Math rock is a style of progressive and indie rock with roots in bands such as King Crimson and Rush as well as 20th-century minimal music composers such as Steve Reich. Math rock is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures, odd time signatures, angular melodies, extended dissonant, chords, it bears similarities to post-rock. Math rock is typified by its rhythmic complexity, seen as mathematical in character by listeners and critics. While most rock music uses a 4/4 meter, math rock makes use of more non-standard changing time signatures such as 7/8, 11/8, or 13/8; as in traditional rock, the sound is most dominated by guitars and drums. But drums play a greater role in math rock in providing driving complex rhythms. Math rock guitarists make use of tapping techniques and loop pedals to build on these rhythms, as by the band Battles. Guitars are often played in clean tones more than in other upbeat rock songs, but some groups use distortion. Lyrics are not the focus of math rock. Vocals are not overdubbed, are positioned less prominently, as in the recording style of Steve Albini, or Rolling Stones producer Jimmy Miller.

Many of math rock's most well known groups are instrumental such as Don Caballero or Hella. The term has developed into a more accepted musical style. An advocate of this is Matt Sweeney, singer with Chavez, who themselves were linked to the math rock scene. Canadian indy rocker Dan Snaith earned a PhD in mathematics from the Imperial College London. Though not all critics those focused on punk music, see it as a serious sub-genera of rock. A significant intersection exists between math rock and emo, exemplified by bands such as Tiny Moving Parts or American Football, whose sound has been described as "twinkly, mathy rock, a sound that became one of the defining traits of the emo scene throughout the 2000s." The albums Red by King Crimson and Spiderland by Slint are considered seminal influences on the development of math rock. The Canadian punk rock group Nomeansno have been cited by music critics as a "secret influence" on math rock, predating much of the genre's development by more than a decade.

An more avant-garde group of the same era, featured the guitarist Fred Frith and the bassist Bill Laswell. With some influence from the rapid-fire energy of punk, Massacre's influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. Black Flag's 1984 album, My War included unusual polyrhythms; the most significant Japanese groups include Ruins, Zeni Geva, Aburadako and Doom. Yona-Kit is a collaboration between Japanese and U. S. musicians. Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include Ling tosite Sigure, Zazen Boys and Mouse on the Keys. Skin Graft Records and Tzadik Records have released Japanese math rock albums in the United States. Elephant Gym is a math rock band from Taiwan. Bands such as Because of Ghosts, The Sinking Citizenship, My Disco emerged in the early 2000s in Melbourne; the European math rock scene started in the late 90s to early 2000, including bands such as Adebisi Shank, The Redneck Manifesto, Three Trapped Tigers and TTNG and Uzeda. Foals was formed in 2005.

Bands from Washington, D. C. include The Dismemberment Plan, Shudder to Think, Faraquet, 1.6 Band, Autoclave Jawbox, Circus Lupus. Polvo of Chapel Hill, North Carolina is considered math rock, although the band has disavowed that categorization. In California, math rock groups from San Diego include Upsilon Acrux, Drive Like Jehu, Antioch Arrow, Tristeza, No Knife, Heavy Vegetable, Sleeping People and Tera Melos. Northern California was the base of Game Theory and The Loud Family, both led by Scott Miller, said to "tinker with pop the way a born mathematician tinkers with numbers"; the origin of Game Theory's name is mathematical, suggesting a "nearly mathy" sound cited as "IQ rock." By the turn of the 21st century, most of the generation bands such as Sweep the Leg Johnny had disbanded and the genre had been roundly disavowed by most bands labeled with the "math rock" moniker. Bands in the late 90's and 2000s, such as TTNG and American Football, began combining math rock and emo, creating a much more vocally oriented sound.

In the mid-2000s, many math rock bands enjoyed renewed popularity. Slint and Chavez embarked on reunion tours, while Shellac toured and released their first album in seven years. Don Caballero reunited with a new lineup and released an album in 2006, while several of its original members joined new projects, such as the band Knot Feeder. Dale, P.. Anyone Can Do It: Empowerment and the Punk Underground. Ashgate Popular and Folk Music Series. Taylor & Francis. P. pt237–. ISBN 978-1-317-18024-1. Eberhart, Max. "Calculating the Influence of Math Rock". The Santa Clara. Retrieved October 3, 2016. Math Rock at AllMusic

Michelangelo Tilli or Michaele Angelo Tilli was an Italian physician and botanist, noted for his publication of "Catalogus Plantarum Horti Pisani". Michelangelo was born in the son of Desiderio Tilli and Lucrezia Salvadori. In 1677 he graduated in medicine and surgery at the University of Pisa and in 1681 was appointed as naval surgeon by Cosimo III, he embarked on a Tuscan galley for the Balearic Islands and went to Constantinople in 1683 with the florentine surgeon Pier Francesco Pasquali to tend to Musaipp Pasha Mustafa II, the son of the sultan Mehmed IV, after a serious fall from his horse. From there they spent some time in Albania and Adrianople, Tilli went on to Tunis, to study the remains of Carthage and to collect botanical specimens, he became professor of botany at Pisa in 1685 and director of the Botanical Garden of Pisa, introducing plants from Asia and Africa. He was among the first in Italy to use greenhouses for plants, making it possible to cultivate pineapples and coffee in Italy.

Linnaeus praised Pisa's botanical garden as one of the finest in Europe. Cosimo III was an enthusiastic supporter of the garden, arranging for the importation of plants from as far afield as the Americas, he became a member of the Royal Society in 1708

Christopher Lachlan "Lochie" Daddo is an Australian actor and television presenter. His older brothers are actors Andrew and Cameron Daddo, Andrew's twin, Jamie Daddo. Upon finishing school in Melbourne in 1987, Lochie Daddo began a horticulture course and worked as a landscape gardener for six months. Lochie's passion for exploration and adventure led him on numerous ventures through the Whitsundays and across Europe. Upon returning to Australia in 1990, he took up an offer from a modelling agency and soon after began his television career, he first appeared. From 1992–93, he portrayed the role of Stephen Gottlieb in Neighbours, he appeared in 1995 in an episode of the ABC series G. P. Out as Patrick Walsh the romantic interest of the series' regular gay character Dr. Martin Dempsey played by Damian Rice. In 2005, he appeared on the series Blue Water High. Throughout his career, he has worked as an actor and presenter for all the major Australian networks, on everything from entertainment news to current affairs including Let’s Do It, E!

News, Entertainment Tonight and Animal Hospital. He has hosted corporate and training videos for numerous major Australian corporations including Qantas, the NRMA, the Commonwealth Bank and Telstra as well as a spokesperson for the 40 Hour Famine. In May 2007 Lochie Daddo appeared as one of the celebrity performers on the celebrity reality singing TV show It Takes Two, he was the first to be eliminated from the show on 15 May 2007. He is married to Foxtel's Karina Brown with. Lochie Daddo on IMDb