1.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
First Lady of the United States
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Incumbent
Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States
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Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.
First Lady of the United States
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First Ladies (from left to right)
Michelle Obama,
Laura Bush, former Secretary of State and presidential candidate
Hillary Clinton,
Barbara Bush, and
Rosalynn Carter during the dedication of the
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum in 2013.
First Lady of the United States
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Missouri Governor
John Ashcroft and First Lady
Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading
Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
2.
Woodrow Wilson
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
Woodrow Wilson
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President Wilson in 1919
Woodrow Wilson
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Wilson c. mid 1870s
Woodrow Wilson
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Ellen Axson Wilson (1883)
Woodrow Wilson
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daughters Jessie and Margaret
3.
Ellen Axson Wilson
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Ellen Louise Axson Wilson, was the first wife of Woodrow Wilson and the mother of his three daughters. Like her husband, she was a Southerner from a slave-owning family and she was born in Savannah, Georgia, but raised in Rome, Georgia. Having an artistic bent, she studied at the Art Students League of New York before her marriage and she was First Lady of the United States from Wilsons inauguration in 1913 until her death. During that period, she arranged White House weddings for two of their daughters, in April 1883, she met Woodrow Wilson when he was visiting his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia, on family business. At that time, she was keeping house for her widowed father, Woodrow Wilson thought of Ellen, What splendid laughing eyes. They were engaged 5 months later, but postponed the wedding while he did work at Johns Hopkins University. Ellens father committed suicide while hospitalized for depression, after which she went North to study at the Art Students League of New York, after graduation, she pursued portrait art and received a medal for one of her works from the Paris International Exposition. Wilson, who was 28 years of age, married Ellen, age 25, on June 24,1885, at her grandparents home in Savannah. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather and they honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina. That same year, Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania offered Dr. Wilson a teaching position at a salary of $1,500. He and his bride lived near the campus, keeping her brother with them. Together, the Wilsons had three daughters, Margaret Woodrow Wilson - singer, businesswoman, Hindu nun Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre - she worked three years at a settlement house in Philadelphia, Sayre at the White House in 1913. They settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts, when Mr. Sayre joined the faculty of Harvard Law School, Jessie was active in the League of Women Voters, the YWCA, and as secretary of the Massachusetts Democratic Committee. Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo Insisting that her children must not be born as Yankees, Ellen went to stay with relatives in Gainesville, Georgia for Margarets birth in 1886, but Eleanor was born in Connecticut in 1889, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University. Wilsons career at Princeton University began in 1890, bringing Ellen new social responsibilities and she took refuge from such demands in her art. As First Lady, she drew sketches and painted in a set up on the third floor of the White House. She donated much of her work to charity and she arranged the White House weddings of two of her daughters. After Wilson was elected as president in 1912, the Wilsons preferred to begin the administration without an inaugural ball, the First Ladys entertainments were simple, but her unaffected cordiality made her parties successful
Ellen Axson Wilson
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Ellen Wilson
Ellen Axson Wilson
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Ellen Axson Wilson by her friend
Frederic Yates - 1906
Ellen Axson Wilson
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Ellen Louise Wilson's grave in Myrtle Hill Cemetery, Rome, Georgia, with her family graves
4.
Edith Wilson
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Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, second wife of U. S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She married Woodrow in December 1915, during his first term as President, President Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919. Edith Wilson began to screen all matters of state and decided which were important enough to bring to the bedridden president, in doing so, she de facto ran the executive branch of the government for the remainder of the presidents second term, until March 1921. She was the first First Lady to assume presidential functions, Edith Bolling was born October 15,1872 in Wytheville, Virginia to circuit court judge William Holcombe Bolling and his wife Sarah Sallie Spears. Her birthplace is a building in the Wytheville Historic District. Edith was a descendant of settlers who came to Virginia early in the British colonization of the Americas, rolfes granddaughter, Jane, married Robert Bolling, a wealthy planter and merchant. Ediths great grandmother was a sister to Thomas Jefferson and she was related to Martha Washington. Edith was the seventh of 11 children, two of whom died in infancy, after the Civil War, William Bolling settled on his fathers property in Wytheville, where most of his children were born. The Bollings were staunch supporters of the Confederate States of America, as was often the case with former slaveowners, the Bollings believed their former slaves were content with life on Rose Cottage Plantation and had little desire for freedom. After the Civil War William Bolling turned to the practice of law to support his family, the Bolling household was a large one. In addition to the 9 surviving children, Ediths two grandmothers, several aunts, and some cousins also lived with the Bollings, most of these female relatives had lost their husbands during the war. Edith had little education, but that is not to say she was uneducated. While her sisters were enrolled in schools, she was not. Her paternal grandmother, Anne Wiggington Bolling, played a role in her education. Crippled by a spinal injury, Grandmother Bolling was confined to bed and it was Ediths responsibility to wash her clothing, turn her in bed at night. Grandmother Bolling also taught Edith to read, write, speak a language of French and English, make dresses, crochet, knit. William Bolling read classic English literature aloud to his family at night, hired a tutor to teach Edith, during her childhood, Edith was particularly impressed by the songs and folktales she heard. The Bollings attended church regularly, Edith would be a lifelong devout Episcopalian, when Edith was 15, her father enrolled her at Martha Washington College, a finishing school for girls in Abingdon, Virginia, he chose it for its excellent music program
Edith Wilson
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Edith Wilson
Edith Wilson
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Wilson's official White House portrait
Edith Wilson
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Woodrow Wilson 's first posed photograph after his stroke. He was paralyzed on his left side, so Edith holds a document steady while he signs. June 1920.
5.
Gainesville, Georgia
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The city of Gainesville is the county seat of Hall County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 33,804, because of its large number of poultry processing plants, it is often called the Poultry Capital of the World. Gainesville was established as Mule Camp Springs by European-American settlers in the early 1800s, less than three years after the organization of Hall County on December 15,1818, Mule Camp Springs was renamed as Gainesville on April 21,1821. It was named in honor of General Edmund P. Gaines, a hero of the War of 1812, Gainesville was selected by the legislature to be the county seat, and was chartered by the Georgia Legislature on November 30,1821. A gold rush began in nearby Lumpkin County in the 1830s resulted in an increase in the number of settlers. In the middle of the century, Gainesville had two important events. In 1849, it established as a resort center, with people attracted to the springs. In 1851, much of the city was destroyed by fire. After the American Civil War, Gainesville began to grow from 1870, in 1871 the Airline Railroad, later named the Georgia Southern Railroad, began to stop in Gainesville, increasing its ties to other markets and stimulating business and population. It grew from 1,000 in 1870, to over 5,000 by 1900, by 1898, textile mills had become the primary driver of the economy, with the railroad integral to delivering raw cotton and carrying away the mills products. With the revenues generated by the mills, in 1902, Gainesville became the first city south of Baltimore to install street lamps, on March 1,1905, free mail delivery began in Gainesville and on August 10,1910 the US Gainesville post office was opened. On December 22,1915 the citys first skyscraper, the Jackson Building, had its formal opening, in 1919 Southern Bell made improvements to the phone system. City services began in Gainesville on February 22,1873 with the election of a City Marshal, in 1890, a bond issue to fund the waterworks was passed, and the original water distribution system was developed. In 1943, at the height of World War II, Gainesville contributed to the war effort by leasing the airport to the US government for $1.00, the military used it as a Naval Air Station for training purposes. In 1947, the airport was returned to the City of Gainesville, after World War II, a businessman named Jesse Jewell started the poultry industry in north Georgia. Chickens have since become the states largest agricultural crop and this $1 billion a year industry has given Gainesville the title Poultry Capital of the World. In 1957, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Lake Sidney Lanier, the river also flows through Alabama and Florida. Named after an American poet, the lake is located along the border with Forsyth County, not far from the major metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, this is the most visited Corps-created lake in the nation
Gainesville, Georgia
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Hall County Courthouse (Gainesville, Georgia)
Gainesville, Georgia
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Gainesville
Gainesville, Georgia
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Lake Lanier at River Forks Park
6.
Pondicherry
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Pondicherry is the capital city and the largest city of the Indian union territory of Puducherry. The city of Pondicherry is situated in Puducherry district of the union territory and it is affectionately known as Pondy, and has been officially known by the alternative name Puducherry in Tamil since 2006. Pondicherry city consists of 42 wards, wards 1-10 are located in north of the city. Wards 11-19 are located in Boulevard Town and remaining wards are located in the southwest of the downtown, the history of the city of Pondicherry is recorded only after the arrival of Dutch, Portuguese, British and French colonialists. A marketplace named Poduke or Poduca is recorded as a Roman trading destination from the mid 1st century, the area was part of the Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram in the 4th century. The Cholas of Thanjavur held it from the 10th to 13th centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire took control of almost all of the South of India in the 14th century and maintained control until 1638 when they were supplanted by the Sultan of Bijapur. The French East India Company established this town as their headquarters in 1674, five trading posts were established along the south Indian coast between 1668 and 1674. The town was separated by a canal into the French Quarter, during the Anglo-French wars, Puducherry changed hands frequently. On January 16,1761, the British captured Puducherry from the French, the British took control of the area again in 1793 at the Siege of Pondicherry amid the Wars of the French Revolution, and returned it to France in 1814. When the British gained control of the whole of India in the late 1850s, Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam, Karaikal and Chandernagar remained a part of French India until 1954 when it was incorporated into the Indian Union along with the rest of French India. On 18 October 1954 in an election involving 178 people in Pondicherry Municipal and Commune Panchayat,170 people were in favour of independence. The de facto transfer of the French India territories form French governance to the Indian union took place on 1 November 1954, however, the formal de jure transfer of territory agreement between France and India was signed on 16 August 1962. The topography of Pondicherry is the same as that of coastal Tamil Nadu, pondicherrys average elevation is at sea level, and a number of sea inlets, referred to as backwaters can be found. Pondicherry experiences extreme coastal erosion as a result of a constructed in 1989. Where there was once a broad, sandy beach, now the city is protected against the sea by a 2-km-long seawall.5 m above sea level, today, the seawall consists of rows of granite boulders which are reinforced every year in an attempt to stop erosion. As a consequence of the seawall, Pondicherry experiences severe seabed erosion and turbulence at the coastal margin, whenever gaps appear as the stones fall into the continually eroding seabed, the government of Puducherry adds more boulders. Pondicherrys seawall has also caused beach erosion to migrate further up the coast, to the villages in Puducherry. In 2012, the Ministry of Power inaugurated the Smart Grid project in Puducherry, farming around Pondicherry include crops such as rice, pulses, sugarcane, coconuts, and cotton
Pondicherry
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Clockwise from top right: Gandhi Statue,
Promenade Beach,
Matrimandir,
Sri Aurobindo Ashram,
Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Park Monument,
Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus,
Manakula Vinayagar Temple
Pondicherry
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Pondicherry waterfront circa 1900
Pondicherry
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Panoramic view of Pondicherry town
Pondicherry
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A PRTC deluxe bus.
7.
French India
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French India, formally the Établissements français dans lInde, was a French colony comprising geographically separate enclaves on the Indian subcontinent. The possessions were acquired by the French East India Company beginning in the second half of the 17th century. The French establishments included Pondichéry, Karikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast and Chandernagor in Bengal. French India also included several loges in other towns, but after 1816, the loges had little commercial importance, by 1950, the total area measured 510 km2, of which 293 km2 belonged to the territory of Pondichéry. In 1936, the population of the colony totalled 298,851 inhabitants, France was the last of the major European maritime powers of the 17th century to enter the East India trade. Historians have sought to explain Frances late entrance in the East India trade, in 1604 a company was granted letters patent by King Henry IV, but the project failed. Fresh letters patent were issued in 1615, and two went to India, only one returning. From 1658, François Bernier, a French physician and traveller, was for years the personal physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. La Compagnie française des Indes orientales was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert, in 1667 the French India Company sent out another expedition, under the command of François Caron, which reached Surat in 1668 and established the first French factory in India. In 1669, Marcara succeeded in establishing another French factory at Masulipatam, in 1672, Saint Thomas was taken but the French were driven out by the Dutch. Chandernagore was established in 1692, with the permission of Nawab Shaista Khan, in 1673, the French acquired the area of Pondicherry from the qiladar of Valikondapuram under the Sultan of Bijapur, and thus the foundation of Pondichéry was laid. By 1720, the French had lost their factories at Surat, on 4 February 1673, Bellanger, a French officer, took up residence in the Danish Lodge in Pondichéry, thereby commencing the French administration of Pondichéry. In 1674 François Martin, the first Governor, initiated ambitious projects to transform Pondichéry from a fishing village into a flourishing port-town. The French, though, found themselves in conflict with the Dutch. In 1693 the Dutch captured Pondichéry and augmented the fortifications, the French regained the town in 1699 through the Treaty of Ryswick, signed on 20 September 1697. From their arrival until 1741, the objectives of the French, during this period, the French East India Company peacefully acquired Yanam in 1723, Mahe on Malabar Coast in 1725 and Karaikal in 1739. In the early 18th century, the town of Pondichéry was laid out on a grid pattern, able governors like Pierre Christophe Le Noir and Pierre Benoît Dumas expanded the Pondichéry area and made it a large and rich town. Under the command of the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleixs army successfully controlled the area between Hyderabad and Cape Comorin, but then Robert Clive arrived in India in 1744, a British officer who dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French empire India
French India
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A portrait of
Ananda Ranga Pillai.
French India
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French India after 1815
French India
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Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the
Deccan,
Murzapha Jung.
French India
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Suffren meeting with ally
Hyder Ali in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving, 1789.
8.
Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre
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Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. ”Jessie Woodrow Wilson was born in Gainesville, Georgia, the second daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Axson Wilson. She was the sister of Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor Wilson McAdoo. Wilson was educated privately in Princeton, New Jersey and at Goucher College in Baltimore and she was a member of Gamma Phi Beta sorority. After her graduation from Goucher, she worked at a settlement home in Philadelphia for three years, in July 1913, four months after her father assumed the presidency, the Wilsons announced Jessies engagement to Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. Her fiance, a 1911 graduate of Harvard Law School, was the son of Robert Sayre, builder of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and organizer, at the time of their engagement he was serving in the office of a district attorney. Their November 25,1913 wedding was the thirteenth White House wedding, upon their return from their honeymoon in Europe, they moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, where her husband began his service as an assistant to the president of Williams College. On January 17,1915, she gave birth in the White House to a son, Sayre, Jr. who became a noted clergyman and was a social activist like his mother. The following year, a daughter, Eleanor Axson Sayre, was born, in 1919 they were joined by Woodrow Wilson Sayre. After World War I, the Sayres moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, there, she worked in the interests of the Democratic Party, the League of Nations, and the League of Women Voters. She was also involved with the YWCA, serving on its national board, at the time of Woodrow Wilsons death in 1924, the couple was living in Siam where Francis was working as an advisor on international law at the Royal Court of Siam. In 1928, she made the speech for presidential nominee Al Smith at the Democratic National Convention. In 1929 her name was mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for United States Senator, for the then held by Republican Frederick H. Gillett. She became secretary of the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee instead, Sayre died at age 45, after undergoing abdominal surgery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some reports state that she suffered from a bladder disorder. Two years later, the Boston branch of the Womens Democratic League was renamed the Jessie Woodrow Sayre Womens Democratic League and she is buried in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre
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Jessie Woodrow Wilson in 1913
Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre
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Two daughters of Woodrow Wilson, Jessie Wilson, standing, and Eleanor R. Wilson, seated, reading.
9.
Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
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Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo was the youngest daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson had two sisters, Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre and she was an American author who wrote about her father. Born in Middletown, Connecticut, she married Wilsons Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo at the White House on May 7,1914 and they had 2 daughters Ellen Wilson McAdoo and Mary Faith McAdoo. Because she had written a biography about her father, she served as a counselor on the 1944 biopic Wilson. In 1965, she became incapacitated after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. McAdoo died at her home in Montecito, California, at 77 and she was interred at the Santa Barbara Cemetery, Santa Barbara, California. She was the last surviving child of Woodrow Wilson
Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
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Eleanor Wilson circa 1910
10.
Yankee
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The term Yankee and its contracted form Yank have several interrelated meanings, all referring to people from the United States. Its various senses depend on the scope of context, most broadly, Outside the United States, Yank is used informally to refer to any American, including Southerners. Within Southern American English, Yankee is a term used to refer to any and all Northerners. The speech dialect of Eastern New England is called Yankee or Yankee dialect, within New England itself, the term Yankee refers specifically to old-stock New Englanders of English descent. The informal British and Irish English Yank refers to Americans in general and it is especially popular among Britons and Australians and sometimes carries pejorative overtones. The Southern American English Yankee is typically uncontracted and at least mildly pejorative, the root of the term is uncertain. In 1758, British General James Wolfe made the earliest recorded use of the word Yankee to refer to people from what became the United States, later British use of the word often was derogatory, as in a cartoon of 1775 ridiculing Yankee soldiers. The meaning of Yankee has varied over time, in the 18th century, it referred to residents of New England descended from the original English settlers of the region. Mark Twain used the word in this sense the following century in his novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court, as early as the 1770s, British people applied the term to any person from what became the United States. In the 19th century, Americans in the southern United States employed the word in reference to Americans from the northern United States, though not to recent immigrants from Europe. Thus, a visitor to Richmond, Virginia commented in 1818, The enterprising people are mostly strangers, Scots, Irish, another theory surmises that the word is borrowed from the Wyandot pronunciation of the French langlais, sounded as Yan-gee. Linguists, however, do not support any Indian origins, the change from English to Yengees is very trifling. Sonneck noted that multiple American writers since 1775 had repeated this story as if it were fact, despite what he suggested were clear holes in it. First, he noted that it was proposed at the start of the American Revolution and would have been a welcome anti-English rhetoric. Second, it had never been the tradition of any Indian tribe to transfer their name to group of people. Third and most importantly, there had never been a tribe called the Yankoos, most linguists look to Dutch sources, noting the extensive interaction between the colonial Dutch in New Netherland and the colonial English in New England. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives its origin as around 1683, when it was applied insultingly to Dutch Americans by the English, however, it was at some point reappropriated by Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam who started using it against the English colonists of neighboring Connecticut. Linguist Jan de Vries notes that there was mention of a pirate named Dutch Yanky in the 17th century
Yankee
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Loyalist newspaper cartoon from Boston ridicules "Yankie Doodles" militia who have encircled the British forces inside the city
11.
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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The Sri Aurobindo Ashram is a spiritual community located in Pondicherry, in the Indian territory of Puducherry. The ashram grew out of a community of disciples who had gathered around Sri Aurobindo after he retired from politics. On 24 November 1926, after a major spiritual realization, Sri Aurobindo withdrew from view in order to continue his spiritual work. At this time he handed over the responsibility for the inner and outer lives of the sadhaks and the ashram to his spiritual collaborator. This date is generally known as the founding-day of the ashram, though, as Sri Aurobindo himself wrote. It does not have any branches, many other organisations in Pondicherry and elsewhere include “Sri Aurobindo” in their name, but they are not part of Sri Aurobindo Ashram. The most important organisation also inspired by the vision of Sri Aurobindo is Auroville, life in the community that preceded the ashram was informal. Sri Aurobindo spent most of his time in writing and meditation, the three or four young men who had followed him to Pondicherry in 1910 lived with him and looked after the household. Otherwise they were free to do as they wished. ”After the ashram was given shape in 1926, it experienced a period of rapid growth. The membership leveled off in 1934 owing to a lack of suitable housing, during these years there was a regular routine. At 6,00 every morning the Mother appeared on the balcony to initiate the day with her blessings. Sadhaks would have very early and completed a good portion of the day’s work including meditation. The heads of the departments met the Mother in the morning and took her blessings and she would meet the sadhaks individually again at 10 am and, in the evening at 5,30 pm, she would conduct meditation and meet the sadhaks. In addition, four times a year Sri Aurobindo and the Mother used to give public Darshans to thousands of devotees gathered to receive grace, once confined to a few buildings in one corner of Pondicherry, the Ashram’s growth has caused it to expand physically in all directions. Today Ashramites live and work in more than 400 buildings spread throughout the town, the central focus of the community is one group of houses including those in which Sri Aurobindo and the Mother dwelt for most of their lives in Pondicherry. This white marble shrine holds, in two chambers, the physical remains of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. Today, Pondicherry has become an important destination for spiritual seekers as well as tourists, thousands of visitors from all over the world come to the ashram. The visiting hours for the visitors are from 8 am to 12 noon, in Sri Aurobindos yoga, the highest aim is the state of being one with the Divine, without the renunciation of life in the world
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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Entrance to Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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The Mother's symbol
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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People waiting in a queue to get inside the ashram
12.
Sri Aurobindo
–
Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist, philosopher, yogi, guru and poet. Aurobindo studied for the Indian Civil Service at Kings College, Cambridge and he was arrested in the aftermath of a number of bomb outrages linked to his organisation, but was only convicted and imprisoned for writing articles against British rule in India. He was released when no evidence could be provided, following the murder of prosecution-witness during the trial, during his stay in the jail he had mystical and spiritual experiences, after which he moved to Pondicherry, leaving politics for spiritual work. During his stay in Pondicherry, Aurobindo developed a method of practice he called Integral Yoga. The central theme of his vision was the evolution of life into a life divine. He believed in a spiritual realisation that not only liberated man but transformed his nature, in 1926, with the help of his spiritual collaborator, Mirra Alfassa, he founded the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. He died on 5 December 1950 in Pondicherry and his works also include philosophy, poetry, translations and commentaries on the Vedas, Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943, Aurobindo Ghose was born into a Kayastha family in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, India on 15 August 1872. His mother was Swarnalata Devi, whose father was Shri Rajnarayan Bose and she had been sent to the more salubrious surroundings of Calcutta for Aurobindos birth. Aurobindo had two siblings, Benoybhusan and Manmohan, a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother. Young Aurobindo was brought up speaking English but used Hindustani to communicate with servants, although his family were Bengali, his father believed British culture to be superior. Darjeeling was a centre of British life in India and the school was run by Irish nuns, through which the boys would have exposed to Christian religious teachings. Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his sons to enter the Indian Civil Service, to achieve this it was necessary that they study in England and so it was there that the entire family moved in 1879. The three brothers were placed in the care of the Reverend W. H. Drewett in Manchester, Drewett was a minister of the Congregational Church whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British friends at Rangapur. The boys were taught Latin by Drewett and his wife and this was a prerequisite for admission to good English schools and, after two years, in 1881, the elder two siblings were enrolled at Manchester Grammar School. Aurobindo was considered too young for enrolment and he continued his studies with the Drewetts, learning history, Latin, French, geography and arithmetic. Although the Drewetts were told not to teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed to Christian teachings and events, Drewett emigrated to Australia in 1884, causing the boys to be uprooted as they went to live with Drewetts mother in London. In September of that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Pauls School there and he learned Greek and spent the last three years reading literature and English poetry
Sri Aurobindo
–
Sri Aurobindo
Sri Aurobindo
–
Aurobindo (seated center next to his mother) and his family. In England, ca. 1879.
Sri Aurobindo
–
Basement of 49 St Stephen's Avenue, London W12 with Sri Aurobindo
Blue Plaque
Sri Aurobindo
–
copy of Bande mataram, September 1907
13.
Sadhvi
–
In Hinduism, a sādhu is a religious ascetic or holy person. It literally means one who practises a ″sadhana″ or keenly follows a path of spiritual discipline. Although the vast majority of sādhus are yogīs, the sādhu is solely dedicated to achieving mokṣa, the fourth and final aśrama, through meditation and contemplation of Brahman. Sādhus often wear saffron-coloured clothing, symbolising their sannyāsa and this way of life is open to women, the female form of the word is sādhvī. The Sanskrit terms sādhu and sādhvī refer to renouncers who have chosen to live apart from or on the edges of society to focus on their own spiritual practices. The words come from the root sādh, which means reach ones goal, make straight, the same root is used in the word sādhanā, which means spiritual practice. It literally means one who practises a ″sadhana″ or a path of spiritual discipline, there are 4 to 5 million sadhus in India today and they are widely respected for their holiness. It is also thought that the practices of the sadhus help to burn off their karma. Thus seen as benefiting society, sadhus are supported by donations from many people, however, reverence of sadhus is by no means universal in India. Historically and contemporarily, sadhus have often been viewed with a degree of suspicion. Today, especially in popular pilgrimage cities, posing as a sadhu can be a means of acquiring income for non-devout beggars, there are naked sadhus who wear their hair in thick dreadlocks called jata. Aghori sadhus may claim to keep company with ghosts and live in cemeteries as part of their holy path, indian culture tends to emphasise an infinite number of paths to God, such that sadhus, and the varieties of tradition they continue, have their place. The plant is used during the celebration of Maha Shivaratri. Sadhus engage in a variety of religious practices. Some practice extreme asceticism while others focus on praying, chanting or meditating, less numerous are Shakta sadhus, who are devoted to Shakti. Within these general divisions are numerous sects and subsects, reflecting different lineages and philosophical schools, the Dashanami Sampradaya are Smartists, sadhus in the sect take one of the ten names as an appellation upon initiation. The sect is said to have formed by the philosopher and renunciant Adi Shankara, believed to have lived in the 8th century CE. Among them are the Naga, naked sadhu known for carrying weapons like tridents, swords, canes, said to have once functioned as an armed order to protect Hindus from the Mughal rulers, they were involved in a number of military defence campaigns. Generally in the ambit of non-violence at present, some sections are known to practice wrestling and their retreats are still called chhaavni or armed camps, and mock duels are still sometimes held between them
Sadhvi
–
Two sadhus near
Pashupatinath temple in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sadhvi
–
A sadhu in
yoga position, reading a book in
Varanasi
Sadhvi
–
A sadhu in
Kathmandu.
Sadhvi
–
A sadhu in
Madurai, India.
14.
Sanskrit
–
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, a philosophical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and a literary language and lingua franca of ancient and medieval South Asia. As a result of transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia and parts of Central Asia, as one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies. The body of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical, the compositions of Sanskrit were orally transmitted for much of its early history by methods of memorization of exceptional complexity, rigor, and fidelity. Thereafter, variants and derivatives of the Brahmi script came to be used, Sanskrit is today one of the 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which mandates the Indian government to develop the language. It continues to be used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form of hymns. The Sanskrit verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- may be translated as refined, elaborated, as a term for refined or elaborated speech, the adjective appears only in Epic and Classical Sanskrit in the Manusmṛti and the Mahabharata. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved, Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini, around the fourth century BCE. Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form, the present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE. Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or Pāṇinian Sanskrit as separate dialects, although they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a collection of hymns, incantations and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, for nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana, the deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa, meaning of the ṛṣis, in some contexts, there are also more prakritisms than in Classical Sanskrit proper. There were four principal dialects of classical Sanskrit, paścimottarī, madhyadeśī, pūrvi, the predecessors of the first three dialects are attested in Vedic Brāhmaṇas, of which the first one was regarded as the purest. In the 2001 Census of India,14,035 Indians reported Sanskrit to be their first language, in India, Sanskrit is among the 14 original languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The state of Uttarakhand in India has ruled Sanskrit as its official language. In October 2012 social activist Hemant Goswami filed a petition in the Punjab. More than 3,000 Sanskrit works have been composed since Indias independence in 1947, much of this work has been judged of high quality, in comparison to both classical Sanskrit literature and modern literature in other Indian languages
Sanskrit
–
Rigveda (
padapatha) manuscript in
Devanagari, early 19th century
Sanskrit
–
Devi Mahatmya palm-leaf manuscript in an early
Bhujimol script,
Bihar or
Nepal, 11th century
Sanskrit
–
A poem by the ancient Indian poet Vallana (ca. 900 – 1100 CE) on the side wall of a building at the Haagweg 14 in Leiden, Netherlands
Sanskrit
–
Kashmir Shaiva manuscript in the
Śāradā script (c. 17th century)
15.
Joseph Campbell
–
Joseph John Campbell was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work covers many aspects of the human experience, Campbells magnum opus is his book titled The Hero with a Thousand Faces in which he discusses his theory of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world mythologies. Since publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Campbells theory has been applied by a wide variety of modern writers. His philosophy has been summarized by his own often repeated phrase, Joseph Campbell was born in White Plains, New York, the son of Josephine and Charles William Campbell. He was from an upper-middle-class Irish Catholic family, during his childhood, he moved with his family to nearby New Rochelle, New York. In 1919 a fire destroyed the home in New Rochelle. In 1921 Campbell graduated from the Canterbury School in New Milford, while at Dartmouth College he studied biology and mathematics, but decided that he preferred the humanities. He transferred to Columbia University, where he received a BA in English literature in 1925, at Dartmouth he had joined Delta Tau Delta. An accomplished athlete, he received awards in track and field events, in 1924 Campbell traveled to Europe with his family. In 1927 Campbell received a fellowship from Columbia University to study in Europe, Campbell studied Old French, Provençal and Sanskrit at the University of Paris in France and the University of Munich in Germany. He learned to read and speak French and German, on his return to Columbia University in 1929, Campbell expressed a desire to pursue the study of Sanskrit and Modern Art in addition to Medieval literature. Lacking faculty approval, Campbell withdrew from graduate studies, later in life he said while laughing but not in jest that it is a sign of incompetence to have a PhD in the liberal arts, the discipline covering his work. With the arrival of the Great Depression a few later, Campbell spent the next five years living in a rented shack on some land in Woodstock. There, he contemplated the next course of his life engaged in intensive. He later said that he would divide the day into four four-hour periods, I would get nine hours of sheer reading done a day. And this went on for five years straight, Campbell traveled to California for a year, continuing his independent studies and becoming close friends with the budding writer John Steinbeck and his wife Carol. On the Monterey Peninsula, Campbell, like John Steinbeck, fell under the spell of marine biologist Ed Ricketts, Campbell began writing a novel centered on Ricketts as a hero but, unlike Steinbeck, did not complete his book. Bruce Robison writes that Campbell would refer to days as a time when everything in his life was taking shape
Joseph Campbell
–
Joseph Campbell, c. 1984.
Joseph Campbell
–
Campbell and
Jean Erdman c. 1939
16.
Hindu
–
Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically used as a geographical, cultural, or religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time, by the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of India who were not Turks or Muslims. The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear, competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and regional languages. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma, the Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term Hindu in religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for Mughals, scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. Hindoo is a spelling variant, whose use today may be considered derogatory. At more than 1.03 billion, Hindus are the third largest group after Christians. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million, live in India, according to Indias 2011 census. After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom and Myanmar. These together accounted for 99% of the worlds Hindu population, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means a large body of water, covering river, ocean. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries, the Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hidush, the people of India were referred to as Hinduvān and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term Hindu in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term, the Arabic equivalent Al-Hind likewise referred to the country of India. Among the earliest known records of Hindu with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang, Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose connotation overflows in the religious according to Arvind Sharma. The Hindu community occurs as the amorphous Other of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, wilfred Cantwell Smith notes that Hindu retained its geographical reference initially, Indian, indigenous, local, virtually native. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves, the poet Vidyapatis poem Kirtilata contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks in a city and concludes The Hindus and the Turks live close together, Each makes fun of the others religion
Hindu
–
A Hindu wedding ritual in India.
Hindu
–
Hindu culture in Bali,
Indonesia. The Krishna-Arjuna sculpture inspired by the
Bhagavad Gita in
Denpasar (top), and Hindu dancers in traditional dress.
Hindu
Hindu
–
Hindus at
Har Ki Pauri,
Haridwar near river
Ganges in
Uttarakhand state of India.
17.
Sri Ramakrishna
–
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo,17 February 1836 –16 August 1886), born Gadadhar Chatterjee or Gadadhar Chattopadhyay, was an Indian mystic and yogi during the 19th-century. Admiration for him amongst Bengali elites led to the formation of the Ramakrishna Mission by his chief disciple Swami Vivekananda. Ramakrishna was born on 17 February 1836, in the village of Kamarpukur, in the Hoogli district of West Bengal, into a poor, pious. Kamarpukur was untouched by the glamour of the city and contained rice fields, tall palms, royal banyans, a few lakes and his parents were Khudiram Chattopadhyay and Chandramani Devi. According to his followers, Ramakrishnas parents experienced supernatural incidents and visions before his birth, in Gaya his father Khudiram had a dream in which Lord Gadadhara, said that he would be born as his son. Chandramani Devi is said to have had a vision of light entering her womb from Shivas temple, although Ramakrishna attended a village school with some regularity for 12 years, he later rejected the traditional schooling saying that he was not interested in a bread-winning education. Kamarpukur, being a transit-point in well-established pilgrimage routes to Puri, brought him contact with renunciates. He could read and write in Bengali, Ramakrishna describes his first spiritual ecstasy at the age of six, while walking along the paddy fields, a flock of white cranes flying against a backdrop of dark thunder clouds caught his vision. He reportedly became so absorbed by this scene that he lost outward consciousness, Ramakrishna reportedly had experiences of similar nature a few other times in his childhood—while worshipping the goddess Vishalakshi, and portraying god Shiva in a drama during Shivaratri festival. From his 10th or 11th year on, the trances became common, early on, these experiences have been interpreted as epileptic seizures, an interpretation which was rejected by Ramakrishna himself. Ramakrishnas father died in 1843, after which family responsibilities fell on his elder brother Ramkumar, when Ramakrishna was in his teens, the familys financial position worsened. Ramkumar started a Sanskrit school in Calcutta and also served as a priest, Ramakrishna moved to Calcutta in 1852 with Ramkumar to assist in the priestly work. In 1855 Ramkumar was appointed as the priest of Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Ramakrishna, along with his nephew Hriday, became assistants to Ramkumar, with Ramakrishna given the task of decorating the deity. When Ramkumar died in 1856, Ramakrishna took his place as the priest of the Kali temple, after Ramkumars death Ramakrishna became more contemplative. He began to look upon the image of the goddess Kali as his mother, Ramakrishna reportedly had a vision of the goddess Kali as the universal Mother, which he described as. Houses, doors, temples and everything else vanished altogether, as if there was nothing anywhere, and what I saw was an infinite shoreless sea of light, a sea that was consciousness. However far and in whatever direction I looked, I saw shining waves, one after another, rumors spread to Kamarpukur that Ramakrishna had become unstable as a result of his spiritual practices at Dakshineswar. Ramakrishna himself mentioned that they could find the bride at the house of Ramchandra Mukherjee in Jayrambati, the five-year-old bride, Saradamani Mukhopadhyaya was found and the marriage was duly solemnised in 1859
Sri Ramakrishna
–
Ramakrishna at
Dakshineswar
Sri Ramakrishna
–
The small house at
Kamarpukur where Ramakrishna lived (centre). The family shrine is on the left, birthplace temple on the right
Sri Ramakrishna
–
Dakshineswar Kāli Temple, where Ramakrishna spent a major portion of his adult life.
18.
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
–
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna translated by Swami Nikhilananda is an English translation of the Bengali religious text Sri Sri Rāmakrishna Kathāmrita. The text records conversations of Ramakrishna with his disciples, devotees, and visitors, recorded by Mahendranath Gupta, the first edition was published in 1942. Swami Nikhilananda worked with Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of President Woodrow Wilson, Margaret helped the swami to refine his literary style into flowing American English. The mystic hymns were rendered into verse by the American poet John Moffitt. Wilson and American scholar Joseph Campbell helped edit the manuscript, aldous Huxley likened it to James Boswells Life of Samuel Johnson. The book was voted as one of the 100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century by the American scholars convened by HarperCollins publishers, scholars Lex Hixon, Swami Tyagananda, Somnath Bhattacharyya argue that the translations considered the cross-cultural factors and western decorum. Philosopher Lex Hixon writes that the Gospel is spiritually authentic and powerful rendering of the Kathamrita into dignified English, Hixon writes that Ramakrishnas colorful village Bengali, replete with obscure local words and idioms adds to the difficulty of translation. Scholars Narasingha Sil and Jeffery Kripal argue that the book has been bowdlerized, Swami Tyagananda explains this as follows, when a Hindu hears or reads about ramana with God, there is no idea of sex involved. Somnath Bhattacharyya, Swami Atmajnanananda and others discussed these concerns and they also point out that literal translation is not always possible which may result in an inaccurate meaning. Kalis Child Revisited or Didnt Anyone Check the Documentation, the Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, The Missing Text. The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, translated by Swami Nikhilananda at Belur Math An earlier translation by Swami Abhedananda The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna Audiobook at Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
–
The Gospel of Ramakrishna, 1942 edition.
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
–
Life
19.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
20.
The Milwaukee Sentinel
–
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is the newspaper in Milwaukee, the largest newspaper in Wisconsin and is distributed widely throughout the state. It is owned by the Gannett Company, the new Journal Sentinel then became a seven-day morning paper. In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing operations at its new printing facility in West Milwaukee, the merged papers volume and edition numbers follow those of the Journal. The founder of Milwaukee, Solomon Juneau, provided the funds for editor John ORourke. It was first published as a weekly on June 27,1837. A deathly ill ORourke struggled to help the paper to find its feet before he died six months later of tuberculosis at the age of 24, on Juneaus request, ORourkes associate, Harrison Reed, remained to take over the Sentinels operations. He continued the struggle to keep the paper ahead of its debts, meanwhile, the establishment of the Whig party in the territory thrust the Sentinel into the hurly-burly of partisan politics. In 1840 Reed was assaulted by individuals whom the Sentinel charged were hirelings of Democratic Governor Henry Dodge, later that year the paper abandoned its independence and proclaimed itself a Whig paper with its endorsement of William Henry Harrison for president in 1840. In financial straits, Reed lost control of the paper in 1841 when Democrats foreclosed on the Sentinels mortgaged debt, only after the Democrats successful election of Dodge for Congress was Reed able to regain control of the paper. The next year he sold the Sentinel to Elisha Starr, an editor who had founded a new Whig paper in response to the Sentinels Democratic lapse, Reed later became a carpetbag governor of Florida during Reconstruction. Starr guarded the Sentinels position as the sole Whig organ in Milwaukee, heavily in debt, he secured the partnership of David M. Keeler, who paid off the papers creditors. Keeler took on partner John S. Fillmore and succeeded in ousting Starr, Keeler and Fillmore trumped his efforts by turning their Sentinel into a daily on December 9,1844, while still publishing a weekly edition. The paper finally began to prosper and establish itself as a political force in the nascent state of Wisconsin. Weed recommended his associate editor and protégé, Rufus King, King was a native of New York City, a graduate of West Point, a brevet lieutenant, the son of the president of Columbia College and the grandson of U. S. In June 1845 King came to Milwaukee and became the Sentinels editor three months later, King was lionized by the community. It was his suggestion that made the Sentinel the first paper in the Midwest to employ newsboys to boost street sales, due largely to Kings connections to the East, the quality of the Sentinel greatly improved. He declared the Sentinel an antislavery paper and also supported temperance legislation, King invested his own money in the paper, purchasing the first power press in the Midwest
The Milwaukee Sentinel
–
Journal Communications building
The Milwaukee Sentinel
–
The front page of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
21.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Find a Grave
Find a Grave
–
Find A Grave.com's current headquarters in
Provo, Utah
22.
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The First Lady is not a position, it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president, traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office. She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, according to the White House and the National First Ladies Library, there have been 47 First Ladyships. Following Donald Trumps inauguration on January 20,2017, his wife, Melania Trump, became the 47th official First Lady, succeeding Michelle Obama, the first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies, both remarried during their presidential tenures, one woman who was not married to a President is still considered an official First Lady, Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies Library, in 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
Incumbent
Michelle Obama since January 20, 2009
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
01.0 1
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
02.0 2
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
03.0 3
23.
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington as a young woman
Martha Washington
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Tinted engraving by
John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by
Gilbert Stuart
Martha Washington
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Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757:
mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston
Martha Washington
24.
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with discussions on government. Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front, Abigail Adams was born at the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to William Smith and Elizabeth Smith. On her mothers side she was descended from the Quincy family, through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts. Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1742, and together they had four children and their only son, born in 1746, died of alcoholism in 1787. As with several of her ancestors, Adamss father was a liberal Congregationalist minister, Smith did not focus his preaching on predestination or original sin, instead he emphasized the importance of reason and morality. In July 1775 his wife Elizabeth, with whom he had married for 33 years. In 1784, at age 77, Smith died, Abigail did not receive formal schooling, she was frequently sick as child, which may have been a factor which prevented her from receiving an education. Later in life, Adams would also consider that she was deprived an education because females were given such an opportunity. Her grandmother, Elizabeth Quincy, also contributed to Adams education, as she grew up, Adams read with friends in an effort to further her learning. As an intellectually open-minded woman for her day, Adams ideas on womens rights and government would play a major role, albeit indirectly. She became one of the most erudite women ever to serve as First Lady, as third cousins, Abigail and John had known each other since they were children. In 1762, John accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to the Smith household, Cranch was engaged to Adams older sister, Mary, and they would be the parents of federal judge William Cranch. John was quickly attracted to the petite, shy, 17-year-old brunette who was bent over some book. He was surprised to learn she knew so much poetry, philosophy. Smith, Abigails father, presided over the marriage of John Adams, after the reception, the couple mounted a single horse and rode off to their new home, the small cottage and farm John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts. Later they moved to Boston, where his law practice expanded, the couple welcomed their first child nine months into their marriage
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams in later life
Abigail Adams
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One of last letters sent by
Thomas Jefferson at
Monticello to Abigail Adams, May 1817
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams by
Gilbert Stuart
25.
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Martha Jefferson Randolph was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Born at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia and she married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia. Martha was very close to her father in his old age, Martha Jefferson was born on September 27,1772 at Monticello, her fathers estate in Virginia, which was then British America, to Thomas Jefferson and Martha Wayles Skelton. During her parents ten years of marriage, they had six children, Martha Patsy, Jane, a son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777, Mary Wayles Polly, Lucy Elizabeth, only Martha and Mary survived more than a few years. Martha was tall and slim with angular features and red hair and her paternal grandparents were Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor who died when her father was Thirty Three, and Jane Randolph. Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived and her mother was the only child and daughter of John Wayles and his first wife, Martha Eppes. Her maternal grandfather died in 1773, and her parents inherited 135 slaves,11,000 acres, the debts took her father years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems. Her mother died on September 6,1782, four months after the birth of the Jeffersons last child and she later wrote that about this period, stating in those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief. Her mother asked her father to never again, and he never did. Her request has been attributed to protective feelings for her children, from age 12 to 17, after her mothers death, she lived in Paris with her father while he served as U. S. Jefferson enrolled her at the Pentemont Abbey, a convent school. After Patsy expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism and said she was considering religious orders, in 1790 at the age of 18, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. a planter. Soon after their marriage, her father, Thomas Jefferson, deeded eight slaves from Monticello as a gift, including Molly Hemings. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who married Jane Hollins Nicholas, ellen Wayles Randolph, who was named after deceased sister, and was married to Joseph Coolidge Cornelia Jefferson Randolph. Virginia Jefferson Randolph, who married Nicholas Philip Trist, James Madison Randolph, who was the first child born in the White House. Benjamin Franklin Randolph, who married Sally Champe Carter, meriwether Lewis Randolph, who married Elizabeth Martin. After his death, Martin remarried to Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of President Andrew Jackson, septimia Anne Randolph, who married Dr. David Scott Meikleham. George Wythe Randolph, who briefly in 1862 was Secretary of War of the Confederate States of America, Martha Randolph educated her children at home, likely with the help of private tutors, as most planters did
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Portrait by
Thomas Sully
26.
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Payne Todd Madison was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social graces, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving the classic portrait of George Washington, in widowhood, she often lived in poverty, partially relieved by the sale of her late husband’s papers. Mary Coles, a Quaker, had married John Payne, a non-Quaker, three years later, he applied and was admitted to the Quaker Monthly Meeting in Hanover County, Virginia, where Coles parents lived, and they reared their children in the Quaker faith. By 1769, the Paynes had returned to Virginia, and young Dolley grew up in comfort at her parents plantation in rural eastern Virginia and became deeply attached to her mothers family. Eventually she had three sisters, Lucy, Anna, and Mary, and four brothers, Walter, William Temple, Isaac, in 1783, following the American Revolutionary War, John Payne emancipated his slaves, as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South. Some, like Payne, were Quakers, who had long encouraged manumission, others were inspired by revolutionary ideals. From 1782 to 1810, the proportion of blacks to the total black population in Virginia increased from less than one percent to 7.2 percent. Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where he went into business as a starch merchant, in January 1790, Dolley Payne had married John Todd, a Quaker lawyer in Philadelphia. They quickly had two sons, John Payne and William Temple, after Mary Payne left Philadelphia in 1793, Dolleys sister Anna Payne moved in with them to help with the children. By mid-September 20,000 people had fled the city, at age 25 Dolley Todd was a widow with her young son Payne to support. Dolley Payne Todd and James Madison, who represented Virginia in the U. S. House of Representatives, in May 1794, Burr made the formal introduction between the young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her senior. A brisk courtship followed, and by August, Dolley accepted his marriage proposal, as he was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying outside her faith. They were married on September 15,1794, and lived in Philadelphia for the three years. In 1797, after eight years in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from politics and he returned with his family to Montpelier, the Madison family plantation in Orange County, Virginia. There they expanded the house and settled in, when Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third president of the United States in 1800, he asked Madison to serve as his Secretary of State. Madison accepted and moved Dolley, her son Payne, her sister Anna and they took a large house, as Dolley believed that entertaining would be important in the capital
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Madison
Dolley Madison
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Engraving of Dolley, c. 1800.
Dolley Madison
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A
daguerreotype of Dolley in 1848, by Mathew B. Brady
Dolley Madison
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External video
27.
Elizabeth Monroe
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Elizabeth Kortright Monroe was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President. Due to the condition of Elizabeths health, many of the duties of official hostess were assumed by her eldest daughter. Born in New York City on June 30,1768, Elizabeth was the youngest daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a wealthy merchant and her father was one of the founders of the New York Chamber of Commerce. During the Revolutionary War, he was owner of several privateers fitted out at New York. He purchased land tracts in what is now Delaware county, New York, Elizabeth acquired social graces and elegance at an early age. She grew up in a household with four siblings, Sarah, Hester, John. According to the records of Trinity Church, New York, Elizabeths mother, Hannah, died on September 6 or 7,1777. The cause of death was recorded as resulting from Child Bed, an unidentified sibling of Elizabeth, age 13 months, succumbed to flux and fever a few days later. Mother and infant were both buried at St. Georges Chapel in New York, at the time of their deaths, Elizabeth was nine years old. A historian later wrote that this blaze was due to the mismanagement of British troops while directing the firefighters, Elizabeth, age 10, with her father and siblings, survived the fire unscathed. Elizabeth first caught the attention of James Monroe in 1785 while he was in New York City serving as a member of the Continental Congress, James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16,1786, at her fathers home in New York City. The marriage was performed by Reverend Benjamin Moore, and recorded in the records of Trinity Church. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned. Their first child, whom they named Eliza Kortright Monroe, was born in December,1786, in 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris and this association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes. James was recalled from his Ambassadorship in 1796, due to his support of France in the opposition of the Jay Treaty, the Monroes returned to Virginia where he became Governor. A son, James Monroe, Jr. was born in 1799, during this time, Elizabeth suffered the first of a series of seizures and collapses, which would plague her for the rest of her life, and gradually cause her to restrict social activities. The Monroes third child, a daughter whom they named Maria Hester, was born in Virginia in early 1802, in 1803, President Jefferson appointed James to be United States Minister to Great Britain, and also the United States Minister to Spain
Elizabeth Monroe
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Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Monroe
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Obverse
Elizabeth Monroe
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Reverse
Elizabeth Monroe
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Obverse (bronze medal)
28.
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. Joshua Johnson was originally from Maryland, Louisa had six sisters, Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. She grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution and she met John Quincy Adams at her fathers house in Coopers Row, near Tower Hill, London. Her father had appointed as United States consul general in 1790. Adams at first showed interest in her sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26,1797, at the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U. S, when her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U. S. Her father died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever and some mental problems and her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. Louisa was sickly, plagued by headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage and she left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year, peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with unspeakable terrors for her son, the next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess, the pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly drawing rooms, she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, as First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, in his diary for June 23,1828, her husband recorded her winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing, evidently in the White House. She thought she was retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives, the untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Adams
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Adams c. 1821–25, by
Charles Bird King
Louisa Adams
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External video
Louisa Adams
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Obverse
29.
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson was the daughter-in-law of U. S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from November 26,1834 to March 4,1837, Sarah was born on July 16,1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant and her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts, Mrs. George Farquhar and Mrs. Mordecai Wetherill, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24,1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, the couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Sarah arrived at the White House on November 26,1834, the President referred to Sarah as the mistress of the Hermitage rather than White House hostess, apparently to avoid any possible ill feeling between the two women. The arrangement was awkward but appeared to work relatively smoothly. It was the time in history when there were two women simultaneously acting as White House hostess. She took over all duties as White House hostess after Emily Donelson fell ill with tuberculosis and she remained at the White House until Jacksons term expired in 1837, but made several lengthy trips including one to the Hermitage to oversee its reconstruction. She lived at the plantation with her husband and father-in-law until the former President’s death in 1845, the couple continued to live at the Hermitage until shortly before the Civil War when they moved to Mississippi. The state of Tennessee later purchased the plantation as a memorial to Andrew Jackson and she died on August 23,1887 in Nashville, Tennessee
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson
30.
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Sarah Angelica Singleton Van Buren, was the daughter-in-law of the 8th United States President Martin Van Buren. She was married to the Presidents son, Abraham Van Buren and she assumed the post of First Lady because the presidents wife, Hannah Van Buren, had died 17 years earlier and he remained unwed throughout the rest of his life. Although she was never married to a president, she is the youngest woman ever to hold the title of First Lady, sarah Angelica Singleton was born in Wedgefield, South Carolina, the daughter of Richard Singleton and his wife, Rebecca Travis Coles. She was the fourth of six children, Van Buren was educated at the Columbia Female Academy in South Carolina and Madame Grelauds French School in Philadelphia. Van Buren was a student at Madame Grelauds and the school gave her the opportunity to meet a more diverse group of people. Although all of students at Madame Grelauds were wealthy, they included Roman Catholic and Sephardi Jews, in 1838, Van Buren visited Washington, D. C. with her sister. Former First Lady Dolley Madison, a cousin of Rebecca Travis Coles, decided to play matchmaker, eight months later, Angelica Singleton married Abraham Van Buren on November 27,1838 in Wedgefield. The marriage strengthened President Van Burens ties to the Old South, following the wedding, Van Buren assumed the duties of hostess at the White House with great success. In the spring of 1839, the took a extended trip through England. The trip was a success and when Van Buren returned to Washington. Angelica and other honored female guests began standing on a dais in the Blue Room to greet guests at the beginning of White House functions, although the French Ambassador enjoyed the reception, Americans did not. In March 1840, Angelica gave birth to the couples first child, Rebecca died a few months later. After leaving the White House, the couple had four sons, after Martin Van Buren was defeated for re-election in 1840, Angelica and her husband lived at the Van Buren home of Lindenwald, in Kinderhook, NY, wintering at her family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death, she lived in New York City, singletons Graveyard, her familys plantation cemetery near Wedgefield, South Carolina James C. The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914, Angelica Van Buren biography at American Presidents Blog Angelica Singleton Van Buren Collection at University of South Carolina
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Angelica Singleton Van Buren
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Signature
31.
Anna Harrison
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She was the last First Lady to have been born in British America. Anna was born at her fathers estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey on July 25,1775, to Judge John Cleves Symmes and her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. She grew up on Long Island, receiving a broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the school of Isabella Graham in New York City. When she was thirteen years old, Anna went with her father and stepmother into the Ohio wilderness, while visiting relatives in Lexington, Kentucky in the spring of 1795, she met Lieutenant William Henry Harrison, in town on military business. Harrison was stationed at nearby Fort Washington, Annas father thoroughly disapproved of Harrison, largely because he wanted to spare his daughter the hardships of army camp life. Despite his decree that the two stop seeing each other, the courtship flourished behind his back. While her father was away on business in Cincinnati, the couple eloped and married on November 22,1795 at the home of Dr. Stephen Wood, treasurer of the Northwest Territory, the couple honeymooned at Fort Washington, as Harrison was still on duty. Two weeks later, at a dinner for General Mad Anthony Wayne. Addressing Harrison sternly, Symmes demanded to know how he intended to support a family with Anna, Harrison responded by my sword, and my own right arm, sir. Not until his son-in-law had achieved fame on the battlefield did Symmes come to accept him, the couple apparently had a happy marriage despite the succession of tragedies in the untimely deaths of five of their grown children. His service in Congress as territorial delegate from Ohio gave Anna and their children a chance to visit his family at Berkeley and her third child was born on that trip, at Richmond in September 1800. Harrisons appointment as governor of Indiana Territory took them farther into the wilderness, he built a handsome house at Vincennes, Indiana that blended fortress. Facing war in 1812, the moved to the farm at North Bend. When William was inaugurated in 1841, Anna was detained by illness at their home in North Bend and she decided not to accompany him to Washington. President-elect Harrison asked his daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison, widow of his son, to accompany him. Half a dozen other relatives happily went with them, on April 4, exactly one month after his inauguration, President Harrison died. Anna was packing for the move to the White House when she learned of Williams death in Washington, following Williams death she lived with her son John Scott in North Bend, and helped raise his children, including eight-year-old Benjamin who later became President of the United States
Anna Harrison
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Anna Harrison
Anna Harrison
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Grouseland, the Harrison home in Vincennes
32.
Letitia Christian Tyler
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Letitia Christian Tyler, first wife of John Tyler, was First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death. Born at the Cedar Grove plantation in New Kent County, Virginia, Letitia Christian was the daughter of Colonel Robert Christian, a prosperous planter, Letitia was shy, quiet, pious, and by all accounts, selfless and devoted to her family. She met John Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 and their five-year courtship was restrained and it was three weeks before the wedding that Tyler first kissed her — on the hand. They married on Tylers 23rd birthday at Cedar Grove, her familys home and their 29-year marriage appears to have been a happy one. Letitia Tyler avoided the limelight during her husbands political rise, preferring domestic responsibilities to those of a public wife, during his congressional service, she remained in Virginia except for one visit to Washington during the winter of 1828-1829. In 1839, she suffered a stroke that left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the living quarters of the White House, she came down once. John and Letitia Tyler had four daughters and three sons live to maturity, Mary Tyler-Jones - In 1835 she married Henry Lightfoot Jones, Robert Tyler - lawyer, public official. Having served as his fathers secretary in the White House, he settled in Philadelphia. He also was chief clerk of the supreme court. As a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, Robert Tyler promoted the career of James Buchanan, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, he fled Philadelphia when an antisouthern mob attacked his home. He returned to Virginia, where he served as register of the Treasury of the Confederacy, penniless after the war, he settled in Montgomery, Alabama, and there regained his fortunes as a lawyer, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, and leader of the state Democratic Party. John Tyler, III - lawyer, public official, like his older brother, he also became a lawyer, served as private secretary to his father and campaigned for James Buchanan. During the Civil War, he served as assistant secretary of war of the Confederacy, after the war, he settled in Baltimore, where he practiced law. Under the Grant administration, he was appointed to a position in the IRS in Tallahassee. In 1839, she married James Semple, whom her father appointed a purser in the U. S. Navy, the marriage was an unhappy one. At the close of the American Civil War, she left her husband to open a school, elizabeth Tyler-Waller - At a White House wedding in 1842, she married William N. Waller. She died from the effects of childbirth at age 27, alice Tyler-Denison - In 1850 she married the Reverend Henry M. Denison, an Episcopal rector in Williamsburg
Letitia Christian Tyler
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Letitia Tyler
33.
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She served as official White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from September 10,1842 to June 26,1844, Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City in 1816. Her father Thomas Apthorpe Cooper was a stage actor and producer. Her mother Mary Fairlee Cooper was a New York socialite, Priscilla began to work as an actress at the age of 17. Thomas Apthorpe Cooper achieved great success in the business and they lived in a grand house on Broadway. The familys fortunes were reversed during the Panic of 1837, the family lost their house and at one point were reduced to subsisting on radishes and strawberries. While playing Desdemona in a production of Othello in Richmond, Virginia, she met Robert Tyler, in Victorian America, acting was considered a scandalous profession and actresses had little social standing. The addition of the Coopers financial woes seemed to conspire to make any match between the two unlikely, despite their social differences, the couple wed in Bristol, Pennsylvania on September 12,1839. After their marriage, the moved to Williamsburg, Virginia to live with Roberts family. John and Letitia Tyler warmly welcomed her into the Tyler family, Priscilla became close to her father-in-law and their fondness for each other grew quickly. John Tyler even allowed her to open an account in every store in Williamsburg, John Tyler was the successful candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1840 election. After the sudden death of President William Henry Harrison just one month after taking office, by the time John Tyler assumed the Presidency, his wife Letitia was a semi-invalid. The president asked Priscilla to assist him as White House hostess, Priscilla was described as extroverted, attractive, intelligent, and witty. Priscillas status as a surrogate or proxy hostess reflected a trend during the antebellum years in which younger female family members stood in for the wives of presidents. Martha Jefferson Randolph established the precedent when she acted as hostess for her widowed father. Emily Donelson, wife of Andrew Jacksons nephew, served as hostess during the Jackson administration, angelica Singleton Van Buren, daughter-in-law of Jacksons successor, the widower Martin Van Buren, served as official hostess from 1837 to 1841. Mary Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, became official hostess in place of her mother, as did Mary Abigail Fillmore. Finally, Harriet Lane, James Buchanans niece, acted as hostess for the only president in American history
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Priscilla Cooper Tyler
34.
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Julia Gardiner Tyler was the second wife of John Tyler, who was the tenth President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26,1844, to March 4,1845. Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on New Yorks Gardiners Island and she was the daughter of David Gardiner, a landowner and New York State Senator, and Juliana MacLachlan Gardiner. Her ancestry was part Dutch, part Scottish and part English and she was raised in the town of East Hampton and the small hamlet of Bay Shore. In 1839, she shocked polite society by appearing, posed with a man and identified as The Rose of Long Island. Her family took her to Europe to avoid publicity and allow her notoriety to subside. They first left for London, arriving on October 29,1840 and they visited England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Ireland and Scotland before returning to New York in September 1841. On January 20,1842, the 21-year-old Julia was introduced to President John Tyler at a White House reception, after the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, on September 10,1842, Tyler made it clear that he wished to get involved with Julia. Initially the high-spirited and independent-minded northern beauty felt little attraction to the grave, reserved Virginia gentleman and he first proposed to her on February 22,1843, when she was 22, at a White House Masquerade Ball. She refused that and later proposals he made, the increased time spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a Presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton, David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. Julia was devastated by the death of her adored father and she spoke often in later years of how the Presidents quiet strength sustained her during this difficult time. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, because of the circumstances surrounding her fathers death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. President Tyler was 54 years old, while Julia was just 24, Tylers oldest daughter, Mary, was 5 years older than her fathers new wife. The marriage made Julia the first First Lady to marry a President who was already in office at the time of the wedding, the brides sister Margaret and brother Alexander were bridesmaid and best man. Only the Presidents son, John Tyler III, represented the grooms family, Tyler was so concerned about maintaining secrecy that he did not confide his plans to the rest of his children. Although his sons accepted the sudden union, the Tyler daughters were shocked. The news was broken to the American people, who greeted it with keen interest, much publicity. It was awkward for the eldest Tyler daughter, Mary, to adjust to a new stepmother five years younger than herself, one daughter, Letitia, never made peace with her stepmother
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Julia Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Sherwood Forest Plantation in
Charles City County, Virginia, in which she and
John Tyler lived after leaving the
White House.
35.
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, serving as First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, legend says Andrew Jackson called her “wealthy, pretty, ambitious, and intelligent, ” and urged James K. Polk to marry her. In 1823 the two became engaged, and on January 1,1824, Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, the Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk as their personal ward. After her husbands death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton. In physical appearance, Sarah was fairly tall, with hair that was parted in the middle and worn in ringlets, dark brown eyes. She had prominent teeth that caused her to tighten her lips, giving her a disapproving look and she usually dressed in vibrant blues, reds and maroons, that suited her dark coloring. During Polks political career, Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, in Washington as a congressmans wife during the administrations of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, Mrs. Polk very much enjoyed her social duties. Calhouns wife, Floride Calhoun, and most of the members wives. In 1845, Sarah Polk became the 11th First Lady of the United States and she was lively, charming, intelligent, and a good conversationalist. President Polk at times discussed policy matters with her, while she enjoyed politics, she also cautioned her husband, whose health was never robust, against overwork. A devout Presbyterian, as First Lady she banned dancing, card games, when she attended the Inaugural Ball, she did not dance. She hosted the first annual Thanksgiving dinner at the White House, unlike Julia Tylers waltzes, the Polk entertainments were sedate and sober affairs which earned the First Lady the nickname Sahara Sarah. After attending the inauguration of James Polks successor, Zachary Taylor, on March 5,1849, he and Sarah left by horse and carriage to their new home Polk Place in Nashville, Tennessee. Three months later, James Polk died, having had the shortest retirement of any former U. S. President, the United States government granted her a yearly pension of $5,000. Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady, and always wore black. She died on August 14,1891, at age 87, only 41 when her husband became president, she outlived several of her successors including Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. Only a handful of first ladies have lived longer -- Anna Harrison, Barbara Bush, Edith Bolling Wilson, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Nancy Reagan, Bess Truman, and Rosalynn Carter
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah and James
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Polk in her later years
36.
Margaret Taylor
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Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith Taylor was the wife of Zachary Taylor. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850, while visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke. Lt. Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21,1810, at the home of the sister, Mrs. Mary Chew, near Louisville. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one, a devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war. While he was serving in the Mexican-American War, she lived at their Cypress Grove Plantation near Rodney in Jefferson County, the Taylors surviving children were, Ann Mackall Taylor Wood – Born near Louisville, she married army surgeon Robert Crooke Wood, in 1829. Sarah Knox Knoxie Taylor Davis – Born at Fort Knox, she was the first wife of Jefferson Davis, Mary Elizabeth Betty Taylor Dandridge – She was the White House hostess for her father President Taylor. Richard Scott Dick Taylor – Planter, politician, Confederate general, he married in Louisiana, with the rise in Zachary Taylors political career, his wife Peggy Taylor literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming President. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort, a semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth Betty Bliss. With the sudden death of the President, Mrs. Taylors health deteriorated rapidly, Margaret Peggy Taylor died two years later, on August 14,1852, at Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was buried next to her husband near Louisville, Kentucky, no portraits or photographs of Margaret Taylor can be fully authenticated and none are known to exist. A suggested likeness was created in 1903 for Presiding Ladies of the White House, by Lila G. A. Woolfall, published by the Bureau of National Literature and Art, Washington, D. C. A brief description of her appearance in 1825, when she was about 37, describes her as a fat. The source of this description is Early Days at Red River Settlement, made a trip to Detroit to pay a visit to her relatives, the Hunts and Mclntoshes, at that place. I accompanied them on that journey, when we reached Prairie du Chien, we put up at Fort Crawford, and tarried there a day or two, to rest. The Snellings were guests of Col. and Mrs. Zachary Taylor and it was a daughter of this couple which Jefferson Davis married, while a lieutenant in the army. I fell sick here, and wanted to return home, i. e. to the Fort, there was really nothing the matter with me but home-sickness. I had never separated from my parents before
Margaret Taylor
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Illustration of Margaret Taylor from Presiding Ladies of the White House, by Lila G. A. Woolfall, published 1903 by the Bureau of National Literature and Art, Washington, D. C. This is a suggested likeness, as no portrait or photograph of her is known to exist.
37.
Abigail Fillmore
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Abigail Powers Fillmore, wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853. Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York,1798, in Saratoga County and she was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers. Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm and her father died shortly after her birth. After moving to Cayuga County, New York by wagon train and her father left behind a large library of his personal books, and she was educated by her mother from this wealth of books. She came to love literature and also proficient in other subjects such as math, government, history, philosophy. After finishing school she became a teacher and continued to teach after marriage, in 1814 Abigail became a part-time school teacher at the Sempronius Village school. In 1817 she becomes a teacher and in 1819 she took on another teaching job. Then, in 1824 she became a tutor in Lisle to three of her cousins. She was then asked to open up a school in Broome County, she opened the school. In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, the world of knowledge and Fillmores steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment. After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5,1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the brides brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York, Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husbands love of books and helped build their personal library, the Fillmores had a son and a daughter, Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Attaining prosperity at last, Fillmore bought his family a six-room house in Buffalo, New York. Enjoying comparative luxury, Abigail learned the ways of society as the wife of a Congressman and she cultivated a noted flower garden, but much of her time, as always, she spent reading. In 1847 when Fillmore was elected New York State Comptroller the family moved to Albany, New York, their children were away in boarding school. In 1849, Abigail Fillmore came to Washington, D. C. as wife of the Vice President and she thereby became the Second Lady of the United States. Sixteen months later, after Zachary Taylors death at a height of sectional crisis, even after the period of official mourning, the social life of the Fillmore administration remained subdued. Every friday night the White House hosted a reception, where she had to stand for hours greeting and socializing with guests, when Abigail first moved into the White House she was reportedly appalled at the fact that there was no library in it
Abigail Fillmore
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Abigail Powers Fillmore
Abigail Fillmore
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Gravesite of Abigail Powers,
Forest Lawn Cemetery,
Buffalo, New York
38.
Jane Pierce
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Jane Means Appleton Pierce, wife of U. S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857. Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister and she was the third of their six children. While going to school in Keene, New Hampshire, she discovered at a young age her interest in literature, Jane was a slender girl, estimated to be 54 and only around 100 pounds. Pierce allowed Jane to visit her sister as much as needed, how she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierces instructors at Bowdoin. It is assumed that they met through this Bowdoin association, Franklin, almost 30, married Jane,28, on November 19,1834, at the brides maternal grandparents home in Amherst, New Hampshire. Janes family was opposed to the due to Pierces political ambitions. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Janes brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony, the couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D. C. In 1836, their first son, Franklin Jr died just three days after his birth, Franklin Pierce was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U. S. She was forced to become the wife she never wanted to be. Jane hated life in Washington, D. C. and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire and she blamed politics for all the troubles in her life including the death of her child and Franklins excessive alcohol consumption. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero and he returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire. Unfortunately their son Frank passed from typhus a year later, causing stress for the entire family, in 1842, President James K. Polk offered Franklin the U. S. attorney post, however due to Janes objection, he turned it down. A senate seat and New Hampshire governor was also offered, in 1852, the Democratic Party made Pierce their candidate for president, Jane fainted at the news. When he took her to Newport for a respite, 11-year-old Benny wrote to her, I hope he wont be elected for I should not like to be at Washington, but the President-elect convinced his wife that his office would be an asset for Bennys success in life. The Pierces apparently had genuine affection for each other, but they quarreled often—preferring private life, when Benny was killed in a train accident before the swearing-in on January 6,1853, Jane believed that God was displeased with her husbands political ambitions. On March 4, the inauguration took place and Jane was not present for the ceremony. She distanced herself during her husbands presidency, wrapped in melancholia after losing one of her young children. She never recovered from the tragedy, for nearly two years, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House, spending her days writing maudlin letters to her dead son
Jane Pierce
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Jane Pierce
Jane Pierce
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First Lady Jane Pierce with her last surviving son, Benjamin Pierce. The child died in 1853 in a train crash, two months before his father was sworn into office as President.
39.
Harriet Lane
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Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among at least thirteen women who have served as First Lady but were not married to the President, in appearance Hal Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. Harriet Lanes family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania and she was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was 9, when her fathers death 2 years later made her an orphan, she requested that her uncle, James Buchanan. In 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. Jamess, Queen Victoria gave dear Miss Lane the rank of ambassadors wife, admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. The capital welcomed its new Democratic Queen to the White House in 1857, Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles, parents named their daughters for her, while in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies. The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named for her and her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncles. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, during her time in England, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, then Prime Minister Palmerstons attorney general, proposed to her in marriage. Queen Victoria was strongly in favor of this match, as it would keep Lane in England, Lane considered the advantages of a number of bachelors. Her uncle cautioned Lane against rushing precipitately into matrimonial connections as his ward found her potential suitors pleasant, Lane eventually married a Baltimore banker called Henry Elliott Johnston at the age of 36. They had two sons but within 18 years her uncle, her husband, and her children died, Harriet wrote her will in 1895 and lived another eight years, during which the countrys general prosperity greatly increased the value of her estate. A codicil of 1903 increased her gift by one third but said only half the total was to be spent on the building. The remainder was specially to provide for the maintenance, education and training of choirboys. This bequest founded the prestigious school that today is called St. Albans School. At Harriet Lane Johnstons funeral, services were conducted by Bishop Satterlee and she was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, her grave marked with a Celtic cross like the Peace Cross on the cathedral close
Harriet Lane
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Harriet Lane
Harriet Lane
Harriet Lane
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Lane-Johnston Building, St. Albans School
40.
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Ann Todd Lincoln was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. She dropped the name Ann after her sister, Ann Todd, was born. A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated, after living in the Todd House and finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois, where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards. Before she married Abraham Lincoln, Mary was courted by his political opponent Stephen A. Douglas. She and Lincoln had four sons together, only one of whom outlived her and their home of about 17 years still stands at Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield, Illinois. She supported her throughout his presidency. She witnessed his fatal shooting when they were together in the Presidents Box at Fords Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington, Mary was involuntarily institutionalized for psychiatric disease ten years after her husbands murder. She also complained of physical symptoms during her adult life. Mary was born in Lexington, Kentucky as the fourth of seven children of Robert Smith Todd, a banker and her family were slaveholders, and Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died, two years later, her father married Elizabeth Betsy Humphreys and they had nine children together. Mary had a relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary and her family lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, Marys paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and immigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, other Todd ancestors came from England. At an early age Mary was sent to Madame Mantelles finishing school and she learned to speak French fluently and studied dance, drama, music, and social graces. By age 20, she was regarded as witty and gregarious, like her family, she was a Whig. Mary began living with her sister Elizabeth Porter Edwards in Springfield, Elizabeth, married to Ninian W. Edwards, son of a former governor, served as Marys guardian. Mary Todd married Abraham Lincoln on November 4,1842, at her sister Elizabeths home in Springfield and she was 23 years old and he was 33 years of age. Their four sons, all born in Springfield, were, Robert Todd Lincoln, -– lawyer, diplomat, businessman
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Todd Lincoln at age 43 (1861)
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Todd Lincoln House, 578 West Main Street, Lexington, Kentucky
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Residence (1832–1839) state historical marker
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Lincoln Home, Springfield, Illinois, Eighth and Jackson Streets, residence (1844–1861)
41.
Eliza McCardle Johnson
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Eliza McCardle Johnson was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States. Born at Greeneville, Tennessee, the child of John McCardle, a shoemaker. She was raised by her mother in Greeneville, Tennessee. One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and they instantly took a liking to each other. Andrew Johnson,18, married Eliza McCardle,16, on May 17,1827, mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials. At 16, Eliza Johnson married at a younger age than any other First Lady and she was rather tall and had hazel eyes, brown hair and a good figure. She was better educated than Johnson, who by this time had barely taught himself to read, Johnson credited his wife for teaching him to do arithmetic and to write, as he had never attended school. She tutored him patiently, while he labored in his tailor shop and she often read aloud to him. The Johnsons had three sons and two daughters, all born in Greeneville, Martha Johnson and she married David T. Patterson, who after the Civil War served as U. S. She served as official White House hostess in place of her mother, the Pattersons maintained a farm outside Greeneville. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he remained loyal to the Union, while recruiting Tennessee boys for the Union Army, he became the object of an intense Confederate manhunt. He joined the Middle Tennessee Union Infantry as an assistant surgeon, he was thrown from his horse and she married Dan Stover, who served as colonel of the Fourth Tennessee Union Infantry during the Civil War. The Stovers lived on a farm in Carter County, Tennessee, following the death of her husband in 1864, she married W. R. Brown. Robert Johnson – lawyer and politician and he served for a time in the Tennessee state legislature. During the Civil War, he was commissioned colonel of the First Tennessee Union Cavalry and he was private secretary to his father during his tenure as president. He became alcoholic and committed suicide at age 35 and he founded the weekly Greeneville Intelligencer, but it failed after two years. He died soon thereafter at age 27 and she supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances. During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville, she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee
Eliza McCardle Johnson
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Eliza McCardle Johnson
Eliza McCardle Johnson
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2011 U.S Gold Coin
42.
Julia Grant
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Julia Boggs Dent Grant, was the First Lady of the United States and wife of Ulysses S. Grant. Her time as First Lady marked a point in her life. Julia Boggs Dent was born on January 26,1826 at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis and her parents were Frederick and Ellen Wrenshaw Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant. Frederick owned about thirty enslaved African-Americans and refused to consider freeing them on moral ground, Julia was the fifth of eight children. From age 10 to age 17, Julia attended the Misses Mauros boarding school in St. Louis with the daughters of other affluent parents, Julia was boarding student during the week and returned home to White Haven on weekends. The Dent family was highly social, with coming from among the elite class of Cincinnati, Louisville. William Clark and politician Alexander McNair were family friends, as a young woman, Julia was a skilled pianist, an expert horsewoman, and a voracious reader of novels. Julia was born with strabismus which prevents both eyes lining up in the same direction. When she was younger, one of the best surgeons in the country offered to perform the operation that would fix them. Julia wasn’t keen on surgery, however, and declined, after her husband became president, Julia reconsidered surgery. “I never had the courage to consent, but now that my husband had become so famous I really thought it behooved me to try to look as well as possible. ”Ulysses objected, “Did I not see you and fall in love with you with these same eyes. I like them just as they are, and now, remember, you are not to interfere with them. They are mine, and let me tell you, Mrs. Grant, you had not make any experiments, as I might not like you half so well with any other eyes. ”Because her strabismus was never corrected. While a student at West Point Academy, Fred Dent wrote his sister Julia about how impressed he was with a fellow student, “I want you to know him, he is pure gold. ”In 1844, Ulysses S. Grant began visiting the Dent family. At one point her pet canary died, and Ulysses crafted a small yellow coffin, in April of that year, Ulysses asked Julia to wear his class ring, as a sign of their exclusive affection. Eighteen year old Julia initially demurred, Grant’s regiment was then ordered to Louisiana, in preparation for service in the Mexican War. Despite the unlikeliness of the dream, Ulysses did return just as Julia had predicted and the two became engaged. In July 1848, after they had been apart for four years, Grant’s regiment returned to the United States, Grant’s father, Jesse Grant, refused to attend their August 1848 wedding, objecting not to Julia, but to her family’s owning slaves
Julia Grant
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Julia Grant
Julia Grant
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Julia Grant with daughter Nellie, son Jesse, and her father Frederick Dent
Julia Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.
Julia Grant
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Frederick Dent Grant in 1908
43.
Lucy Hayes
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Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Lucy Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree and she was also a more egalitarian hostess than previous First Ladies. An advocate for African-Americans both before and after the Civil War, Lucy invited the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House and she was a Past Grand of Lincoln Rebekah Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, together with her husband, President Rutherford Hayes. Lucy Webb Hayes was born on August 28,1831 in Chillicothe and her parents were Dr. James Webb and Maria Cook. She had two brothers who both became medical doctors. In 1833, Lucys father went to his familys home in Lexington, there was a cholera epidemic happening at the time and James cared for the sick. Soon James became infected with cholera himself and died, friends of Lucys mother advised the family to sell the slaves rather than free them. Maria responded that she would take in washing to earn money before she would sell a slave, marias father, Isaac Cook, was a temperance advocate and he encouraged young Lucy to sign a pledge to abstain from alcohol. In 1844, the Webb family moved to Delaware, Ohio, lucy’s brothers enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University and although women were not allowed to study at Wesleyan, Lucy was permitted to enroll in the college prep program at the university. A term report signed by the vice-president of Ohio Wesleyan in 1845 noted that her conduct was unexceptionable, several months later Lucy transferred to Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College and she graduated from there in 1850. Lucy was unusually well educated for a lady of her day. While in college, Lucy wrote essays on social and religious issues, One essay was entitled Is Traveling on the Sabbath Consistent with Christian Principles. At her commencement, she read an essay, The Influence of Christianity on National Prosperity. Lucy first met Rutherford B. Hayes at Ohio Wesleyan University, at the time, Lucy was fourteen years old and Rutherford was twenty-three. Rutherfords mother was hopeful that the two would find a connection, but at this point Rutherford considered Lucy not quite old enough to fall in love with, in 1850, Rutherfords older sister Fanny Platt encouraged him to visit with Lucy again. That summer Lucy and Rutherford were members of the wedding party. Rutherford was so taken with Lucy that he gave her the prize that he had found in the wedding cake, in 1851, Rutherford wrote in his diary, I guess I am a great deal in love with L…. Her low sweet voice…her soft rich eyes. Rutherford also praised her intelligence and character, She sees at a glance what others study upon and she is a genuine woman, right from instinct and impulse rather than judgment and reflection
Lucy Hayes
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Lucy Hayes
Lucy Hayes
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Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day.
Lucy Hayes
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Lucy’s official White House portrait
Lucy Hayes
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Lucy and Rutherford Hayes’s grave at
Spiegel Grove.
44.
Lucretia Garfield
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Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881. Her ancestry includes German, Welsh, English and Irish, Lucretia Garfields paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania from Württemberg, the Eclectic Institute believed in the education of women and because of this Lucretia became an educated women of her time. Lucretia studied all of the classics, and learned to speak Greek, Latin, French, additionally, she studied science, biology, math, history, and philosophy. She graduated from Hiram College and then became a teacher and she first met James Garfield in 1849 while she was attending school at Hiram College where James was her teacher in Chester, Ohio. He then went to Williams College while she stayed behind to begin teaching in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou and they then began correspondence and became engaged shortly after. Garfield was attracted to her intellect and appetite for knowledge. Never a faithful fiancé or husband, James took on several lovers, Lucretia, kept up her studies and her teaching determined to have something to fall back on if ever she found herself unmarried. She didnt want to have to depend on her father to support her, both James and Crete were 26 when they married on November 11,1858 at the home of the brides parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, the newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram. His service in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them apart, but after his first winter in Washington as a freshman Representative, the family remained together. With a home in the capital as well as one in Mentor, Ohio, in Washington, D. C. they shared intellectual interests with congenial friends, she went with him to meetings of a locally celebrated literary society. They read together, made social calls together, dined with each other, two died in early childhood, Eliza Arabella Trot Garfield and Edward Garfield. Four sons and a daughter lived to maturity, Harry Augustus Garfield - lawyer, educator, James Rudolph Garfield - lawyer, public official. Educated at private schools in Cleveland and Connecticut, she in 1888 married Joseph Stanley-Brown, presidential secretary during Garfields term and she lived in New York and Pasadena, California. He followed his brothers to Williams College and Columbia Law School. He settled in Boston, where he prospered as partner in the firm of Warren & Garfield, a graduate of Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he settled in Cleveland, where he worked as an architect from offices in the James A. Garfield Building. He served as chairman of the Cleveland Planning Commission 1929-1942 and was active in the American Institute of Architects, James Garfields election to the presidency brought a cheerful family to the White House in 1881. Aside from hosting dinners and receptions, Lucretia advised her husband on who to select as cabinet officers and her choice for Secretary of State, James Blaine, proved to be successful
Lucretia Garfield
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Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Garfield
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The Garfield children
Lucretia Garfield
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Garfield family
45.
Mary Arthur McElroy
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Mary Arthur McElroy was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration. She assumed the role because Arthurs wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died two years earlier. Mary Arthur was born in Greenwich, New York, to William and she was the last of nine children. She attended the Emma Willard School Seminary in Troy, New York and they lived in Albany, New York, and had four children. In November 1880, Marys brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president, in July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19,1881. Arthur succeeded him as president, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen, because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D. C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a position, she proved to be a popular. The procedures she and her brother developed for the functions were used by future First Ladies for decades. McElroys oldest daughter May and Arthurs daughter Nell often assisted and her final reception took place on February 28,1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration,3,000 people attended and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her. She was a member of the Albany Association Opposed to Womens Suffrage and she died at the age of 75 in Albany, New York and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery
Mary Arthur McElroy
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Mary Arthur McElroy
46.
Rose Cleveland
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Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, was the de facto First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother, President Grover Clevelands two administrations. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14,1846, known to her family as Libby, Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, Rose was 7 at the time of her fathers death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother, Grover Cleveland, Roses elder brother, was 16 years old at the time. Determined to support his family, Grover left school, and he headed off to New York City to work as a teacher at the State School for the Blind to help support his family. Rose was educated at Houghton seminary in Clinton, New York and she became a teacher at Houghton in order to support herself and her widowed mother. Rose also taught at the Collegiate Institute in Lafayette, Indiana, and at a school in Muncy, Pennsylvania. At Muncy Seminary Rose was known for her personality and independence. Rose gained a nickname throughout her circle of friends in Muncy, Rose then prepared a course of historical lectures, one lecture in particular focused on Altruistic Faith, which she delivered before the students of Houghton seminary and at other schools. In the 1880s Rose returned to Holland Patent to care for her ailing mother, during this time Rose taught at Sunday School and did some work in literature. When not employed in this manner, she devoted herself to her mother in the homestead at Holland Patent until her mothers death in 1882. After Ann Neal Clevelands death, Rose was left alone at the known as The Weeds. Rose continued to teach Sunday School and give lectures, in one lecture on altruistic faith, she stated, We cannot touch humanity at large, except as we touch humanity in the individual. We make the world a place through our concrete relationships, not through our vague. We must each find a true partner someone who understands and appreciates us and our deepest craving is for recognition--to be known by another human being for what we truly are. When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election as 22nd President of the United States, Rose became First Lady and she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration and his two initial bachelor years in the White House. During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House, the newspaper reported that Miss Cleveland wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders, Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society
Rose Cleveland
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Rose Cleveland
47.
Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston
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Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston was married to the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and was the First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. Becoming First Lady at age 21, she remains the youngest wife of a sitting president. Frances Clara Folsom was born in Buffalo, New York, as the daughter of Oscar Folsom, who was a lawyer and descendant of the earliest European settlers of Exeter, New Hampshire, and Emma Harmon. All of Frances Clevelands ancestors were from England and settled in what would become Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire and she was their only child to survive infancy. She originally had the first name Frank, but later decided to adopt the feminine variant Frances, a longtime close friend of Oscar Folsom, Grover Cleveland, at age 27, met his future wife shortly after she was born. He took an avuncular interest in the child, buying her a baby carriage, when her father, Oscar Folsom, died in a carriage accident on July 23,1875, without having written a will, the court appointed Cleveland administrator of his estate. This brought Cleveland into still more contact with Frances, then age 11 and she attended Central High School in Buffalo, and Medina High School in Medina, New York and went on to attend Wells College in Aurora, New York. Sometime while she was in college, Clevelands feelings for her took a romantic turn and he proposed by letter in August 1885, soon after her graduation. They did not announce their engagement, however, until just five days before the wedding, in honor of Frances Cleveland, Cleveland Hall was constructed in 1911 on the Wells College campus. Originally a library, the building currently holds foreign language classes, Frances Folsom, who was 21 years old, married President Grover Cleveland, age 49, on June 2,1886, at the White House. This was the time a president married in the Executive Mansion. Their age difference of 28 years is the second largest of any presidential marriage, the words honor, love, and keep were substituted for honor, love and obey. John Philip Sousa and the Marine Band provided the music, the couple spent a five-day honeymoon at Deer Park in the Cumberland Mountains of Western Maryland. The new First Lady was the object of media interest. She took over the duties of being White House hostess, and she held two receptions a week—one on Saturday afternoons, when women with jobs were free to come. Clevelands sister Rose Cleveland had been her bachelor brothers hostess in the first 15 months of his first term of office, after her brothers marriage, Rose happily gave up the duties of hostess for her own work in education. After Grover Cleveland was defeated in the 1888 presidential election, the Clevelands lived in New York City. Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husbands first term and she proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two non-consecutive administrations
Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston
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Frances Cleveland in 1886.
Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston
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Frances Cleveland by
Anders Zorn (1899)
48.
Caroline Harrison
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She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work. Interested in history and preservation, in 1890 she helped found the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Caroline had two sisters and two brothers. Although the family was not well off, her father ensured that his daughters as well as his sons were well educated, wherever they lived, he filled the house with books, art, and music. Religion, was important in his and the familys life and her father next accepted a job teaching chemistry and physics at Farmers College and moved the family to College Hill, near Cincinnati. There in 1848 Caroline met Benjamin Harrison, one of her fathers freshman students, the two began a courtship but did not marry until 1853. In 1849, the Scotts returned to Oxford, as Dr. Scott was selected as the first president of the Oxford Female Institute and it was held in the former Temperance Tavern, which he had purchased in 1841. Her mother Mary Neal Scott joined the school as its matron, Caroline enrolled as a student, studying English literature, theater, art, and painting. In her senior year in 1852, she joined the faculty as an Assistant in Piano Music, Benjamin Harrison, or Ben as he was known, had studied under Dr. Scott at Farmers College for nearly two years. In 1850, he transferred to Miami University, both because of its academic program and to be near Caroline. Caroline often took Ben dancing against the wishes of his father, in 1852, during the second semester of Bens senior year, the couple became engaged. They decided to postpone their wedding while Benjamin studied law in the law office of Storer & Gwynne in Cincinnati and she graduated in 1852 with a degree in music. That year she moved to Carrollton, Kentucky to teach music, suffering from pneumonia, she returned to Ohio soon afterward. Benjamin and Caroline were married on October 20,1853 at her house, the newlyweds honeymooned at North Bend, Ohio. They lived at the Harrison family home for time while they saved money. They settled in Indianapolis, Indiana, after Benjamin completed his law studies a year later, the first few years of marriage were a struggle. The couple rarely spent time together, as Benjamin worked to establish his law practice and was active in organizations to build up his business network. When Caroline became pregnant, she returned to Oxford to stay with her parents, many young women went home for childbirth, to have their mothers experience. In 1854, her first child Russell was born and she soon returned with him to Indianapolis
Caroline Harrison
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Caroline Harrison
Caroline Harrison
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Official White House portrait
Caroline Harrison
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Dog house and resident Dash
