Max Newman
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Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman, generally known as Max Newman, was a British mathematician and codebreaker. His work in World War II led to the construction of Colossus, the world's first operational
Newman c. 1945
Colossus computer
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Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves to perform Boolean and count
Max Newman
…22 February 1984), generally known as Max Newman, was a British mathematician and codebreaker. His work in World War II led to the construction of Colossus, the world's first operational, programmable electronic computer, and he established the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University…
A Colossus Mark 2 computer being operated by Wrens. The slanted control panel on the left was used to set the "pin" (or "cam") patterns of the Lorenz. The "bedstead" paper tape transport is on the right.
A Lorenz SZ42 cipher machine with its covers removed at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park
The Lorenz SZ machines had 12 wheels, each with a different number of cams (or "pins"). Wheel number 123456789101112 BP wheel name ψ1 ψ2 ψ3 ψ4 ψ5 μ37 μ61 χ1 χ2 χ3 χ4 χ5 Number of cams (pins) 434751535937614131292623
Cams on wheels 9 and 10 showing their raised (active) and lowered (inactive) positions. An active cam reversed the value of a bit (0→1 and 1→0).