Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was th
Dealey Plaza
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Dealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas, is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Dealey Plaza is a Dallas city park, built on donated by early Dallas philanthropist. It was completed in 1940 as a WPA project on the west edge of downtown Dallas where three streets converge to pass under a bridge known locally as the triple underpass. The plaza is named for George Bannerman Dealey, a leader and early publisher of The Dallas Morning News. Monuments outlining the plaza honor previous prominent Dallas residents and predate President John F. Kennedys visit by many years, the actual monument honoring President Kennedy, in the form of a cenotaph, is one block away. Dealey Plaza is bounded on the south, east, and north sides by 100+ foot tall buildings, there is also a grassy knoll on the northwest side of the plaza. At the plazas west perimeter is an underpass beneath a railroad bridge. Today, the plaza is typical
1.
Dealey Plaza Historic District
2.
National Historic Landmark plaque at Dealey Plaza.
3.
The Grassy Knoll and Bryan pergola on the north side of Elm Street
Pergola
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The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula, referring to a projecting eave. As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a building or serve as protection for a terrace or a link between pavilions. They are different from green tunnels, pergolas are sometimes confused with arbours, and the terms are often used interchangeably. An arbour is generally regarded as a bench seat with a roof. A pergola, on the hand, is a much larger and more open structure. As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a building or serve as protection for a terrace or a link between pavilions. Pergolas may link pavilions or extend from a door to an open garden feature such as an isolated terrace or pool. Freestanding pergolas, those not attached to a home or other structure, provide an area that allows for breeze and light sun. Pergolas also give climbing plants a structure on which to grow, at the Medici villa, La Petraia, inner and outer curving segments of such green walks, the forerun
3.
Pergolas are more permanent than a green tunnel, pictured here trained on modern materials: Mirabellgarten,
Salzburg
4.
Alley with grapevine-covered pergola in the centre of
Koilani village, Cyprus
Abraham Zapruder
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Abraham Zapruder was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a movie while filming the presidential limousine. Zapruder was born into a Russian Jewish family in the city of Kovel and he received only four years of formal education in Russia. In 1920, amid the turmoil of the Russian Civil War, his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Brooklyn, studying English at night, he found work as a clothing pattern maker in Manhattans garment district. In 1933, he married Lillian Sapovnik, with whom he had two children, Zapruder was a Freemason and an Inspector-General of the Scottish Rite. In 1941, Zapruder moved to Dallas, Texas, to work for Nardis, in 1949 he co-founded Jennifer Juniors, Inc. producing the Chalet and Jennifer Juniors brands. His offices were on the floor of the Dal-Tex Building. At the time of the assassination, Zapruder was an
Polaroid Corporation
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Polaroid is an American company that is a brand licensor and marketer of its portfolio of consumer electronics to companies that distribute consumer electronics and eyewear. It is best known for its Polaroid instant film and cameras, the company was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land, to exploit the use of its Polaroid polarizing polymer. Land ran the company until 1981 and its peak employment was 21,000 in 1978, and its peak revenue was $3 billion in 1991. When the original Polaroid Corporation was declared bankrupt in 2001, its brand, the new Polaroid formed as a result itself declared bankruptcy in 2008, resulting in a further sale and the present-day Polaroid Corporation. The original Polaroid Corporation was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Edwin Land in 1937, polaroid’s initial market was in polarized sunglasses — spawned from Land’s self-guided research in light polarization. Land, having completed his year at Harvard University, left to pursue this market. Land later return
Instant film
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Instant film is a type of photographic film introduced by Polaroid to be used in an instant camera. The film contains the chemicals needed for developing and fixing the photograph, in earlier Polaroid instant cameras the film is pulled through rollers which breaks open a pod containing a reagent that is spread between the exposed negative and receiving positive sheet. This film sandwich develops for some time after which the sheet is peeled away from the negative to reveal the developed photo. In 1972, Polaroid introduced integral film, which incorporated timing and receiving layers to automatically develop and fix the photo without any intervention from the photographer. Instant film is available in sizes from 24 mm ×36 mm up to 50.8 cm ×61 cm size, with the most popular film sizes for consumer snapshots being approximately 83 mm ×108 mm. Early instant film was distributed on rolls, but later and current films are supplied in packs of 8 or 10 sheets, and single sheet films for use in
1.
2 photographs recorded on instant films.
2.
Different stages of instant film.
3.
A sample shot of Polaroid Type 600, ISO 640, color film
4.
Type 667
Photograph
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A photograph or photo is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic medium such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scenes visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the eye would see. The process and practice of creating photographs is called photography, the word photograph was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς, meaning light, and γραφή, meaning drawing, writing, together meaning drawing with light. The first permanent photograph, a copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based heliography process developed by Nicéphore Niépce. In 1829 Niépce entered into a partnership with Louis Daguerre and the two collaborated to work out a similar but more sensitive and otherwise improved process, after Niépces death in 1833, Daguerre concentrated on silver halide-based alternatives. He named this first prac
1.
The earliest known surviving product of
Nicéphore Niépce 's
heliography process, 1825. It is an ink-on-paper print and reproduces a 17th-century Flemish engraving showing a man leading a horse.
Grassy knoll
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Dealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas, is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Dealey Plaza is a Dallas city park, built on donated by early Dallas philanthropist. It was completed in 1940 as a WPA project on the west edge of downtown Dallas where three streets converge to pass under a bridge known locally as the triple underpass. The plaza is named for George Bannerman Dealey, a leader and early publisher of The Dallas Morning News. Monuments outlining the plaza honor previous prominent Dallas residents and predate President John F. Kennedys visit by many years, the actual monument honoring President Kennedy, in the form of a cenotaph, is one block away. Dealey Plaza is bounded on the south, east, and north sides by 100+ foot tall buildings, there is also a grassy knoll on the northwest side of the plaza. At the plazas west perimeter is an underpass beneath a railroad bridge. Today, the plaza is typical
1.
Dealey Plaza Historic District
2.
National Historic Landmark plaque at Dealey Plaza.
3.
The Grassy Knoll and Bryan pergola on the north side of Elm Street
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements
John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
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Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forth to explain the circumstances surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy. These include accusations of involvement of the CIA, the Mafia, Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, the KGB, or even some combination thereof. Some conspiracy theories claim that the United States government covered up crucial information in the aftermath of the assassination. Former Los Angeles District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi estimated that a total of 42 groups,82 assassins, in 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only person responsible for assassinating Kennedy. Later, several other prominent experts refuted the committees assessment of the recordings in a series of rigorous tests, in addition, the recordings were found to have originated from a DPD officers microphone other than what had originally been thought, effectively discrediting the acoustical evidence. Other federal and municipal investigations have been condu
1.
Handbill circulated on November 21, 1963, one day before the assassination.
4.
The wooden fence on the grassy knoll, where many researchers believe another gunman stood.
Lee Harvey Oswald
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Lee Harvey Oswald was an American former U. S. Marine who assassinated President John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Shortly after being discharged from the Marine Corps, Oswald defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959 and he lived in the Belarusian city of Minsk until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States with Marina, his Russian wife, eventually settling in Dallas. Following Kennedys assassination, Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, Oswald was later charged with the murder of Kennedy. He denied shooting anybody, saying that he was a patsy, two days later, while being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Oswald was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy by firing three shots from the Texas School Book Depository and this conclusion was supporte
1.
Photo taken in
Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892
2.
Oswald when he served in the US Marine Corps
3.
Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk
4.
Oswald rented an apartment in this building in
Uptown New Orleans c. May–September 1963.
Badge Man
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Badge Man is the name given to an unknown figure reputedly visible within the famous Mary Moorman photograph of the assassination of U. S. President John F. Kennedy. Some researchers have theorized that this figure is a sniper firing a weapon at the President from the area of the grassy knoll in Dealey Plaza, speculation about the Badge Man figure helped fuel conspiracy theories about a plot by members of the Dallas Police Department to kill Kennedy. In response, abundant skeptics proposed numerous alternative interpretations of the image, during the Presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza, Dallas resident Mary Moorman took a series of photographs with her Polaroid camera. The Badge Man is reputedly visible in Moormans fifth and most famous photo of the area, the Moorman photograph was seen contemporaneously in world media through UPI, but the Warren Commission did not include it in the volumes of its Report. The House Select Committee on Assassinations sent a high-quality negative
1.
The
Moorman photograph (detail) showing the fatal shot; "Badge Man" is reputedly located behind the stockade fence at photo center
2.
Enlargement of the "Badge Man" area
Dallas County, Texas
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Dallas County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,368,139 and it is Texas second-most populous county and the ninth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is Dallas, which is also Texas third-largest city, the county was founded in 1846 and was possibly named for George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States under U. S. President James K. Polk. Dallas County is included in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 909 square miles, of which 873 square miles is land and 36 square miles is water. The population density was 2,523 people per square mile, There were 854,119 housing units at an average density of 971/sq mi. 38. 30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The averag
1.
The former Dallas County Courthouse in March 2009
2.
Dallas County Jail, 111 West Commerce Street
FBI
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations i
1.
J. Edgar Hoover, Director from 1924 to 1972.
3.
FBI
SWAT agents in a training exercise
Vincent Bugliosi
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Vincent T. Bugliosi, Jr. was an American attorney and New York Times bestselling author. During his eight years in the Los Angeles County district attorneys office, he successfully prosecuted 105 out of 106 felony jury trials and he was best known for prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants accused of the seven Tate–LaBianca murders of August 9–10,1969. Although Manson did not physically participate in the murders at Sharon Tates home, the case was the subject of his 1991 #1 New York Times bestselling book And the Sea Will Tell. He turned down opportunities to represent famous defendants Jeffrey MacDonald and Dan White because he did not represent anyone whom he believed to be guilty of murder. Bugliosi, along with Curt Gentry, authored the book Helter Skelter in 1974, which presented the account of the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of Charles Manson and the Manson family. He later wrote Reclaiming History, The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, of Italian des
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial
1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43,
1.
John F. Kennedy
2.
The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
4.
Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
John F. Kennedy assassination rifle
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In March 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, using the alias A. Hidell, purchased by mail order a 6. 5×52mm Carcano Model 91/38 carbine rifle with a telescopic sight. He also purchased a revolver from a different company, by the same method, both weapons were signed for in the name of Lee Harvey Oswald. Photographs of Oswald holding the rifle, a palmprint found upon examination of the rifle, Marina Oswald later testified she was told by Lee that the rifle was also used before in an attempt to assassinate retired U. S. Army General Edwin Walker in Dallas. The Oswald rifle is an Italian Fucile di Fanteria Modello 91/38 manufactured at the Royal Arms Factory in Terni, Italy and its serial number identified it as the single weapon of its type made with that number. The so-called Model 91 bolt-action rifle had been introduced in 1891 by Salvatore Carcano for the Turin Army Arsenal. In 1938, the basic Model 91 long rifle design was discontinued in favor of a new rifle design, the Model 38, with a new t
1.
CE-141, or Warren Commission Exhibit 141, the unfired 6.5×52 mm round of ammunition left in the assassination rifle above.
3.
Magazine advertisement through which Oswald purchased the rifle (left column, third from top). The ad photo actually shows a telescopically modified Carcano TS, but by the time Oswald used the ad to order the "6.5 Italian Carbine", Klein's was shipping Carcano Model 91/38's. Thus, Oswald received the latter model.
4.
Order form and envelope used by Oswald to purchase the Carcano rifle
Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination
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This article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22. Oswald had secured the job after a referral by Ruth Paine, with whom Lees wife, Marina Oswald, Ruth had also separated from her husband, Michael Paine, at about the same time. On October 24,1963, when on a visit to Dallas to mark U. N. Day, U. N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson was jeered, jostled, hit by a sign, and spat upon. Dallas Police were fearful that similar demonstrations were going to happen to Kennedy when he visited Dallas, several people, including Stevenson, warned JFK against
J. D. Tippit
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Jason David Tippit was an American police officer who was an 11-year veteran with the Dallas Police Department. On a Dallas street, about 45 minutes after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was initially arrested as a suspect in Tippits murder but later also became a suspect in the shooting of President Kennedy. Oswald was charged with both crimes shortly after his arrest, however, Oswald denied involvement in either of the cases. Before Oswald could be prosecuted for either crime, he was shot and killed, while in police custody, Tippit was born near the town of Annona in Red River County, Texas. He was one of seven children to Edgar Lee, a farmer, the Tippit and Rush families were of English ancestry, their ancestors having immigrated to Virginia from England by 1635. It is sometimes reported that J. D. stood for Jefferson Davis, but in fact, Tippit attended public schools through the tenth grade and was raised as a Baptist, a faith h
1.
Texas historical marker at 10th Street and Patton Avenue in Dallas
John Connally
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John Bowden Connally, Jr. was an American politician. As a Democrat he served as Secretary of the Navy under President John F. Kennedy, as the 39th Governor of Texas, while Governor of Texas, he was seriously wounded when President Kennedy was assassinated. As Treasury Secretary, Connally is best remembered for removing the U. S. dollar from the standard in 1971. In 1973 he switched parties to become a Republican, and ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President in 1980, Connally was born on February 27,1917, into a large family in Floresville, the seat of Wilson County southeast of San Antonio. He was one of seven born to Lela and John Bowden Connally, Sr. a dairy. His six siblings included four brothers, Golfrey, Merrill, Wayne, Connally attended Floresville High School and, upon graduation, was one of the few graduates who attended college. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin, where he was the student body president and he subsequently graduated fro
1.
John Connally
2.
Signature
3.
Connally's official Treasury Department portrait
Nellie Connally
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Idanell Nellie Brill Connally was the First Lady of Texas from 1963 to 1969. She was the wife of John Connally, who served as Governor of Texas and she and her husband were passengers in the Presidential limousine carrying President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22,1963. Connally was born in Austin, Texas, the eldest of five children of Kathleen Annie and she attended the University of Texas where she was named Sweetheart of the University in 1938. Connally initially had aspirations to become an actress but gave up those plans after meeting her husband, John Connally. John Connally began his career in working for then Congressman Lyndon B. Johnson. John Connally was elected Governor of Texas in 1962 and he was subsequently re-elected for two additional terms. During her tenure as First Lady, Connally created the gardens at the Texas Governors Mansion, on November 22,1963, Connally and her husband were riding in the presidential limousine that car
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remember
2.
Jacqueline Bouvier at age six.
3.
Jacqueline Kennedy at
Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island on her wedding day, September 12, 1953
Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
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A pink Chanel suit was worn by Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy on November 22,1963, when her husband, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Made of wool bouclé, the double-breasted, strawberry pink and navy trim collared suit was matched with a matching pink pillbox hat. Jacqueline Kennedy was an icon, and this outfit is arguably the most referenced and revisited of all of her items of clothing. During this era it became the staple of the upwardly mobile American female which could fit almost every daytime occasion that required a woman to dress stylishly. Before John F. Kennedy departed for Dallas he asked his wife what she planned to wear, in an interview with William Manchester after the tragedy, Kennedy said that her husband had told her, There are going to be all these rich, Republican women at that lunch. Wearing mink coats and diamond bracelets, and youve got to look as marvelous as any of them. Be simple – show these Texans what good taste really is, so she tr
1.
Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
2.
Jacqueline Kennedy wearing her blood-stained pink suit while Johnson took the oath of office as president
3.
Family
William Greer
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William Robert Greer was an agent of the U. S. Greer was born on a farm in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, after working for over a decade as a chauffeur and servant to several wealthy families in the Boston and New York areas, including the Lodge family and several years with Franklin Q. Greer took a close to Kennedy, and can be seen in several pictures with the Kennedy family. He chauffeured the president on many occasions, including the day of the assassination, like all agents involved, he has been the target of much speculation and criticism for his actions on that day. Greer, along with Secret Service agents Roy Kellerman, Clint Hill, Greer retired on disability from the Secret Service in 1966 due to a stomach ulcer that grew worse following the Kennedy assassination. In 1973 he relocated to Waynesville, North Carolina, where he died of cancer. Greers son, Richard, told author Vince Palamara in 1991 that his father had no survivors guilt. Secret Service procedures in place
Roy Kellerman
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Roy Herman Kellerman was a U. S. Secret Service Agent assigned to protect President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated on November 22,1963, Kellerman joined the Secret Service in Detroit just before Christmas 1941, transferring temporarily to the White House detail in March 1942 and permanently one month later. In 1965, Kellerman was promoted to deputy special agent in charge and he retired from the Secret Service in 1968 as an assistant administrator. Kellerman died in St. Petersburg, Florida, on March 22,1984, as the Assistant Special Agent in Charge of November 22,1963, Shift Team #3, Kellerman was riding in the front passenger seat of the presidential limousine. The driver was Secret Service Agent William Greer, like all Secret Service agents assigned to protect the President of the United States, Kellerman was trained to use his own body as a shield, taking a bullet if necessary in the line of duty. Kellerman, along with Secret Service agents William Greer, Clint Hill, Kelle
1.
The
Presidential limousine shortly before Kennedy's assassination. Kellerman was in the front passenger seat of the car
Clint Hill (Secret Service)
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Clinton J. Clint Hill is a former United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas. This action was documented in the Zapruder film, Hill is the last surviving passenger of the presidential limousine that arrived at Parkland Hospital. Hill was born in Larimore, North Dakota, to a Norwegian mother and his birth parents homesteaded near Roseglen. At three months of age, he was placed in an orphanage in Fargo, where he was adopted by another Norwegian family in Chris, originally named Haugen, the family later changed its name to the English version of the name, Haugen means the hill in Norwegian. Hills new family took him to Washburn, where he graduated from Washburn High School. He also attended Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota, where he played football, studied history, after college, Hill joined the Army and became a Counterintelligence Special Agent where he served until 1
Texas School Book Depository
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The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. The building is most notable for its connection to the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, an employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot and killed the president from a sixth floor window on the buildings southeastern corner. The structure is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and it is located at 411 Elm Street on the northwest corner of Elm and North Houston Streets, at the western end of downtown Dallas. The site of the building was owned by John Neely Bryan. During the 1880s, Maxime Guillot operated a shop on the property. In 1894, the Rock Island Plow Company bought the land, and four years later constructed a five story building for its Texas division, in 1901, the building was hit by lightning and nearly burned to the ground. It was rebuilt in 1902 in the Commercial Romanesque Revival style, in 1937 the
1.
Dallas County Administration Building in 2015, formerly the Texas School Book Depository
4.
As it appeared in 1969, when still used as the Texas School Book Depository.
Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza
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The museum is self-sufficient in funding, relying solely on donations and ticket sales. It rents the space from the County of Dallas, the museum was founded by the Dallas County Historical Foundation. It opened its doors on Presidents Day, February 20,1989, a museum webcam features a live view from the sniper spot. The Zapruder family no longer retains any copyrights to the film, the original film, however, is in possession of the National Archives and Records Administration. On February 19,2007, the previously unreleased 8 mm film footage of Kennedys motorcade, donated to the museum by George Jefferies, the 40-second film, silent and in color, showed the motorcade before the assassination, as well as part of Dealey Plaza the following day. The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza Mobile Site
1.
The Texas School Book Depository (now the Dallas County Administration Building)
2.
Frame 150 from the Zapruder film (Elm Street, Dealey Plaza)
Parkland Memorial Hospital
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Parkland Memorial Hospital is a hospital located in Dallas, Texas, United States. It is the hospital of the Parkland Health & Hospital System. The original hospital opened in 1894 in a building on a 17-acre meadow located at Oak Lawn Avenue. The name Parkland came from the land on which the hospital was built, a brick building replaced the wooden facility in 1913. In 1954, Parkland moved to 5201 Harry Hines Boulevard about a mile from its original site, on August 20,2015, at 6 a. m. The new hospital welcomed its first birth, a boy who arrived by Caesarean section, the 2013 film Parkland dramatizes the deaths of Kennedy and Oswald in the hospital. After he was shot on November 22,1963, President Kennedy was rushed to Parkland, at the same time, Texas Governor John Connally, wounded in the same shooting, was treated in Trauma Room 2, and survived. Two days after the assassination, Oswald was rushed to Parkland after being shot in the abdomen by Ruby, Ruby died on January 3,1967 in the sa
1.
The John F. Kennedy plaque in Parkland's Radiology Department marks the location of the Trauma Room I bed in 1963.
2.
Parkland Memorial Hospital
John F. Kennedy autopsy
–
The choice of autopsy hospital in the Washington, D. C. area was made by his widow, Jacqueline Kennedy. She chose the Bethesda Naval Hospital because President Kennedy had been a naval officer and he walked across the corridor to the trauma room occupied by Jacqueline Kennedy and a priest who had been called in to administer last rites. At the time of the assassination of Kennedy, the murder of a United States President was not covered by federal law, Rose objected, insisting that Texas law required him to perform a post-mortem examination prior to the removal of the body. A heated exchange ensued as he argued with Kennedys aides, Kennedys body was placed in a casket and, accompanied by Mrs. Kennedy, rolled down the corridor on a gurney. Rose was reported to have stood in a doorway, backed by a policeman. According to Robert Caros The Years of Lyndon Johnson, The Passage of Power the Presidents aides had literally shoved, in an interview with Journal of the American Medical Association
1.
Drawing depicting the back wound of President Kennedy. Made from an autopsy photograph.
2.
A picture of JFK's head taken at the beginning of the autopsy
3.
Drawing depicting the posterior head wound of President Kennedy, made from an autopsy photograph. The small nearly circular posterior scalp wound is at the end of the hair part, near the end of the ruler, and immediately to the right of it.
4.
Diagram made for the House Committee showing the trajectory of the missile through President Kennedy's skull. The rear wound corresponds with the small entry wound above. The skull fragments are shown exploded for illustrative purposes; most stayed attached to the skull by skin flaps, which are being pulled forward by the gloved hand in the drawing made from an autopsy photo.
Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy
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Around the world, there was a stunned reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States, on November 22,1963 in Dallas, Texas. The first hour after the shooting, before Kennedys death was announced, was a time of great confusion. Taking place during the Cold War, it was at first unclear whether the shooting might be part of an attack upon the U. S. Johnson, who had been riding two cars behind in the motorcade, was safe, many gathered in public places to watch the television coverage. Traffic in some areas came to a halt as the spread from car to car. Schools across the U. S. dismissed their students early, misplaced anger against Texas and Texans was reported from some individuals. Various Cleveland Browns fans, for example, carried signs at the next Sundays home game against the Dallas Cowboys decrying the city of Dallas as having killed the president, the event left a lasting impression on many worldwide. In the United States, Kennedys assassination
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The initial
CBS news bulletin of the shooting interrupting a live network program,
As the World Turns, at 1:40 p.m. (EST) on November 22
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
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The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Lyndon B. Johnson as President. This was the eighth non-scheduled, extraordinary inauguration to take place since the presidency was established in 1789, at 12,30 pm Central Standard Time on November 22, Kennedy was shot in Dallas while riding with his wife, Jacqueline, in the presidential motorcade. Vice President Johnson was riding in a car behind the president with his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, immediately after shots were fired, Johnson was thrown down and sat on by Secret Service agent Rufus Youngblood, and the Presidents and Vice Presidents cars sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital. There were initial reports that Johnson might have also been shot, Mrs. Johnson confirmed to reporters that he was fine and did not suffer any injury or illness other than being shaken at what hed seen. In the hospital, Johnson was surrounded by Secret Service agents, Johnson wished to wait until he knew of Kennedys condition, at 1,20 pm he wa
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1963 Presidential Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
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Missal used in the inauguration
Jack Ruby
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Jack Leon Ruby was an American, originally from Chicago, Illinois. Who lived in Dallas, Texas where he owned a nightclub, on November 24,1963, he fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald while the latter was in police custody after being charged with assassinating U. S. President John F. Kennedy two days earlier. A Dallas jury found him guilty of murdering Oswald, and Ruby was sentenced to death, Rubys conviction was later appealed and he was granted a new trial. However, on January 3,1967, as the date for his new trial was being set, Ruby became ill in his prison cell and died of a pulmonary embolism from lung cancer. Jack Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein on March 25,1911 in Chicago as the son of Joseph Rubenstein and Fannie Turek Rutkowski, Ruby was the fifth of his parents 10 surviving children and grew up in the Maxwell Street area of Chicago. He had a childhood and adolescence, which was marked by juvenile delinquency. On June 6,1922, at the age of 11, Ruby eventually skipped school enou
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Ruby around 1960
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Ruby about to shoot Oswald who is being escorted by Dallas police detectives
Jim Leavelle and L. C. Graves.
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Jack Ruby, Westlawn Cemetery
John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording
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The John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Later scientific examination discredited this interpretation of the evidence, the recording was made from Dallas Police Radio Channel 1, which carried routine police radio traffic. The open-microphone portion of the recording lasts 5.5 minutes, verbal time stamps were made periodically by the police radio dispatcher and can be heard on the recording. In December 1978, the House Select Committee on Assassinations had prepared a draft of its final report, however, after evidence from the Dictabelt recording was made available, the HSCA quickly reversed its conclusion and declared that a second gunman had fired the third of four shots heard. HSCA chef counsel G. Robert Blakey later said, If the acoustics come out that we made a mistake somewhere, despite serious criticism of the scientific evidence and the HSCAs conclusions, speculation regarding the Dictabelt and the possibility of a second gunman persisted. When the HSCA asked Weiss about the loc
Single-bullet theory
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According to the single-bullet theory, a three-centimeter -long copper-jacketed lead-core 6. If so, this bullet traversed 15 layers of clothing,7 layers of skin, and approximately 15 inches of tissue, struck a necktie knot, removed 4 inches of rib, and shattered a radius bone. The bullet was found on a gurney in the corridor at the Parkland Memorial Hospital, in Dallas, the Warren Commission found that this gurney was the one that had borne Governor Connally. This bullet became a key Commission exhibit, identified as CE399 and its copper jacket was completely intact. While the bullets nose appeared normal, the tail was compressed laterally on one side, in its conclusion, the Warren Commission found persuasive evidence from the experts that a single bullet caused the Presidents neck wound and all the wounds in Governor Connally. Most pro- and anti-conspiracy theorists believe that the theory is essential to the Warren Commissions conclusion that Oswald acted alone. The single-bullet the
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CE399 side view
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CE399 base view
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Diagram of bullet's path from
HSCA report
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Drawing depicting the back wound of President Kennedy. Made from an autopsy photograph.
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington soon after his death and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U. S. Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25. After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthews Cathedral, the president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. After John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, his body was flown back to Washington, at the same time, military authorities began making arrangements for a state funeral. Wehle, the general of the Military District of Washington. Miller, chief of ceremonies and special events at the MDW and they headed to the White House and worked with the presidents brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, also director of the Peace Corps, and Ralph
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State Funeral of John F. Kennedy
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The riderless (caparisoned) horse named "
Black Jack " during a departure ceremony held on the center steps at the United States Capitol Building.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedys funeral on November 25,1963, the site was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, a long-time friend of President Kennedys. The permanent John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame grave site was consecrated and opened to the public on March 15,1967, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Friday, November 22,1963. Initial press reports indicated that President Kennedy would be buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts, but the site for the Presidents grave was quickly changed to the hillside just below Arlington House. The site was chosen because the President and his friend, architect John Carl Warnecke, happened to visit the site in March 1963, the initial suggestion to bury President Kennedy at Arlington appears to have been made by Sec
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John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame at Arlington National Cemetery after its 2013 renovation
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Mrs. Kennedy and AG Robert F. Kennedy walk away from President Kennedy's casket after lighting the Eternal Flame. The evergreen boughs which cover the base of the temporary Eternal Flame can be seen behind them. The Presidential Honor Guard is in front of and to the left of Mrs. Kennedy. Note the presence of the Green Beret.
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Grave site under construction in October 1965. The temporary grave is just beyond the picket fence, where the crowd has gathered.
Warren Commission
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Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24,1964 and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and it also concluded that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commissions findings have proven controversial and have been challenged and supported by later studies. The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren, one of their chief reservations was that a commission would ultimately create more controversy than consensus. Nicholas Katzenbach has been credited with providing advice after the assassination of John F. Kennedy that led to the creation of the Warren Commission, on November 28 he sent a memo to Johnsons White House aide Bill Moyers recommending the formation of a Presidential Commission to investigate the assassination. To combat speculation of a conspiracy, Katzenbach said that the results of t
Trial of Clay Shaw
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On January 29,1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. On March 1,1969, a jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty, to date, it is the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy. In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA and my staff and I solved the case weeks ago, Garrison announced in February 1967. I wouldnt say this if we didnt have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt, Clay Shaw, a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans French Quarter, and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans. Perry Russo, who, after David Ferries death, informed Garrisons office that he had known Ferrie in the early 1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President. He became Garrisons main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a man named Clem Bertrand. David Ferrie, a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of
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Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury in less than an hour of deliberation.
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David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans
Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.
