1.
Massillon, Ohio
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Massillon is a city in Stark County in the U. S. state of Ohio, approximately 8 miles west of Canton,20 miles south of Akron, and 50 miles south of Cleveland. The population was 32,149 at the 2010 census, which makes it the 44th largest city in Ohio, Massillon is the second largest incorporated area within the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the area had a population of 404,422 and includes all of Stark. The village of Navarre borders the city to the south, the original settlement of Kendal was founded in 1812 by Thomas Rotch, a Quaker originally of New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut. James Duncan of New Hampshire first settled in Kendal before recording the plot for Massillon on December 6,1826, Duncan, known as the citys founder, named the town after Jean Baptiste Massillon, a French Catholic bishop, at the request of his wife. The town plat was established along the east bank of the Tuscarawas River, the canal section spanning from Cleveland to Massillon was completed in 1828. Massillon quickly became a port town along the canal route, known as the Port of Massillon. The first telegraph lines would reach Massillon in 1847, and the Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad would extend its rails to Massillon in 1852, Massillon incorporated as a village in 1853. In 1868, Massillon incorporated as a city when the populated reached 5,000, the C. M. Russell & Company, formed in 1842 by Charles. M. Russell and his brothers, Nahum Russell and Clement Russell, manufactured threshing machines, the company began producing train cars in 1852 and incorporated in 1864 as Russell & Company Inc. In 1884, Russell & Company begain producing its famed steam traction engines, a merger with the Griscom-Spencer company in 1912 created the Griscom-Russell Company. Griscom-Russell produced heat exchangers for the United States Navy during World War II, the Massillon Iron Bridge Company was founded by Joseph Davenport in 1869 after moving to Massillon from Boston to work at the C. M. Russell & Company. Davenport also invented and built the first locomotive cowcatcher and cab in Massillon, the company incorporated in 1887 as The Massillon Bridge Company. The Massillon Bridge Company designed and built steel truss bridges up through the mid-1900s, the Massillon State Hospital for the Insane opened in 1898 on 240 acres of land given to the state of Ohio for the purpose of constructing the hospital. The hospital was established by Ohio governor William McKinley, by 1950 there were 3,100 patients in the hospital. Today it is known as Heartland Behavioral Healthcare, the Forest City Motor Company was founded in Cleveland in 1906 but relocated to Massillon that same year. Forest City produced approximately 1,000 of their Jewel automobiles in Massillon between 1906 and 1909, the name of the company was changed to the Jewel Motor Car Company but the company eventually ceased production in 1909. Massillon Rolling merged into the Central Steel Company in 1914, Central Steel eventually became known as the Central Alloy Steel Company
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
E. J. Stewart
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Edward James Doc Stewart was an American football, basketball, and baseball player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was also the founder, and player-coach of the Massillon Tigers professional football team, Stewart was the son of a Methodist minister and had played football and basketball at Mount Union College, located in Alliance, Ohio. He had attended school at Case Western Reserve University, located in Cleveland. In the early 1900s, Stewart organized a pro team in Massillon. Ed, a young and ambitious editor of the city newspaper The Evening Independent, was named as the teams first coach, at this time, Massillon was involved in a rivalry with the cross-county, Canton Bulldogs. Both teams spent lavish amounts of money to bring in ringers from out of town, prior to the 1906 season, a news story in The Plain Dealer alleged that the Bulldogs were financially broke and could not pay its players for that final game. Many Canton followers believed the story had originated in Massillon as a trick to discredit their team, since Stewart had newspaper connections, he was believed by Canton to have planted the story. The Tigers had won every Ohio League championship from 1902 to 1906, in 1906, Stewart was promoted from coach to the Tigers manager. Sherburn Wightman, who was coached by Amos Alonzo Stagg, was named the new coach. In 1906, Stewart was a figure in a scandal between the two clubs. The Canton Bulldogs-Massillon Tigers Betting Scandal was the first major scandal in professional football and it was also the first known case of professional gamblers attempting to fix a professional sport. When the Tigers won the second and final game of the series and were named pro footballs champions, Stewart charged, through the Massillon Independent, that an actual attempt was made to bribe some of the Tiger players and that Wallace had been involved. Stewart never stated that either the first or second Canton-Massillon game was fixed, instead, his accusation was that an attempt had been made to bribe some Massillion players before the first game. According to Stewart, Tiny Maxwell and Bob Shiring of Massillon had been solicited to throw the first game by East, Maxwell and Shiring then reported the offer to Wightman and the scandal ended before it began. East was then released by the Tigers, only then was Wallace named by Stewart of being Easts accomplice. The scandal was said to have ruined professional football in Ohio until the mid 1910s, however, some others argue that the expense of placing all-star teams on the field each week also put a damper on the sport. The Canton Morning News put a $20,000 price tag on the Massillon Tigers 1906 team, stiil others contend that the games involving top teams such as Canton and Massilon were too one-sided and lacked excitement. Many towns in Ohio still fielded clubs over the several years, however these new pros consisted more of sandlotters
4.
Charles Brickley
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Charles Edward Brickley was an American football player and coach. Brickley also coached the New York Brickley Giants of the American Professional Football Association—now the National Football League—in 1921, Brickley was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Everett, Massachusetts. He stood 510 and weighed 181 pounds during his athletic career, Brickley attended Harvard College, where he played football from 1911 go 1914 for the Crimson as a fullback and placekicker under head coach Percy Haughton. He was named an All-American in 1913 and 1914, during the 1913 Harvard–Yale game, Brickley kicked all five of Harvards field goals in the Crimsons 15–5 win over Yale. He set college records for most field goals made by one player in a single season. Brickley also competed in the jump at 1912 Summer Olympics. At the same Olympics he competed in the event which was held as demonstration sport. In 1917, Brickley became a player-coach for the Massillon Tigers, brickleys first coaching job was during his senior year at Harvard, where he served as an assistant to the University of Virginia football team during the teams August practices. After graduating, Brickley was sought by many schools looking for head coaches, including New York University, after initially refusing to coach, Brickley eventually accepted the head coaching job at Johns Hopkins University. In 1916, he led Boston College to its first defeat over rival Holy Cross since 1889 and he left Boston College in 1918 to join the United States Navy Reserve. Brickley returned to coaching in 1921 as the coach of the Fordham Rams. Brickley coached the New York Brickley Giants of the National Football League in 1921, in 1922, Brickley was offered the position of head coach at Northwestern, but the two sides could not agree on terms and the school hired Glenn Thistlethwaite instead. Brickley did not coach football after the 1921 season and he worked as a stockbroker, shipbuilder, and advertising salesman until his death in 1949 in New York City. He settled in Bronxville, New York, where his two sons attended high school, in 1923, Brickley was indicted on charges of illegal stock negotiations. He was found not guilty of forgery and larceny by a jury on May 28,1925. On March 1,1928 Brickley was found guilty of four counts of larceny and bucketing orders from customers of Charles E. Brickley, Inc. stock brokerage firm and he was released on parole in December. In 1949, Brickley and his son, Charles, Jr. were arrested after starting a fight in a Manhattan restaurant, according to testimony, the fight began when Brickley overheard somebody say Is that old bald-headed so-and-so Charlie Brickley, the football player. Or You mean that old bald-headed man is the great Charlie Brickley, Brickley died the day the charges against him were to be dismissed
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J. J. Wise
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Jacob J. Wise was a Republican mayor of Massillon, Ohio from 1898 until 1902. He was also the Clerk of<Massillon City Council for Massillion from 1903 until 1910, in 1912 he was elected to Ohio Senate for the 80th General Assembly. He also served as Secretary of the Labor and Finance Committees and he was then re-elected to the legislature in 1914 for the 81 General Assembly. Wise began work at the age of 12, as a cashier in one of the dry goods stores in Massillon. This led his later career in the business as the director. He later became a founder, and later manager, of the professional American football team, the Massillon Tigers of the Ohio League. In 1903, Wise, who was the Massillon Clerk of Courts, organized a group of 35 local business leaders who met in the Hotel Sailer in downtown Massillon, to form a professional football team. He then led a committee to secure the funds for a new football. Massillons local venders only had a sufficient quantity of one style to outfit an entire team. Those jerseys imitated the orange and black striped attire of the Princeton Tigers, so the new Massillon team was christened the Tigers. By 1905 Wise was the manager of the Tigers, who won the 1903,1904 and 1905 Ohio League titles and he remained the manager until after Tigers won the 1906 Ohio League championship. Immediately afterwards, rumors of a betting fix tainted the championship, major professional football would cease in Ohio until 1911. In 1887, Jacob married Elizabeth Axel, of Ashland, Ohio, the couple would go on to have a daughter, Margery Whitman, and a granddaughter, Mary Elizabeth. Jacob died in Massillon in 1930, manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly. Manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly, massillons Tradition Rooted in Pro Tigers Success. Blondy Wallace and the Biggest Football Scandal Ever
6.
Ralph Hay
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Hay was the owner of the Canton Bulldogs from 1918 until 1923. However he is recognized for organizing the first meeting of teams that would later form the American Professional Football Association. After high school in Canton, Hay, at age 18, after several years selling cars, Hay went into the car business for himself. Hay Motor Company, and sold Jordan Hupmobiles and Pierce-Arrows, Hay became one of the most successful automobile dealers in the state of Ohio. In 1918, at the age of 27, Hay acquired the Canton Bulldogs from Jack Cusack, Hay had planned to use the team to help promote his car business and pursue his love of football. At the time the Bulldogs were the top team in the unofficial Ohio League, the team did not compete much in 1918 due manning issues related to the United States involvement in World War I. However in 1919, the Bulldogs again won the championship, despite winning a championship, the Bulldogs did not draw well. Not enough fans came to games to pay for the salaries owed to the players. To combat the increasing salaries, as well as the issue of players jumping from team to team, Hay sought to form a league. The league idea came from Cantons star halfback, Jim Thorpe, in August 1920, Hay met in Canton with the managers of the Akron Pros, Cleveland Tigers, and Dayton Triangles to form the American Professional Football Conference. The Akron delegation consisted of Frank Nied and Art Ranney, while Jimmy ODonnell and Stan Cofall represented Cleveland, and Carl Storck Dayton. At the meeting Hay was elected secretary of the league and he then wrote to every important pro team in the Midwest, including George Halas manager of the Decatur Staleys, inviting them to meet in Canton on Friday, September 17,1920 at 8,00 pm. Representatives from ten pro teams showed up, because Hays office was too small, the meeting was held in his automobile showroom. Some of the owners sat on car running boards due to a lack of seats, the resulting organization operated for two years as the American Professional Football Association before its name was changed to the National Football League in 1922. The ten original franchises were from four states, four other franchises the Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles, and Detroit Heralds would join the league later that year. Hay was asked to become the president, however he suggested that Jim Thorpe take the position on the belief that his fame would enhance the league. Hay built a team in Canton during the early1920s, signing three future Hall of Famers in tackle Wilbur Henry, tackle Roy Link Lyman, and end Guy Chamberlin. When Chamberlin took over as coach in 1922 from Cap Edwards, however, Hay continued to lose money with the Bulldogs
7.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
8.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
9.
Canton Bulldogs
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The Canton Bulldogs were a professional American football team, based in Canton, Ohio. They played in the Ohio League from 1903 to 1906 and 1911 to 1919, and its successor, the Bulldogs would go on to win the 1917,1918 and 1919 Ohio League championships. They were the NFL champions in 1922 and 1923, in 1921–1923, the Bulldogs played 25 straight games without a defeat, which as of 2016 remains an NFL record. As a result of the Bulldogs early success along with the league being founded in the city, Jim Thorpe, the Olympian and renowned all-around athlete, was Cantons most-recognized player in the pre-NFL era. In 1924, Sam Deutsch, the owner of the NFLs Cleveland Indians, bought the Canton Bulldogs and took the Bulldogs name and its players to Cleveland and named his franchise the Cleveland Bulldogs. He then offered to sell the Canton franchise back to the city of Canton to play in the 1924 season, however there were no interested in the team. The Canton Bulldogs were however re-established in 1925, and the NFL considers the 1925 to 1926 Canton Bulldogs to be the team as the 1920 to 1923 incarnation. All in all, this version of the Cleveland-Canton-Philadelphia Bulldogs played from 1961 to 1966, another Canton Bulldogs team was slated to begin play in the Stars Football League in 2012, although that team never materialized. The Bulldogs name is also in use at Canton McKinley High School, prior to the debut of professional football in the city, an amateur team from Canton was mentioned as being a superior team in Stark County, Ohio. Until about 1902, this team competed with the Akron East Ends for the Ohio Independent Championship, when the Massillon Tigers arrived on the scene and went professional, Canton, as an amateur team, was no longer competitive. The Canton Bulldogs were officially established on November 15,1904 as the Canton Athletic Club, the statement stated that the football team was to be a professional organization, complete with a professional coach. The team was given the goal of beating the rival Massillon Tigers, to do this, Canton went out and offered money to the best players on all the other Ohio League teams. Bill Laub, a player, team captain and coach of the Akron East Ends, was hired as the teams first-ever coach, the team began its 1905 season, with a 7–0 record. The Bulldogs then traveled to Latrobe, Pennsylvania to play the Latrobe Athletic Association, Latrobe was not only the current Pennsylvania champions, but had gone undefeated for the last three seasons. Latrobe were also considered the only pro team capable of competing with Canton and Massillon, Canton would go on to lose its 1905 game to Latrobe, 6–0. However, the worst part of the loss came when coach Bill Laub became injured and was unable to finish the season, Blondy Wallace, a former All-American for the Penn Quakers, was then named as Laubs successor and team captain. Two weeks later, the team would lose the Ohio League championship game to the Massillon Tigers, sometime during the 1906 season, the Canton team became known as the Bulldogs although no one is quite sure how it came to be affixed to the Canton team. It wasnt called that in 1905, nor through most of the 1906 season, as late as November 4, R. C
10.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
11.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
12.
Stark County, Ohio
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Stark County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 375,586, the county was created in 1808 and organized the next year. It is named for John Stark, an officer in the American Revolutionary War, Stark County is included in the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area. Stark County was named in honor of American Revolutionary War General John Stark, John Stark was a general who served in the American Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He became widely known as the Hero of Bennington for his service at the Battle of Bennington in 1777. During the early 20th century, Stark County was an important location in the development of professional football. The rivalry between the Massillon Tigers and Canton Bulldogs helped bring the Ohio League to prominence in the mid-1900s, the Bulldogs ended up a charter member of the National Football League, where it played for several years. In the later 20th century, Stark Countys voting record swung from one party to another, even within the swing state of Ohio, Stark County is regarded as a quintessential bellwether, and thus presidential candidates have typically made multiple visits to the region. Major media outlets typically pay close attention to the results in the county. The New York Times in particular has covered the countys citizens, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 581 square miles, of which 575 square miles is land and 5.3 square miles is water. First Ladies National Historic Site As of the census of 2000, there were 378,098 people,148,316 households, the population density was 656 people per square mile. There were 157,024 housing units at a density of 272 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 28% White,7. 20% Black or African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 54% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 29% from other races, and 1. 43% from two or more races. 0. 92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 24. 80% under the age of 18,8. 30% from 18 to 24,27. 80% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $39,824, and the median income for a family was $47,747
13.
Canton, Ohio
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Canton is a city in and the county seat of Stark County, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1805 alongside the Middle and West Branches of Nimishillen Creek, however, its status in that regard began to decline during the late 20th century, as shifts in the manufacturing industry led to the relocation or repositioning of many factories. After this decline, the industry diversified into the service economy, including retailing, education, finance. Canton is located approximately 24 miles south of Akron, and 60 miles south of Cleveland, Canton lies on the outskirts of the greater northeast Ohio metropolitan area anchored by Cleveland, and is also a short distance away from the periphery of the greater Pittsburgh area. The city lies on the edge of Ohios extensive Amish country, particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the citys west and southwest. Canton is located along Interstate 77, U. S. Route 62, and the historic Lincoln Highway, the present-day U. S. Route 30, and is also the terminus of the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad. Canton is the largest incorporated area in the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the 2010 Census, the population was 404,422. Cantons city population declined 9. 7%, down to 73,007 residents, despite this decline, the 2010 figure actually moved Canton from ninth to eighth place among Ohio cities. Nearby Youngstown in Mahoning County, once more populous than Canton. Canton is chiefly notable for two reasons, the first is football, especially the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the formation in 1920 of what became the National Football League. The second is William McKinley, who conducted from his home in Canton the famed front porch campaign which won him the presidency of the United States in the 1896 election, the McKinley National Memorial and the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum commemorate his life and presidency. Canton was chosen as the site of the First Ladies National Historic Site largely in honor of his wife, Canton is currently experiencing an urban renaissance, anchored by its growing and thriving arts district centrally located in the downtown area. Several historic buildings have been rehabilitated and converted into upscale lofts, Canton was founded in 1805, incorporated as a village in 1822, and re-incorporated as a city in 1838. Bezaleel Wells, the surveyor who divided the land of the town, named it after Canton, the name was a memorial to a trader named John ODonnell, whom Wells admired. ODonnell had named his Maryland plantation after the Chinese city, as he had been the first person to transport goods from there to Baltimore, Canton was the adopted home of President William McKinley. Born in Niles, McKinley first practiced law in Canton around 1867, the city was his home during his successful campaign for Ohio governor, the site of his front-porch presidential campaign of 1896 and the campaign of 1900. Canton is now the site of the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum, Cantons street layout forms the basis for the system of addresses in Stark County. Canton proper is divided into quadrants by Tuscarawas Street and Market Avenue
14.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
15.
Western Reserve Academy
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Western Reserve Academy is a private, mid-sized, coeducational boarding and day college preparatory school located in Hudson, Ohio. A boarding school, Western Reserve Academy is largely a residential campus, with 280 of 400 students living on campus, in that population, students matriculated from 21 states and 15 countries. 87% of the faculty hold advanced degrees, approximately 90% of the faculty members reside on campus in either faculty homes or dormitory apartments. Reserve also participates in an exchange program with the Caterham School in Surrey. The institution’s name comes from the area in which it was built, the settlers from Connecticut wanted to build a school of the same caliber as Yale University and the same design, with brick buildings and the same motto, Lux Et Veritas. People called it “the Yale of the West. ”The first class of the school included eleven students at the college level and eight at the preparatory level. In 1882, the section moved north to Cleveland, Ohio. Reserve is the 27th oldest preparatory boarding school in the United States, Western Reserve Academy remained open for another twenty-one years, until 1903, when it was forced to close due to financial problems. In 1916, however, the school reopened due to the graces of benefactor James Ellsworth, the Ellsworth Era was marked by significant construction, namely Seymour Hall, the Bicknell Gymnasium, and Ellsworth Hall, a dormitory and dining hall. During this time the projects were completed, Renovation of Nathan P. Seymour Guest House Expansion/construction of the Metcalf Center Construction of the John D. S. News & World Report as one of the top boarding schools in the country, Western Reserve Academy is rife with tradition. One of the most popular is Vespers, a Christmas Concert, another is TGIF, a study break each Friday where much of the student body descends into The Green Key, a lounge beneath the dining hall, to snack and dance and socialize before the weekend. Like TGIF, some traditions are weekly, for instance, each Wednesday, the entire faculty and student body has a sit down lunch. The meal is served family style and students sit with their advisors in an intimate setting. Another frequent tradition is the victory bell, almost lost after the construction of the Murdough Athletic Center, this tradition was rekindled when the bell was reinstalled in 2012. After each Reserve athletic victory, the players on the team take turns ringing the bell loud enough for the entire campus to hear. Finally, the last tradition Reserve students experience, Commencement is set just outside the historic chapel, the graduating men wear Reserve green and white pants while the women wear white dresses. They are led through campus by bagpipers and followed by the faculty, as each student is called up, they receive not only their diploma but also the Alumni tie or the Alumni pin
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University of Mount Union
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The University of Mount Union is a 4-year private, coeducational, liberal arts college in Alliance, Ohio. For more than a century the college has been connected with the Methodist Church. It is now affiliated with the East Ohio, West Ohio, Mount Union has been ranked for 14 consecutive years as a top college in the Midwest and is also ranked as a Best Buy for regional liberal arts colleges in the Midwest. Mount Union has an enrollment of 2,209 undergraduate students, students represent more than 22 states and 13 countries. Mount Union has a base of more than 13,000 graduates located around the world. In approximately 1911, Scio College of Scio, Ohio merged with Mount Union, moving faculty to the Mount Union campus, Mount Union College was renamed the University of Mount Union effective August 1,2010. 85 percent of the faculty at Mount Union have earned a doctoral or terminal degree with graduate training at universities in the United States, Mount Union offers 60 majors and 53 minors of academic coursework in keeping with the liberal arts tradition. Students are encouraged to explore a variety of departments and majors to discover potential talents and interests, through general education course requirements, students are able to familiarize themselves to a variety of majors and minors. Students are also encouraged to meet their academic adviser, to find guidance in deciding what majors and minors are most advantageous. The University also offers programs in pre-health professions, pre-law, nursing. Mount Union offers a master of science in Physician Assistant studies, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Mount Union school colors are purple and white and competes in the Ohio Athletic Conference and in NCAA Division III athletics. The teams are nicknamed Purple Raiders, and the mascot is MUcaw. Mount Union sponsors 11 mens varsity teams, baseball, basketball, cross-country, football, golf, track & field, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, lacrosse and wrestling. The school also sponsors 10 womens varsity teams, basketball, cross-country, golf, lacrosse, track & field, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, Mount Unions football is currently led by head coach Vince Kehres. Mount Union holds the record for consecutive victories at 55 from 2000-2003. Mount Union previously held the all divisions mark at 54 consecutive games until losing in the semifinals on December 12,1999 to Rowan University, during both the 55 and 54 game streaks Mount Union won 3 consecutive National Championships. Since both streaks were connected—from 1997–2003 Mount Union won 109 of 110 games played, one of the more popular programs for students at the University of Mount Union is the music program. The Theatre Department puts on two productions every fall, and varying productions in the spring, every spring semester alternates between a musical and a straight play every year for the main stage show, and every spring there are also student-directed one-acts
17.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
18.
Princeton Tigers
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The Princeton Tigers are the athletic teams of Princeton University. The school sponsors 31 varsity sports, the school has won several NCAA national championships, including one in mens fencing, six in mens lacrosse, three in womens lacrosse, and eight in mens golf. Princetons mens and womens crews have won numerous national rowing championships. The field hockey team made history in 2012 as the first Ivy League team to win the Division I NCAA Championship in field hockey and it is nicknamed the perennial giant killer, a nickname that it acquired during Pete Carrils coaching career from 1967–1996. Its most notable upset was the 1996 defeat of defending NCAA champion UCLA in the opening round. In 1989, the team almost became the only #16 seed to win, losing to Georgetown 50-49, during that 29-year span, Pete Carril won thirteen Ivy League championships and received eleven NCAA berths and two NIT bids. Princeton placed third in the 1965 NCAA Tournament and won the NIT championship in 1975, the deliberate Princeton offense is a legacy of his coaching career. It is employed by a number of collegiate basketball teams. From 1992–2001, a span, the mens basketball team entered the NCAA tournament four times. Notably, the Ivy League has never had an entry in the NCAA tournament. Princeton tied the record for fewest points in a Division I game since the 3-point line started in 1986–87 when they scored 21 points in a loss against Monmouth University on December 14,2005. The 1924–25 team was named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation. Princetons Varsity Womens basketball program is the strongest in the Ivy League, courtney Banghart, a Dartmouth graduate, is entering her tenth season as the Tigers highly esteemed head coach. The football team has competed since 1869 and played in the first game against Rutgers University and they have won 24 national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. Twenty-one former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the game, between Rutgers College and the College of New Jersey, took place on November 6,1869 at College Field in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers won by a score of six runs to Princetons four, the 1869 game between Rutgers and Princeton is notable because it is the first documented game of any sport called football between two American colleges. It is also noteworthy because it occurred two years before a codified rugby game would be played in England, the Princeton/Rutgers game was significantly different from American rules football today but, nonetheless, it was the first inter-collegiate football contest in the United States. Another similar game took place between Rutgers and Columbia University in 1870 and a notable game took place between Tufts University and Harvard University in 1875
19.
Cy Rigler
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Charles Cy Rigler was an American umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the National League from 1906 to 1935. His total of 4,144 games ranked fourth in league history when he retired. Rigler is tied with ODay for the second most World Series as an umpire, Rigler has also been credited with instituting the practice of using arm signals when calling balls and strikes. Born in Massillon, Ohio, Rigler never played baseball in his younger days and his first major league game was on September 27,1906, with the Brooklyn Dodgers visiting the Chicago Cubs, he became a member of the NLs regular staff in April 1907. Rigler joined the majors at a time when the use of one umpire in a game was still common, by the time his career ended, three umpires had become standard. The ensuing controversy over league umpires signing players for teams whose games they would be officiating led to the establishment of a rule barring umpires from also acting as scouts. Rigler was highly regarded for his nature and for his ability to let criticism roll off his back without becoming visibly irritated. He allowed players and managers to make their arguments, and demonstrated a willingness to eject only the most egregious offenders. Rigler officiated in 10 World Series, second only to Bill Klems 18,1910,1912,1913,1915,1917,1919,1921,1925,1928 and 1930 and he was also one of the umpires in the first All-Star Game in 1933. When Rice emerged from the crowd with the ball in his glove, Riglers call of a catch, washington won the game 4-3, although they went on to lose the Series to Pittsburgh. Rigler was again the base umpire on August 25,1922, Rigler was promoted to supervisor of the NL staff in December 1935 following the death of Hank ODay, but he never got the opportunity to fulfill his duties. He died less than two weeks later, following surgery for a tumor, in Philadelphia at age 53. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26
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Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
21.
Tackle (gridiron football position)
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Tackle is a playing position in American and Canadian football. Historically, in the one-platoon system prevalent in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the modern system of specialized units, offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions, the offensive tackle is a position on the offensive line, left and right. The term tackle is a vestige of an era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense. A tackle is the position on the offensive line. They power their blocks with quick steps and maneuverability, the tackles are mostly in charge of the outside protection. If the tight end goes out for a pass, the tackle must cover everyone that his guard does not, usually they defend against defensive ends. In the NFL, offensive tackles often measure over 6 ft 4 in and 300 lb, the Wonderlic is taken before the draft to assess each players aptitude for learning and problem solving, a score of 26 is estimated to correspond with an IQ of 112. The right tackle is usually the teams best run blocker, most running plays are towards the strong side of the offensive line. Consequently, the tackle will face the defending teams best run stoppers. He must be able to gain traction in his blocks so that the back can find a hole to run through. The left tackle is usually the teams best pass blocker, of the two tackles, the left tackles will often have better footwork and agility than the right tackle in order to counteract the pass rush of defensive ends. When a quarterback throws a pass, the quarterbacks shoulders are aligned roughly perpendicular to the line of scrimmage. Right-handed quarterbacks, the majority of players in the position, thus turn their backs to defenders coming from the left side, creating a vulnerable blind side that the left tackle must protect. A2006 book by Michael Lewis, The Blind Side, Evolution of a Game, made into a 2009 motion picture, the book and the films introduction discuss how the annual salary of left tackles in the NFL skyrocketed in the mid-90s. Recent examples include Eric Fisher, Luke Joeckel, Lane Johnson, Matt Kalil, Trent Williams, Jake Long, and Joe Thomas
22.
Captain (sports)
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In team sports, captain is a title given to a member of the team. The title is frequently honorary, but in cases the captain may have significant responsibility for strategy. In either case, it is a position that indicates honor, in association football and cricket, a captain is also known as a skipper. Depending on the sport, team captains may be given the responsibility of interacting with game officials regarding application and interpretation of the rules, in many team sports, the captains represent their respective teams when the match official does the coin toss at the beginning of the game. Various sports have differing roles and responsibilities for team captains, in martial arts, the class lead instructor, acting under the direction and authority of the Master or a senior belt, may be called the captain
23.
College of Wooster
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The College of Wooster is a private liberal arts college primarily known for its emphasis on mentored undergraduate research. It enrolls approximately 2,000 students, and is located in Wooster, Ohio, United States, founded in 1866 by the Presbyterian Church as the University of Wooster, it was from its creation a co-educational institution. The school is a member of The Five Colleges of Ohio, as of April 30,2015, Woosters endowment stood at approximately $274 million. Wooster is one of forty colleges named in Loren Popes influential book Colleges That Change Lives and it is consistently ranked among the nations top liberal arts colleges, according to U. S. News and World Report. In US News Best Colleges 2017, for the year in a row, Wooster is recognized for its “outstanding” undergraduate research opportunities and its senior capstone program. Only two schools have been named to both lists in each of the past fifteen years, Wooster and Princeton University. Founded as The University of Wooster in 1866 by Presbyterians, the institution opened its doors in 1870 with a faculty of five, wealthy Wooster citizen Ephraim Quinby donated the first 22 acres, a large oak grove situated on a hilltop overlooking the town. After being founded with the intent to make Wooster open to everyone, the first black student, Clarence Allen, began his studies later in the same decade. It is rumored that when the college was founded, it was gifted a mummy, while the mummy is still located on campus, at the basement of the art center, the head of Nat Turner was lost in Old Main after a fire broke out. In the pre-dawn hours of December 11,1901, a fire destroyed the five-story Old Main building, within two years, it was replaced by several new buildings which remain the primary structures for the classes, labs, and faculty offices. These include Kauke Hall, Scovel Hall, Severance Hall, about ten years after the fire and rebuilding, there were eight divisions, including a medical school whose faculty outnumbered those in the college of arts and sciences. The enrollment of the college is kept small, around 2000 students. In the 1920s, during the clashes between liberal and fundamentalists, William Jennings Bryan, a prominent Presbyterian layman, attacked the college for its teaching of evolution, the subject had been taught at the college for several decades and defended by then president Charles F. Wishart. Bryan called for the General Assembly of the church to cut off funding to the college, but in 1923 Wishart defeated Bryan for the position of Moderator of the General Assembly largely on the evolution issue, and the college continued to teach evolution. The 240-acre college has an endowment, established in 1987, which supports tree conservation, maintenance. The Oak Grove, a pleasant green space near the center of campus, several of the Groves trees are older than the college itself, including an eastern black oak near Galpin Hall that dates to 1681, as well as a 1766 white oak. Each senior class plants a tree in the Oak Grove on the day before graduation. On November 10,2015, the College named Sarah Bolton as its 12th president and her term began July 1,2016
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
25.
Thanksgiving (United States)
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Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival, Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, after a proclamation by George Washington. Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the holiday season. The event that Americans commonly call the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621 and this feast lasted three days, and—as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow—it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims. The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating thanksgivings—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought. Setting aside time to give thanks for blessings, along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest, are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America. The first documented thanksgiving services in territory belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607, with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, in 1619,38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The groups London Company charter specifically required that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned, in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God. Americans also trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition. Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn, squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England. The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient, the Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621. Seventeenth-century accounts do not identify this as a thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest and it included 50 persons who were on the Mayflower and 90 Native Americans. The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World, along with young daughters, two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists, are not to be confused with Puritans, both groups were strict Calvinists, but differed in their views regarding the Church of England. Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it, for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want, and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, and besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports
26.
Harry McChesney
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Harry Vincent McChesney, nicknamed Pud, was a professional American football player, as well as a professional baseball player. He played 22 games in the majors in 1904 for the Chicago Cubs, the rest of his 12-year career was spent in the minors, where he played in the Western League, the American Association, the New York State League and the Texas League. He was considered one of the best punters of his era, Harry McChesney Major League Stats from Baseball Reference Harry McChesney Minor League Stats from Baseball Reference Carroll, Bob
27.
Pittsburgh Stars
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The Pittsburgh Stars or Pittsburg Stars were a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1902. The team was member of what was referred to as the first National Football League, the whole league was a curious mixture of baseball and football. The Stars were managed and funded, on paper, by Dave Berry, however, the team was suspected of being secretly financed by the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Stars, and the league, began as a part of the wars between the National League and the newly formed American League, which began in 1901. Across the state in Philadelphia, two league teams fought for control of the citys baseball market. These teams were the Athletics, which were represented in the American League, the interleague fighting began when the Athletics lured several of the Phillies players from their contracts, only to lose them again through court actions. In 1902, Phillies owner John Rogers decided to start a team, he therefore took control of the Philadelphia Football Club team. The Athletics owner, Ben Shibe, followed suit and fielded, named a team named Philadelphia Athletics and he appointed his baseball manager Connie Mack as the teams general manager and named former Penn player, Charles Blondy Wallace as the teams coach. Berry met with the two Philadelphia owners and agreed to establish a team, due to the animosity between Rodgers and Shibe, Berry was then elected as league president. Berry constructed his team from many of the key players that played for the Homestead Library & Athletic Club and he then became the teams owner and manager. However, Berrys modest income showed that he couldnt possibly have the money to cover the salaries of the top pros the team employed, all by himself. Suspicion fell on William Chase Temple, the steelman whod formerly backed the Homestead Library & Athletic Club and who was still an officer with the Pirates, and Barney Dreyfuss, both denied any connection to the teams finances, and Berry insisted he was the teams sole owner. No one believed them then, nor do any sports historians believe them now, regardless of who the teams owner was, Berry still made all the management decisions. And right away he alienated many fans in Pittsburgh when he decided to have his team train in Greensburg,40 miles away. Berry stated that Greensburgs Natatorium provided better facilities than what could be found in Pittsburgh, even the benefits of breathing Greensburgs clear, country air failed to impress Pittsburghers who were used to constantly breathing highly polluted air in city during the early 1900s. Wrote one historian, As far as the fans were concerned, Berry had deserted Pittsburgh, Berry then added another error by announcing that his team would play a couple of games in Greensburg, coming to Pittsburgh itself only for big-money games. As a result, the Pittsburgh Press took to calling them the Greensburg team, however, Berry did build a top-notch team. As a player-coach he hired, a former Brown University All-American, Richardson had quarterbacked the Homestead Library & Athletic Club in 1901
28.
National Football League (1902)
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The National Football League was the first attempt at forming a national professional American football league in 1902. This league has no ties with the modern National Football League, in fact the league was only composed of teams from Pennsylvania, which meant it was actually regional, despite having locations in the two largest cities in Pennsylvania. Two of the teams were based in Philadelphia, while the third was based in Pittsburgh and this NFL was a curious mixture of football players and baseball players who adapted to playing football. Future Baseball Hall of Famer Rube Waddell was with the Philadelphia Athletics, two of the three teams were owned by the Philadelphia Phillies and Philadelphia Athletics, with the third team suspected of being owned by the Pittsburgh Pirates. The league folded after the 1902 season, ironically the roots of the league lie with baseball, not football. It began as a part of the wars between the National League and the new American League that began in 1901. In Philadelphia the ALs Athletics lured several of the NLs Phillies from their contracts, when Phillies owner John Rogers decided to start a football team, the Athletics followed suit. As owner Ben Shibe fielded a team made-up of several players as well as some local football talent. He appointed his baseball manager Connie Mack as the general manager. Each Philadelphia team was named after their respective baseball clubs and became the Athletics, however, both Rogers and Shibe knew that to lay claim the World Championship, they had to play a team from Pittsburgh, which was the focal point of football at the time. They called on pro football promoter Dave Berry, and a Pittsburgh team was formed around a championship team from Homestead. This team was named the Stars, after the number of players on the team who were considered football stars during the era. The team was owned and operated by Berry, the manager of the Latrobe Athletic Association. The first league had no bylaws, no offices and no schedule-making powers, having three of the top professional football teams in country helped make up for those shortfalls. These three teams are all made up the 1902 NFL. Due to the animosity that existed between Philadelphias Shibe and Rogers, Dave Berry was picked to the leagues president, attempts were initially made to expand the league outside of Pennsylvania into other major cites like Chicago and New York City. Investors in neither city was interested in joining the league at the time, with all the baseball involvement, training did not get underway for the football teams until September 29,1902, with the season was scheduled to open a week later on October 4. However, most of the players were already in shape, besides the baseball players, many of the others had jobs that kept them in good condition
29.
Akron Beacon Journal
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The Akron Beacon Journal is a morning newspaper in Akron, Ohio, United States, and published by Black Press. It is the daily newspaper in Akron and is distributed throughout Northeast Ohio. The paper places an emphasis on local news and business. Industries historically tied to the area are also well-covered, such as rubber, the paper was founded when the Summit Beacon and Akron Evening Journal merged in 1897. The Summit Beacon had been published since 1839 and the Akron Evening Journal had since 1897, in 1903 the Beacon Journal was purchased by Charles Landon Knight. His son John S. Knight inherited the paper, in 1933, the Beacon Journal under Knight was the original and flagship newspaper of Knight Newspaper Company, later called Knight Ridder. Mark Cohen became publisher in the Fall of 2013 following interim publisher Mark Ficarra, Cohen replaced Andrea Mathewson, who replaced Ed Moss. The McClatchy Company bought Knight Ridder in June 2006 with intentions of selling 12 Knight Ridder newspapers, on August 2,2006, McClatchy sold the Beacon Journal to Black Press, a Canadian company that owns over 100 newspapers, mainly weekly publications in British Columbia and Washington. The Beacon Journal is Blacks only Eastern U. S. property and is the largest newspaper in the chain, on November 11,2013, the Akron Beacon Journal printed its last paper in-house in favor of printing at The Repository in Canton, Ohio. The edition for November 12,2013 was the first Akron Beacon Journal printed at The Repository, Akron Beacon Journal Website McClatchy to Sell the Akron Beacon Journal to Black Press Ltd
30.
Nesser brothers
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The Nesser Brothers were a group of football playing brothers who helped make up the most famous football family in the United States from 1907 until the mid-1920s. The brothers father, Theodore, was born on January 20,1850, in a town in Germany called Kirsch, near Trier, Alsace-Lorraine. He eventually got a job with the German railroad as an apprentice boilermaker, soon afterwards the German government, which operated and controlled all the railroads, sent him to Metz, where he worked for twelve years as a boilermaker. In 1870, at the age of twenty, he fought with the German army in the Franco-Prussian War although he did not care for the fighting. After the war, around 1873, Theodore met Katerina Steinbach, the couple eventually had twelve children,1. John Nesser, Born April 25,1875 in Triere, Germany and died August 1,1931, in Columubus, April 17,1876 in Triere, Germany and died January 11,1949, in Columbus, Ohio. October 22,1877 in Triere, Germany and died May 29,1954, in Columbus, may 5,1879 in Triere, Germany and died June 24,1910, in Columbus, Ohio. December 10,1880 in Triere, Germany and died May 9,1959, in Columbus, April 8,1883 in Dennison, Ohio, and died June 7,1941, in Columbus, Ohio. May 27,1885 in Delaware, Ohio, and died May 10,1900, in Columbus, September 10,1887 in Columbus, Ohio, and died July 2,1967, in Columbus, Ohio. June 3,1889 in Columbus, Ohio, and died January 1,1953, in Columbus, may 7,1891 in Columbus, Ohio, and died December 17,1959, in Columbus, Ohio. June 6,1893 in Columbus, Ohio, and died March 11,1967, in Columbus, March 22,1898 in Columbus, Ohio, and died September 2,1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The railroad sent Theodore to Dennison, Ohio, to start working, by 1882 he had finally saved enough money for Katerina and the five children to make their way to America. He eventually designed the engine that would be used by the railroad the years to come. However, when the railroad tweaked his design to get around his patent in 1887, Nesser quit, seven of the eight Nesser boys eventually followed their father to work as boilermakers at the Pennsylvania Railroad. The brothers did backbreaking, muscle-straining work for 10 hours a day at the shops of the Panhandle Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, however they always rushed through their 1-hour lunch break so they could practice football for 50 minutes before they returned to work. In the event of the rain, they played euchre, none of the brothers attended college, however they were offered various scholarships. On brother, Frank, was offered a chance to go to Notre Dame, meanwhile, Phil was a math genius who never had any formal education beyond the fourth grade. Ted was a genius and is credited with originating several plays, the triple pass, the criss-cross and the short kickoff
31.
Shelby Blues
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The Shelby Blues were an American football team based in Shelby, Ohio. The team played in the Ohio League from 1900 to 1919, in 1920, when the Ohio League became the APFA, the Blues did not join but continued to play against APFA teams, only to later suspend operations. The Blues returned to play as an independent between 1926 and 1928, the team was named for their blue uniforms, that were worn in their first year. In 1905, the Blues replaced the Shelby Athletic Club as the top team in town. A year later the team was the runner-up for the Ohio League title, the Blues won Ohio League championships in 1910 and 1911, with Peggy Parratt, an early pioneer and master of the forward pass, at quarterback. In 1904, the Blues are credited with signing the first black players in American professional football, halfback Charles Follis
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Marion, Ohio
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Marion is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in north-central Ohio, approximately 50 miles north of Columbus, the population was 36,837 at the 2010 census. According to the US Census 2008 estimate Ohios Columbus–Marion–Chillicothe Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people, Marion is the countys largest city and the center of the Marion Micropolitan Statistical Area. President Warren G. Harding, an owner of the Marion Star, was a resident of Marion for much of his adult life. The city and its development were closely related to industrialist Edward Huber, the city is home to several historic properties, some listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Marion County, Ohio. The current mayor of Marion is Scott Schertzer, Marion was laid out in 1822, and is named in honor of General Francis Marion. Marion was one of Ohios major industrial centers until the 1970s, in 1911, 80% of the nations steam shovel and heavy duty earth moving equipment was manufactured in Marion, Ohio. The city is also a center for CSX, and Norfolk Southern. Marion has long been a center of grain based snack and other products given its proximity to nearby growing regions in adjacent counties. Whirlpool Corporation of Benton Harbor, Michigan is the largest employer in the city operating the largest clothes dryer manufacturing facility in the world, nucor Steels facility in Marion is the largest producer of rebar and signpost in Ohio. Marion is located at 40°35′12″N 83°7′35″W, the city is located about 50 miles north of Ohios capital city, Columbus, due north along U. S. Route 23. Marion occupies most of Marion Township, which is located just outside the city limits. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.82 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 36,837 people,12,868 households, the population density was 3,137.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 15,066 housing units at a density of 1,283.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 7% White,9. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 4% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 30. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 37.3 years
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Touchdown
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A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, to score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the line while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player. The slightest part of the ball being over the line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a players helmet, foot, touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes breaking the plane as well. Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball, however, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, in short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. A touchdown is worth six points, the scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team. This rule was changed to the iteration in 1889. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, the governing rule at the time read, A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns, but in the case of a tie, in 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties. In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field, two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown. In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as four points, a goal after a touchdown also counted as four points. In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed, a touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line. In 1897, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point, in 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line. In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points, the end zone was also added
34.
Onside kick
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In gridiron football, an onside kick is a kickoff deliberately kicked short. In most kickoffs, the team concedes possession of the ball. In an onside kick, the kicking team kicks short in hopes of regaining possession of the ball before the team can control it. However, its chances of success increase in a situation where the team does not expect it. Gridiron football originates in rugby football, and so does the onside kick, a player of the kicking team who is onside may recover the ball and retain possession for his team. This includes the kicker himself and anyone else behind the ball at the time it was kicked, starting in 1923, the following additional constraints in most forms of American football are relevant to the onside kick, The kick must be a free kick. The kick must cross the receiving teams restraining line, unless the team touches the ball before that line. The kicking team may recover and retain possession of the kicked ball. The kicking team must not interfere with an attempt by a player of the side to catch the ball on the fly. The kicking team generally attempts to make the ball bounce early, one technique, useful especially on a hard or artificial surface, is to kick the ball in a way that it spins end-over-end near the ground and makes a sudden bounce high in the air. The oblong shape of an American football makes it bounce unpredictably, an alternative is to kick the ball with a great deal of force directly at an opposing player. If the ball touches the player, but he cannot secure it, it becomes live regardless of whether it has traveled 10 yards, when the receiving team expects an onside kick, it often fields a hands team of players skilled at catching or otherwise securing the ball. This is still popular in school football, however, the NCAA now require that at least four players line up on each side of the kicker. To combat this, some developed an cluster formation in which all of the players line up behind. An onside kick is usually a desperation technique used when the kicking team trails in the score with little left in the game, in order to regain the ball. The trade-off is that, in the case that the receiving team does get possession of the ball, it will have better field position. However, in the situation, initial field position becomes less relevant, as the receiving team may focus on running the clock out. If the kicking team succeeds in retaining possession, then the clock does not automatically stop as it would if the ball were transferred between teams, occasionally, football coaches attempt surprise onside kicks to catch their opponents players off guard and without the hands team on the field
