Margaret of Parma
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Margaret was Duchess of Parma from 1547 to 1586 as the wife of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582. She was the illegitimate daughter
Portrait by Antonio Moro, c. 1562
Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma c. 1550
Alexander Farnese was an Italian noble and military leader, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Nephew to Ki
Margaret of Parma
…inherited a domain from her late husband. She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria. In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Habsburg Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each…
Portrait of the Prince when he was 15 by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1560
The Siege of Maastricht in 1579
Parma's bridge-of-boats over the Scheldt in 1585.
Alexander Farnese was made responsible for the failure of the Armada which marked the beginning of the end of his brilliant career.