, Luke and Leia. Thrawn sends a group of Noghri to capture Luke and Leia on Bimmisaari, meanwhile, Thrawn launches his first offensive, a series of hit-and-run attacks into New Republic territory. After another failed kidnapping on Bpffash, Han and Leia keep a low profile, Noghri aliens once again attempt to capture Leia. On Dagobah, Luke discovers a metal cylinder and decides to bring it to Lando for investigation, when the protagonists meet on Nkllon to visit Lando,51 of his mole miners are stolen by the Empire. Han and Lando discuss plans to visit Talon Karrde as part of the smuggler recruitment operation, Thrawn nearly captures Luke in a space ambush, Luke escapes but becomes stranded in his X-wing fighter with R2-D2 until the Wild Karrde discovers them. Luke guesses that the Wild Karrde is either a smuggler, a pirate, still, he takes his chances and goes aboard as he has no other option. Luke wakes up and realizes that he is no longer on the freighter, when he finally wakes up, he notices Mara is in the room with him. Karrde is undecided as to what he wants to do with Luke, Han uses C-3PO to transmit a message to Coruscant in Leias voice. Han interprets the response to mean that Feylya is gathering forces to possibly push Ackbar out of the New Republic Council, in the meantime, Han and Lando leave the Falcon to meet with a fellow smuggler who is supposed to tell them the location of Talon Karrdes base. Karrde alerts Mara to Han and Landos arrival and has Luke brought to an area before the two arrive
Heir to the Empire
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Heir to the Empire
3.
Timothy Zahn
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Timothy Zahn is an American writer of science fiction and fantasy. He is known for the Thrawn series of Star Wars novels, Zahns novella Cascade Point won the 1984 Hugo Award. At the time, Zahn was writing what would become known as the Thrawn trilogy, in turn, West End released sourcebooks for Zahns three novels from 1992-1994. Zahn also wrote the young adult Dragonback series and the popular Conquerors trilogy
Timothy Zahn
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Zahn at the 2012
New York Comic Con
4.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
Voice acting
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Voice actors in the
Sierra Leonean radio
soap opera Atunda Ayenda
Voice acting
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Actors dubbing a
television show in China while visitors look on, 1987.
5.
Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith
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Star Wars Jedi Knight, Mysteries of the Sith is an expansion pack for the 1997 first-person shooter Star Wars Jedi Knight, Dark Forces II. It was developed and published by LucasArts, and released on January 31,1998, the expansion includes a single-player mode and fifteen multiplayer maps. The multiplayer mode allows up to eight players to play online or over a Local area network, in 2009, it was re-released onto Steam, along with its predecessors and sequels. The single-player story is set five years after the events of Dark Forces II. The player controls Kyle Katarn, protagonist of Star Wars, Dark Forces and Dark Forces II, the game features several technical improvements over Dark Forces II, including colored lighting, new textures and models, and improved artificial intelligence. Mysteries of the Sith received mostly positive reviews critics, with praise given to the games story. Mysteries of the Sith is primarily a first-person shooter, but offers the choice of a third-person view. The player progresses through the game in a fashion, there are fourteen levels. Within each level the player can encounter both hostile and non-hostile non-player characters, as well as including some enemies that featured in Dark Forces II, Mysteries of the Sith adds twenty new monsters, including a rancor. Some non-hostile NPCs may help the player by attacking enemies, the player has a choice of weapons to use throughout the game. These include projectile weapons such as a blaster or thermal detonator, the player also has access to Force powers. Some are capable of causing damage to enemies while others can be used for non-violent activities, Mysteries of the Sith includes fifteen multiplayer maps, four of which only allow players to battle with lightsabers. The player can choose an avatar and the color. The game includes a system that tracks the players experience. Multiplayer mode allows the use of characters featured in both Mysteries of the Sith and Dark Forces II. There is also a choice of characters from the Star Wars films, such as Luke Skywalker, Darth Vader, each type of character has advantages and disadvantages. Several locations from the Star Wars films have been recreated as maps for multiplayer gaming and these include Lukes home on Tatooine from A New Hope, the carbon-freezing chamber on Bespin from The Empire Strikes Back and the Emperors throne room on the Death Star from Return of the Jedi. The capture the flag multiplayer mode has been altered since Dark Forces II, the player must now steal a ysalamir from the other team and return it to his or her own base
Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith
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Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith
Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith
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The cut-scenes in Mysteries of the Sith are rendered by the
3D engine, a change from the
full motion video used in Dark Forces II.
6.
Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
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Star Wars, Galactic Battlegrounds is a real-time strategy video game set in the Star Wars universe. It was developed by Age of Empires developer Ensemble Studios and LucasArts, the Japanese version published by Electronic Arts and Squaresoft Joint Venture Electronic Arts Square. It was released in November 11,2001, an expansion pack, Clone Campaigns, was released in May 14,2002, adding two new factions and campaigns. Later that year, both Galactic Battlegrounds and Clone Campaigns were released in a box set, Star Wars, Galactic Battlegrounds Saga, the games were built on the Genie engine, the same one used in Age of Empires and Age of Empires II. The player starts the game with a Command Center, a scout, the player search and gather resources such as Food, Carbon, Nova Crystals, and Ore and then using the resources in order to create new buildings, units, workers and so on. Food is used for units and troopers, as well as the work force. Carbon is used in place of Wood in Age of Empires 2 for buildings, Nova Crystals create the more high-end units and can be gathered through getting special holocrons. Ore is used for structures as well as the Gungan unique unit Fambaa. The player can build separate units at separate buildings designed specifically for different types of units, the player can advance through the four Tech Levels by paying a certain amount of resources. When a player advances a Tech Level, more units, buildings, there are a total of seven military structures in the game. These are the Troop Center, the Shipyard, the Mech factory, the Jedi Temple or Sith Temple depending on the faction, the Heavy Weapons Factory, the Airbase, the Troop center produces cannon fodder early game units. These are the Grenadier, the Anti-Air trooper, the Mounted Trooper, the Shipyard produces ships, these being the Frigate, the Destroyer, the Cruiser, and the Anti-Air Frigate. The Mech Factory produces Scouts, Assault Mechs, Strike Mechs, the Jedi Temple or Sith Temple is a depository for Holocrons and produces Jedi Padawans/Sith Apprentice and Jedi Knights/Sith Knights as well as Jedi Masters/Sith Masters. The Fortress serves as a structure and produces the civilizations unique unit and an anti-jedi Bounty Hunter, as well as long-range cannons. It fires high-damage, area-of-effect shells at air, sea or ground targets over long reload times while being durable and it is the most directly powerful unit in the game If Victory is set to standard, the player can win in three different ways. The player may win by destroying all of the enemies buildings, also, the player can use a Jedi/Sith to bring all of the Holocrons to the Jedi/Sith Temple and preserve them for 200 days. The final way to win is to build a monument that is available at Tech Level 4. If the monument stays standing for 300 days, then the player wins, tutorial - The campaign sees the player assume the role of Chewbaccas father, Attichitchuk
Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
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Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
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Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds: Clone Campaigns
7.
Star Wars: Empire at War
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Star Wars, Empire at War is a 2006 real-time strategy video game developed by Petroglyph Games and published by LucasArts. Set between Episode III and Episode IV, it focuses on the struggle between the Empire and the Rebels. It uses Petroglyphs game engine Alamo, in October 2006, an expansion titled Star Wars, Empire at War, Forces of Corruption was released. As of May 31,2014, online functionality, including network multiplayer and wireless chat is no longer due to Glu Mobile purchasing GameSpy. There are three modes, storyline-based Campaign, Galactic Conquest and Skirmish. Battles can take place on a planet or above the planet, land battles are fought with infantry and ground vehicle units, while space battles are fought with starfighter squadrons and large spacecraft. Galactic Conquest is the campaign, in which the player controls either the Rebel Alliance or The Empire. A weaker, neutral faction of Pirates exists, but makes no attempt to battle the Rebels or Empire unless attacked, grand strategy, production, and resource management are facilitated through a three-dimensional galactic map. The player receives funds from planets they control and from mining facilities, money is used to research technology, build defenses and vehicles, and train troops. Each planet confers different advantages to its owner, even though some bonuses are specific to each faction, when enemy forces meet a battle ensues. The player can use only the equipment they brought to the battle, factions must battle across both space and land maps. The defender may use any buildings or his space station if he has constructed them. In each battle, each side may only have a number of units on the field at a time, the rest are retained as Reinforcements. In land battles, a player can field more units at a time if he captures Reinforcement Points, the storyline campaign follows a semi-open linear path, where the given side must complete sequential mission objectives. Campaign missions build up to the plot of Star Wars and eventually, the campaign is very similar to Galactic Conquest, although the Galactic Map is gradually opened for play as the player completes scripted events and completes missions. Skirmish mode is the familiar, classic RTS mode, skirmishes come in two types, land and space. In land skirmishes, all start with bases and must research upgrades. In space skirmish mode, all players have a station that can be upgraded
Star Wars: Empire at War
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Star Wars: Empire at War
Star Wars: Empire at War
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A screenshot of an active galactic conquest battle (playing as the Empire)
8.
Humans (Star Wars)
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The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, followed by five sequels and three prequels. Many species of creatures are depicted. The Falleen, a Star Wars species, are a race of human-like reptilian people who come from a world called Falleen in the Midrim region of the galaxy. They can change the color and hue of their skin to convey their emotional states, males of the race have strong pheromones which can attract women of most species easily. The females have the same talent, the Falleen seldom leave their world due to the belief that their species is superior to all others. A notable minor character from this race is Prince Xizor, another major villain was Darth Karrid of the Old Republic. They are probably the Yuuzhan Vong, who launched a siege on the galaxy from 25-30 ABY, the name Far-Outsiders is also used by the inhabitants of Zonama Sekot to describe the invaders that attacked their planet. The Ruling Families cant stop them, neither can any power in the region, suggesting that the term Far-Outsiders may apply to any unknown hostile race originating from outside the galaxy. Nym, a pirate from various Star Wars computer games was a Feeorin and it is said that Feeorins only grow stronger with age. Their homeworld was Odryn for a period of time in the Old Republic era, the controversial Jedi master Feln was a Feeorin leader. It has been stated in several Star Wars novels and comics that there are only roughly 1 million Feeorins left in the galaxy, not a well known species, the only reference is in Force Heretic 1-3 and Rogue Planet. They have icy blue skin, whitish hair, and live on Zonama Sekot, the planet provides them fleshy habitats constructed of its own mass. The Firrerreo are a species of near-humans from the planet Firrerre and they have two-toned hair and golden skin. In their culture, if someone says a Firrerreos name, the Firrerreo would be forced to serve the speaker and they no longer live on Firrerre, after the poisoning of their world by the Empire, they were loaded onto massive colony ships for a journey to another world. One of their own, a Force-sensitive named Hethrir, betrayed his people by the command of Darth Vader, after the deaths of Darth Vader and Palpatine, Hethrir returned and intercepted the colony ships. He disengaged the drives and left the sleeping Firrerre to drift in space and he plundered the ships for the valuable equipment onboard and took the children to sell as slaves. Hethrir kidnapped the children of Han Solo and Princess Leia Organa Solo, Anakin, Han was on a mission on the time and did not know of the kidnappings, so Princess Leia set out to find them herself. On her quest she stumbled upon the colony ships
Humans (Star Wars)
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Jar Jar Binks, a Gungan
Humans (Star Wars)
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A Jawa with the
spore of a
sarlacc from "Fortune, Fate, and the Natural History of the Sarlacc",
Star Wars Tales 6 (2000).
9.
Female
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Female is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova. Most female mammals, including humans, have two X chromosomes. The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, a female individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male. Some organisms can reproduce sexually and asexually. There is no single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species, oogamy is a form of anisogamy. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. Other than the difference in the type of gamete produced. The concept is not limited to animals, egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, the word female comes from the Latin femella, the diminutive form of femina, meaning woman. It is not etymologically related to the male, but in the late 14th century the spelling was altered in English to parallel the spelling of male. A distinguishing characteristic of the class Mammalia is the presence of mammary glands, the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Mammary glands are most obvious in humans, as the human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are vestigial in the male of the species, most mammalian females have two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in size, one of the females X chromosomes is inactivated in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes. Intersex conditions can give rise to other combinations, such as XO or XXX in mammals. However, these conditions result in sterility. A common symbol used to represent the female sex is ♀, according to Schott, the most established view is that the male and female symbols are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of these planets, namely Thouros and Phosphoros
Female
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The symbol of the Roman goddess
Venus (goddess of love) is often used to represent the female sex and is the
alchemical symbol for copper.
10.
Jedi
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The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi
Jedi
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The Jedi were considered scholars of erudite lore, keepers of the peace, and the guardians of justice in the galaxy, with Jedi Masters often working together on missions with their respective Padawan apprentices in order to pass their knowledge and employ their abilities on the field.
11.
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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The Galactic Empire, often referred to simply as the Empire, is a fictional dictatorship featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has collapsed and is remembered as the Old Empire. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi, Palpatines Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate, the Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatines decision. Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, by the time of Episode IV, A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Rebel Alliance. The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic, the crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor. When the extent of the Separatist threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate and this conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and his first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, the Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellors motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers and their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa, the film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the Separatists against each other. When the Jedi apprentice Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatines office and declares that he is under arrest, Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting I am the Senate. Palpatine quickly produces a lightsaber and dispatches all but Windu, when Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatines behalf by cutting off Windus hand, allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning, Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force, becoming Palpatines third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66, led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, a deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Augustus in the robes and cloak of his position as
Pontifex Maximus
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Emblem of the Galactic Empire
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler in black SS uniform, visiting a
concentration camp. Star Wars and History published by Lucasfilm says that
Darth Vader 's relationship with
Palpatine is alike
Himmler 's relationship with
Hitler. Mary Henderson in Star Wars: The Magic of Myth contends that
Darth Vader 's all-black uniform and his devout obedience to the Emperor has allusion to
Nazi Germany 's SS.
12.
New Republic (Star Wars)
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The New Republic is the main fictional government in the Star Wars universe. The government is a restoration to the Galactic Republic, a state that governed the galaxy. Following its decisive victory at the Battle of Endor as depicted in Return of the Jedi, the goal of the New Republic was to restore the democratic rule of the galaxy that had existed under its predecessor state, the Old Republic. These individuals were able to form the First Order, an offshoot of the Empire seeking to destroy the Republic, for the three decades preceding the film, the First Order operated secretly in the unexplored regions, rebuilding its army and starfleet, in hopes of resurrecting the Empire. Inspired by the ideology of the Old Empire, the First Order constructed Starkiller Base, the superweapon was built into a mobile planet from the unexplored regions of the galaxy, and would travel across multiple star systems to draw their suns energy in order to charge its weapon. However, Starkiller Base is later destroyed by the Resistance, a splinter of the Republics military and protagonists of the film, the new Alliance serves as a provisional government which eventually transitions into the New Republic. Star Wars, The Force Awakens, The Visual Dictionary, New Republic on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
New Republic (Star Wars)
–
Emblem of the New Republic
13.
Princess Leia
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Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, later known as General Leia Organa, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and she thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empires cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi, Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vaders daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith establishes that the mother is Senator Padmé Amidala of Naboo. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan, in The Force Awakens, Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order and has a son with Han named Ben, who goes by the name Kylo Ren. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows. Her cinnamon buns hairstyle from Star Wars and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons, Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi, The first talked about a princess, the second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter, the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamills character, There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the sister had to rescue him. In the fourth draft it was established that Leia Organa came instead from Alderaan, Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia, with actresses including Amy Irving, Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role. Asked about Streep in 2015, Fisher said, Bullshit, but Jodie Foster was up for it. That one I knew the most, the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were sent to the protection of friends in a distant system, the mother died shortly thereafter, and Lukes sister was adopted by Bens friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife. Fisher explained in 1983, Leias real father left her mother when she was pregnant, I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess. Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga, Princess Leias Theme was recorded as a concert suite for the score of the 1977 film
Princess Leia
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Promotional photo of Fisher wearing Princess Leia's characteristic hairstyle in Star Wars (1977)
Princess Leia
–
Lady of Elche
Princess Leia
–
Hopi girl, 1922
Princess Leia
–
Princess Leia (played by Carrie Fisher) in her iconic "metal bikini" slave outfit from Return of the Jedi (1983)
14.
Han Solo
–
Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
Han Solo
–
Harrison Ford as Han Solo in
Star Wars
15.
Jaina Solo
–
The Solo family is a fictional family of characters in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars, smuggler Han Solo is initially a morally ambiguous character and he is also a major character in the sequels The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. In The Force Awakens, Han and Princess Leia have a son named Ben Solo, Han first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope where he is played by Harrison Ford. He and his Wookiee co-pilot, Chewbacca are initially hired to transport Luke Skywalker, Han and Chewbacca later become involved in the Rebel Alliance and are committed to its cause. Over the course of the franchise, Han becomes a leader for the Alliance, falls in love with and marries Leia Organa. Leia first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher and she is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader, over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, following the events of Return of the Jedi, Leia and Han have a son, Ben Solo. He is taught the ways of the Force by his uncle, Luke Skywalker, taking up the name Kylo Ren, he sets out to destroy the First Orders enemy and his mothers militant force, the Resistance, as well as kill his former master, Luke. The characters below are no longer considered to be officially canon after the acquisition of Star Wars by Disney, King Berethon e Solo ruled the planet Corellia during the Golden Age of the Old Republic, and set up a constitutional monarchy in 312 BBY. His descendants continued to rule Corellia until the establishment of the Diktat centuries later, by 29 BBY, their declining status had driven them out of rule and into poverty. Han Solo was born during this time, following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia by Dave Wolverton. Han and Leia have a son and daughter in Timothy Zahns The Last Command. Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy by Kevin J. Anderson, all three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, Jaina Solo and her twin brother Jacen were created by Timothy Zahn in the Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command. She is the eldest child of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, and has appeared in various novels, Jaina, named after Hans mother, is born five minutes before her brother Jacen in the Thrawn trilogy. The twins, and eventually their younger brother, live at various safe havens for their first few years under the protection of Leias handmaiden Winter, the twins play a small role in Kevin J. Andersons Jedi Academy trilogy. In Champions of the Force, Jaina helps her brother defend their unconscious uncle from the spirit of Sith Lord Exar Kun, in Vonda McIntyres The Crystal Star, Jaina is kidnapped and used in a plot, along with her siblings, to take advantage of their Force powers
Jaina Solo
–
Jaina Solo.
Jaina Solo
–
Jacen Solo as Darth Caedus
16.
Jacen Solo
–
Jacen Solo is a fictional character in the Star Wars expanded universe. The son of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo and the nephew of Luke Skywalker, he is a character in several Star Wars novels. He becomes the antagonist of the Legacy of the Force series and he is the brother of Anakin Solo and Jaina Solo, grandson of Anakin Skywalker, and cousin of Ben Skywalker. Jacen is introduced in the 1993 novel The Last Command, the installment of the Thrawn trilogy. The twins, and eventually their younger brother Anakin, were sent to live at various safe havens, under the protection of Leias handmaiden, in Jedi Search, the twins returned to Coruscant at age three and had many adventures there. They once got lost in the underworld of Imperial City with C-3PO, but were rescued and returned to their mother. In the Young Jedi Knights series, Jacen travels to Yavin 4 with his sister to begin his Jedi training. Jacen discovers a connection to the Living Force — the concentration on the present moment — and can communicate with. He even keeps a menagerie of animals in his room in the Great Massassi Temple. He and his sister befriend the Wookiee Lowbacca and the warrior princess Tenel Ka, in Heirs of the Force and Shadow Academy, Jacen and Jaina discover a crashed TIE fighter from the Battle of Yavin. Jaina installs a hyperdrive in the downed starfighter and begins fixing it to fly again. Jacen, Lowbacca, and Tenel Ka help her to practice their Force skills until all are held captive by the TIEs original pilot, Qorl and they eventually escape, but so does Qorl, leaving the jungle moon behind and searching for any remnants of the Galactic Empire. Qorl discovers the Shadow Academy, a ground for Dark Jedi commanded by one of Luke Skywalkers fallen students, Brakiss. These elements of the so-called Second Imperium kidnap Jacen, Jaina and Lowbacca, the friends return to Coruscant for a short vacation, and are reunited with the twins childhood friend Zekk. They are forced to fight Jacen and Jaina several times, Jacen uses a corusca gem he had gained earlier for his focusing crystal. Jacens hard-learned lesson hits home once again in Lightsabers, when Tenel Ka rushes to complete her lightsaber to keep up with her friends and she uses an imperfect crystal and her blade shorts out in a sparring match with Jacen. His lightsaber passes through thin air where her weapon had been seconds before, though she bears him no ill will for the accident, Jacen is wracked with guilt. In Darkest Knight, the twins and Tenel Ka go to Kashyyyk with Lowbacca to witness his sisters adulthood rites, in Jedi Under Siege, the Jedi trainees and the Shadow Academy have their final confrontation on Yavin 4
Jacen Solo
–
Jacen Solo as Darth Caedus
17.
Anakin Solo
–
The Solo family is a fictional family of characters in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars, smuggler Han Solo is initially a morally ambiguous character and he is also a major character in the sequels The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. In The Force Awakens, Han and Princess Leia have a son named Ben Solo, Han first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope where he is played by Harrison Ford. He and his Wookiee co-pilot, Chewbacca are initially hired to transport Luke Skywalker, Han and Chewbacca later become involved in the Rebel Alliance and are committed to its cause. Over the course of the franchise, Han becomes a leader for the Alliance, falls in love with and marries Leia Organa. Leia first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher and she is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader, over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, following the events of Return of the Jedi, Leia and Han have a son, Ben Solo. He is taught the ways of the Force by his uncle, Luke Skywalker, taking up the name Kylo Ren, he sets out to destroy the First Orders enemy and his mothers militant force, the Resistance, as well as kill his former master, Luke. The characters below are no longer considered to be officially canon after the acquisition of Star Wars by Disney, King Berethon e Solo ruled the planet Corellia during the Golden Age of the Old Republic, and set up a constitutional monarchy in 312 BBY. His descendants continued to rule Corellia until the establishment of the Diktat centuries later, by 29 BBY, their declining status had driven them out of rule and into poverty. Han Solo was born during this time, following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia by Dave Wolverton. Han and Leia have a son and daughter in Timothy Zahns The Last Command. Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy by Kevin J. Anderson, all three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, Jaina Solo and her twin brother Jacen were created by Timothy Zahn in the Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command. She is the eldest child of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, and has appeared in various novels, Jaina, named after Hans mother, is born five minutes before her brother Jacen in the Thrawn trilogy. The twins, and eventually their younger brother, live at various safe havens for their first few years under the protection of Leias handmaiden Winter, the twins play a small role in Kevin J. Andersons Jedi Academy trilogy. In Champions of the Force, Jaina helps her brother defend their unconscious uncle from the spirit of Sith Lord Exar Kun, in Vonda McIntyres The Crystal Star, Jaina is kidnapped and used in a plot, along with her siblings, to take advantage of their Force powers
Anakin Solo
–
Jaina Solo.
Anakin Solo
–
Jacen Solo as Darth Caedus
18.
Luke Skywalker
–
Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star
Luke Skywalker
–
Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker in
Return of the Jedi
19.
Ben Skywalker
–
The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars series. Within the series universe, the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force. In terms of the internal chronology, the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine, Qui-Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi-chlorians than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui-Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui-Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi-chlorians, as the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakins absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars, while Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. Shmi Skywalker is a character in the Star Wars universe. She appears in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace and Star Wars and she is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and maternal great-grandmother to Kylo Ren. Her first name is derived from Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess, in The Phantom Menace, she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine. She welcomes Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn into their home, and tells him that Anakin has no father, Qui-Gon helps Anakin win his freedom, but cannot get Shmi out of slavery. She allows Anakin to leave with Qui-Gon, assuring her son that they will meet again. In Attack of the Clones, Anakin, now a teenaged Jedi apprentice and he travels to Tatooine to find her, and, upon arriving, learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars, but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders. He finds her one of their encampments, but its too late—beaten and tortured beyond help. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp and his mothers death ignites a strong anger in Anakin, and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader. Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father, Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi Prophecy, who will bring balance to the Force. After the death of Qui-Gon, he becomes the Padawan of Obi-Wan Kenobi and he also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala, the young senator of Naboo
Ben Skywalker
–
Shmi Skywalker, as seen in The Phantom Menace.
20.
Star Wars expanded universe
–
The Star Wars expanded universe is a collective term for all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Clone Wars animated film, a number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens, and multiple novels and comic book series. Fosters 1978 novel Splinter of the Minds Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful. A Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics ran from April 1977 to May 1986, former Marvel Editor-In-Chief Jim Shooter credited the titles strong sales for saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978. Marvels Star Wars series was one of the top selling titles in 1979 and 1980. The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed, StarWars. com wrote in 2014 that the novel jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe. It introduced, among others, the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade and this so-called Thrawn trilogy is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise. In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucass decision to create the prequel trilogy. Around this same time, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the film trilogy. In 1999, Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books, New Jedi Order, set 25 to 30 years after the original films, introduced a new threat, the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy. The bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explores the time period after Return of the Jedi, subsequent novels and comics were set before, concurrent with, and after the events of these works. In 2004, USA Today reported that over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print. He said, The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars, the movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations. Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories, the animated television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, in October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion. In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends, the companys focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material. The announcement called these works the immovable objects of Star Wars history and it was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it. Lucas had previously used the character Aayla Secura, introduced in 2000 in the Star Wars, Republic comic book series, in Attack of the Clones
Star Wars expanded universe
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An overall map of the Star Wars galaxy
Star Wars expanded universe
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The Star Wars logo, as seen in all films
Star Wars expanded universe
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A divided and more detailed map of the Star Wars galaxy
Star Wars expanded universe
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Rebel forces approach the
Death Star I during the
Battle of Yavin, an event regarded by George Lucas a decisive moment within the fictional history of the Star Wars "Legends" branded Expanded Universe, and is marked as year 0 BBY on Galactic Standard Calendar.
21.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
Video game
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Two girls playing a driving-themed video arcade game in 2007.
Video game
–
Tennis for Two, an early
analog computer game that used an
oscilloscope for a display
Video game
–
Nolan Bushnell at the
Game Developers Conference in 2011
22.
Fictional universe
–
A fictional universe is a self-consistent imaginary setting with events, and often other elements, that differ from the real world. It may also be called an imagined, constructed or fictional realm, fictional universes may appear in novels, comics, films, television shows, video games and other creative works. What distinguishes a fictional universe from a setting is the level of detail. A fictional universe has a continuity and internal logic that must be adhered to throughout the work. So, for instance, many books may be set in conflicting fictional versions of Victorian London, however, the various film series based on Sherlock Holmes follow their own separate continuities, and so do not take place in the same fictional universe. The history and geography of a universe are well-defined, and maps. When subsequent works are written within the universe, care is usually taken to ensure that established facts of the canon are not violated. Even if the fictional universe involves concepts such as magic that dont exist in the real world, a famous example of a detailed fictional universe is Arda, of J. R. R. Tolkiens books The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. He created first its languages and then the world itself, which he states was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the history for the Elvish tongues. Another, more recent, famous fictional universe is that of the Avatar film series, as James Cameron has invented an entire ecosystem, also, he commissioned a linguistics expert to invent the Navi language. Virtually every successful fictional TV series or comic book develops its own universe to keep track of the episodes or issues. Writers for that series must follow the story bible, which becomes the series canon. This creates a universe that future authors can write about. These stories about the universe or universes that existed before the retcon are usually not canonical, Crisis on Infinite Earths was an especially sweeping example. Some writers choose to introduce elements or characters from one work into another, for example, the character of Ursula Buffay from American sitcom Mad About You was also a recurring guest star in Friends, despite the two series having little else in common. Fellow NBC series Seinfeld also contained references to Mad About You. L. Frank Baum introduced the characters of Capn Bill and Trot, the two characters made a number of subsequent appearances in later Oz books. Sir Thomas Mores Utopia is one of the earliest examples of a fictional world with its own rules and functional concepts
Fictional universe
–
Map of the
land of Oz, the fictional realm that is the setting for
L. Frank Baum 's "
Oz " series.
23.
The Last Command (novel)
–
Star Wars, The Last Command is a 1993 Star Wars novel by Timothy Zahn, and the third book in the Thrawn trilogy. The book is set a month after Dark Force Rising, now emboldened by his recent capture of the Katana fleet and staffing them with clone personnel, Grand Admiral Thrawn launches his offensive against the New Republic with great success. Through certain deception techniques, several planets quickly capitulate to the Empire and he ups the ante when the Imperial fleet deploys 22 cloaked asteroids over Coruscant and fakes the presence of over 260 asteroids to immobilize the planet and the Republic leadership. By this time, Mon Mothma finally reconciles with Sen Garm Bel Iblis, elsewhere, Han Solo, Chewbacca and Talon Karrde work to form an alliance of smugglers to assist with the New Republic defense. Although the smugglers consider staying in the sidelines, an Imperial raid on their meeting place finally unites them against the Empire, the Jedi Master wants to turn Leia, Luke and the twins to the Dark Side. The raids sole survivor points to Mara as their mole and she is arrested, as they slip out of Coruscant, Republic security shuts down an Imperial eavesdropping system located in the former Imperial Palace. Mara, Luke, Han, Lando, Chewie, the droids and they slip past Imperial forces in the area with help from the Noghri and two local alien races. Han, Lando, and Chewie rig the base to explode, Mara, Luke, Karrde and Leia face Cbaoth, who produced his own Skywalker clone named Luuke to attack them. After a fierce battle, Mara kills Cbaoth and fulfills the Emperors orders - by killing Luuke, having learned of Thrawns deception strategy, the Republic fleet organizes an assault on the Imperial shipyards at Bilbringi to capture a device that can find the cloaked asteroids over Coruscant. A feint operation at Tangrene will draw Imperial forces away from Bilbringi, however, Thrawn sees through the deception and marshals his forces at the shipyards. When the Republic fleet and the attack, the Imperial forces severely maul them. Things nearly go the Empires way - until Capt. Gilad Pellaeon receives word of the attack on Wayland, when he reads that Noghri were among the attackers, Thrawns own Noghri bodyguard Rukh stuns him and kills the admiral himself before disappearing. With all hopes of victory now dashed by Thrawns death, Pellaeon orders all Imperial forces to retreat, back in Coruscant, Luke gives Mara Jade his fathers lightsaber and invites her to train as a Jedi. Like the other books in the series, West End Games created for this novel a role-playing game sourcebook that expanded on Zahns characters, locations, weapons, and other facts
The Last Command (novel)
–
The Last Command
24.
Lucasfilm
–
LLC is an American film and television production company based in the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco, California. The studio is best known for creating and producing the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as its leadership in developing special effects, sound and computer animation for film. Lucasfilm was founded by filmmaker George Lucas in 1971 in San Rafael, California, the Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in 2012 at a valuation of $4.06 billion. Lucasfilm was founded by filmmaker George Lucas in 1971, and incorporated as Lucasfilm Ltd. on September 12,1977, on July 8,2005, Lucasfilms marketing, online, and licensing units moved into the new Letterman Digital Arts Center located in the Presidio in San Francisco. It shares the complex with Industrial Light & Magic, Lucasfilm had planned an expansion at Skywalker Ranch in Marin County, California, but shelved the plan in 2012 due to opposition from neighbors. However, it plans to expand elsewhere. Skywalker Sound remains the only Lucasfilm division based at Skywalker Ranch, in January 2012, Lucas announced his retirement from producing large-scale blockbuster films and instead re-focusing his career on smaller, independently budgeted features. She would in June 2013 and is now chairperson of Lucasfilm, on September 5,2012, Micheline Chau, who served as president and COO of Lucasfilm for two decades, announced that she was retiring. With her departure, senior executives for each of the Lucasfilm divisions will report directly to Kathleen Kennedy, Chau was credited with keeping the Lucasfilm and Star Wars brands strong, especially through animation spin-offs and licensing initiatives. Lucas told Iger he was considering retirement and planned to sell the company, on October 30,2012, Disney announced a deal to acquire Lucasfilm for $4.05 billion, with approximately half in cash and half in shares of Disney stock. Kathleen Kennedy, co-chairman of Lucasfilm, became president of Lucasfilm, additionally she serves as the brand manager for Star Wars, working directly with Disneys global lines of business to build, further integrate, and maximize the value of this global franchise. Kennedy serves as producer on new Star Wars feature films, with George Lucas originally announced as serving as creative consultant, the company also announced the future release of new Star Wars films, starting with Star Wars, The Force Awakens in 2015. Disney also acquired Lucasfilms portfolio of entertainment technologies, the intent was for Lucasfilm employees to remain in their current locations. Star Wars merchandising would begin under Disney in the fiscal year 2014, starting with Star Wars Rebels, certain products will be co-branded with the Disney brand, akin to what Disney has done with Pixar. On December 4,2012, the Disney-Lucasfilm merger was approved by the Federal Trade Commission, on December 18,2012, Lucasfilm Ltd. was reincorporated as Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC, and on December 21,2012, the deal was announced to be completed, in April 2013, the development arm of the LucasArts division was closed down and most of its staff was laid off. However, LucasArts remained open with a staff of fewer than ten employees so it could retain its function as a video game licensor. On May 6,2013, Disney announced a deal with Electronic Arts to produce Star Wars games for the core gaming market
Lucasfilm
–
Lucasfilm headquarters at the
Letterman Digital Arts Center
25.
Grand Admiral Thrawn
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Grand Admiral Thrawn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Thrawn faces off against classic Star Wars characters Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, and Lando Calrissian in the Thrawn trilogy, but is ultimately defeated. He is seemingly resurrected in the Hand of Thrawn duology, and his backstory is explored in other novels, short stories, comics. The character will also be featured in a 2017 novel titled Thrawn, Thrawn has been called one of the most significant and popular characters in the Legends continuity, and several Star Wars action figures and other merchandising have been produced of the character. Thrawn first appeared in the 1991 Timothy Zahn novel Heir to the Empire and he is a Grand Admiral in the Imperial Navy, and categorically the most brilliant of the Emperors minions. A member of the alien Chiss species, Thrawn is described as a tall, solidly built humanoid with blue skin and he has risen in power thanks to his tactical brilliance and cunning, and has been described as one of the most threatening antagonists in the Star Wars universe. IGN described the character as diabolical, brilliant and ruthless, Zahn said in 2017, Most of the Imperial leaders we see in the movies rule through a combination of fear and manipulation. I wanted to something different, a commander who could lead through loyalty. The result was Thrawn, a genius whose troops follow him willingly. Zahn explained in 2008 that Thrawns version of the Empire is different than that of Palpatine because Thrawn does not have Palpatines megalomania and xenophobia and he is often cited as one of the most popular characters in the franchise. Star Wars Rebels executive producer Dave Filoni said of the character in 2016 and it was a dark time when there werent any more movies, and it blew our minds that there could be more. The Thrawn trilogy itself is credited with reviving interest in the Star Wars franchise. In 2010, Star Wars, The Clone Wars creator Filoni expressed interest in using Thrawn in that series, in Timothy Zahns Heir to the Empire, master tactician Grand Admiral Thrawn plots to destroy the New Republic despite their numerical advantage over the remaining Imperial forces. He sets his sights on the Wayland storehouse of the late Emperor Palpatine, which contains an array of Spaarti cloning cylinders. Cbaoth offers his allegiance in exchange for two acolytes to bend to his will, Darth Vaders twin children, Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa Solo, Thrawn sends some of his Noghri killers to capture Luke and a pregnant Leia, but their attempts repeatedly fail. Leia defends herself from one attack, and is surprised when the Noghri suddenly surrenders, Thrawn launches his first offensive, a series of hit-and-run attacks into New Republic territory, and then steals a complement of mole miners from Lando Calrissians mining operations on Nkllon. In need of warships, and with his previous tactics having forced over 100 lightly manned ships to be stationed at the Sluis Van shipyards as he planned, Thrawn invades. His stormtroopers use the stolen miners to board and hijack the ships, the Grand Admiral withdraws his forces, but thanks to Thrawns plotting, his New Republic nemesis Admiral Ackbar is soon arrested for treason
Grand Admiral Thrawn
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Thrawn (left) as illustrated in The Essential Atlas, alongside Captain Pellaeon
26.
Smuggling
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There are various motivations to smuggle. Examples of non-financial motivations include bringing banned items past a security checkpoint or the removal of classified documents from a government or corporate office, Smuggling is a common theme in literature, from Bizets opera Carmen to the James Bond spy books Diamonds are Forever and Goldfinger. The verb smuggle, from Low German schmuggeln or Dutch smokkelen, apparently a frequentative formation of a meaning to sneak. Smuggling has a long and controversial history, probably dating back to the first time at which duties were imposed in any form, in England smuggling first became a recognised problem in the 13th century, following the creation of a national customs collection system by Edward I in 1275. Medieval smuggling tended to focus on the export of highly taxed export goods — notably wool, merchants also, however, sometimes smuggled other goods to circumvent prohibitions or embargoes on particular trades. Most studies of historical smuggling have been based on official sources — such as court records, according to Dr Evan Jones, the trouble with these is that they only detail the activities of those dumb enough to get caught. This has led him and others, such as Prof Huw Bowen to use records to reconstruct smuggling businesses. Grain smuggling by members of the elite, often working closely with corrupt customs officers, has also been shown to have been prevalent in East Anglia during the later 16th century. In England wool was smuggled to the continent in the 17th century, the principal reason for the high duty was the need for the government to finance a number of extremely expensive wars with France and the United States. The thievery was boasted about and romanticized until it seemed a kind of heroism and it did not have any taint of criminality and the whole of the south coast had pockets vying with one another over whose smugglers were the darkest or most daring. The Smugglers Inn was one of the commonest names for a bar on the coast, in Henley Road, smuggling in colonial times was a reaction to the heavy taxes and regulations imposed by mercantilist trade policies. After American independence in 1783, smuggling developed at the edges of the United States at places like Passamaquoddy Bay, St. Marys in Georgia, Lake Champlain, and Louisiana. During Thomas Jeffersons embargo of 1807-1809, these places became the primary places where goods were smuggled out of the nation in defiance of the law. Like Britain, a gradual liberalization of laws as part of the free trade movement meant less smuggling. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt tried to cut down on smuggling by establishing the Roosevelt Reservation along the United States-Mexico Border, Smuggling revived in the 1920s during Prohibition, and drug smuggling became a major problem after 1970. In the 1990s, when sanctions were imposed on Serbia. The state unofficially allowed this to continue or otherwise the entire economy would have collapsed, much smuggling occurs when enterprising merchants attempt to supply demand for a good or service that is illegal or heavily taxed. As a result, illegal trafficking, and the smuggling of weapons, as well as the historical staples of smuggling, alcohol
Smuggling
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A skirmish with smugglers from
Finland at the
Russian border, 1853. A painting by Vasily Hudiakov.
Smuggling
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The International Anti-Opium Association, Peking "The War Against Opium
Smuggling
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A poster warning the German women and girls about the danger of human traffic in the USA (ca 1900)
Smuggling
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Actress and
UNICEF Ambassador Lucy Liu spoke out against human trafficking and lauded USAID efforts to increase awareness
27.
Talon Karrde
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This is an incomplete list of prominent characters from the Star Wars expanded universe, now rebranded Star Wars Legends. The accompanying works were declared non-canon to the Star Wars franchise by Lucasfilm in 2014 and this list applies only to characters who completely appear in Legends media, and who therefore do not exist in the canon continuity. For characters belonging to the continuity, see List of Star Wars characters. 8t88 A droid working with Jerec in Star Wars Jedi Knight, Abeloth A dark side entity, Abeloth began as a mortal woman who came across the immortal Force entities, the Ones, on their mysterious home world. Taking on the mantle of the Mother, Abeloth helped the The Father keep the peace between her warring Son and Daughter for many years. However, fearing her own mortality, the Mother bathed in the Pool of Knowledge and drank from the Font of Power, the result was that she became the dark side entity Abeloth. Following this Abeloths family relocated to the mysterious planet Mortis, leaving her to her lonely prison, millennia later, following the actions of the Sith Lord Darth Caedus, the Jedi launched an attack on Centerpoint and destroyed the ancient space station. This resulted in the destruction of Sinkhole Station, allowing Abeloth to finally leave her prison. Using her dark powers, Abeloth possessed the charismatic Senator Rokari Kem. She was eventually destroyed by the efforts of Skywalker and his Sith counterpart, Darth Krayt. King Adas King of Korriban during the time of the First Sith Empire and his reign lasted nearly three hundred years. Darth Andeddu The self-styled Immortal God-King of Prakith who reigned as Dark Lord of the Sith during the Hundred-Year Darkness and he left behind a holocron that supposedly held the secret to immortality. Nom Anor A Yuuzhan Vong character prominent throughout The New Jedi Order series of novels and he was responsible for half of the Yuuzhan Vong invasion in the Star Wars galaxy. In the latter half of the The New Jedi Order, he became an antihero as he led a movement among his people to take down their ruler. By the seriess end, having seen to the deaths of Shimrra and his puppet master Onimi, Bail Antilles An Alderaanian senator, as he is the father of Breha Antilles, wife to Bail Organa, Antilles is the adoptive grandfather of Princess Leia Organa. Seti Ashgad A hyperdrive engineer working for the Incom Corporation who also served in the Galactic Senate during the days of the Clone Wars and he was known as The Golden Tempter, and was also known for his extreme ambition and wanted to replace Palpatine as Supreme Chancellor. Attichitcuk — portrayed by Paul Gale The father of Chewbacca and he was one of Kashyyyks prominent chieftains during the final years of the Galactic Republic. He appears as a character in Star Wars, Galactic Battlegrounds
Talon Karrde
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Jedi Master Kit Fisto
28.
Palpatine
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Sheev Palpatine is a fictional character of the Star Wars franchise, mainly portrayed by Ian McDiarmid. In the original trilogy, he is depicted as the aged, pale-faced and cloaked Emperor of the Galactic Empire, as Sidious, he instigates the Clone Wars, nearly destroys the Jedi, and transforms the Republic into the Empire. He also manipulates Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker into turning to the dark side, Palpatines reign is brought to an end when Vader kills him to save his son, Luke Skywalker. The Emperor is briefly mentioned in the original Star Wars, the first film in the original trilogy, grand Moff Tarkin explains to his fellow Imperials that the Emperor has dissolved the Senate. The Emperor first appeared in The Empire Strikes Back and he appears in hologram form to address Darth Vader, his Sith apprentice. He tells Vader that Luke Skywalker is becoming a threat to the Empire. Vader convinces him that Luke would be an asset if turned to the dark side. In 1983s Return of the Jedi, the Emperor appears in person to oversee the last stages of the second Death Stars construction and he assures Darth Vader that they will together turn Luke, now revealed to be Vaders son, to the dark side. Unknown to Vader, the Emperor plans to replace his apprentice with Luke, when Vader brings Luke before his master, the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedis fear for his friends, whom he has lured into a trap. This leads to a duel in which Luke defeats and nearly kills Vader. The Emperor tells Luke to kill Vader and take his place, enraged, the Emperor attacks Luke with Force lightning. Moved by his sons cries for help, Vader throws the Emperor into the Death Stars reactor shaft, as Sidious, he influences the corrupt Trade Federation to blockade and invade Naboo. Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo flees to the planet Coruscant to receive counsel from Palpatine, after a plea for help from the senate results in bureaucratic delays, Palpatine persuades the queen to make a motion to have Supreme Chancellor Finis Valorum removed from office. When Padmé attempts to liberate Naboo, Sidious sends his Sith apprentice Darth Maul there to capture her, the invasion is eventually thwarted and Maul is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Obi-Wan Kenobi. Palpatine uses the crisis to be elected the new Chancellor of the Republic and he then returns to Naboo, where he befriends the young Anakin Skywalker, telling him that, We will watch your career with great interest. In the 2002 sequel Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones, since the Separatists are secretly building a battle droid army, Palpatine uses the situation to have himself granted emergency powers. Palpatine feigns reluctance to accept this authority, promising to return it to the Senate once the crisis has ended and his first act is to allow the creation of a clone army to counter the Separatist threat, this results in the opening salvo of the Clone Wars. With the galaxy now at war as Sidious planned, Dooku brings him the plans for a new superweapon
Palpatine
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Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine in
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
Palpatine
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Ian McDiarmid as Emperor Palpatine in
Return of the Jedi.
Palpatine
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Palpatine's clone in the
Dark Empire series by
Tom Veitch and
Cam Kennedy
Palpatine
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Chancellor Palpatine in
Star Wars: Clone Wars
29.
Telepathy
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Telepathy is the purported transmission of information from one person to another without using any of our known sensory channels or physical interaction. Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls, there is no convincing evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the scientific community to be pseudoscience. Telepathy is a theme in modern fiction and science fiction, with many extraterrestrials, superheroes. As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena, the modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context. The skeptic Eric Dingwall criticized SPR founding members Frederic W. H. Myers, in the late 19th century the magician Washington Irving Bishop would perform thought reading demonstrations. Bishop claimed no supernatural powers and ascribed his powers to muscular sensitivity, Bishop was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the British Medical Journal and the psychologist Francis Galton. Bishop performed several feats such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table. During the experiment Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer and he would hold the hand or wrist of the helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a telepath but using a highly trained skill to detect ideomotor movements. Another famous thought reader was the magician Stuart Cumberland, Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought reading performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the Society for Psychical Research who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that telepathy and communication with the dead were impossible and that the mind of man can not be read through telepathy. In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters were tested by the Society for Psychical Research, however, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to fraud. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the evidence of the truth of thought transference. The psychologist Leonard T. Troland had carried out experiments in telepathy at Harvard University which were reported in 1917, the subjects produced below chance expectations. Arthur Conan Doyle and W. T, Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote the Zancigs performed telepathy, the results revealed no evidence for telepathy. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband, Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 partial successes and 70 failures
Telepathy
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An experiment in
sensory deprivation aiming to demonstrate TP
Telepathy
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George Albert Smith
30.
Cloning
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In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments, cells, the term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. The term clone, invented by J. B. S. Haldane, is derived from the Ancient Greek word κλών klōn, twig, referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig. In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century, since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. In botany, the term lusus was traditionally used, Cloning is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for more than 50 thousand years. It is the method used by plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of these organisms include blueberry plants, hazel trees, the Pando trees, the Kentucky coffeetree, Myricas, molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes and it is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence, initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector. The vector is linearised using restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase, following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of techniques are available, such as chemical sensitivation of cells, electroporation, optical injection. Finally, the cells are cultured. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening on X-gal medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained, further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of PCR, restriction fragment analysis and/or DNA sequencing, Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of organisms such as bacteria and yeast. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, a useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings
Cloning
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The
sea anemone (
Anthopleura elegantissima) undergoing cloning
Cloning
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Cloning cell-line colonies using cloning rings
