1.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
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Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014
2.
Order of Canada
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The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
3.
National Order of Quebec
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The order contains three grades, each with accordant post-nominal letters and place in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals. This body is mandated to short-list candidates and forward their suggestions to the Governor-in-Council. Any person born, living, or who has lived in Quebec, save for anyone serving as a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, is eligible to be nominated and names may be submitted posthumously. The Cabinet may also, without the input of the Council of the National Order of Quebec, promotion through the grades is possible for both substantive and honorary members. Admission recognizes conspicuous meritorious actions that improve or support Quebec and/or its language, upon admission into the Order of Quebec, members are presented with various insignia of the organization—a medallion, miniature, and button. On the reverse of the badge is inscribed the orders motto—Honneur au peuple du Québec —and a serial number at the base of the vertical bar. Each member will also receive miniature versions of their insignia, identical in appearance save for size, a lapel pin is also used for wear on casual civilian clothing. The ribbon for miniatures is 18 millimetres wide, the ceremony takes place in the Salon Rouge of the parliament building in Quebec City, though exceptions are sometimes made when inductees cannot be present. The insignia remain property of the Crown in Right of Quebec and must be returned upon a cessation of membership in the society. Nana Mouskouri OQ, Greek singer, appointed 2013
4.
Hockey Hall of Fame
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The Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it is a museum and it holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League records, memorabilia and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. Founded in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1943 under the leadership of James T. Sutherland, the first class of honoured members was inducted in 1945, before the Hall of Fame had a permanent location. It moved to Toronto in 1958 after the NHL withdrew its support for the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston and its first permanent building opened at Exhibition Place in 1961. In 1993, the hall was relocated to a former Bank of Montreal building in Downtown Toronto, an 18-person committee of players, coaches and others meets annually in June to select new honourees, who are inducted as players, builders or on-ice officials. In 2010, a subcategory was established for female players, the builders category includes coaches, general managers, commentators, team owners and others who have helped build the game. As of 2016,271 players,105 builders and 16 on-ice officials have been inducted into the Hall of Fame, the Hall of Fame has been criticized for focusing mainly on players from the National Hockey League and largely ignoring players from other North American and international leagues. The Hockey Hall of Fame was established through the efforts of James T. Sutherland, Sutherland sought to establish it in Kingston, Ontario as he believed that the city was the birthplace of hockey. In 1943, the NHL and CAHA reached an agreement that a Hall of Fame would be established in Kingston, originally called the International Hockey Hall of Fame, its mandate was to honour great hockey players and to raise funds for a permanent location. The first nine honoured members were inducted on April 30,1945, although the Hall of Fame still did not have a permanent home. The first board of governors consisted of Red Dutton, Art Ross, Frank Sargent, Lester Patrick, Abbie E. H. Coo, Wes McKnight, Basil E. OMeara, J. P. Fitzgerald and W. A. Hewitt. Kingston lost its most influential advocate as permanent site of the Hockey Hall of Fame when Sutherland died in 1955, by 1958, the Hockey Hall of Fame had still not raised sufficient funds to construct a permanent building in Kingston. Clarence Campbell, then President of the NHL, grew tired of waiting for the construction to begin and withdrew the NHLs support to situate the hall in Kingston. The temporary Hockey Hall of Fame opened as an exhibit within the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in August 1958, due to the success of the exhibit, NHL and CNE decided that a permanent home in the Exhibition Place was needed. The NHL agreed to fund the building of the new facility on the grounds of Exhibition Place. The first permanent Hockey Hall of Fame, which shared a building with the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, was opened on August 26,1961, over 750,000 people visited the Hall in its inaugural year. Admission to the Hockey Hall of Fame was free until 1980, by 1986, the Hall of Fame was running out of room in its existing facilities and the Board of Directors decided that a new home was needed. The Hall vacated the Exhibition Place building in 1992, and its half was taken over by the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the building was eventually demolished — a portion of the buildings facade was preserved as an entrance to BMO Field stadium
5.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
6.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
7.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
8.
Winger (ice hockey)
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Winger, in the game of ice hockey, is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area. They typically work by flanking the centre forward, originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Nowadays, there are different types of wingers in the game — out-and-out goal scorers, checkers who disrupt the opponents and they tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenceman. This position is referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes. On the backcheck, it is essential that they cover the last free opposing player rushing in, once the puck is controlled by the opposing team in the defensive zone, however, wingers are responsible for covering the defenceman on their side of the ice. Prior to the puck being dropped for a face-off, players other than taking the face-off must not make any physical contact with players on the opposite team. After the puck is dropped, it is essential for wingers to engage the players to prevent them from obtaining possession of the puck. Once a team has established control of the puck, wingers can set themselves up into an appropriate position, some wingers are also employed to handle faceoffs. Rover Centre Defenceman Forward Goaltender Power forward List of NHL players
9.
Montreal Canadiens
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The Montreal Canadiens are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal, Quebec. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the clubs official name is le Club de hockey Canadien. The team is referred to in English and French as the Habs. French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens, Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge, La Sainte-Flanelle, Le Tricolore, Les Glorieux, Les Habitants, Le CH and Le Grand Club. Founded in 1909, the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide, the franchise is one of the Original Six teams, a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion. The teams championship season in 1992–93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup, the Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise. They have won 24 Stanley Cups,22 of them since 1927, on a percentage basis, as of 2014, the franchise has won 25. Since 1996, the Canadiens have played their games at Centre Bell. The team previously played at the Montreal Forum which housed the team for seven decades and all, the Canadiens were founded by J. Ambrose OBrien on December 4,1909, as a charter member of the National Hockey Association, the forerunner to the National Hockey League. It was to be the team of the community in Montreal, composed of francophone players. The teams first season was not a success, as they placed last, after the first year, ownership was transferred to George Kennedy of Montreal and the teams fortunes improved over the next seasons. The team won its first Stanley Cup championship in the 1915–16 season, in 1917, with four other NHA teams, the Canadiens formed the NHL, and they won their first NHL Stanley Cup during the 1923–24 season, led by Howie Morenz. The team moved from the Mount Royal Arena to the Montreal Forum for the 1926–27 season, the club began the 1930s decade successfully, with Stanley Cup wins in 1930 and 1931. The Canadiens and its rival, the Montreal Maroons, declined both on the ice and economically during the Great Depression. Losses grew to the point where the team owners considering selling the team to interests in Cleveland, Ohio, the Maroons still suspended operations, and several of their players moved to the Canadiens. Led by the Punch Line of Maurice Rocket Richard, Toe Blake and Elmer Lach in the 1940s, the Canadiens added ten more championships in 15 seasons from 1965 to 1979, with another dynastic run of four-straight Cups from 1976 to 1979. In the 1976–77 season, the Canadiens set two still-standing team records — for most points, with 132, and fewest losses, by losing eight games in an 80-game season. The next season, 1977–78, the team had a 28-game unbeaten streak, scotty Bowman, who would later set a record for most NHL victories by a coach, was the teams head coach for its last five Stanley Cup victories in the 1970s
10.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
11.
Goal (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, a goal is scored when the puck completely crosses the goal line between the two goal posts and below the goal crossbar. A goal awards one point to the attacking the goal scored upon. The term goal may also refer to the structure in which goals are scored, the ice hockey goal is rectangular in shape, the front frame of the goal is made of steel tube painted red and consists of two vertical goalposts and a horizontal crossbar. A net is attached to the back of the frame to catch pucks that enter the goal, the entire goal is considered an inbounds area of the playing surface, and it is legal to play the puck behind the goal. Under NHL rules, the opening of the goal is 72 inches wide by 48 inches tall, the object of the game of hockey is to score more goals than the opposing team. Goaltenders and defencemen are concerned primarily with keeping the team from scoring a goal. For a goal to be scored, the puck must entirely cross the line between the posts and under the crossbar of the goal frame. The NHL abolished this rule starting in the 1999-2000 season after the disputed triple-overtime goal in the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals, brett Hull of the Dallas Stars scored the series-clinching goal against the Buffalo Sabres. On video replay, it was clear that Hulls skate was in the prior to the puck. Typically, the last player on the team to touch the puck before it goes into the net is credited with scoring that goal. Zero, one, or two players on the goal-scoring team may also credited with an assist for helping their teammate to score the goal. If another player on the goal-scoring team touched the puck to help score the goal before the player touched it without an opposing player intervening. If yet another player on the team also touched the puck before that without an opposing player intervening. However, a rule says that one point can be credited to any one player on a goal scored. Usually on a team, forwards score the most goals and get the most points, although defensemen can score goals. In professional play, goaltenders only occasionally get an assist, the number of goals scored is a closely watched statistic. Each year the Rocket Richard Trophy is presented to the NHL player to have scored the most goals, the trophy is named after Maurice Richard, the first player to score 50 goals in a season, at a time when the NHL regular season was only 50 games. The player to have scored the most goals in an NHL season is Wayne Gretzky
12.
Hart Memorial Trophy
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The Hart Memorial Trophy, originally known as the Hart Trophy, is awarded annually to the player judged most valuable to his team in the National Hockey League. The original trophy was donated to the league in 1923 by David Hart, the father of Cecil Hart, the Hart Trophy has been awarded 90 times to 54 different players since its beginnings in 1924. Each year, members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association vote to determine the player who was the most valuable to his team during the regular season, the Hart Memorial Trophy is named in honour of Canadian Dr. David Hart. Dr. Hart, who donated the trophy to the NHL, was the father of Cecil Hart. The trophy was first awarded at the conclusion of the 1923–24 NHL season to Frank Nighbor of the Ottawa Senators. The original Hart Trophy was retired to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, and the NHL began presenting a new trophy, which was dubbed the Hart Memorial Trophy in its place. With the exceptions of Tommy Anderson, Al Rollins, and José Theodore, wayne Gretzky won the award a record nine times during his career, eight consecutively. He has been named MVP more times than any player in the history of the other three North American major professional leagues. Barry Bonds is second, having won the MVP award seven times in the MLB, Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers teammate Mark Messier are the only players to win the Hart Trophy with more than one team. Joe Thornton became the only Hart Trophy winner to have switched clubs during his campaign during the 2005–06 season. The defenseman with the most trophy victories is Eddie Shore, who has four, by contrast, it is rare for a goaltender to win the award, which has happened only seven times in its history, Buffalo Sabres goaltender Dominik Hasek is the only two-time winner. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs, the closest the voting for the Hart Trophy has ever come was in the 2001–02 season, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied in the total voting. The tiebreaker for choosing the Hart Trophy winner in such a case is number of votes, Theodore claimed it. In 2008, the NHLs official online shop came under criticism after they placed a T-shirt advertising Alexander Ovechkin as the winner on sale a week before the results were revealed. In this situation, the link for one of the products became live early through an error by our e-commerce provider. Ovechkin was later confirmed to be the winner
13.
National Hockey League All-Star Game
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The Games proceeds benefit the pension fund of the players. Since 2007, it is held in late January, the weekend before the National Football Leagues Super Bowl, the format of all three games in the tournament will be three-on-three, with 10-minute halves each. If a tie remains after 20 minutes, then it will go to a three-round shootout plus extra rounds as needed to determine the winner. The winners of two games then meet in an All-Star Game Final. Since 2017, the format was changed, the division that wins the NHL All-Star Skills Competition during the previous night then gets to pick which team they will play first in the semifinals. From 1947 to 1968, the All-Star Game primarily saw the previous seasons Stanley Cup champions take on a team of All-Stars from the other clubs. Since 1996, the coaches for the two All-Star teams have been the coaches of the two teams that are leading their respective conferences in point percentage. Prior policy saw the two coaches that appeared in the previous years Stanley Cup Finals coaching the All-Star teams. The 1998 All-Star Game was held in the same year as the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. To this extent, the NHL had the All-Star teams consist of a team of North Americans playing against a team of stars from the rest of the world. World All-Star format lasted through the 2002 Game, the year as the 2002 Winter Olympics. During the 2010–11 season, the NHL announced a change to the way the teams were selected, modeled after drafts in fantasy sports, the conference vs. conference approach was replaced by a player draft conducted by the All-Star players themselves to determine the rosters for each team. The captains for each team now select players from a pool of both fan balloting and the NHL Hockey Operations Department. The change in format was a joint effort by the League and this format lasted through the 2015 game. The All-Star Game is preceded by the NHL All-Star Skills Competition, beginning in 2007, the All-Star weekend also featured the NHL YoungStars Game, an exhibition game exclusively featuring rookies, playing under slightly modified rules. In 2011 this game was eliminated in favor of having the rookies compete in the skills competition, the first official All-Star Game was held during the 1947–48 NHL season. Prior to that, there have been occasions when benefit games. The first All-Star game in ice hockey predates the NHL and it was played on January 2,1908, before 3,500 fans at the Montreal Arena between the Montreal Wanderers and a team of All-Stars players from the teams the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association
14.
Elmer Lach
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Elmer James Lach was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 14 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League. A centre, he was a member of the Punch line, along with Maurice Richard, Lach led the NHL in scoring twice, and was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy in 1945 as the leagues most valuable player. He won three Stanley Cups with Montreal, when Lach retired in 1954, he was the leagues all-time leading scorer and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame twelve years later. His number 16 was retired on December 4,2009, during the Montreal Canadiens centennial celebrations. On January 1,2017, in a prior to the Centennial Classic. Lach was born in Nokomis, Saskatchewan, a small town 133 kilometres north of Regina, Elmer was the youngest of two boys and four girls born to William and Mary-Ann Lach, who arrived in Canada from Eastern Europe in 1910. Lachs father was at first a farmer, then took a job as the head of works for Nokomis. Lach played ice hockey for his team, starting at age 12. Against the wishes of his Baptist parents, Elmer would sneak away to play ice hockey on a pond instead of attending church on Saturday mornings. Lach began playing ice hockey with the Regina Abbotts in the 1935–36 season. In Regina, Lach would work at the teams owners pool hall and he played the two following seasons with the senior Weyburn Beavers of the Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League. In his first season with the Millers, he led them in assists, with 20 and he also scored 17 regular-season goals. The next season, he scored 15 goals and 29 assists, Lach was also noted for his defensive contributions. In 1937, Lach, along with future Hockey Hall of Fame member Doug Bentley attended the Toronto Maple Leafs training camp, both were rejected as too small for the National Hockey League. According to Lach, Conn Smythe, manager of the Leafs, saw Lach and Bentley and said “They were sending me big guys from the West, Lach had a job reading meters for the National Light & Power Co. and one day he met Kay in her home. That same year, Lachs mother died and his moved to Vancouver. In 1945, Elmer and Kay celebrated the birth of their only child, Ron was born while Elmer was on the road with the Canadiens. According to Montreal Gazette columnist Dave Stubbs, Elmer wired Kay the message Nice going, rejecting the Maple Leafs assessment, the Montreal Canadiens signed Lach as a free agent on October 24,1940
15.
Toe Blake
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Joseph Hector Toe Blake, CM was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach in the National Hockey League. He is best known for his association with the Montreal Canadiens. On January 1,2017, in a prior to the Centennial Classic. Born in what is now the ghost town of Victoria Mines, Blake played junior and senior hockey in the Sudbury area and was part of the 1932 Memorial Cup champions, the Sudbury Cub Wolves. Blake then played for the Canadiens until his retirement in 1948 and he won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs Most Valuable Player in 1938–39, that same year he was also the league scoring champion with 47 points. For the last eight seasons, he was captain. While playing with the Canadiens, he was part of a trio called the Punch Line, with Elmer Lach at centre and Maurice Richard at right wing. He scored the Stanley Cup-clinching goal in the 1944 Stanley Cup Finals at 9,12 of the first overtime of game four, helping the Canadiens complete a four-game sweep of the Chicago Blackhawks. The following season, the Punch Line became the set of linemates ever to finish first, second. They followed the Boston Bruins Kraut Line of 1939–40, and would be followed by the Detroit Red Wings Production Line in 1949–50. During a loss to the New York Rangers on January 11,1948, Blake collided with Rangers skater Bill Juzda, awkwardly hit the boards and suffered a fracture of his ankle. In 1998, he was ranked number 66 on The Hockey News’ list of the NHLs 100 greatest players of all time to date, after eight years coaching several of the Canadiens minor-league affiliates, he was named head coach of the Canadiens in 1955–56, replacing Dick Irvin. Blake was fluent in French, and Canadiens management also felt that Richards former teammate was better suited to control the stars explosive temper, nobody else has come close to matching Blakes achievement. Blake was known for his tough, but fair coaching style and he retired after the Habs clinched the Cup in game four of the 1968 Finals, ending 33 consecutive years at ice level with the Canadiens organization. Blake turned down Jacques Plantes request to wear a mask during games for fear that it would impair his vision, however, after a shot from Rangers player Andy Bathgate broke Plantes nose in a game on November 1,1959, Blake finally relented. His nickname came from an experience, his younger sister had difficulty pronouncing his name. Thus, the nickname Toe arose, and ultimately replaced the nickname he had given as a scorer. After retiring from the Canadiens, Blake and his family resided permanently in Montreal, in 1952, he opened Toe Blakes Tavern, at the corner of Guy Street and Saint Catherine Street in Montreal, just a few blocks from the Montreal Forum
16.
Punch line (ice hockey)
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The Punch line was a famous ice hockey line for the Montreal Canadiens in the 1940s. It consisted of Elmer Lach at center, Toe Blake on left wing, during their time together, they led the Canadiens to two Stanley Cup victories. During the 1944–45 NHL season, the three finished first, second, and third in scoring for the league and they would also form the forward line for the first all-star team in that same season. Richard would be the first team all-star right wing for all but one year while with Blake, in the 1943–44 season, Montreal head coach Dick Irvin tried a line combination of Lach at centre, Maurice Richard on the right wing, and Toe Blake at left. This line became known as the Punch line and dominated the NHL for four seasons, in the first season of the Punch line, Lach played 48 games, scoring on average an assist per game, he also added 24 goals. At the conclusion of the season, Lach was named to the Second All-Star team and he also won his first Stanley Cup, helping sweep the Chicago Black Hawks in the Stanley Cup Finals. In the 1944–45 season, Lach played in all 50 games, picking up a league-leading 80 points and that season, linemate Maurice Richard became the first player in the NHL to score 50 goals in 50 games. That season, the Punch line amassed 220 points in total, Lach was presented the Hart Memorial Trophy as the leagues Most Valuable Player, and was named to the First All-Star team, with Blake and Richard joining him. After being eliminated by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the semi-finals in the season, Lach. Lach led all players with 34 regular season assists, and was named once more to the Second All-Star team, in the 1947–48 season, Lach became the first recipient of the Art Ross Trophy, after leading the league in points, with 61. The Punch line ceased to exist after Blake retired at the end of the season, all three members have been in the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1966, when Blake and Lach joined Richard, an inductee five years prior. Blake would retire after the 1947–48 NHL season, but would later coach Richard on the famed Canadiens teams of the late 1950s that won five Stanley Cups in a row, Lach and Richard would later both set the record for most points in a career. Blake also was the Canadiens coach for eight of the record eleven Cups won by Maurice Richards younger brother, list of famous ice hockey linemates Plenty of Punch left in Lach The Golden Years, Toe Blake
17.
Stanley Cup
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The Stanley Cup is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League playoff winner. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games, Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. After a series of mergers and folds, it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926. There are actually three Stanley Cups, the bowl of the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the authenticated Presentation Cup. The NHL has maintained control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks. Nevertheless, the NHL does not actually own the trophy, the original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres in height and 29 centimetres in diameter. The current Stanley Cup, topped with a copy of the bowl, is made of a silver and nickel alloy, it has a height of 89.54 centimetres. Unlike the trophies awarded by the major professional sports leagues of North America. Originally, the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned, currently, winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season. It is unusual among trophies to include winning members names, every year since 1924, a select portion of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff names are engraved on its bands. However, there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players, initially a new band added each year, though this caused the trophy to grow in size, earning the nickname Stovepipe Cup. In 1958 the modern one-piece Cup was designed with a barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band. To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, when the band is full, the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanleys Cup, The Holy Grail, the Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team. Since the 1914–15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 100 times by 18 active NHL teams, prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine different teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the cup, the Stanley Cup was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic, and in 2005, as a consequence of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11,1888, he, Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreals 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. The Montreal Gazette reported that he expressed his delight with the game of hockey
18.
Captain (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey the captain is the player designated by his team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when he is on the ice. At most levels of each team must designate one captain. The captain wears a C on his sweater, while the alternate captains wear an A, as with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players concerns to management, NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry OReilly retired, Ray Bourque, Middleton wore the C during home games and Bourque for road games during the seasons first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain, some teams name two or three captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than one for an extended period of time. During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain. Captains are selected by different means, in instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions. Captains are often due to their seniority in the game. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains, though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season, in the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain. Teams may designate alternate captains, also erroneously called assistant captains. Alternate captains wear the letter A on their jerseys in the manner that team captains wear the C. In the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and no captain. A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the captain is injured. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this, they stipulate that each team shall appoint a Captain, if the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season
19.
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
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Canadas Sports Hall of Fame is a hall of fame established in 1955 to preserve the record of Canadian sports achievements and to promote a greater awareness of Canadas heritage of sport. It is located at Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta, there are 611 honoured members of the hall. The Hall, first known as the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, was founded in 1955 through the efforts of Harry I, price, a former assistant athletics commissioner of Ontario. It was first housed in the Stanley Barracks, located in Toronto on the grounds of Exhibition Place and it moved in 1961 to a wing of a new building shared with the Hockey Hall of Fame. The Hockey Hall of Fame moved out in 1993, leaving the building to the Sports Hall of Fame, without the Hockey Hall of Fame, attendance declined and the Sports Hall made plans to move to Ottawa. The move to Ottawa never took place, because the venues promised for the Hall by the government were allocated for other uses. In 2006, the Hall of Fame building was demolished to make way for BMO Field, one facade, which incorporated a tile mosaic, was incorporated into the BMO Field structure. Nine cities across the country bid for the right to host the new hall, and in 2008, the new facility opened on Canada Day, July 1,2011. It has 11 galleries and numerous interactive displays, Stanley Barracks, CNE 1955-1957 CNE Press Building, CNE 1957-1961 CSHOF Building, CNE 1961-2006 Stanley Barracks, CNE2006 As of 2010, there were 514 honoured members
20.
Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy
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The Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy, also known as the Maurice Richard Trophy, is awarded annually to the leading goal scorer in the National Hockey League. The current holder is Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals, who scored 50 goals during the 2015–16 season, the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy was donated by the Montreal Canadiens to the NHL in 1999, and was first awarded at the end of the 1998–99 season. It is one of the newest of the NHLs trophies and is named in honour of the right winger Maurice Rocket Richard. He led the NHL in goal scoring five times and was the first NHL player to reach the 500-goal milestone. In 1944–45, Richard became the first player in NHL history to score 50 goals in one season, doing so in just 50 games, however, Richard never finished higher than second in points, his closest miss coming in 1954–55. Eleven players won the Hart in the season in which they led the league in goals before the Richard Trophy was first awarded. Unlike the Art Ross Trophy, there are no tiebreakers for the Richard Trophy. As a result, it is possible for players to share the award. The second time there was a tie for this award was in the 2009–10 season, Rick Nash is the youngest player to have won the trophy, being 19 years old upon receipt. Alexander Ovechkin is the player to have won the trophy at least three times, he won his sixth Richard Trophy in 2015–16. Only three other players have won it more than once, National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book
21.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
22.
Violence in ice hockey
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Violence has been a part of ice hockey since at least the early 1900s. According to the book Hockey, A Peoples History, in 1904 alone, four players were killed during hockey games from the frequent brawls, more modern examples of violence include brawls, fan involvement, physical abuse of officials and deliberately injuring opponents. Violent actions such as kicking, hitting from behind and prohibited stickwork, are penalized with suspensions or fines, Fighting, or fisticuffs, is also penalized but is considered by many hockey enthusiasts, particularly in North America, to be quite distinct from stick-swinging or other violent acts. They regard fighting as an entrenched, acceptable and a part of the game. On the ice, referees may impose penalties for prohibited activities, off the ice, the National Hockey League sometimes fines, suspends or expels players. The criminal justice system has also known to investigate, charge. As a result, hockey has become more regulated and the violent element much more controlled. This has been aided, in no part, by dramatic increases in disciplinary processes. Early hockey in particular was noted for its violence, to the point where two players were killed in three years during brawls. In both cases, the assailants were acquitted, but these and other bloody incidents led to calls for the sport to clean up its act or be banned along with the likes of cockfighting. The worst of the violence waned, particularly with the advent of regulations for quasi-legal fisticuffs, the NHLs first president, Frank Calder, expelled Coutu from the NHL for life, the ban was lifted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again. More recently, controversy and criminal charges have resulted from violent attacks by Marty McSorley, Todd Bertuzzi, Players who are banned in the American Hockey League for violence are not permitted in the ECHL, and vice versa, because of their agreements with the Professional Hockey Players Association. In January 2012, David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, said that such as headshots. There have been two major Canadian reports on violence in hockey, in 1974, William McMurtry provided a report for the Government of Ontario entitled Investigation and Inquiry into Violence in Amateur Hockey. In 2000, Bernie Pascall prepared a report for the Government of British Columbia entitled Eliminating Violence in Hockey,1905 – Allan Loney was charged with manslaughter in the on-ice clubbing death of Alcide Laurin. Loney claimed self-defence, and was not guilty. 1907 – Ottawa Victorias player Charles Masson was charged with manslaughter after Cornwall player Owen McCourt died of a wound sustained in a brawl. Masson was found not guilty on the grounds there was no way to know which blow had killed McCourt
23.
Official (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink and they are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white striped shirt. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a whistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, off-ice officials, both verbally and via hand signals, starting in 1955 with the introduction of the black-and-white jersey, NHL on-ice officials wore numbers on their back for identification. In 1977, NHL officials removed the number and had their surnames on the back of their jerseys for identification, starting in 1994, however, NHL officials returned to wearing numbers on their shirts, a procedure adopted by other leagues. In the early days of hockey when the NHL was born, in those days, penalties were assessed more on common sense rather than following strict rules, and the official would deem what was allowed and not, as well as the length of the penalties. Later, NHL referees wore cream-colored sweaters over a shirt and tie and they then briefly wore orange sweaters with half-zip fronts, until the black-and-white-striped jersey was introduced in 1955. A referee is responsible for the supervision of the game. Under most officiating systems, he is the official with the authority to assess penalties for violations of the rules. However, the linesmen can report a variety of penalties, such as too many players and major penalties, to the referee, who may then assess the penalty. The referee also conducts the opening face-off in each period and face-offs that follow after a goal is scored, linesmen are primarily responsible for watching for violations involving the centre line and the blue line. Such infractions include icing and offside infractions, after which the linesmen conduct faceoffs and they are also expected to break up scuffles, fistfights and other altercations that occur during the game. Ice hockey rules allow linesmen to call some penalties, while others allow them to report the infraction to the referee. In some leagues, the linesmen are given the title of assistant referee, when given this title, they are given more responsibility to stop play and to call penalties that the referee may not see. The NCAA previously used this designation prior to altering its officiating systems in 2006, the three-official system uses one referee and two linesmen. This is the most commonly used system, the NHL previously used this system until changing to the four-official system in the late 1990s. The highest level for this system is the AHL, which does official development for the NHL, the four-official system adds a second referee for a total of two referees and two linesmen. In this system, each referee works either the lead/front or the trail/back position, the lead position is normally in corner of the end zone, while the trail position is the neutral zone, diagonally opposite each other
24.
Clarence Campbell
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Clarence Sutherland Campbell OBE, QC was the third president of the National Hockey League from 1946 to 1977. Born in Fleming, Saskatchewan, Campbell attended high school at the Strathcona Collegiate Institute, now known as Old Scona Academic, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He graduated from the University of Alberta with a degree in law and arts in 1924 and was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, Campbell worked as a referee in the NHL from 1933 until 1939. He officiated some historic games, such as the game in 1937 when the great Howie Morenzs career was ended when he broke his leg, Campbell even refereed a rough playoff game between the Montreal Maroons and the Boston Bruins in which Dit Clapper used his stick on a player. Angry at Clappers actions, he called Clapper a profane name, Campbell, aware of his provocative action, then submitted a very lenient report on Clapper, and NHL president Frank Calder gave Clapper only a fine as a result. Leafs owner Conn Smythe called for Campbell not to be rehired, Calder decided to let Campbell work in his office after his career as a referee, and it was becoming evident that the League president was grooming a successor. But World War II broke out and Campbell enlisted in the Canadian Army and he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the end of the war he served with the No.1 Canadian War Graves Investigation Unit. After the war he was appointed Queens Counsel, and was one of the prosecutors at one of several courts of leading Nazis who were put on trial for crimes against humanity. It has been reported that Campbell participated in the Nuremberg Trials. Meanwhile, Calder had died, and with Campbell overseas, the NHL named Red Dutton president, but Dutton did not want the job and when Campbell finally came back to Canada in 1946, Dutton resigned and Campbell accepted the presidency. One of his first acts of authority was in 1948, when he expelled players Billy Taylor, one of Richards teammate knocked down Laycoe, allowing Richard to turn around and punch Thompson in the face. On March 17, Campbell attended a game at the Montreal Forum between the Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings, after a tear gas bomb was released in the arena, Campbell exited the building, the game was forfeited to the Red Wings, and the Forum was evacuated. What ensued was a riot in which 60 people were arrested. Campbell was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966 and he was instrumental in the 1967 expansion, which doubled the league in size, and often worked 18 hours a day in his office. At the beginning of the leagues Expansion Era in 1967–68, the NHL clubs decided to highlight the achievements of the president by donating the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl in his honour. Although the Clarence Campbell Conference was renamed the Western Conference in 1993, in 1976, he was charged with bribing Senator Louis Giguère in the Sky Shops scandal. He was convicted, but the NHL paid his fine and he served no time because of his age, Campbell was a sick man by the time he retired as NHL president in 1977
25.
Richard Riot
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The Richard Riot was a riot on March 17,1955, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The riot was named after Maurice Richard, the ice hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League. Following a violent altercation on March 13 in which Richard hit a linesman, NHL president Clarence Campbell suspended him for the remainder of the 1954–55 NHL season, including the playoffs. Montreal fans protested that the suspension was too severe, the teams largely Francophone fan base claimed the length of the suspension was motivated by Richards French Canadian ethnicity, outside of Montreal, however, the suspension was seen as justified and, if anything, too short. On March 17, Campbell appeared at the Montreal Forum for the Canadiens first game after Richards suspension and his presence provoked a riot at the Forum that spilled into the streets. The riot caused an estimated $100,000 in property damage, thirty-seven injuries, tensions eased after Richard made a personal plea accepting his punishment and promising to return the following year to help the team win the Stanley Cup. The incident likely cost Richard the 1954–55 scoring title and played a role in the departure of longtime Canadiens head coach Dick Irvin. Maurice Richard was the player for the Montreal Canadiens. Teams reportedly sent players onto the ice to purposefully annoy him by yelling ethnic slurs, hooking, slashing, Richard was considered the embodiment of French-Canadians and was a hero during a time when they were seen as second-class citizens. He was revered when he fought the damn English during games, during the 1950s, Quebecs industries and natural resources were controlled primarily by English Canadians or Americans. French-speaking Quebecers were the ethnic group in Quebec, which resulted in a sense that control rested with the Anglophone minority. Because of this and other factors, there had been growing discontent in the years before the riot, in early 1954, Richards teammate, Bernie Geoffrion, was suspended in a move seen as anti-Francophone. Following the suspension, Richard, who had a column in the Samedi-Dimanche newspaper. The League in turn forced Richard to retract his statement and discontinue his column, in his 1976 biography of Richard, Jean-Marie Pellerin wrote that his humiliation was shared by all Francophone Quebecers, who were sent running once more by the English boot. On March 13,1955, an on-ice episode sparked one of the worst incidents of hockey-related violence in history, on that date in Boston, Richard was part of a violent confrontation in a game in between the Canadiens and their rival Boston Bruins. The Bruins Hal Laycoe, who had played defence for the Canadiens. Richard required five stitches to close a cut that resulted from the high-stick, referee Frank Udvari signaled a delayed penalty, but allowed play to continue because the Canadiens had possession of the puck. When the play ended, Richard skated up to Laycoe, who had dropped his stick and gloves in anticipation of a fight, Richard broke loose again and punched Thompson twice in the face, knocking him unconscious
26.
Quiet Revolution
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It created ministries of Health and Education, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government further allowed unionization of the civil service and it took measures to increase Québécois control over the provinces economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution and worked to establish the Canada/Quebec Pension Plan. The Quiet Revolution was a period of unbridled economic and social development in Quebec and Canada and it was a byproduct of Canadas 20-year post-war expansion and Quebecs position as the leading province for more than a century before and after Confederation. It witnessed particular changes to the environment and social structures of Montreal. The Quiet Revolution also extended beyond Quebecs borders by virtue of its influence on contemporary Canadian politics, during the same era of renewed Quebecois nationalism, French Canadians made great inroads into both the structure and direction of the federal government and national policy. Moreover, certain facets of the state, as they developed in Quebec in the 1960s, became nationalized by virtue of Quebecs acceptance. This would include rural electrification and healthcare initiatives undertaken by Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan twenty years earlier, prior to the 1960s, the government of Quebec was controlled by conservative Maurice Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party. Some quoted the Union Nationale slogan Le ciel est bleu, lenfer est rouge as a reference to the colours of the Union Nationale and the Liberals, radio Canada, the newspaper Le Devoir and political journal Cité Libre were intellectual forums for critics of the Duplessis government. Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the natural resources were mainly developed by foreign investors. As an example, the process of mining iron ore was developed by the US-based Iron Ore Company of Canada, in the spring of 1949, a group of 5,000 asbestos miners went on strike for three months. The 1949 Asbestos Strike found Quebecer miners united against a nationalist foreign corporation and those who supported the miners included Monsignor Charbonneau, Bishop of Montreal, the Québécois nationalist newspaper, Le Devoir, and a small group of intellectual individuals. Singer and political activist Felix Leclerc described this phenomenon, writing, in many ways, Duplessiss death in 1959, quickly followed by the sudden death of his successor Paul Sauvé, triggered the Quiet Revolution. The Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage and campaigning under the slogans Il faut que ça change, some scholars argue that the rise of the Quebec sovereignty movement during the 1970s is also part of this period. The Canadian Constitution of 1867 made education an area of provincial responsibility, Quebec set up a Ministry of Public Instruction in 1868 but abolished it in 1875 under pressure from the Catholic Church. The clergy believed it would be able to provide appropriate teaching to young people, by the early 1960s, there were more than 1,500 school boards, each responsible for its own programs, textbooks and the recognition of diplomas according to its own criteria. In addition, until the Quiet Revolution, higher education was accessible to only a minority of French Canadians because of the low level of formal education. Following World War II, while most of the United States and Canada was enjoying a period of prosperity and modernization. The level of schooling among French Canadians was quite low, only 13% finished grade 11
27.
Roch Carrier
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Roch Carrier, OC is a French Canadian novelist and author of contes. He is among the best known Quebec writers in English Canada, from 1994 to 1997, he served as head of the Canada Council. In 1998, he ran as a candidate for the Quebec Liberal Party under Jean Charest. He was defeated by 309 votes, in 1991, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. From 1999 to 2004, Carrier was National Librarian of Canada, with Ian E. Wilson, the then National Archivist, he developed the process to unify the National Archive and National Library. In 1992, Carriers Prayers of a Very Wise Child won the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, Carrier championed Jacques Poulins novel Volkswagen Blues in Canada Reads 2005. Also involved in theatre, Carrier has adapted La guerre, yes sir. and Floralie, La guerre, yes sir. was produced as a play in 1970, was performed in English at the Stratford festival, and has been made into a film. Floralie, où es-tu. was performed by Théâtre du Nouveau-Monde in 1974, the trilogy consisting of these two novels and Il est par là, le soleil sold better in English than in French. A quote from Le chandail de hockey, one of Carriers contes, was reprinted on the back of the Canadian five-dollar bill, but it is also a much-beloved childrens story in anglophone Canada without such complex overtones as it may have in a broader context. The National Film Board of Canada has made this story into a short film. There are many levels to his satire and his writing is flowery, sheila Fischman has won various awards for translation of his books into English. Two schools are named after Roch Carrier, Roch Carrier French Immersion Public School in Woodstock, Ontario, Roch Carrier was president on the Board of Directors for the Society for Educational Visits and Exchanges in Canada, or SEVEC from 2008-2009. Upon his retirement from the board he was made an Honorary Member of the Society, jolis deuils, Petites tragédies pour adults —1964 La guerre, yes sir. —1968 ISBN 0-88784-626-2 Floralie, où es-tu
28.
The Hockey Sweater
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The Hockey Sweater is a short story by Canadian author Roch Carrier and translated to English by Sheila Fischman. It was originally published in 1979 under the title Une abominable feuille dérable sur la glace and it was adapted into an animated short called The Sweater by the National Film Board of Canada in 1980 and illustrated by Sheldon Cohen. The story is based on a real experience Carrier had as a child in Sainte-Justine, Quebec in 1946 as a fan of the Montreal Canadiens hockey team and its star player, Carrier and his friends all wear Canadiens sweaters with Richards number 9 on the back. Carrier faces the persecution of his peers and his coach prevents him from playing, the Hockey Sweater is Carriers most famous work and is considered an iconic piece of Canadian literature. The story has sold over 300,000 copies and has been republished in numerous anthologies, a line from the story appears on Canadian five-dollar bills printed between 2001 and 2013. Carrier spent several weeks trying to answer the question, ultimately producing what he described as an essay that was dull as an editorial in a newspaper. Three days before his deadline, Carrier informed the CBC that he would not be able to complete the project and he was told that the network had already booked studio time for him and had been promoting his appearance. As he remained unwilling to present his essay, Carrier was asked to write about anything he wanted to fill the time, considering what to write, Carrier thought of his own childhood. He stated in an interview that he began thinking of when was it that I felt I was really myself, so I started to write about that and it turned into the Hockey Sweater story. The Hockey Sweater is based on a real experience Carrier had in 1946 in his town of Sainte-Justine. The story centres on the obsession he and his friends had with the Montreal Canadiens organization and their star player, Maurice The Rocket Richard. He writes of how they emulated Richards style and mannerisms, and on the ice, we were five Maurice Richards against five other Maurice Richards and we were ten players all wearing the uniform of the Montréal Canadiens, all with the same burning enthusiasm. We all wore the famous number 9 on our backs and his old sweater having worn out, Carriers mother seeks to replace it. She writes a letter to Eatons in French to order a new sweater from their English-only catalogue, when the package arrives, the young Carrier is horrified to discover the sweater of the rival Toronto Maple Leafs was sent by mistake. He argues with his mother, who refuses to return the sweater for fear of offending Monsieur Eaton, a humiliated Carrier wears the sweater to the rink where his peers stare at him in his blue sweater. His coach removes him from his forward position, holding him back as a reserve on defence. By the third period, he still has not played one of his teams defencemen is struck with a stick. Believing his chance had come, Carrier jumps onto the ice
29.
State funerals in Canada
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Provincial and territorial governments may also perform state funerals for citizens in their particular jurisdictions, however, most state funerals are federal affairs. State funerals are not required by any law and the family of the deceased may opt not to have such an event take place, on both days, designated hours are set for public viewing. The coffin is then escorted from the Centre Block to a waiting hearse as a gun salute is fired,21 guns for a general,19 guns for a prime minister. The casket is then transported to another location in the country for further memorials or to the place of burial. The location of the service depends on the religious faith of the deceased. Not all who lie in state at parliament, nor all for whom flags are flown at half-mast, the exception was made for the funeral of Retired Sergeant Ernest Smith, the last living Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross from the Second World War. The first state funeral in Canada was held for Thomas DArcy McGee after his assassination in April 1868, the first Governor General of Canada to receive a state funeral was Lord Tweedsmuir in 1940, who died in office. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canadas first prime minister was also the first to receive a state funeral, according to some sources Alexander Mackenzie did not have a state funeral. McGee, Foster, Perley, and Flaherty were not sitting cabinet ministers at the times of their deaths, sidney Smith, External Affairs Minister, qualified for a state funeral in 1959, but did not receive one. A state funeral was offered for assassinated Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte in 1970, a state funeral was offered for Chief Justice Bora Laskin by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau but his family declined. State funerals in Quebec are reserved for former premiers, national funerals may be held for other distinguished Quebecers. Unlike state funerals, these are partially subsidized by the government. Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau Death and state funeral of Jack Layton
30.
Nouveau-Bordeaux
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Nouveau-Bordeaux originally known as Bordeaux, is a neighbourhood in north end Montreal, Quebec, Canada located in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville. Nouveau-Bordeaux, was the birthplace of Count Daeylar, a wealthy French figure who owned Jubinville farm, Saint-Joseph-de-Bordeaux was part of Cartierville until it became a separate village on March 21,1898. It changed its name to Bordeaux in 1906, on March 14,1907, Bordeaux attained city status. On June 4,1910, it was annexed by the larger City of Montreal, the old streets of the old village of Bordeaux have expanded since the late 1950s to form a new residential area, New Bordeaux, with its bungalows and triplexes. Nouveau-Bordeaux was Maurice Richards neighbourhood as a child
31.
Henri Richard
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Joseph Henri Richard is a former professional ice hockey player who played centre with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1955 to 1975. He is the brother of Canadiens legend and fellow Hockey Hall of Famer Maurice The Rocket Richard, fifteen years younger and three inches shorter, he was given the nickname The Pocket Rocket. On January 1,2017, in a prior to the Centennial Classic. The two Richard brothers style of play was quite different, while Maurice shot left, Henri shot right. Maurice played right wing and Henri played centre, Henri led the league in assists in 1957–58 and 1962–63, a feat never matched by Maurice though the latter had led the league in goals five times. Lastly, Henri totaled over 1000 points, a mark never reached by Maurice, Henri won 11 Stanley Cups, more than any other player in NHL history. Former teammate and predecessor as team captain Jean Béliveau has 17 Stanley Cup titles, only one other athlete in North American professional sports has achieved winning eleven championships in his respective league - Bill Russell of the NBAs Boston Celtics. In 1957–58, he was named to the First All-Star Team, in his career, he scored 358 goals and earned 688 assists in 1256 games. His 1256 regular-season games played in a Canadiens uniform are a franchise record and he scored the Stanley Cup clinching goal at the 2,20 mark of the first overtime of Game Six in the 1966 Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings. In the 1971 Stanley Cup Finals, Richard scored the game-tying and he was named captain of the Canadiens in 1971 until his retirement in 1975, after his team was eliminated in the playoffs by the Buffalo Sabres. He always wore the number 16 which was retired December 10,1975 by the Canadiens in his honour and he was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979. In 1998, he was ranked number 29 on The Hockey News list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players and he currently serves as an ambassador for the Canadiens organization. It was announced in 2015 that Richard had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease
32.
Carpentry
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Carpentry in the United States is almost always done by men. With 98. 5% of carpenters being male, it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999, Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century and it is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places. The word carpenter is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier which is derived from the Latin carpentrius, the Middle English and Scots word was wright, which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place, second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the construction of such as skirting boards, architraves. Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of such as roads. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured, or in situ, although the. work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined. Joiner is less common than the finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically, now used by carpenters who work using traditional methods. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter, wood is one of mankinds oldest building materials. The ability to shape wood improved with technological advances from the age to the bronze age to the iron age. The oldest surviving, complete text is Vitruvius ten books collectively titled De architectura which discusses some carpentry. By the 16th century sawmills were coming into use in Europe, the founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and these technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing. The 19th century saw the development of engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails. In the 20th century portland cement came into use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath, plywood, engineered lumber and chemically treated lumber also came into use
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Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
34.
Shinny
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Shinny is an informal type of hockey played on ice. It is also used as term for street hockey. There are no rules or specific positions, and generally. The goal areas at each end may be marked by nets, or simply by objects, body checking and lifting or roofing/reefing/raising the puck are often forbidden because the players are not wearing protective equipment. Shinny may be completely non-competitive and recreational - scoring irrelevant - or competitive, in his book Country on Ice, Doug Beardsley claims that most Canadian hockey professional players have played some form of shinny in their youth. There is a ritual for choosing teams, which has each player throwing their hockey stick into a pile at centre ice. Once people follow suit and enough sticks are in the pile, Players then pick up their own sticks, the teams having been formed. If there are too many players for the size of playing area, otherwise, the two teams can put the extra players on the bench, allowing for players to rest between shifts. Very often teams are formed with intent to divide the group into approximately equal levels of skills among the players, Players joining after play has started are usually told which way they are going based upon the score of the game and their skill level. Some games continue for hours with a variety of players participating for as long as they want. Shinny, generally believed to be a precursor to ice hockey, was enough in its formative years that the pucks and sticks were often makeshift. During the Great Depression, for example, northern boys used tree branches or broomhandles as sticks, a tin can, a piece of wood, any object about the right size might serve as a puck. The name is derived from the Scottish game shinty and indeed shinny was a name for one of shintys many regional variations in Scotland. Shinny, a primarily Canadian term, is usually called scrimmage, pick-up hockey, drop-in hockey, stick and puck, or RAT Hockey in the United States. In some municipalities around the world where the climate permits, part of a citys taxes may go to the formal set-up, the programs, expanded in 2011, include parent/child shinny and two levels of beginner, and are supervised by city-paid coaches. Pond Hockey Championships ShinnyUSA - Lifetime Adult Hockey Pickup Hockey - Local Toronto Pickup Shinny Group for Beginners & Intermediate Players
35.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
36.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
37.
Pseudonym
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A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, the term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον, literally false name, from ψεῦδος, lie, falsehood and ὄνομα, name. A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the name of another person and this may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a front name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship, sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name, in many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a persons new legal name. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam, likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland and he adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations to hide their identity, a pen name, or nom de plume, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, the Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books, anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell, emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot, Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used pen names. A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter ODonnell and Christopher Wood. A pen name may be used if a real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, in some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name
38.
Verdun Maple Leafs (ice hockey)
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The Verdun Maple Leafs was the name of three ice hockey clubs that existed in Verdun, Quebec, including a senior hockey team, and two junior teams. The Maple Leafs played home games at the Verdun Auditorium, the first club was a senior hockey team established in the early 1920s. They played in the Montreal City Hockey League until 1937, then switched to the Quebec Senior Hockey League, the team folded after 1942 at the onset of World War II. This senior team coexisted with its club, a junior team from 1933 to 1950. Verdun were finalists for the Eastern Canadian Championship and the George Richardson Memorial Trophy in 1939 and 1940, the Verdun Maple Leafs were revived again in 1963 playing in the Montreal Metropolitan Junior Hockey League. The team switched to the Quebec Junior Hockey League in 1965, Verdun challenged against for the Eastern Canadian Championship in 1968, but were defeated bt the Niagara Falls Flyers. The following season, Verdun was promoted to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, serge Martel won the Michel Bergeron Trophy as the leagues rookie of the year, playing for Verdun in 1969–70. List of alumni from the Verdun Maple Leafs who also played in the National Hockey League, two Hockey Hall of Fame members played for the Maple Leafs. Emile Bouchard and Maurice Richard were teammates during the 1939–40 season, Senior Verdun Maple Leafs Junior Verdun Maple Leafs Verdun Maple Leafs Season-by-season results for the Verdun Maple Leafs of the Quebec Junior Hockey League. List of Verdun Maple Leafs alumni
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