1.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
2.
Richard Neal
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Richard Edmund Rich Neal is an American politician and the U. S. Representative for Massachusettss 1st congressional district and he is a member of the Democratic Party and a former city councilor and mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts. He is currently the dean of the Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives, a Springfield native, Neal graduated from American International College and received a masters degree from the University of Hartford. After graduating he became involved in politics, working as an assistant to the mayor of Springfield and he served as president of the Springfield City Council from 1979 to 1983 while teaching high school history courses and lecturing at local colleges. He served as mayor of Springfield from 1983 to 1989, overseeing a period of economic growth, with his political influence and a head start on contributions, he was nearly uncontested when he ran for election to the House of Representatives in 1988. As a member of the House Ways and Means Committee and former chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and he has also dedicated much of his career to US–Ireland relations and maintaining American involvement in the Northern Ireland peace process, for which he has won several acclamations. He has a liberal voting record, but is considered a moderate on such issues as abortion. Richard Edmund Neal was born February 14,1949, in Worcester, Massachusetts and he and his two younger sisters were raised in Springfield by their mother, a housewife, and their father, a custodian at MassMutual. Neals maternal grandparents were from Northern Ireland and his grandparents were from Ireland. Neals mother died of an attack when he was 13, and he was attending Springfield Technical High School when his father. Neal and his two sisters moved in with their grandmother and later their aunt, forced to rely on Social Security checks as they grew up. After graduating high school, Neal attended Holyoke Community College in Holyoke and then American International College in Springfield and he graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. He then attended the University of Hartfords Barney School of Business and Public Administration, early in his career, Neal taught history at Cathedral High School. Neal began his career as co-chairman of Democratic presidential candidate George McGoverns 1972 election campaign in Western Massachusetts. In 1973 he became an assistant to Springfield Mayor William C, Neal was elected to the Springfield City Council in 1978 and was named President of the City Council in 1979. The following year he was named as a delegate for presidential candidate Edward M. Kennedy at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, in 1983 Neal made plans to challenge Theodore Dimauro, the Democratic incumbent Mayor of Springfield. This pressure led Dimauro to retire and Neal was elected mayor, Neal was re-elected in 1985 and 1987. As mayor, Neal oversaw a period of significant economic growth, with over million of development and investment in the city
3.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
4.
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers, the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two areas in Massachusetts, had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. The first Springfield in the New World, it is the largest city in Western New England, and the urban, economic and it is the third-largest city in Massachusetts and fourth-largest in New England after Boston, Worcester, and Providence. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, lies 23.9 miles south of Springfield, bradley International Airport, which sits 12 miles south of Metro Center Springfield, is Hartford-Springfields airport. Springfield was founded in 1636 by English Puritan William Pynchon as Agawam Plantation under the administration of the Connecticut Colony, in 1641 it was renamed after Pynchons hometown of Springfield, Essex, England, following incidents that precipitated the settlement joining the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1777 until its closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory attracted skilled laborers to Springfield, arsenal at Springfield during Shays Rebellion of 1787 led directly to the formation of the U. S. Springfield is located at 42°6′45″N 72°32′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 square miles, of which 32.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles is water. Once nicknamed The City in a Forest, Springfield features over 4, aside from its rivers, Springfields 2nd most prominent topographical feature is the citys 735 acres Forest Park, designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Forest Park also borders Western Massachusetts most affluent town, Longmeadow, Springfield shares borders with other well-heeled suburbs such as East Longmeadow, Wilbraham, Ludlow and the de-industrializing city of Chicopee. The small cities of Agawam and West Springfield, Massachusetts lie less than a mile from Springfields Metro Center, across the Connecticut River. The City of Springfield also owns the Springfield Country Club, which is located in the city of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, like other cities in southern New England, has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a average in January of around 26 °F. During winter, noreaster storms can drop significant snowfalls on Springfield, Springfields summers are very warm and sometimes humid. During summer, several times per month, on hot days afternoon thunderstorms will develop when unstable warm air collides with approaching cold fronts, the daily average in July is around 74 °F. Usually several days during the summer exceed 90 °F, constituting a heat wave, Spring and fall temperatures are usually pleasant, with mild days and crisp, cool nights
5.
White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
6.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
7.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
8.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
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Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
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Blue-collar worker
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In English-speaking countries, a blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs non-agricultural manual labour. Often something is physically being built or maintained, in contrast, the white-collar worker typically performs work in an office environment and may involve sitting at a computer or desk. A third type of work is a worker whose labour is related to customer interaction, entertainment. Many occupations blend blue, white or pink industry categorizations, blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid by the project or salaried. There is a range of payscales for such work depending upon field of specialty. Industrial and manual workers wear durable canvas or cotton clothing that may be soiled during the course of their work. Navy and light blue colors conceal potential dirt or grease on the clothing, helping him or her to appear cleaner. For the same reason, blue is a color for boilersuits which protect a workers clothing. Some blue collar workers have uniforms with the name of the business or the name embroidered or printed on it. Historically the popularity of the color blue among manual labourers contrasts with the popularity of white shirts worn by people in office environments. The blue collar/white collar color scheme has socio-economic class connotations, however, this distinction has become blurred with the increasing importance of skilled labour, and the relative increase in low-paying white-collar jobs. The term blue collar was first used in reference to trades jobs in 1924, Alden, a higher level academic education is often not required for many blue-collar jobs. However, certain fields may require specialized training, licensing or certification as well as a school diploma or GED. With the information revolution, Western nations have moved towards a service, many manufacturing jobs have been offshored to developing nations which pay their workers lower wages. This offshoring has pushed formerly agrarian nations to industrialized economies and concurrently decreased the number of jobs in developed countries. Due to this economic osmosis, the rust belt has experienced high unemployment, poverty, blue-collar can be used as an adjective to describe the environment of the blue-collar worker such as a blue-collar neighborhood, restaurant, or bar
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White-collar worker
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In many countries, a white-collar worker is a person who performs professional, managerial, or administrative work. White-collar work is performed in an office, cubicle, or other administrative setting, many occupations blend blue, white and pink industry categorizations. Formerly a minority in the agrarian and early industrial societies, white-collar workers have become a majority in industrialized countries due to modernization and outsourcing of manufacturing jobs. The blue-collar and white-collar descriptors as it pertains to work dress may no longer be an accurate descriptor as office attire has broadened beyond a white shirt, employees in office environments may wear a variety of colors, may dress business casual or wear casual clothes altogether. In addition work tasks have blurred, white-collar employees may perform blue-collar tasks. An example would be a restaurant manager who may wear more formal clothing yet still assist with cooking food or taking customers orders or a worker who also performs desk work. A Cochrane systematic review published in 2016 concluded that at present there is low quality evidence that sit-stand desks can reduce sitting at work at the short term. There is no evidence for other types of interventions, also, evidence was lacking on the long term health benefits of such interventions. Knowledge worker Designation of workers by collar color Notes Further reading Mills, white Collar, the American Middle Classes, in series, Galaxy Book. New York, Oxford University Press,1956
12.
Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
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Western Massachusetts
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Western Massachusetts is a region in Massachusetts, one of the six U. S. states that make up the New England region of the United States. Western Massachusetts has diverse topography,22 universities, with approximately 100,000 university students, and such institutions as Tanglewood, Springfield Armory, the western part of Western Massachusetts includes the Berkshire Mountains, where there are several vacation resorts. The eastern part of the region includes the Connecticut River Valley, which has a number of university towns, the major city Springfield, in the eastern part of the area, the Quabbin region is a place of outdoor recreation. The western portion of Massachusetts consists approximately of the four counties of Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden and this set of four counties is sometimes regarded as defining Western Massachusetts, for example, the Western Massachusetts Office of the Governor serves residents of these counties. Subsequent to the elimination of the Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Berkshire and Worcester county governments in the late 1990s, the municipalities of Franklin and Hampshire counties subsequently organized two voluntary county-oriented regional councils of government. New Englands largest river, the Connecticut, flows through the center of its agricultural valley, nearly bisected by the American east coasts only east-west mountain ranges this relatively small area contains a number of college towns, urban environments, and rural hamlets. The portion of valley in Massachusetts is also commonly referred to as the Pioneer Valley. Secondary rifts branched off the main crustal fracture, and this one was occupied by the Connecticut River. Fossil dinosaur footprints in Holyoke attest to the present in this region during the Mesozoic. Although the Connecticut River Valleys soil is the richest in New England, regardless, the valley remains New Englands most productive farmland. Tobacco, tomatoes, sweet corn, and other vegetables are produced there in commercial quantities. The Berkshires have long been patronized by artists (e. g. Cultural opportunities include Lenoxs Tanglewood, Beckets Jacobs Pillow, the city of Pittsfield is the largest community located in the Berkshires. The practical limit of agriculture is somewhat below 2,000, above this climate and ecology become increasingly boreal with acidic soils. From these valleys, uplands to the east appear as a mountain range. West of the Housatonic-Hoosic valley system rises the narrower Taconic Range along the New York border, upper tributaries of the Hoosic separate Massachusetts highest peak, Mount Greylock 3,491 from both ranges, however Greylocks geology connects it with the Taconics. In northern Massachusetts, the higher altitude area to the east of the Connecticut River Valley is known as the North Quabbin region and these northern municipalities include Warwick, Orange, Petersham, Phillipston, Wendell, New Salem, and Athol near the New Hampshire border. The South Quabbin region includes the towns of Barre, Belchertown, Pelham, Ware, Hardwick, Leverett and this area once included the four Lost Towns of Enfield, Dana, Greenwich, and Prescott, which were destroyed to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir. Farther south, the called the Quaboag Hills includes Hampden, Monson, Wales, Warren, Holland
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Mount Greylock
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Mount Greylock is the highest natural point in Massachusetts at 3,489 feet. Its peak is located in the northwest corner of the state in the part of the town of Adams in Berkshire County. Although geologically part of the Taconic Mountains, Mount Greylock is commonly associated with the abutting Berkshire Hills to the east, the mountain is known for its expansive views encompassing five states and the only taiga-boreal forest in the state. A seasonal automobile road climbs to the summit, where stands the iconic 93-foot-high lighthouse-like Massachusetts Veterans War Memorial Tower, a network of hiking trails traverse the mountain, including the 2, 179-mile Appalachian Trail. Mount Greylock State Reservation was created in 1898 as Massachusetts first public land for the purpose of forest preservation, geographically, Mount Greylock is part of an 11-mile-long by 4. The summit of Mount Greylock is located in Adams, Massachusetts, the range includes peaks with elevation less than Greylock, such as Saddle Ball Mountain and Mount Fitch. On average, Mount Greylock rises 2,000 ft above surrounding river valleys and 1,000 ft above the Berkshires and Taconic Mountains. From the summit, views of up to 72 mi are possible into five different states, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Vermont, the northwest side of Mount Greylock drains into the Green River, then into the Hoosic River, Hudson River, and New York Harbor. The south side of the drains into Town Brook, then into the Housatonic River. The rest of the drains into the Hoosic River. Mount Greylock is the product of thrust faulting, a process by which older rock is thrust up. The younger, underlying marble bedrock layers have been quarried in the foothills of the mountain in nearby Adams and North Adams. During the Pleistocene,18,000 years ago, Mount Greylock, glaciation rounded and wore down the mountain, carving out U-shaped valleys and leaving glacial erratics such as the Balanced Rock in Laneborough on the west side of Greylock. The Hopper, a cirque, also located on the west side of Greylock, is the southernmost such glacial feature in New England, during the 19th century, much of the mountain was denuded by logging, fires, and grazing. Forests have since reclaimed the mountain, several forest communities exist on Mount Greylock. Lower slopes are inhabited by northern hardwood forest species while upper summits are dominated by balsam fir. The ridgeline of Greylock, between Mount Fitch on the north and Saddle Ball on the south, is the place in Massachusetts where a taiga-boreal or sub-alpine forest flourishes. Researchers have identified 555 acres of old growth forest on the mountain, the steep western slopes contain northern hardwood forest biome species up to 350 years old, including a 120-foot-tall red spruce
15.
West Springfield, Massachusetts
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West Springfield is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 28,391 at the 2010 census. The city is known as West Side, in reference to the fact that it is on the western side of the Connecticut River from Springfield. In paraphrase, from the town history book. The area that became known as West Springfield was settled in 1635, the settlers fled to higher ground on the east side of the river and founded Springfield in the aftermath of the great hurricane of 1635. West Springfield was good land, so some families did stay on the west side. Gristmills and saw mills were present in the early settlement. Because the Connecticut River was too wide to be bridged at the time, by the 1650s some English settlers had begun living full-time on the western side of the river, probably near what is now Riverdale Road, across from the Chicopee River. Early in that decade, Springfield had made a provision that any able-bodied man could be required to work up to six days on local roads. In 1666, the west side residents complained about having to work on east side roads while their own were not well taken care of, after considerable dispute, it was determined that the men of the settlement would tend the roads on their own sides of the river. For the early settlers of Springfield, attendance at both meetings and weekly Congregational church services in the early settlement were mandatory, and this was enforced by fines. In March 1683, Reice Bedortha, his son John, Johns wife Lydia, the west side residents renewed their complaints and began to demand their own church meeting house. On 29 May 1697, the Massachusetts General Court finally approved a separate parish, West side parishes were also created for Agawam, Feeding Hills, and Holyoke. The Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law in 1647 requiring the construction of a school in any town with 50 or more families. In 1706 after two years of petitioning, west side residents were granted funds for the construction of a school, in 1707, the west side parish was delegated from Springfield town meeting the right to grant land in its territory. On 23 February 1774, West Springfield was incorporated as a town, with territory including what is now Agawam. Another dispute was created when the charter of the town prevented it from taxing the property of Springfield residents within its boundaries. This law was changed to apply only until such property was sold
16.
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
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Pittsfield is the largest city and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Berkshire County. The population was 44,737 at the 2010 census, although the population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third largest municipality in western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee. In 2005, Farmers Insurance ranked Pittsfield 20th in the United States as Most Secure Place To Live among small towns with fewer than 150,000 residents, in 2006, Forbes ranked Pittsfield as number 61 in its list of Best Small Places for Business. In 2008, Country Home magazine ranked Pittsfield as #24 in a listing of cities east of the Mississippi. In 2009, the City of Pittsfield was chosen to receive a 2009 Commonwealth Award, Massachusetts highest award in the arts, humanities, in 2010, the Financial Times proclaimed Pittsfield the Brooklyn of the Berkshires, in an article covering its recent renaissance. In 1738, a wealthy Bostonian named Col. Jacob Wendell bought 24,000 acres of lands known originally as Pontoosuck and he planned to subdivide and resell to others who would settle there. He formed a partnership with Philip Livingston, a kinsman from Albany, New York, and Col. John Stoddard of Northampton. Mrs. Deming was the first and the last of the original settlers, solomon Deming died in 1815 at the age of 96. Royal Governor Sir Francis Bernard named Pittsfield after British nobleman and politician William Pitt, by 1761 there were 200 residents, and the plantation became the Township of Pittsfield. Brown wrote in his winter 1776-77 handbill, Money is this mans God, Pittsfield was primarily an agricultural area, because of the many brooks that flowed into the Housatonic River, the landscape was dotted with mills that produced lumber, grist, paper, and textiles. The town was a metropolis by the late 19th century. Stanleys enterprise was the forerunner of the internationally known corporate giant, thanks to the success of GE, Pittsfields population in 1930 had grown to more than 50,000. On October 8,2015, SABIC announced it would relocate its headquarters from Pittsfield to Houston, General Dynamics occupies many of the old GE buildings, and its workforce is expanding. Much of General Dynamics local success is based on the awarding of government contracts related to its information systems. Roosevelt, Massachusetts Governor Winthrop Murray Crane, secretary to the president George Bruce Cortelyou, Craig was killed, he was the first Secret Service agent killed while on a presidential protection detail. Roosevelt, whose face and left shin were badly bruised, nearly came to blows with the trolley motorman, Madden was later charged with manslaughter, to which he pleaded guilty. He was sentenced to six months in jail and a heavy fine, in 2004, historian John Thorn discovered a reference to a 1791 by-law prohibiting anyone from playing baseball within 80 yards of the new meeting house in Pittsfield
17.
Holyoke, Massachusetts
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Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States that lies between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range. As of 2012, the city had an population of 40,135. Sitting eight miles north of Springfield, Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, englishmen first arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633—a post was established at Windsor, Connecticut by traders from the Plymouth Plantation. They considered it the most advantageous land in the Connecticut River Valley for farming and trading, originally, Springfield spanned both sides of the Connecticut River, the region was eventually partitioned. The land on the bank of the Connecticut River became West Springfield. West Springfields northernmost parish became Holyoke, named after earlier Springfield settler William Pynchons son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke, the village of Holyoke was first settled in 1745 and was officially incorporated in 1850. The first post office in the area was called Ireland and it was established June 3,1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster. Another post office called Ireland Depot was established February 26,1847, a part of Northampton known as Smiths Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, the neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909. Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of a dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849, at one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era, Holyokes population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. In 1888, Holyokes paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company, the availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of Americas major regional electric companies. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965, Holyoke was one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States. Holyoke features rectilinear street grids—a novelty in New England and its grid pattern is notable in Western Massachusetts, where few roads are straight. From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the worlds biggest paper manufacturer, the elaborate Holyoke Canal System, built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. Holyoke is nicknamed The Paper City due to its fame as the worlds greatest paper producer, Holyoke is located at 42°12′11″N 72°37′26″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.8 square miles. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to the west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems
18.
Westfield, Massachusetts
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Westfield is a city in Hampden County, in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, United States. Westfield was first settled in 1660 and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 41,094 at the 2010 census, the area was originally inhabited by the Pocomtuc tribe, and was called Woronoco. Trading houses were built in 1639–40 by settlers from the Connecticut Colony, Massachusetts asserted jurisdiction, and prevailed after a boundary survey. In 1647, Massachusetts made Woronoco part of Springfield, Massachusetts, land was incrementally purchased from the Native Americans and granted by the Springfield town meeting to English settlers, beginning in 1658. The area of Woronoco or Streamfield began to be settled in the 1660s. In 1669, Westfield was incorporated as an independent town, in 1920, from its founding until 1725, Westfield was the westernmost settlement in Massachusetts Colony, and portions of it fell within the Equivalent lands. Town meetings were held in a meeting house until 1839. This building also served as City Hall from 1920 to 1958, due to its alluvial lands, the inhabitants of this area were entirely devoted to agricultural pursuits for about 150 years. Early in the 19th century, manufacture of bricks, whips, at one point in the 19th century, Westfield was a prominent center of the buggy whip industry, and the city is still known as the Whip City. Other firms produced bicycles, paper products, pipe organs, boilers and radiators, textile machinery, abrasives, wood products, South of the river, the intersecting trends of growth of Westfield State University and declining manufacturing changed the citys character. A Home Depot Store and a Price-Rite were recently added to Westfields wide array of shopping centers and these stores are located along Route 20. Only four buildings exceed four stories, until a major fire on January 6,1952 the Westfield Professional Building covered half a downtown city block and was six stories tall. Subsequent zoning prohibited virtually all new construction over three stories, even after improvements in fire suppression technologies and vehicles became available, no building is allowed to be taller than the towns firetruck ladders. In the early 20th century, Westfield was at the center of the Pure Food movement, allyn, a Westfield resident and pure foods expert for McClures, lived in Westfield until his murder. In 1906, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, Westfield is located at 42°7′46″N 72°44′46″W. Westfield is split into the South Side and the North Side by the Westfield River, and the northwestern section of town is known as Wyben. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 47.3 square miles
19.
Worcester County, Massachusetts
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Worcester County is a county located in the U. S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2010 census, the population was 798,552, the largest city and traditional county seat is the city of Worcester. Worcester County is included in the Worcester, MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Boston-Worcester-Providence, Worcester County was formed from the eastern portion of colonial Hampshire County, the western portion of the original Middlesex County and the extreme western portion of the original Suffolk County. When the government of Worcester County was established on April 2,1731, from that date until the dissolution of the county government, it was the only county seat. Because of the size of the county, there were fifteen attempts over 140 years to split the county into two counties, but without success. Initially, Lancaster was proposed as the seat of the county, later, Petersham was proposed once and Fitchburg was proposed repeatedly. Perhaps as a concession, in August 1884 the Worcester County Registry of Deeds was split in two, with the Worcester Northern registry placed in Fitchburg, the County has an elected county sheriff, county prosecutor, and court officials, administered under the state department of public safety. The Worcester County district attorney is a position even though the district includes one town from a neighboring county. In Massachusetts, Sheriffs have more limited roles than most states and are responsible for corrections, court service and bailiffs, County Sheriffs in Massachusetts are elected to six-year terms. The Worcester County Sheriff is Lewis Evangelidis, and the Worcester County District Attorney is Joseph Early, the Worcester County 4 H fair is in its 63rd year in 2014 with the fairgrounds at Spencer. Worcester County has one commercial airport at Worcester, the Worcester County Conservation District has countywide boundaries. The County has a planning commission. Massachusetts law allows regional compacts, traditional counties and other governmental entities, traditional County governments in the state include, Norfolk, Bristol, Dukes, Nantucket, and Plymouth Counties. Barnstable County, which is Cape Cod, functions as a regional county government. Suffolk County which is mainly Boston is under the Boston City Council, the Massachusetts General Laws describe this relationship of county government and the options for abolishing county governments and/or chartering regional governmental compacts in subchapter 34 B. Four other new county compacts have been created by the legislature and these are in Hampshire, Franklin, Barnstable Counties. Thus 9 of 14 Counties have some form of county regional governments, see the references for the state statute, and the League of Women Voters link. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,579 square miles
20.
Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
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Massachusettss 2nd congressional district is located in central Massachusetts. It contains the cities of Worcester, which is the second-largest city in New England after Boston and it is represented by Democrat Jim McGovern. The shape of the district was changed for the elections of 2012, the new district covers central Massachusetts, including much of Worcester County, and is largely the successor to the old 3rd District. Most of the old 2nd district, including Springfield, has moved into the new 1st district. In Franklin County, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, and Whately. In Hampden County, Precinct 1A in Palmer In Hampshire County, Amherst, Belchertown, Hadley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, known as the 2nd Western District. Known as the Essex North district, known as the Essex South district. During this decade, the contained the following municipalities, In Franklin County, Erving, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick. In Hampshire County, Amherst, Belchertown, Easthampton, Enfield, Granby, Hadley, Northampton, Pelham, Prescott, South Hadley, and Ware. In Hampden County, Brimfield, Chicopee, East Longmeadow, Hampden, Holland, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Monson, Palmer, Springfield, Wales, and Wilbraham. In Worcester County, Athol, Barre, Brookfield, Dana, Hardwick, New Braintree, North Brookfield, Oakham, Petersham, Phillipston, Royalston, Warren, and West Brookfield. In Hampshire County, Amherst, Belchertown, Easthampton, Enfield, Granby, Hadley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, South Hadley, Ware, in Hampden County, Agawam, Chicopee, East Longmeadow, Hampden, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Springfield, West Springfield, and Wilbraham. In Hampshire County, Hadley, Northampton, South Hadley, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
21.
Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district
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Massachusettss 3rd congressional district is located in northeastern and central Massachusetts. The district is represented by Democrat Niki Tsongas, in Essex County, Precincts 2 through 7 and Precinct 9 in Andover, Haverhill, Lawrence, and Methuen. In Worcester County, Ashburnham, Berlin, Bolton, Clinton, Fitchburg, Gardner, Harvard, Lancaster, Lunenburg, Westminster, in Bristol County, Attleboro, Fall River, North Attleborough, Rehoboth, Seekonk, Somerset, Swansea. In Middlesex County, Ashland, Holliston, Hopkinton, Marlborough, in Norfolk County, Franklin, Medway, Plainville, Wrentham. In Worcester County, Auburn, Boylston, Clinton, Holden, Northborough, Paxton, Princeton, Rutland, Shrewsbury, Southborough, West Boylston, Westborough, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present National atlas congressional maps 2004 election results, via CNN. com 2006 election results, via CNN. com
22.
Berkshire County, Massachusetts
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Berkshire County, pronounced /bərkʃər/, is a county located on the western edge of the U. S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2010 census, the population was 131,219 and its largest city and traditional county seat is Pittsfield. The county was founded in 1761, the Berkshire Hills are centered on Berkshire County, and the county itself is often referred to simply as the Berkshires. It exists today only as a geographic region, and has no county government. Of the fourteen Massachusetts counties, Berkshire County is one of eight that exists only as a historical geographic region. Berkshire County government was abolished effective July 1,2000, and all county functions were assumed by state agencies. The Berkshire Sheriff’s Office runs the county jail and house of correction, Berkshire County has three Registry of Deeds Districts, one for each district. Berkshire County is located in the Massachusettss 1st congressional district, a rural district that makes up most of Western Massachusetts. Berkshire County has four districts and elected Representatives in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, gailanne Cariddi is the current Representative. Paul Mark is the current Representative. - Consisting of precinct A of ward 1, all precincts of wards 2,3,4, precinct A of ward 5, christopher N. Speranzo, was the Representative, but has left for another position. A special election to fill his unexpired term has Tricia Farley-Bouvier as the current representative, william Smitty Pignatelli, is the current Representative. Berkshire County is located in one district for the Massachusetts Senate, adam Hinds, is the current Senator. The Massachusetts Governors Council, also known as the Executive Council, is composed of eight individuals elected from districts, the eight councillors are elected from their respective districts every two years. Berkshire County is located in the 8th District, see also the League of Women Voters of Massachusetts page on counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 946 square miles. It is the second-largest county in Massachusetts by land area, the highest natural point in Massachusetts, Mount Greylock at 3,492 feet is located in Berkshire County. Berkshire County is one of two Massachusetts counties that borders three different neighboring states, the other being Worcester County, the two counties are also the only ones to touch both the northern and southern state lines
23.
Hampden County, Massachusetts
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Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the state of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, Hampden Countys population was 463,490 and its traditional county seat is Springfield, the Connecticut River Valleys largest city, and economic and cultural capital. It was named for John Hampden, Hampden County is part of the Springfield, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the most urban county in Western Massachusetts, the Knowledge Corridor surrounding Springfield-Hartford is New Englands second most populous urban area with 1.9 million people. Like an increasing number of Massachusetts counties, Hampden County exists today only as a geographic region. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1998, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. Hampden County and Hampshire County together are part of the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, see also, MassGov page on counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 634 square miles. The population density was 751.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 192,175 housing units at an average density of 311.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 5% white,9. 0% black or African American,2. 0% Asian,0. 4% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,9. 2% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 20. 9% of the population, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 38.6 years, the median income for a household in the county was $47,724 and the median income for a family was $61,061. Males had an income of $50,207 versus $37,765 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,718, about 13. 2% of families and 17. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 5% of those under age 18 and 11. 2% of those age 65 or over. The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the designated locations. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Western New Englands largest city, and Western Massachusetts economic, civic, and recreational capital is Springfield. Springfield lies on the Connecticut River, Springfield has played an important role throughout American history. Today, it features numerous sites of historic and general interest.9 miles south—forming the Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, whereas Hartford features a post-modern skyline and relatively wider thoroughfares, Springfield has retained its human-scale, Victorian architecture and features and increasingly lively Metro Center
24.
Palmer, Massachusetts
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Palmer is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 12,140 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Palmer adopted a home rule charter in 2004 with a form of government. Palmer is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, the villages of Bondsville, Thorndike, Depot Village, and Three Rivers are located in the town. Palmer is composed of four separate and distinct villages, Depot Village, typically referred to simply as Palmer, Thorndike, Three Rivers, and Bondsville. The villages began to develop their characters in the 18th century. Today, each village has its own post office, and all, Palmer was originally a part of Brimfield but separated after being too far from Brimfield. Palmers first settler was John King, King was born in Edwardstone, Suffolk, England, and built his home in 1716 on the banks of the Quaboag River. The area as then known was called The Elbow Tract, in 1731, a deed to land in todays Palmer renamed the town New Marlborough after Marlborough, Massachusetts in todays Middlesex County. In 1731, residents of the renamed the town Kingsfield. Though in some papers in the Massachusetts General Court, it was referred to as the Elbow, a large group of Scots-Irish Presbyterians followed, arriving in 1727. Finally in 1752, it was named Palmer after Chief Justice Palmer, in 1775, Massachusetts officially incorporated Palmer. Depot Village became Palmers main commercial and business center during the late 19th century, during the 18th century, saw and grist mills were established by the rivers, and by 1825 Palmer woolen mills began to produce textiles. The Blanchard Scythe Factory, Wright Wire Woolen Mills, and the Holden-Fuller Woolen Mills developed major industrial capacity, by 1900, Boston Duck had over 500 employees in the town. The 20th century brought about a shift of immigrants in Palmer from those of French and Scottish origin to those of primarily Polish, unlike many Massachusetts communities, The Town of Palmer does not have its own water department. Instead Palmer, Bondsville and Three Rivers each have their own water department, each fire department has its own fire chief, as there is no town-wide chief. Thorndike does not have its own department or water department instead contracting out with Palmer. The Thorndike Fire Department was disbanded following World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.0 square miles, of which 31.5 square miles are land and 0.5 square mile is water
25.
Franklin County, Massachusetts
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Franklin County is a nongovernmental county located in the U. S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2010 census, the population was 71,372, which makes it the county on the Massachusetts mainland. Its largest community and traditional county seat is Greenfield, Franklin County comprises the Greenfield Town, MA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield-Greenfield Town, MA Combined Statistical Area. Franklin County was created on 24 June 1811 from the third of Hampshire County. It was named for Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Countys government was abolished by the state government in 1997, at the countys request. Like several other Massachusetts counties, Franklin County exists today only as a region and has no county government. The Franklin County Commission voted itself out of existence, and all former state-mandated county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1997, the sheriff and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region. Counties in Massachusetts and New England generally are historically weak governmental structures, the primary subdivision of the Commonwealth is the municipal township. Communities are permitted to form regional compacts for sharing services, the municipalities of Franklin County have formed the Franklin Regional Council of Governments. Public transportation throughout the county and in the North Quabbin area of northwestern Worcester County is provided by the Franklin Regional Transit Authority. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 725 square miles. Central and southern Franklin County is dominated by the end of the Pioneer Valley. The high point of Franklin County is Crum Hill,2,841 feet, the climate in Franklin County is typically cool temperate. The area is also somewhat maritime, with relatively high year-round precipitation, summers are warm and humid with frequent evening storms, and winters are cool to cold with frequent snow and subfreezing temperatures. The population density was 102 people per square mile, there were 31,939 housing units at an average density of 46 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 40% White,0. 89% Black or African American,0. 29% Native American,1. 04% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 61% from two or more races. 1. 99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16. 2% were of English,12. 2% Irish,12. 0% Polish,10. 2% French,7. 0% French Canadian,6. 7% German,6. 1% Italian and 6. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000
26.
Ashfield, Massachusetts
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Ashfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,737 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Ashfield was first settled in 1743 and was incorporated in 1765. The town was originally called Huntstown for Captain Ephraim Hunt, who died in King Williams War, the first permanent settlement was in 1745, by Richard Ellis, an Irish immigrant from the town of Easton. The town was renamed upon reincorporation, although there is debate over its namesake, it is either for the ash trees in the area, or because Governor Bernard had friends in Ashfield, England. The town had a small peppermint industry in the nineteenth century, Ashfield is the birthplace of prominent director Cecil B. DeMille, Alvan Clark, nineteenth century astronomer and telescope maker, and William S. Clark, member of the Massachusetts Senate and third president of Massachusetts Agricultural College. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 40.3 square miles, of which 40.0 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. Ashfield is located in the southwest corner of Franklin County, along the Hampshire County line, Ashfield is bordered by Buckland to the north, Conway to the east, Goshen to the south, Cummington to the southwest, Plainfield to the west, and Hawley to the northwest. Ashfield is 15 miles west-southwest of Greenfield,35 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Ashfield lies in the eastern foothills of The Berkshires, with several high hills, including Ridge Hill, in the northern portion of town. Near the center of town, Ashfield Lake feeds into the South River, in the southwest portion of town, a small portion of the Poland Brook Wildlife Management Area crosses into town, as does a portion of the Daughters of the American Revolution State Forest. The town is at the junction of the north-south Route 112 and the east-west Route 116, the town is located approximately 12 miles west of Interstate 91, the nearest interstate to the town. The nearest bus service is in Greenfield, with the nearest small air service being Turners Falls just east of there. The nearest Amtrak service is in either Greenfield, Northampton, or Pittsfield, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,800 people,741 households, and 500 families residing in the town. By population, Ashfield ranked thirteenth of the towns in Franklin County. The population density was 44.7 people per square mile, there were 821 housing units at an average density of 20.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 33% White,0. 61% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 06% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 44% of the population. 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.90
27.
Bernardston, Massachusetts
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Bernardston /ˈbərnərdstən/ is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,129 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Bernardston, Massachusetts, initially known as Falls Fight Township, was a frontier settlement created by and for the families of soldiers who had fought in King Phillips War specifically in the Battle of Turners Falls a major engagement under Captain Turner in 1676. Major John Burke was a settler of the town, his father was one of the veterans granted land in Falls Fight. The petition was granted and the proprietors of the new township began recruiting 60 families to settle in the town, ebenezer Sheldon, and Deacon Sheldon, built the first four houses, in 1738. They were of logs, with port-holes in the walls for defence against the Indians. At his own expense, Burke built a fort that stood six rods on each side. The stockade walls stood 12 feet high behind which the inhabitants in the vicinity repaired every night during the periods of Indian troubles, the fort contained eight homes, protecting the settlement during Indian attacks beginning in 1745 and later the French and Indian War. In 1747, Eliakim Sheldon, son of Lieut, ebenezer Sheldon, who appeared on the scene with aid just in time. Sheldon was famous as an Indian-fighter, and was far and near as the Old Indian-Hunter. Bernardston was originally part of the town of Colrain, Bernardston separated from Colrain and was officially incorporated in 1762, with the town of Leyden being separated from it in 1784. Bernardston is named for Governor Francis Bernard, who was governor at the time of incorporation. In early maps of Massachusetts, Bernardston is shown as Bernards Town, for much of the towns history, Bernardston has been an agricultural community, producing rye, corn, cider, and was one of the first communities to produce maple syrup. The town also has the distinction of having once sent the largest animal ever to the New York meat markets. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 23.4 square miles. Bernardston lies along the state line, south of Windham County. The town is bordered by Guilford and Vernon, Vermont, to the north, Northfield to the east, Gill to the southeast, Greenfield to the southwest, and Leyden to the west. The town center lies 7 miles north-northeast of Greenfield,43 miles north of Springfield, Bernardston lies in the Pioneer Valley, on the edge of the Pocumtuck Range
28.
Buckland, Massachusetts
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Buckland is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,902 at the 2010 census, the town shares the village of Shelburne Falls with neighboring Shelburne. The town center at Shelburne Falls is the end of the Bridge of Flowers. Buckland is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, Buckland was first settled in 1742 as No Town, as it was not currently part of either the village of Charlemont or Ashfield, which the land belonged to as one large town. A sawmill was set up that year by Othneil Taylor and Asaph White, the town was incorporated on April 14,1779 as Buckland, presumably named for the abundant hunting in the area. Buckland was the birthplace of Mary Lyon, founder of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, now known as Mount Holyoke College. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.9 square miles, of which 19.7 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles. Buckland is located in western Franklin County, and is bordered by Charlemont to the north, Shelburne to the northeast, Conway to the southeast, Ashfield to the south, and Hawley to the west. Bucklands town center is located 13 miles west of Greenfield,40 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Buckland lies along the banks of the Deerfield River, which bends from northward to westward along the town line. Clesson Brook and Clark Brook flow northward through town towards the river, moonshine Hill is also home to a small state forest. A short section of Massachusetts Route 2, known as the Mohawk Trail, the nearest interstate, Interstate 91, passes through nearby Greenfield. There is a park and ride lot located on Route 2, south of the river, the freight rail line passes from Conway in the east towards the Hoosac Tunnel through the mountains to the west. Buckland lies along the Charlemont bus line of the Franklin Regional Transit Authority, the nearest Amtrak station is in Greenfield, and the nearest small air service is at Turners Falls. The nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,991 people,772 households, and 542 families residing in the town. By population, Buckland ranks ninth out of the towns in Franklin County. The population density was 101.8 people per square mile, there were 839 housing units at an average density of 42.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 53% White,0. 45% African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 65% Asian,0. 50% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 16% of the population. 21. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.00
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Charlemont, Massachusetts
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Charlemont is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,266 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Charlemont was first settled by Moses Rice who purchased 2,200 acres on 23 April 1743 that been set off as Boston Township Number 1 in 1735 by the Great. The town was along the distant frontier at the time, and was the subject of several raids by Native Americans, while plowing in the fields one day, Rice was shot and wounded by Indians lying in ambush. They also shot and killed another man, Phineas Arms, at the time and captured Moses eight-year-old grandson Asa. Moses was taken to the woods, scalped, and left for dead. The town was incorporated as Charlemont in 1765, most likely named for the town in Northern Ireland, the town was mostly rural, with farming being the main industry until the advent of the railroad, which traveled through town towards the Hoosac Tunnel. Today the town also includes tourism, with a ski area. In the years preceding the Revolutionary War, as Charlemonts citizens grew increasingly dissatisfied with British rule, jonathan Leavitt was installed as the minister of Charlemonts Congregational Church. Born in Walpole, New Hampshire, and graduate of Yale College, Rev. Leavitt arrived in Charlemont in 1767, by 1777 the situation came to a stand-off, Leavitt refused to accept his salary in rapidly depreciating colonial currency. So the town voted to close the church, and it stationed a constable at the door to bar the offending reverend. But Leavitt would not be deterred, He moved his sermons to the schoolhouse, where he held forth until 1785 and he sued for his salary, as well as his loss on the depreciated colonial currency, and was awarded £700. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 26.4 square miles, of which 25.9 square miles is land and 0.42 square miles. Charlemont is located in the part of the county, with a small portion making up the western county line with Berkshire County. The town is bordered by Rowe to the northwest, Heath to the northeast, Colrain and Shelburne to the east, Buckland to the southeast, Hawley to the southwest, and Savoy and Florida to the west. Charlemont is 18 miles west of Greenfield,45 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Charlemonts eastern border is marked by the junction of the North River and the Deerfield River, the latter flowing eastward through town. The majority of town lands lie north of the river, except for a strip along the entire Hawley town border, the town is surrounded by the eastern Berkshires, with the western part of town being dominated by Todd Mountain and the Mohawk Trail State Forest. There are also several brooks through town, with Mill Brook lying near the town center, much of the length of the Deerfield in town is followed by the Mohawk Trail, also known as Massachusetts Route 2
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Colrain, Massachusetts
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Colrain is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,671 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Colrain was first settled in 1735 as Boston Township No,2, organized into an independently governing town body in 1745, and was officially incorporated on June 30,1761. Colrain has nine historic village areas, Elm Grove, Lyonsville, Foundry Village, Shattuckville, Griswoldville, Colrain City, Catamount Hill, Stewartville, much of the towns land area lies outside of these villages. Colrain City, was named as a joke during the mid 19th-century, since the small village was clearly anything. The center has remained almost completely unchanged over the last 150 years, in May 1812, Colrain was the first town in the United States to fly the U. S. flag over a public schoolhouse. The schoolhouse was located in the village of Catamount. Many of the settlers were immigrants from Ireland and Scotland, and it is said that the town was named in honor of Lord Coleraine. According to local tradition, Lord Coleraine was so pleased by this that he sent a fine bell to the townspeople for their new meeting house. Apparently, so the story goes, it was sold by the agent to whom it was entrusted. An alternative claim is that when in transit, the crew of the ship encountered a problem, during the period of King Georges War, Colrain was an active military front. Colrain was home to four forts at this time, Fort Morrison, Fort Morris, Fort Lucas, all of these were palisaded garrison houses, and were used as protection against frequent Indian attacks. Forts Lucas and Morrison were garrisoned during the war by the Massachusetts colonial militia and this was a source of considerable irritation for the townspeople, who were obligated to house the garrison troops in their homes. At the close of the Seven Years War in 1763, colonial troops were permanently withdrawn. With the end of the French and Indian Wars the danger of Indian attacks was greatly lessened, and the forts were abandoned by the end of the 1760s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 43.4 square miles, of which 43.1 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. The town ranks second in area of the countys 26 towns, until the expansion of New Salem after the building of the Quabbin Reservoir in the 1930s, Colrain was the largest town in the county. It is located on the border of the county and state, with Windham County
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Conway, Massachusetts
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Conway is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,897 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Conway was first settled in 1762 as the southwest portion of Deerfield, the town was eventually separated and was officially incorporated in 1767. The town was named for General Henry Seymour Conway, a leader in the British House of Commons during repeal of the Stamp Act. The town was known for its farming and other agrarian pursuits in its early years. Today the town is mostly a farming community. On February 25,2017, an EF1 tornado touched down in Conway, the tornado caused significant damage to localized areas. It was the first tornado in the month of February in Massachusetts state history. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 37.9 square miles, of which 37.7 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles. Conway is 10 miles southwest of Greenfield,32 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Conway lies south of the Deerfield River, which comprises most of its northern border. The Bardwells Ferry Bridge connects Conway to Shelburne across the Deerfield River, the town lies along the South River, which flows from Ashfield to the Deerfield River through the town, with many brooks feeding it as well as the nearby Mill River through Deerfield. The town is dotted with forests and hills, and is home to several state forests, including Conway State Forest, South River State Forest, Massachusetts Route 116 passes through the center of town, from Ashfield in the east towards Deerfield, along its way towards Springfield. Deerfield also has the nearest exits of Interstate 91, the nearest interstate highway to the town, a stretch of freight rail passes through the northern part of town, along the banks of the Deerfield River, between Deerfield and the Hoosac Tunnel to the west. The nearest passenger rail service can be reached at the Amtrak station in Amherst, the nearest small airport is in Turners Falls, with the nearest national air service being at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,809 people,692 households, by population, Conway ranked twelfth of the twenty-six towns in Franklin County, and 295th of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 48.0 people per square mile, there were 749 housing units at an average density of 19.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 73% White,0. 17% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 94% of the population. 18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.01
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Hawley, Massachusetts
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Hawley is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 337 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Hawley was first settled in 1760 as Plantation Number 7, by a group from Hatfield, the town was called the Hatfield Reserve until it was officially incorporated in 1792. The town was named for Joseph Hawley of Northampton, a leader in the American Revolution. Hawleys main industries were forestry and, eventually, recreation, the town originally included the land of its neighbor, Plainfield, which split off in the early nineteenth century. Today, the town has little industry. There are a few remaining farms, artisans and small businesses, though most people commute from the town, the town has no gas stations, convenience stores, or liquor stores. Hawley does not have a department, but does have a fire department. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 30.9 square miles. The town is located at the southwest corner of Franklin County, with Hampshire County to the south, the town is bordered by Charlemont to the north, Buckland to the east, Ashfield to the southeast, Plainfield to the south, and Savoy to the west. Hawley is located 22 miles west of Greenfield,45 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Hawley is located among the northern Berkshires, with the northern edge of town falling to the valley of the Deerfield River. Several brooks and the Chickley River flow into the river through town, the town is home to Hawley Bog, one of the few bogs in Massachusetts to be preserved in its natural state. There are several peaks in town, with the highest being Parker Hill to the south. The hill lies within Kenneth Dubuque Memorial State Forest, which has several sites for all seasons. Mohawk Trail State Forest also extends into the town from Charlemont and Savoy, between the two forests lies Stump Sprout Cross-Country Ski Area, which also provides other recreational activities off-season. A portion of Berkshire East Ski Area also lies within town, the main road through town is Massachusetts Route 8A, which connects Route 116 to the south with Route 2 to the north. Route 2, the Mohawk Trail, passes just north of the line for most of the town border. The nearest interstate, Interstate 91, can be accessed in nearby Greenfield, there is no rail, air or bus service in town
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Heath, Massachusetts
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Heath is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 706 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Heath was first settled in 1765 as a part of Charlemont, the town, as well as neighboring Rowe, separated, and Heath was officially incorporated in 1785, just a few days after its new neighbor. The town is named after William Heath, Major General of Massachusetts, General Heath had been the commanding officer and friend of Col. Hugh Maxwell, a local citizen who suggested the town be named in his honor. Accordingly, the new town was incorporated on February 14,1785, chloe Maxwell, daughter of Col. Maxwell, was married to prominent local landowner and state legislator abolitionist Roger Leavitt. Members of the Leavitt family of Heath and Charlemont provided stops on the Underground Railroad, the town had some farming and other small industry in the nineteenth century, but much of it is gone now, leaving the town as a rural area. One of its more distinctive industries was a hat business. Each year, the Heath Agricultural Society hosts the Heath Fair, a small agriculturally-focused fair held two weekends before Labor Day. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 24.9 square miles, of which 24.9 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. Heath lies along the Vermont border between Franklin and Windham counties, Heath is bordered by Whitingham and Halifax, Vermont, to the north, Colrain to the east, Charlemont to the south and southwest, and Rowe to the west. Heath is located 17 miles northwest of Greenfield,49 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Heath is located in the northeastern portion of the Berkshires, with the highest point being Burnt Hill to the southeast. Heath is fed by the West Branch of the North River, several brooks also feed into this and the nearby Deerfield River, and there is a large settlement around Papoose Lake, which drains into the Taylor Brook and eventually the North River. Massachusetts Route 8A runs from Charlemont towards its terminus at the Vermont border, Route 8A is the main link between Heath and Charlemont, where it meets Massachusetts Route 2 (the Mohawk Trail and provides access to the region. The nearest expressway, Interstate 91, is accessible in Greenfield, the town has no rail, bus or air service. The nearest bus and small air service is in Greenfield and Turners Falls, respectively, the nearest national air service can be reached at Albany International Airport in New York. As of the census of 2000, there were 805 people,292 households, by population, Heath ranks twenty-first of the twenty-six towns in Franklin County, and 332nd out of the 351 cities and towns in the Commonwealth. The population density was 32.3 people per square mile, there were 648 housing units at an average density of 26.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 76% White,0. 50% Asian,0. 37% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 62% of the population
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Leyden, Massachusetts
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Leyden is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 711 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Leyden was first settled in 1737 as part of Fall Town, the town was set off from Bernardston in 1784, but it was not incorporated until February 22,1809. The town was named for the city of Leiden, Netherlands, Leyden had several small industries in the eighteenth century, including grist mills, wood product mills, and dairying, but today the largest industry is maple sugar production. The town also has a reservoir which supplies the town of Greenfield, the Brotherhood of the Spirit commune was founded in Leyden in 1968. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.0 square miles, of which 17.9 square miles is land and 0.12 square miles. Leyden lies on the northern Massachusetts border, south of Windham County, the town is bordered by Guilford, Vermont, to the north, Bernardston to the east, Greenfield to the south, and Colrain to the west. The town center lies 9 miles north of Greenfield,47 miles north of Springfield, Leyden lies along the eastern edge of the Berkshires, with the town mostly lying along the valleys of the Green River and the branches of Glen Brook. The majority of the town away from the brooks is forested, and the town has a state forest. The confluence of the main and east branches of Glen Brook is dammed to form the Greenfield Reservoir, before the brook flows southward into Greenfield, Leyden is one of only a handful of towns in Massachusetts which does not have any state routes. There are state routes, U. S. routes and interstates in the towns, with Interstate 91 passing to the south. The nearest bus and passenger service is in Greenfield. The nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, as of the census of 2000, there were 772 people,277 households, and 219 families residing in the town. By population, Leyden ranked 22nd out of the 26 towns in Franklin County, the population density was 42.9 people per square mile, which ranked 18th in the county and 316th in the Commonwealth. There were 306 housing units at a density of 17.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 45% White,0. 39% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 13% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 26% of the population. 16. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,30. 7% from 45 to 64
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Monroe, Massachusetts
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Monroe is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 121 at the 2010 census, by area, population and population density, it is the smallest town in the county, and is the second-smallest town by population in the Commonwealth, with only Gosnold having fewer residents. Monroe is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, Monroe was first settled in 1800 and was officially incorporated in 1822. The town was named for President James Monroe, who was in office at the time of incorporation, the town was mostly rural, with dairy farming taking up much of the towns economic activity. During the mid-19th century, the town did get some business from the building of the Hoosac Tunnel, in 1885, however, a railroad line was built between neighboring Readsboro, Vermont, and Holyoke to haul wood pulp to a paper factory. This, in turn, enticed the Ramage family to establish the James Ramage Paper Company in 1887, the company was the main industry well into the 20th century, before closing in 1984. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 10.8 square miles, of which 10.7 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. Monroe is located at 42°4318. 80N, 72°5629. 38W, the town is located on the northwestern corner of Franklin County along the Vermont state border, and is bordered by Berkshire County to the west and Bennington County, Vermont, to the north. It is bordered on the north by the towns of Stamford and Readsboro, Vermont, on the east by Rowe, Monroe is 26 miles northwest of Greenfield,55 miles north-northwest of Springfield, and 115 miles west-northwest of Boston. Monroe is located on the Hoosac Range, the end of The Berkshires. The towns border with Rowe lies along the Deerfield River, which enters the state at point, heading south. The river is dammed for part of this length as the end of the Sherman Reservoir. There are also several brooks which run through town, much of the central and southern part of town is covered by Monroe State Forest, which extends into neighboring Florida. Monroe is one of a handful of towns in the state without any state highways, the nearest state highway is Massachusetts Route 2, also known as the Mohawk Trail, which runs through the neighboring towns. The nearest expressway is Interstate 91, which runs along the Connecticut River,28 miles east of town, the nearest regional rail, bus, and air service can be found in North Adams, and the nearest national air service is at Albany International Airport in New York. Monroe is the smallest town by population and population density in Franklin County, as of the census of 2000, there were 93 people,43 households, and 23 families residing in the town. The population density was 8.7 people per square mile, there were 67 housing units at an average density of 6.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 100. 00% White, of all households 37. 2% were made up of individuals and 14. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Rowe, Massachusetts
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Rowe is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 393 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Rowe was the site of fishing and foraging for local Native American tribes, the area was first visited by white settlers in 1744, and was the site of a fort to guard against raids. In 1762, the lands were purchased by the Rev. Cornelius Jones. The town had enough settlers by 1785 to have it incorporated as a town, renamed by the Massachusetts General Court after John Rowe, the town of Rowe grew around mills on the river, but also had other industries, including sulfur, talc and soapstone mining. This was nowhere more evident than in the now abandoned settlement at the Davis Mine, in the late 1880s, with the addition of the railroad along the river, the area had become somewhat of a small resort town. But, by the advent of the 1900s, most industry had begun to dry up, leaving the town fairly rural until the 1950s. At that point, with the baby boom underway, Rowe became the site of Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station, Rowe lies along the northern border of Franklin County and Massachusetts, bordered by Windham County, Vermont, to the north and Berkshire County to the west. The town is bordered by Whitingham, Vermont, to the north, Heath to the east, Charlemont to the south, Rowe is located 23 miles west-northwest of Greenfield,53 miles north-northwest of Springfield, and 112 miles west-northwest of Boston. Rowe lies along the bank of the Deerfield River, which is dammed near the Vermont border to form the Sherman Reservoir. The town has two large bodies of water, the Upper Bear Swamp Reservoir and Pelham Lake, which feeds Pelham Brook. The town is hilly, with two ridges on either side of Pelham Brook. Near the southwest corner of town is Negus Mountain, along the ridge, and along the eastern ridge lies Todd Mountain and Adams Mountain. Much of the land southeast of Pelham Lake is part of Pelham Lake Park, there are also two small units of Monroe State Forest in town. Rowe is one of a handful of towns in Massachusetts which has no state highways. The nearest state highways are Massachusetts Route 8A, which runs through neighboring Heath, and Route 2, the nearest expressway, Interstate 91, passes through the center of the county, near the junction of the Deerfield River and the Connecticut River. A short section of tracks leading westward to the Hoosac Tunnel passes through the southwest corner of town. The nearest bus and small air service is in North Adams, the nearest Amtrak service is in Pittsfield, at the 2000 census, there were 351 people,154 households and 105 families residing in the town
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Shelburne, Massachusetts
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Shelburne is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,893 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village of Shelburne Falls is located partly in Shelburne and neighboring Buckland, Shelburne was first settled in 1756 as part of Deerfield, Massachusetts, known then as Deerfield Northwest. Shelburne was officially incorporated as a town in 1775 and its character has always been two-sided, the main body of town has farmland among the low hills, while the area around Shelburne Falls has mostly been a milling community. The towns center is located 5 miles west of Greenfield,39 miles north of Springfield, Shelburne lies along the eastern banks of the Deerfield River, which flows along the towns southern and western border. Several brooks feed into the river through the town, flowing down from several low peaks of the foothills of The Berkshires. Massaemett Mountain is the highest point in town, lying just east of Shelburne Falls, massaemett also is home to two small sections of the towns state forest. In the village of Shelburne Falls are the Glacial Potholes, a waterfall with many potholes, traces of large rock activity along the Deerfield River. Shelburne lies along Massachusetts Route 2, commonly known as the Mohawk Trail, the short, westernmost section of Route 2A connects the highway with the heart of Shelburne Falls, passing into Buckland before finally ending there. The nearest expressway, Interstate 91, passes through neighboring Greenfield and Deerfield, the nearest freight rail service is in Buckland, with the nearest Amtrak service being in Greenfield. There is regional bus service in Greenfield, as well as the Campus West route of the Franklin Regional Transit Authority, the nearest general aviation airport is in nearby Turners Falls, with the nearest national air service being at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,058 people,834 households, by population, Shelburne ranked eighth out of the 26 towns in Franklin County, and 290th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 88.5 people per square mile, there were 886 housing units at an average density of 38.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 28% White,0. 49% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 24% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 39% from other races, and 1. 12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 58% of the population,30. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 21. 1% under the age of 18,6. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,29. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 89.9 males
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Hampshire County, Massachusetts
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Hampshire County is a historical and judicial county located in the U. S. state of Massachusetts. Instead there is a Hampshire Council of Governments, as of the 2010 census, the population was 158,080. Its most populous municipality is Amherst, and its county seat is Northampton, the county is named after the county Hampshire, in England. Hampshire County is part of the Springfield, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Hampshire County was constituted in 1662 from previously unorganized territory comprising the entire western part of Massachusetts Bay Colony. It included the towns of Springfield, Northampton, and Hadley. The original Hampshire County included territory that is now in modern-day Hampden County, Franklin County, by 1683, three new towns had been incorporated south of Springfield. These towns were partly or wholly in the state of Connecticut at the time of their incorporation. In 1731, Worcester County was created, which included the town of Brookfield. More territory was lost to Worcester County in 1742 when the town of Western was created and added to Worcester County, further territorial losses occurred in 1749 when the towns of Enfield, Somers, and Suffield unilaterally joined Connecticut Colony. In 1761, Berkshire County was created resulting in more territorial loss for Hampshire County. In 1811, Franklin County was split off from the part of Hampshire. Like a number of Massachusetts counties, Hampshire County exists today both as a geographic region and a judicial district, it has no county government. Many former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999, the sheriff and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected county-wide to perform duties within the region. The Hampshire Council of Governments, with elected councilors from 15 towns, provides many regional services, together with Hampden County, Hampshire County municipalities belong to the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 545 square miles. Hampshire County is the section of the Pioneer Valley. Franklin County Worcester County Hampden County Berkshire County As of the census of 2000, there were 152,251 people,55,991 households, the population density was 288 people per square mile. There were 58,644 housing units at a density of 111 per square mile
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Chesterfield, Massachusetts
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Chesterfield is a rural hill town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States,26 miles southeast of Pittsfield and 108 miles west of Boston. The population was 1,222 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Chesterfield was first settled in 1760 and was incorporated in 1762. It was named after the Earl of Chesterfield, the town center, established after the Revolution, has well-preserved Federal Period houses along Main Road. In its early days, the town supported an agricultural economy. Progress wiped out most of the industry in Chesterfield and by the start of the 20th century an agricultural economy developed alongside the growing trade from summer residents. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.3 square miles. Chesterfields location is nearly equidistant from the northern, southern and western lines of Massachusetts. Chesterfield Gorge, a property of the Trustees of Reservations, at the 2000 census, there were 1,201 people,447 households and 324 families residing in the town. The population density was 38.6 per square mile, there were 524 housing units at an average density of 16.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 67% White,0. 25% Asian,0. 25% Pacific Islander,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 08% of the population. Of all households,18. 8% were made up of individuals and 6. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09. 25. 7% of the population were under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 8% from 25 to 44,28. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 54 years. For every 100 females there were 99.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median household income was $49,063 and the family income was $57,361. Males had an income of $35,417 versus $27,788 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,220, about 3. 4% of families and 5. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 4% of those age 65 or over. MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report, Chesterfield Massachusetts Historical Commission,1982
40.
Cummington, Massachusetts
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Cummington is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 872 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Cummington was first settled in 1762 and was incorporated in 1779. It was named after Colonel John Cumings, the original landholder, the first Congregational Church minister was Rev. James Briggs of Norton, Massachusetts, and a graduate of Yale College around 1775. Briggs was the son of Deacon James and Damaris Briggs, although a small town, several Revolutionary War patriots are buried there, including Nathaniel Holbrook, Seth Wilder, Sr. and Seth Wilder, Jr. Noted poet and newspaper editor William Cullen Bryant was born in Cummington and his house is now preserved and open to the public as the William Cullen Bryant Homestead. The town hosts the Cummington Fair every August on the towns fairgrounds, the fair features many events including adult and 4-H exhibition halls, a craft barn, vaudeville stage, antique car parade, oxen pull, and an assortment of fair rides, games, and food stands. The town was the subject of a 1945 documentary film, The Cummington Story, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 23.0 square miles, all land. The East Branch of the Westfield River flows through Cummington, the mineral cummingtonite was first found in this town and was named after it. As of the census of 2000, there were 978 people,382 households, the population density was 42.4 people per square mile. There were 452 housing units at a density of 19.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 42% White,0. 61% African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 31% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 27% of the population. 28. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.77. In the town, the population was out with 27. 9% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,30. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $42,250, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had an income of $31,765 versus $27,279 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,553, about 4. 2% of families and 6. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over
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Easthampton, Massachusetts
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Easthampton is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The town is on the edge of the Pioneer Valley near the five colleges in the college towns of Northampton. The population was 16,053 at the 2010 census, Easthampton was first settled by European immigrants beginning in 1664 and was originally considered part of Northampton. In 1785, the village of Easthampton was formally named its own political entity. Easthampton is the youngest town in Hampshire County by date of incorporation, the first of these, the Williston-Knight Button Company, was established in 1847 by Samuel Williston, son of the town’s first minister, a Congregationalist named Payson Williston. The company specialized in cloth-covered buttons – a coveted item at the time – and to facilitate the operation of the machinery, other mills soon opened nearby, a number of them specializing in elastic and rubber thread manufacturing. Following this spurt of development, the town’s first high school and first national bank opened in 1864. Constables were replaced by the town’s first police officer in 1871, the town’s public library opened in 1881, and fourteen years later in 1895, the community was introduced to two new innovations, telephones and streetcars. With the influx of new residents came a number of new churches, founded for Catholic, Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist parishioners, as well as a second Congregational church. World War II provided some relief for the Easthampton economy, as several of the textile companies as well as newer heavy manufacturing corporations received another round of federal contracts. However, beginning in the early 1960s a number of critical closures hit the town hard, small farms and well-established small businesses remain the economic core of Easthampton. Easthampton changed its charter in 1996 to become a city, small stores around Main Street, Union Street, and Cottage Street have changed business due to the influx of this new demographic. Easthampton is bordered by Southampton and Westhampton to its west, by Holyoke to its east and south and it also has a river boundary with Hadley to its northeast along the Connecticut River. The western flanks of Mount Tom and Mount Nonotuck form its eastern boundary, in 1797, the town was divided into four school districts. By the middle of the 19th century, the town offered over 12 small schools, over the following century, the town began to reduce the amount of small schools and began to build schools suited for higher volume. In 1897, a school was constructed on Maple Street. The Maple Street School was later enlarged to 16 rooms, the junior high school was consolidated here from 1950-1962. After 1962, this school was used for elementary classes, Mount Holyoke College graduate Sarah Chapin, the last principal of girls at Williston Seminary, became the towns first high school principal in 1864
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Goshen, Massachusetts
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Goshen is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,054 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town has an atmosphere, with one general store, a post office, a fire station, a regional elementary school in nearby Chesterfield. The town encompasses both the Upper and Lower Highland lakes, Upper being a part of the D. A. R, the Lower Highland Lake is privately held by a homeowners association for families who own yearlong and summer properties on the lake. Goshen was first settled in 1761 and was incorporated in 1781. Home of natural deposits, colorless beryl was first discovered in Goshen. Coordinates are 42. 44°N72. 81°W /42.44, Goshen and Baker, Missouri are the only two towns or villages in the United States within 29 miles of four different states. Goshen is 28.5 miles from New York,28 miles from Connecticut,26 miles from New Hampshire, as of the census of 2000, there were 921 people,365 households, and 247 families residing in the town. The population density was 53.0 people per square mile, there were 536 housing units at an average density of 30.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 02% White,0. 11% Native American,0. 22% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 09% of the population. 18. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was out with 21. 9% under the age of 18,4. 3% from 18 to 24,32. 0% from 25 to 44,31. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,583, and the median income for a family was $58,750. Males had an income of $37,159 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,221, about 4. 3% of families and 7. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 3% of those under age 18 and 9. 5% of those age 65 or over. State Forest A property of the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Camp Howe Youth Summer Camp MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report, Goshen Massachusetts Historical Commission,1982
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Granby, Massachusetts
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Granby is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,420 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town partially overlaps with the place of Granby. Granby was once part of Hadley as were other towns, Granby was first settled in 1727 and was officially incorporated in 1768. The town is named in honor of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, Granby was originally part of Hadley equivalent lands, and then South Hadley, before being incorporated on June 11,1768. Old Hadley was first settled in 1659 by people from Hartford and Wethersfield and these settlers left Connecticut because of religious differences within their communities. John Pynchon was commissioned to buy land for their new community. Pynchon purchased the land from three Native American chiefs, Chickwallop, Umpanchala and Quontquont, ownership was transferred to the settlers and confirmed by the General Court. These original boundaries include part of present-day Granby, Granby is one of only three towns in Massachusetts whose local telephone service is not furnished by the former Bell System. The other two towns are Richmond and Hancock, both in Berkshire County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 28.1 square miles. Granby is bordered by South Hadley to the west, Amherst to the north, Belchertown to the east, two highways pass through the town, U. S. Route 202 runs eastward though town from South Hadley to Belchertown on East State Street and West State Street. Route 116 runs northeastward from South Hadley to Amherst along Amherst Road, the Holyoke Range is in the northern part of Granby. Major peaks within the town are Long Mountain and Mount Norwottuck, Norwottuck is the highest point in town at 1106 feet above sea level. The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail runs along this mountain range as it passes through Granby, the Horse Caves are geological ledges along this trail. The Public School system consists of West St. Elementary, East Meadow, grades Pre-k to 3 take place in West St. grades 4-6 take place in East Meadow, and grades 7-12 take place in Granby Jr/Sr High School. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,132 people,2,247 households, the population density was 220.1 people per square mile. There were 2,295 housing units at a density of 82.4 per square mile
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Huntington, Massachusetts
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Huntington is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,180 at the time of the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. By the Court of Massachusetts Bay, Huntington has a history, hinted at by the towns incorporation date of March 5th,1855. The town was assembled from pieces of surrounding towns, which were grafted onto the town of Norwich, Murrayfield, the present village center sits on what was the meeting point of three towns and two counties. The location of the created a tangle of jurisdictional confusion. With the coming of the railroad in the 1840s and the expansion of industry and population came with it. The solution that resulted in the town we call home today was crafted by a Northampton attorney named Charles Huntington, once the new town was incorporated, Mr. Huntington presented it with a gift that was the foundation of the towns library. After some discussion, the newly formed town voted to adopt the name of Huntington, in honor of its recent architect and benefactor. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 26.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,174 people,809 households, the population density was 81.6 people per square mile. There were 935 housing units at a density of 35.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 56% White,0. 41% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 41% Asian,0. 28% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 84% of the population. 19. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 27. 7% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $48,958, and the median income for a family was $52,308. Males had an income of $36,893 versus $27,414 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,385, about 4. 4% of families and 5. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 2% of those under age 18 and 10. 7% of those age 65 or over
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Middlefield, Massachusetts
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Middlefield is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 521 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Middlefield was first settled in 1780 and was incorporated in 1783. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 24.2 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 542 people,213 households, the population density was 22.4 people per square mile. There were 263 housing units at a density of 10.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 89% White,0. 18% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 18% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 55% of the population. 17. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 23. 1% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,31. 2% from 25 to 44,30. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $50,938, and the median income for a family was $53,889. Males had an income of $35,208 versus $30,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,137, about 7. 3% of families and 8. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. The brook eventually feeds into the Westfield River, which has been designated as a Wild. The Glendale Falls site itself is part of the Glendale Falls Reservation, Middlefield Fair The Middlefield Fair, a small country-style fair, established in 1855, is hosted annually by the Highland Agricultural Society, and is held in August over three days. The 2013 event was the 158th occurrence, there are many events for attendees of all ages, including tractor pulls, pie eating contests, and agricultural contests. Gateway Regional School District MHC Survey Reconnaissance Town Report, Middlefield Massachusetts Historical Commission,1982
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Plainfield, Massachusetts
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Plainfield is a town on the northwestern edge of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States, about 25 miles east of Pittsfield and 30 miles northwest of Northampton. The population was 648 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Plainfield is the youngest town in Hampshire County, a distinction it has held since the disincorporation of Enfield, in the 1800s, Plainfield was a thriving agricultural community, primarily producing sheep and leather for tanning. With the widespread adoption of the steamship, and the resultant globalization in the 1870s, consequently, the agricultural industries in Plainfield became less profitable, and the Population declined substantially over the following decades. Sixty-one men from Plainfield joined the Union Army late in the American Civil War, six were killed in battle, or died in consequence of their service. Of those who survived, many settled elsewhere after the war, after almost two centuries of depopulation, modern Plainfield is experiencing increased population growth. The Town of Plainfield is situated in the scenic Berkshire Highlands where Hampshire County merges into neighboring Franklin, Plainfield is part of the Hilltowns of Western Massachusetts. Plainfield sits 1620 above sea level, and the peaks of West Mountain are the highest elevation in Hampshire County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 21.3 square miles. Plainfields waterways serve as the headwaters of the Westfield and Deerfield rivers, Plainfield is bordered by the towns of Cummington, Ashfield, Hawley, Savoy, and Windsor. As of the census of 2000, there were 589 people,243 households, the population density was 28.0 people per square mile. There were 311 housing units at a density of 14.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 13% White,0. 34% Native American,0. 17% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 68% of the population. 25. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.92. In the town, the population was out with 24. 8% under the age of 18,4. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 1% from 25 to 44,31. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $37,250, and the median income for a family was $46,042. Males had an income of $31,625 versus $26,875 for females
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South Hadley, Massachusetts
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South Hadley is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 17,514 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. South Hadley is home to Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley High School, Pioneer Valley Performing Arts Charter Public School, South Hadley was an uninhabited area of Hadley from 1659 until 1721 when the first English settlers arrived from Hadley. A separate town meeting was held in 1753, and the town was officially split, the town is the home of the nations first successful navigable canal as well as the oldest continuing institution of higher education for women. The Civil War Monument in the center of the Commons was given to South Hadley by William H. Gaylord in the 1900s, the Gaylords also donated the Gaylord Memorial Library, located near the center of town. South Hadley is located in the part of Massachusetts, specifically in the Pioneer Valley. It is bordered on the north by Hadley and Amherst, on the east by Granby, the Connecticut River defines the towns western border and separates it from the cities of Holyoke and Easthampton. South Hadley is 45 miles south of Brattleboro, Vermont,87 miles west of Boston, although no Interstate Highways cross South Hadleys borders, U. S. Route 202, and Massachusetts Highways 33,47, and 116 provide primary routes of transportation. Interstate 91 can be accessed in Holyoke while Interstate 90 is accessible through Chicopee, westover Metropolitan Airport is located in neighboring Chicopee, offering air services throughout the region. Bradley International Airport, serving the greater Hartford-Springfield area, is located 17 miles to the south, the closest Amtrak station is in Holyoke. The Village Commons, a center for dining, shopping, and leisure, is located at the juncture of Massachusetts Routes 116 and 47, additional commercial centers are located on Massachusetts Routes 116 and 33. South Hadley is also the home of Mount Holyoke College, the oldest continuously operating institution of education for women. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.4 square miles. The mountain range called the Mount Holyoke Range passes through the north of the town and separates it from Hadley, there are 12 reservoirs in the town fed by eight distinct streams and also six natural ponds. The sandstone slab bearing large, mysterious footprints was later purchased by Elihu Dwight, Professor Edward Hitchcock then obtained the slab, which is now on prominent display in the Amherst College Museum of Natural History. Hitchcock believed the fossils were made by gigantic ancient birds, long before scientists accepted that modern birds, as of the census of 2000, there were 17,196 people,6,586 households, and 4,208 families residing in the town. The population density was 971.0 people per square mile, there were 6,784 housing units at an average density of 383.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 05% White,1. 20% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 53% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 77% from other races, and 1. 28% from two or more races
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Southampton, Massachusetts
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Southampton is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It was established first as a district of Northampton in 1753, the name Southampton was given to it during its first town meeting in 1773. Southampton is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, the town had a population of 5,792 at the 2010 census. Southampton was rated having the best tasting tap water in the country in 2008 by the National Rural Water Association, senator Ted Kennedy was involved in a plane crash there in 1964. Lewis Strong Clarke, a Louisiana sugarcane planter and 19th century Republican politician, was there in 1837. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 29.1 square miles. Southampton is located 17 miles northwest of Springfield and 100 miles to the west of Boston, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,387 people,1,985 households, and 1,556 families residing in the town. The population density was 191.4 people per square mile, there were 2,025 housing units at an average density of 71.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 29% White,0. 20% African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 63% Asian,0. 20% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 87% of the population. 16. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.07. In the town, the population was out with 25. 5% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 1% from 25 to 44,29. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $61,831, and the median income for a family was $64,960. Males had an income of $41,544 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,205, about 1. 8% of families and 2. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 8% of those under age 18 and 6. 5% of those age 65 or over
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