1.
Eric Garcetti
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Eric Michael Garcetti is the current mayor of Los Angeles. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected mayor in 2013, a former member of the Los Angeles City Council, Garcetti served as council president from 2006 to 2012. Garcetti is the citys first elected Jewish mayor, as well as its youngest, in 2015, Garcetti became the first mayor of a major American city to sign a $15 minimum wage law, which began to gradually take effect beginning in 2016. Garcetti was born at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles and was raised in Encino, Garcetti is the son of Sukey and the former Los Angeles County district attorney Gil Garcetti. His paternal grandmother, Juanita Iberri, was born in Arizona, one of 19 children born to an emigrant father from Sonora, Mexico and a born in Arizona to an Irish father. His maternal grandfather, Harry Roth, founded and ran the clothing brand Louis Roth Clothes and it has also been reported that Garcettis family is of Litvak descent. Eric Garcetti attended elementary school at UCLA Lab School, and middle school and he majored in political science and urban planning and received a B. A. from Columbia University in 1992 as a John Jay Scholar. He studied as a Rhodes Scholar at The Queens College, Oxford and also studied for a PhD in ethnicity and his academic work focused on ethnic conflict and nationalism and he has lived and studied in Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa. He has published articles and chapters of books on post-conflict societies, Eritrean nationalism and he served on the California Board of Human Rights Watch. Garcetti was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 2001 and he succeeded Alex Padilla as President of the City Council on January 1,2006 and was re-elected as President at the beginning of the Councils subsequent terms in 2007 and 2009. Garcetti declared his candidacy for mayor of Los Angeles on September 8,2011, on January 30,2013, the Los Angeles Teachers Union voted to endorse Garcetti in the primary election. Garcetti supported recent expansions of the Los Angeles Police Department and the re-implementation of the Senior Lead Officer Program, crime has fallen in his district by more than forty percent since 2001. In 2004, Garcetti authored Proposition O, a county stormwater bond which sought to clean the citys waterways, voters approved the bond with just over 76% of the vote making it the largest clean water bond in the country. In 2005, Garcetti helped found the Los Angeles Neighborhood Land Trust and he supported changes in the citys landscape ordinance and plumbing codes to promote water conservation. A longtime electric car driver, he appeared as a proponent of electric cars in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car. In July 2010, Garcetti, then President of the Los Angeles City Council, led the weakening of a 2009 lawn watering ordinance, allowing watering three days per week rather than two. An LA Times editorial called the City Councils weakening of the watering ordinance a death knell for one of the best collective environmental efforts made by the citizens of Los Angeles. At times, Garcetti has come under scrutiny for developments that unexpectedly demolish and built over cultural
2.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
3.
Getty House
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The Getty House is the official residence of the mayor of Los Angeles, California. The house is named for George Getty II, the son of J. Paul Getty and it was designed and built in the Tudor Revival style in 1921 for $83,000. The Getty Oil company purchased the house in 1959, and offered the property to the City of Los Angeles on November 12,1975, the original gardens were designed by A. E. Hanson, and have been restored. The house became the residence for the mayor of Los Angeles. Mayor Tom Bradley was the first to move into the house at the beginning of his term in 1977. However, his two immediate successors opted not to move into the house, so it was unoccupied between 1993 and 2005, Mayor Richard Riordan resided at his house in Brentwood. Mayor James Hahn lived in San Pedro so his children could be near their mothers residence, washington district on the Northeast side. However, in September 2005, Villaraigosa decided that he would move into the house full-time, newly elected Mayor Eric Garcetti said in November 2013 that he had decided that he, his wife Amy Wakeland and their daughter Maya, almost 2, would move into the house. The house is zoned to the following LAUSD schools, 3rd Street Elementary School, John Burroughs Middle School,1921 in architecture Arts and culture of Los Angeles List of American houses List of historic houses gettyhouse. org — website of the Getty House Foundation
4.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
5.
Alpheus P. Hodges
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Alpheus P. Hodges was the first Mayor of Los Angeles, California after the city was incorporated on April 4,1850. However, he was preceded by Stephen C, foster, who was the first mayor under American rule. Hodges was originally a physician, but served as both the mayor and Coroner of Los Angeles, California from 1850 to 1851, at that time, the population of the city was only 1,610. A native of Virginia, he became mayor of the new city at age 28 and he served as mayor for only a year, that being the term of the office at that time. He later returned to Virginia, and died in Alexandria at the home of his father on July 29,1858 and he was aged 36 years and ten months. Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials, 1850—1938, Compiled under Direction of Municipal Reference Library City Hall, Los Angeles March 1938
6.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
7.
Constitution of California
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The Constitution of the State of California is the document that establishes and describes the duties, powers, structure and function of the government of the U. S. state of California. Article 3, Section 2 of the current Constitution references the original boundaries as stated in the 1849 Constitution at Article 7. The result of Progressive mistrust of elected officials, the 1879 constitution is the third longest in the world, californias constitution is one of the longest collections of laws in the world, taking up 110 pages. Part of this length is caused by the fact that many voter initiatives take the form of a constitutional amendment, the constitution can be changed by initiatives passed by voters. Initiatives can be proposed by the governor, legislature, or by popular petition, many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights even broader than the Bill of Rights in the federal constitution. This caused the California Supreme Court to find Capital Punishment unconstitional on state Constitutional grounds in the 1972 case of People v. Anderson, the constitution has undergone numerous changes since its original drafting. It was rewritten from scratch several times prior to the drafting of the current 1879 constitution, from 1911, the height of the U. S. Progressive Era, to 1986, the California Constitution was amended or revised over 500 times, the constitution gradually became increasingly bloated, leading to abortive efforts towards a third constitutional convention in 1897,1914,1919,1930,1934 and 1947. By 1962 the constitution had grown to 75,000 words and that year, the electorate approved the creation of a California Constitution Revision Commission, which worked on a comprehensive revision of the constitution from 1964 to 1976. The Commission ultimately removed about 40,000 words from the constitution, many of the signatories to the states original 1849 constitution were themselves prominent in their own right, and are therefore listed below. The list is notable for the inclusion of several Californios, the California Constitution is one of the longest in the world. Unlike other state constitutions, the California Constitution strongly protects the corporate existence of cities and counties, the Constitution gives charter cities, in particular, supreme authority over municipal affairs, even allowing such cities local laws to trump state law. By specifically enabling cities to pay counties to perform governmental functions for them, many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights broader than the Bill of Rights in the federal constitution. The constitution also confers upon women equality of rights in entering or pursuing a business, profession, vocation and this is the earliest state constitutional equal rights provision on record. Two universities are expressly mentioned in the constitution, the University of California, UC is one of only nine state-run public universities in the United States whose independence from political interference is expressly guaranteed by the state constitution. Since 1900, Stanford has enjoyed the benefit of a constitutional clause shielding Stanford-owned property from taxes as long as it is used for educational purposes. The constitution of California distinguishes between constitutional amendments and revisions, the latter of which is considered to be a change to the entire constitution. A less extensive change in one or more of its provisions, both require passage of a California ballot proposition by voters, but they differ in how they may be proposed. S
8.
Los Angeles City Council
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The Los Angeles City Council is the governing body of the City of Los Angeles. The council is composed of fifteen members elected from districts for four-year terms. The president of the council and the president pro tempore are chosen by the council at the first regular meeting of the term, an assistant president pro tempore is appointed by the President. As of 2014, council members receive a salary of $178,789 per year. Regular council meetings are held in the City Hall on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 10 am except on holidays or if decided by special resolution. A current annual schedule of all Council meetings, broken down by committee, is available as a. pdf download from the Office of the City Clerk. Under the first charter of the city, granted by the Legislature in 1889, the first election under that system was held on February 21,1889, and the last on December 4,1906. Two-year terms for the City Council began and ended in December, except for the first term, the term of office was lengthened to three years effective with the municipal election of December 4,1906, which was the last year this ward system was in use. Between 1909 and 1925, the council was composed of nine members elected at large in a first-past-the-post voting system
9.
Los Angeles City Hall
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It is located in the Civic Center district of downtown Los Angeles in the city block bounded by Main, Temple, First, and Spring streets. The building was designed by John Parkinson, John C, martin, Sr. and was completed in 1928. Dedication ceremonies were held on April 26,1928.2 earthquake, the concrete in its tower was made with sand from each of Californias 58 counties and water from its 21 historical missions. City Halls distinctive tower was based on the shape of the Mausoleum of Mausolus, an image of City Hall has been on Los Angeles Police Department badges since 1940. City Hall has a deck, free to the public. The peak of the pyramid at the top of the building is a beacon named in honor of Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh. Circa 1939, there was an art gallery, in Room 351 on the third floor, the building was designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1976. Prior to the completion of the current structure, the L. A, the Mayor of Los Angeles has an office in room 300 of this building and every Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday at 10, 00am, the Los Angeles City Council meets in its chambers. City Hall and the adjacent federal, state, and county buildings are served by the Civic Center station on the LA Metro Red Line, an observation level is open to the public on the 27th floor. The Mayor Tom Bradley Room, as this large space is named, is used for ceremonies. At the time the TV program was broadcast, the shows Daily Planet building was frequently confused with the similarly designed Pennsylvania Power & Light Building in Allentown, additionally, the exact design of this building is used as the Newstime magazine headquarters in the Superman comic books. Alias, A CIA black ops unit is located behind a door at Civic Station. Dragnet, The building appears as itself in the TV series, the first episode of Dragnet Season 1, Episode 1, The Human Bomb, Original Air Date,16 December 1951, was filmed at Los Angeles City Hall. Joe Fridays famous badge number 714 that was displayed under the credits, perry Mason, The City Hall building appears in the view from Perrys office window. This has led viewers of the show to speculate where the office would have been located in downtown Los Angeles. L. A. Confidential, The police in the 1997 neo-noir film operate out of the City hall, tower of Terror, In this 1997 made-for-TV movie, the main characters love interest works at a fictional newspaper, The Los Angeles Banner. The newspapers logo is based on the top of the city hall, adam-12, During the seventh season opening credits montage, City Hall is shown directly at the end, as the building that officers Reed and Malloy drive away from. It is also shown on the embossed badges numbered 744 and 2430, the 2003 Dragnet series used the L. A
10.
Windsor Square, Los Angeles
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Windsor Square is a small, historic and wealthy urban neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. It is highly diverse in ethnic makeup, with a population older, many notable Los Angeles residents have lived in Windsor Square, and it is the site of the official residence of the mayor of the city. It is served by a public park. In 2008, the neighborhood had an population of 6,197. According to the 2000 census, Windsor Square was highly diverse, the racial breakdown was 41. 6% Asian,37. 7% white,14. 8% Latino,4. 3% black, and 1. 6% other. About a third of the residents were born outside the United States, considered a high ratio for Los Angeles, the median household income was average for both the city and the county, while the percentage of households earning more than $125,000 was high for the county. The median age was 38, considered old in both the city and the county, the percentages of residents aged 35 to 64 being among the countys highest. The percentages of widowed men and widowed women were among the countys highest, but the percentage of families headed by single parents was notably small. The percentage of veterans who served during the Vietnam War was among the countys highest, the tree-lined neighborhood,0.68 mile in area, is sometimes used as background in crime films because of its multimillion-dollar homes and its film noir-era look. Windsor Square is bounded on the west by Arden Avenue, on the north by Beverly Boulevard, on the east by South Wilton Place, relation of Windsor Square to nearby places, Windsor Park residents are highly educated. According to the 2000 census,46. 1% of the residents had a four-year degree, there are no schools within the boundaries of Windsor Park. Robert L. Burns Park, on the southwest corner of North Van Ness Avenue, the city responded by building a 12-foot masonry wall and a chain-link fence between the park and neighboring homes. On December 3,1990, an $85,000 tubular steel perimeter fence was officially installed, Windsor Square is covered by two Los Angeles Police Department jurisdictions, Olympic, at 1130 South Vermont Avenue, and Wilshire, at 4861 Venice Boulevard. In December 2014 the neighborhood was stunned when Antonia Yager,86, was stabbed to death in her Beachwood Drive home. An active member of the Assistance League of Los Angeles who was known as the great dame of Larchmont Village and they were prominent people who were said to have donated $100,000 for mathematics and science school scholarships. It was the first homicide in the area since 2001, the case was never solved despite the offer of a $50,000 award. Getty House at 605 South Irving Boulevard is the residence of the Mayor of Los Angeles. Henry, Los Angeles City Council president Neal McDonough, actor Oliver Morosco, theatrical producer, director, peter, Edwin and Harold Janss, land developers
11.
Hancock Park
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Hancock Park is a city park in the Miracle Mile section of the Mid-Wilshire district, Los Angeles, California. The parks destinations include, the La Brea Tar Pits, the adjacent George C, Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries, which displays the fossils of Ice Age prehistoric mammals from the tar pits, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art−LACMA complex. They are among the most popular tourist attractions in Los Angeles, the park has urban open spaces and landscaped areas for walking, picnicking, and other recreation. Located on Wilshire Boulevard just east of Fairfax Avenue, it extends across a city block. The landmark Park La Brea complex is across 6th Street on the north, the park is not within the Hancock Park neighborhood, which is approximately 1 mile to the northeast. Hancock Park is the location of the La Brea Tar Pits, Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries overseen by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art campus of buildings and sculpture gardens. The 1952 Mid-century modern style Observation Pit in the park, a repository for large Ice Age fossils from throughout the tar pit area and it is part of the Page Museum’s new Excavator Tour. The skeleton of a near-complete Columbian mammoth was among the discoveries there. The Pleistocene Garden recreates the original prehistoric landscape habitats in the Hancock Park area, the plant list was created from 35 years of research in the Pit 91 fossil excavation. It represents four ecoregions, Coastal sage scrub, Riparian, Deep Canyon California oak woodlands, the park is named for its benefactor, George Hancock, a California petroleum industry pioneer, who recognized the scientific importance of the fossils found in the asphaltic deposits. He inherited the 3, 000-acre Rancho La Brea in 1883 that included the La Brea tar pits, until 1875, bones found in the asphalt deposits were considered remains of domestic stock and native mammals of the region. In that year scientist William Denton published the first mention of the occurrence of extinct fauna at Rancho La Brea and it was not until 1901 that the bones on the Hancock Ranch were thoroughly studied by William Warren Orcutt, a prominent Los Angeles geologist and petroleum pioneer. Who examined bones he personally collected, Orcutt eventually donated his fossil collection to John Campbell Merriam of the University of California. The park is registered as California Historical Landmark #170, the La Brea Tar Pits are a designated U. S. National Natural Landmark. List of fossil species in the La Brea Tar Pits California Historical Landmarks in Los Angeles County, ranchos of Los Angeles County, California — Spanish & Mexican land grant ranchos. Page Museum at the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park website Arcadia Publishing, Historical Photos & Images of Los Angeless La Brea Tar Pits and Hancock Park
12.
Two-round system
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The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. The two-round system is used around the world for the election of legislative bodies, for example, it is used in French presidential, legislative, and departmental elections. In Italy, it is used to elect mayors, but also to decide which party or coalition receives a majority bonus in city councils. Historically it was used in the German Empire of 1871–1918, in New Zealand in the 1908 and 1911 elections, the two-round system is known as run-off voting in the United States, where the second round is known as a run-off election. Run-off voting is sometimes used as a generic term to describe any method involving a number of rounds of voting. By this broader definition the system is not the only form of run-off voting. However the subject of article is the two-round system. In Canada, for example, candidates for party leadership. It is like a method, except the one candidate must win a simple majority. Candidates with the fewest votes or candidates who want to move their support to other candidates may move to remove themselves from the next vote. In both rounds of an election conducted using runoff voting, the voter marks a X beside his/her favorite candidate. If no candidate has a majority of votes in the first round. In the second round, because there are two candidates, one candidate will achieve an absolute majority. In the second round, each voter is free to change the candidate he votes for, even if his preferred candidate has not yet been eliminated. Some variants of the system use a different rule for choosing candidates for the second round. Under such methods, it is sufficient for a candidate to receive a plurality of votes to be elected in the second round. Under some variants of runoff voting, there is no rule for eliminating candidates. In both elections, the communist candidate, Ernst Thälmann, did not withdraw and ran in the second round, in 1925, that probably ensured the election of Paul von Hindenburg, rather than Wilhelm Marx, the centrist candidate
13.
Recall election
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A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition, have a history dating back to the ancient Athenian democracy and are a feature of several contemporary constitutions, in indirect or representative democracy peoples representatives are elected and these representatives rule for a specific period of time. But if any representative is not properly discharging their responsibilities, then they can be called back with the written request of specific number of voters, the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia enacted representative recall in 1995. In that province, voters in a provincial riding can petition to have their representative in parliament removed from office, by January 2003,22 recall efforts had been launched. No one has been recalled so far, but one representative, Paul Reitsma, Reitsma resigned during the secondary verification stage and the recall count ended. While recalls are not provided for at the level in Switzerland, six cantons allow them, Bern. 30,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum, there has been one unsuccessful attempt to recall the executive in 1852. Schaffhausen, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1876,1,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one attempt to recall the executive in 2000 triggered by the lawyer. Solothurn, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1869,6,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one attempt to recall the executive and legislative in 1995. Three further attempts failed to collect the number of signatures. Ticino, Recall of the executive is possible since 1892,15,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There has been one unsuccessful attempt in 1942. In addition, recall of municipal executives is possible since 2011, signatures of 30% of all adult citizens are required to trigger a recall referendum. Thurgau, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1869,20,000 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum. There have been no recall attempts, uri, Recall of the executive and legislative is possible since 1888. Since 1979600 signatures are required to trigger a recall referendum, in addition, recall of municipal executives and legislatives is possible since 2011
14.
Stephen Clark Foster
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Stephen Clark Foster was a politician, the first American mayor of Los Angeles under United States military rule. Foster served in the constitutional convention, and was elected to the State Senate. He was elected as mayor of Los Angeles in 1856, Foster was born in Machias, Maine, in 1820. He graduated from Yale College in 1840 and he taught at a private academy in the South. In 1845 at age 25, he headed for California, like other young single men, via El Paso. While in Santa Fe, Foster joined the Mormon Battalion of Volunteers and he served as an interpreter on the Battalions march across the Southwest. For this reason, Foster often has been referred to as the first American mayor of the city and he served as alcalde from January 1,1848 to May 21,1849. For the remainder of year, or until the city came under United States jurisdiction in 1850. Mason appointed José del Carmen Lugo, a prominent and mature Californio, during his early years in Los Angeles, Foster made a marriage important to his standing in the community. He met and married María Merced Lugo, one of the sisters of José del Carmen Lugo above and their father was a prominent Californio landowner. The Fosters had five children together, Foster was elected a member of the 1849 California Constitutional Convention, which met in Monterey. The group framed the state Constitution and petitioned Congress for admission of California into the United States, Foster achieved his first political office after statehood in 1850, when he was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council for a one-year term. In 1851 he was elected California state senator from Southern California, in 1854, Foster was elected mayor of Los Angeles. He is credited with authorizing construction of the first public school in Los Angeles, Los Angeles was then said to be the toughest frontier town in the United States. It had a population with simmering tensions after the war. The surrounding territory was overrun by bandits driven from the mines of northern California southward into the cattle ranching counties. Numerous gamblers and criminals drifted into the city to escape the vigilantes of San Francisco, mayor Foster, like most of the citys prominent citizens, was a member of the local vigilance committee and of the Los Angeles Rangers, the mounted body of volunteer police. In early 1854, Foster resigned his position to lead a lynching mob
15.
Tom Bradley (American politician)
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Thomas J. Tom Bradley was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles, serving from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of city, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the citys history. His 1973 election made him the second African-American mayor of a major U. S. city, Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Bradley unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986 and was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian, the racial dynamics that appeared to underlie his narrow and unexpected loss in 1982 gave rise to the political term the Bradley effect. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Bradley, the grandson of a slave, was born on December 29,1917, to Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, poor sharecroppers who lived in a small log cabin outside Calvert, Texas. He had four siblings — Lawrence, Willa Mae, Ellis, the family moved to Arizona to pick cotton and then in 1924 to the Temple-Alvarado area of Los Angeles, where Lee was a Santa Fe Railroad porter and Crenner was a maid. He was captain of the team and all-city tackle for the high school football team. He went to UCLA in 1937 on a scholarship and joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Among the jobs he had while at college was as a photographer for comedian Jimmy Durante, Bradley left his studies to join the Los Angeles Police Department in 1940. He became one of the just 400 blacks among the departments 4,000 officers and he recalled the downtown department store that refused him credit, although he was a police officer, and the restaurants that would not serve blacks. He told a Times reporter, When I came on the department and you either worked Newton Street Division, which has a predominantly black community, or you worked traffic downtown. You could not work with an officer, and that continued until 1964. Bradley and Ethel Arnold met at the New Hope Baptist Church and were married May 4,1941 and they had three daughters, Lorraine, Phyllis and a baby who died on the day she was born. He and his wife needed an intermediary to buy their first house in Leimert Park. Bradley was attending Southwestern University Law School while a police officer, upon his leaving the office of mayor in 1993, he joined the law offices of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, specializing in international trade issues. His entry into politics came when he decided to become the president of the United Club, the club was part of the California Democratic Council, a liberal, reformist group organized in the 1950s by young Democrats energized by Adlai E. Stevensons presidential campaigns. It was predominantly white and had many Jewish members, thus marking the beginnings of the coalition, which along with Latinos, Unruh, then an up-and-coming state assemblyman. The early stage of Bradleys political career was marked by clashes with African American leaders like onetime California Lieutenant Governor, representative Mervyn Dymally, an Unruh ally
16.
William Stephens
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William Dennison Stephens was an American federal and state politician. A three-term member of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1911 to 1916, William Stephens was born in Eaton, Ohio on December 26,1859. He was the child out of a total of nine children born to Martin. With ambitions to become a lawyer, Stephens studied earnestly in law to become a lawyer, following his graduation from Eaton High School in 1876, Stephens worked for three years as a school teacher before joining the railroad business to become an engineer. Between 1880 and 1887, Stephens helped survey the construction of railroads in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and his days in the railroads came to an end in 1887 when his mother, Alvira, now falling ill, sought a hot and drier climate to improve her health. The Stephens family, including William, relocated to Los Angeles, California that year, after relocating to Los Angeles, Stephens began to work as a traveling salesman and later as a grocery manager. In 1891, Stephens married Flora E. Rawson, in 1902, he became a partner in Carr and Stephens Groceries, giving Stephens wide name recognition throughout Los Angeles. Stephens further served on the Los Angeles Board of Water Commissioners, in 1906, Stephens served briefly as a major in the California Army National Guard during the San Francisco earthquake as part of the First Brigade. In 1909, he became president of the American National Bank. Following Los Angeles Mayor Arthur C, harpers resignation from office shortly before a crucial recall election, Stephens was appointed Acting Mayor of the city on March 15,1909, becoming the citys 27th mayor. Stephens mayoralty lasted for less than two weeks before George Alexander, the winner of the election, assumed the office, after his brief stint as Mayor of Los Angeles, Stephens entered the realm of federal politics. In the 1910 elections, Stephens was elected as a Republican for the 7th congressional district to the U. S. House of Representatives, due to redistricting, Stephens changed constituencies to the newly created 10th congressional district for the 1912 elections, which he also won. Stephens was one of the 13 Progressives to be elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in the 1910s and he successfully defended his seat again in the 1914 elections, winning a consecutive third term to the House. Stephens would continue to identify himself as a member of the Progressive Party until the dissolution in 1916. Following Lieutenant Governor John Morton Eshlemans death from tuberculosis on February 28,1916, by mid-year, Johnson had selected Stephens as Eshlemans successor, forcing him to resign his seat from the federal House and assume the position of lieutenant governor on July 22. Stephens position as lieutenant governor was short lived, Governor Johnson himself was elected to the U. S. Senate in the 1916 elections, leaving the governorship open to the recently installed lieutenant governor. Nearly immediately, Stephens faced controversy regarding the Preparedness Day Bombing, the attack was blamed on left wing radicals, in particular union leader and former Industrial Workers of the World member Thomas Mooney, and his alleged accomplice, Warren Billings. Both Mooney and Billings were convicted, though critics said later that the trial was conducted in a lynch mob atmosphere, however, international sympathy for Mooney quickly spread, making him one of the United Statess most famous political prisoners
17.
Arthur Cyprian Harper
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Arthur Cyprian Harper was the 26th Mayor of Los Angeles, California from December 13,1906 to March 11,1909. He was forced to resign in the wake of a recall due to dishonesty that marked his administration. While mayor, he work on the Los Angeles Civic Center. A native of Columbus, Mississippi, he died in Palmdale and he was buried at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Central Los Angeles
18.
Henry Mellus
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Henry Mellus served as the eighth Mayor of Los Angeles from May 9,1860 to December 26,1860. He was a successful California businessman, born in Dorchester, Boston, he was the son of William and Amelia Mellus, and was a brother of Francis Mellus. Henry sailed around the horn with Richard Henry Dana, Jr. on the named the Pilgrim. In 1837 Mellus returned to Boston, and then returned in 1839 to California, in 1845 he and William Davis Merry Howard formed the firm of Mellus & Howard in San Francisco. This firm had a commercial business in San Francisco. In 1846 Henry married Anita F. Johnson, after the marriage, the Mellus’ family lived in Los Angeles. Bell Row, a two-story, L shaped adobe built by Captain Alexander Bell, became Mellus Row, after relinquishing the Bryant & Sturgis agency in 1848, Mellus went to Boston with his family on a visit. He returned to this coast in the winter of 1849-50, at time he had an attack of apoplexy. Henry Mellus was elected as Mayor of Los Angeles on May 9,1860 and died while holding that office
19.
Antonio F. Coronel
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Antonio Francisco Coronel was a Californio of Mexican Alta California, that transitioned into various political offices after U. S. statehood of California in 1850. He served as the mayor of Los Angeles from 1853 to 1854. Antonio Francisco Coronel was the son of Ygnacio Coronel, born in Mexico City in the last years of colonial New Spain, Coronel was 17 years of age when he came to Alta California with his parents in 1834, as a part of the Híjar-Padrés Colony. In 1838, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of Tribunals for the Pueblo de Los Ángeles, in 1843, he became Justice of the Peace. During the Mexican-American War in 1846-47, Antonio served as a captain and sergeant-at-arms in the Mexican artillery, once the war had ended, Antonio Coronel served as the first Los Angeles County Assessor from 1850 to 1856. In 1853, Coronel became Mayor of Los Angeles, Coronel served as a ward councilman on the Los Angeles Common Council He was the California State Treasurer from 1867 to 1871. In 1873, Coronel married Mariana Williamson and his donated collection made the basis for the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Antonio Coronel became the owner of Rancho Los Feliz
20.
Antonio Villaraigosa
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Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa is an American politician who is a current candidate for Governor of California in 2018. After being termed out of the State Assembly, he was elected to the Los Angeles City Council and he ran for Mayor in 2001 against Los Angeles City Attorney James Hahn, but lost in the second round of voting. He ran again in 2005 in a rematch against Hahn and won, during his tenure as Mayor, he gained national attention for his work and was featured in Times story on the countrys 25 most influential Latinos. He was the first Mexican American in over 130 years to have served as Mayor of Los Angeles and he was term limited and could not run for re-election in 2013. He continues to be engaged in education, civic engagement, water, immigration, transportation. He speaks nationally and throughout California on these issues, born Antonio Ramón Villar, Jr. in the City Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles Countys Eastside, he attended both Catholic and public schools. His father immigrated to the USA and became a successful businessman and his young wife left him at this time. His father abandoned their family when he was 5 years old, and at age of 16 and his grades plummeted at Cathedral High School, and the next year, he was expelled from the Roman Catholic institution after getting into a fight after a football game. He later graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in Boyle Heights after taking adult education there at night. At UCLA, he was a leader of MEChA, an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity, at this time, he went by the short form Tony of his given name Antonio. After UCLA, Villar attended the Peoples College of Law, a school that prioritizes a commitment to social change. After law school, he became a field representative/organizer with the United Teachers Los Angeles where he organized teachers and was regarded as a gifted advocate. There, he saw first-hand the issues that teachers experience in the classroom and he later served as president of the Los Angeles chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Federation of Government Employees. He changed his surname to Villaraigosa upon his marriage with Corina Raigosa in 1987, in 1990, Villaraigosa was appointed to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Board and served there until 1994. In 1994, he was elected to the California State Assembly, within his first term, he was selected to serve as Democratic Assembly Whip and Assembly Majority Leader. In 1998, Villaraigosa was chosen by his colleagues to be the Speaker of the Assembly and he left the Assembly in 2000 because of term limits. Villaraigosa ran for election as Mayor of Los Angeles in the 2001 citywide contest but was defeated by Democrat James Hahn in a run-off election, in 2003, Villaraigosa defeated incumbent Councilman Nick Pacheco to win a seat on the Los Angeles City Council representing the 14th District. Villaraigosa placed first in the primary for the Los Angeles mayoral election of March 8,2005, on July 1,2005, Villaraigosa was sworn in as the 41st Mayor of Los Angeles
21.
Manuel Requena
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Manuel Requena was president of the Los Angeles Common Council in the early 1850s. He served the city in both the Mexican and American periods, Requena was born in 1802 in Campieto, Mexico, where he grew up and went on to become a successful merchant. In 1834 he moved to Los Angeles, where he became an important business. At one point, Requena, who was accorded the honorific Don, was appointed an election judge, but he declined, citing ill health. The committee and the doctor examined Don Manuel, and reported that his indisposition did not prevent him from pruning. Requena was first alcalde, which was equivalent to the position of mayor, in April 1836 a force of vigilantes demanded that he cooperate with them in turning over the key to a house where fugitive Maria del Rosario Villa, accused of murdering her husband, was staying. He replied, in Spanish, Maria del Rosario Villa is incarcerated at a dwelling, whose owner has the key. The prisoner is left there at the disposition of the law only, nevertheless, the vigilantes, who had previously executed Rosario Villas paramour, seized her and shot her. When the Los Angeles Common Council was formed in 1850 after Los Angeles was incorporated as an American town and he served during the periods of 1850—1854,1856, and 1864—1868. Requena was elected to the first Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors in 1852, in 1854 he became a trustee in the citys first board of education
22.
Damien Marchesseault
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Damien Marchesseault was the seventh Mayor of Los Angeles from May 9,1859 to May 9,1860 and then again from January 7,1861 to May 6,1865. Marchesseault assumed the office one last time interrupting Cristobal Aguilars first term in office for three months, born in St. -Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, Marchesseault was described as a carousing onetime New Orleans gambler. With Victor Beaudry, he started an ice vending company using ice from what is now known as Icehouse Canyon near Mount San Antonio, during his term as Water Overseer of Los Angeles, Marchesseault and a partner laid wooden water pipes that burst and turned streets into sinkholes. Struggling with mounting debts, he slipped into an empty Los Angeles City Hall Council chamber on Jan,20,1868, and shot himself to death. Marcheassault Street in Los Angeles is named for him, ---Damien Marchesseault, for several years Mayor of this city, died at the Mayors office, about 7 oclock AM, on the 20th INS. Mr. Marchesseault was a native of Canada, and in life immigrated to New Orleans. He was in Mexico during the Mexican War, and came to this country in 1849, and settled in city in 1853. He was a man of energy, of strong convictions, and naturally had many enemies. The friends and acquaintances of the deceased are requested to attend the funeral at 10 oclock this morning, -Damien Marchesseault committed suicide on yesterday morning by shooting himself, the ball entering near the nose, and passing into the brain. Under the promise to return the same the following day, which I have often failed to do, though you have near complained of my miserable conduct, you nevertheless have suffered too much. I therefore, to save you from farther disgrace and trouble, being that I cannot maintain you respectably, of course, in all this, there is no blame-attached contrary you have asked me to permit you to earn money honestly by teaching and I refused. You have always been true to me, if I write these few lines, it is to set you a night before this wicked world, to keep slander from blaming you in way manner whatever. Now, my beloved, I hope that you will pardon me. It is time to part, God bless you, and may you be happy yet, chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials, 1850—1938, Compiled under Direction of Municipal Reference Library City Hall, Los Angeles March 1938
23.
Prudent Beaudry
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Prudent Beaudry served as the 13th mayor of Los Angeles, California, from 1874 to 1876. A native of Quebec, he was the second French Canadian, Beaudry was born into a wealthy French Canadian family. After studying in Montreal, he went to New York City to pursue studies in business school. In the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837 that shook the province of Quebec, he travelled in the United States, around 1840, he settled in New Orleans where he gained additional experience in commercial activities. In 1842, he returned to Montreal and created a business with his brothers. Because he was responsible for buying stock, Prudent Beaudry frequently needed to travel to Europe, two fires and insufficient insurance left the retail enterprise with only $1,000 left of its stock. In 1853 Prudent moved alone to Los Angeles, and succeeded in regaining a respectable amount of floating capital, in 1854 Prudent decided to invest in capital assets in addition to his retail store. He bought different tracts of land, which constituted the Beaudry Blocks, the rents he earned from his real estate assets yielded him $1,000 per month. In 1855 after Victor rejoined him, Prudent Beaudry left for Europe in order to consult a Parisian ophthalmologist for eyesight problems and he rested in Montreal for five years, limiting his activity. In 1861, Victor received an offer to furnish the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. This offer obliged Prudent to return to Los Angeles and take charge again of his business and his profits by that time amounted to a few thousand dollars per year, a considerable amount for the time. Beaudry decided to invest in a mine, but this investment failed after the mine was completely destroyed when a Californian Indian tribe retaliated against European massacres in the area. Beaudry then decided to use his savings to buy inexpensive undeveloped parcels of land on Bunker Hill above central Los Angeles, which featured views of the city at its base and the Pacific Ocean. He also bought property near the Sierra Nevada, and built an aqueduct to redirect several mountain streams to his properties. He owned a great deal of real estate in Downtown Los Angeles, located for the most part around Temple Street, Bunker Hill, Bellevue Road, Beaudry also became interested in architecture and urbanization, and so decided to get involved in city planning. Notably, he planted many new trees and made plans for mansions, the quality of his work was rapidly recognized, and the upgraded lands were sold at a very high profit. Most of his time was dedicated to architecture. Beaudry was elected to three terms in the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of the city—in 1871,1872 and 1873
24.
Meredith Snyder
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Snyder was born on October 22,1859, in or near Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the son of Kehlin D. Snyder and Elizabeth Hire. He went to schools and then to Bethany and Schylo Academy and Yadkin College. Snyder arrived in California in 1880 at age 22, and he was married to May Ross of Washington, D. C. on February 14,1888, in San Diego, California. They had one child, Ross Snyder, who was killed in World War I at the Battle of Chateau-Thierry in France, in 1923, Ross Snyder’s body was returned to Los Angeles, and lay in state for a day in Pershing Square before burial at Hollywood Cemetery. Snyder was a Mason and an Elk and a member of the Jonathan Club, the Los Angeles Country Club, the Lomita Gun Club, the Knights of Pythias and he was a Protestant and a Democrat. His nickname was Pinky, because of the color of his flaming red side-burns and he died at the Jonathan Club on April 7,1937, at the age of 78, and his body lay in state in the City Hall, with interment at Hollywood Cemetery. In 1990, the city of Hermosa Beach, California, included Pinxtons extensively remodeled home at No.2020 The Strand on a map guide to home of people in that city. Snyder established the M. P. Snyder Shoe Company in 1892, and in 1904 he organized the California Savings Bank and he owned property in the San Joaquin Valley, which at first famed and later subdivided. This was the old Dallas ranch, not far from the quaint little town of Hickman, in 1905 he invested in a rubbish-disposal company. He ran again that year but lost to George E. Cryer and he was a Los Angeles City public service commissioner beginning in 1913 and serving until 1917 or 1918. His last appointment was Governor James Rolphs naming him to the State Industrial Accident Commission and he was active in the successful movement to open Los Angeles Harbor and to connect it by a shoestring strip between Los Angeles and San Pedro and Wilmington. During his mayoralty, the Third Street Tunnel was bored through Bunker Hill, Los Angeles, in 1901, and he appointed the citys first Water Commission, which made plans to bring water to the city from the Owens Valley. Of him, historians Leonard Pitt and Dale Pitt said, A Democrat in a period of Republican ascendancy, in 1904 he opposed a corrupt printing contract between the city and the Republican Los Angeles Times. His terms spanned a period in the citys history. Meredith P. Snyder Elected Mayor for the Second Time, Los Angeles in the 1900s
25.
Frederick Eaton
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Frederick Eaton, known as Fred Eaton, was a major individual in the transformation and expansion of Los Angeles in the latter 19th century through early 20th century, in California. Eaton was the mastermind behind the early 20th century Los Angeles Aqueduct project. Frederick Eaton was born in Los Angeles in 1856, into a prominent family who were among those that founded what has become the city of Pasadena, as an adult Eaton was a Radical Republican. He was a promoter of the Civil War Reconstruction, new railroads and he became the Mayor of Los Angeles. Fred Eaton taught himself engineering and was the superintendent of the Los Angeles City Water Company by age 19 in 1875, as head of the Water Company, in 1878 Eaton first hired William Mulholland as a ditch-digger for distribution canals from the Los Angeles River to the city. In 1886 Eaton redesigned and renovated Los Angeles Park, present day Pershing Square, with a park plan. Eaton was the Los Angeles mayor from 1898 to 1900, for the office, he ran on the platform of establishing a new municipal water system for the city of Los Angeles. One year later in 1899, a 2.09 million US dollar bond measure was approved by city voters for the purchase of Los Angeles City Water Company’s system. A few years later, Los Angeles was faced with a problem, yes, Los Angeles was some 200 miles away, but it was all downhill. All one would have to do to move it to the city was dig some canals, lay some pipe and let gravity do the rest. ”In other words, Eaton realized an opportunity to sustain Los Angeles’ growth and took matter into his own hands to save the city. In 1906, the Board of Water Commissioners created the Bureau of Los Angeles Aqueduct and they appointed William Mulholland as chief engineer, who planned and developed the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The aqueduct was completed in 1913, the Aqueduct brought plentiful water to Los Angeles, which supplied its explosive population growth. It also diverted the Owens River and its tributaries, taking away from the Owens Valley, eventually disabling the farms. Many local farmers willingly gave up their land to make this project possible, however, since Eaton was also buying thousands of acres of land at the same time, “it was a common but ill-founded assumption in the valley that Eaton was representing the Reclamation Service. Eaton did nothing to correct the inference that his activity in the valley was related to the government project. ”In addition to knowingly withholding information, Eaton used inside information from Joseph Lippincott, the underhanded process of Los Angeles gaining the water rights for Owens Valley angered many residents. By 1924, when Los Angeles had taken so much water from the valley that Owens Lake dried up and they turned to violence and dynamited the aqueducts concrete canal. A portion of the owned by Eaton was originally planned by Mulholland. The Round Valley, Eatons mountain pasture land, was located on the Owens River in Inyo County upstream of the Owens River Gorge and Owens Valley
26.
Los Angeles Aqueduct
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The system delivers water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles, California. In 1971 it was recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers on the List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks and its construction was controversial from the start, as it is alleged that water diversions to Los Angeles all but ended agriculture in the Owens Valley. Since then its continued operation has led to debate, legislation and court battles over the environmental impacts of the aqueduct on Mono Lake. The aqueduct project began in 1905 when the people of Los Angeles approved a US$1.5 million bond for the purchase of lands and water, on June 12,1907 a second bond was passed with a budget of US$24.5 million to fund construction. Construction began in 1908 and was divided up into 11 divisions, the number of men who were on the payroll the first year was 2,629 and peaked at 6,060 in May 1909. In 1910 employment dropped to 1,150 due to financial reasons, between 1911 and 1912 employment ranged from 2,800 to 3,800 workers. The number of actual laborers working on the aqueduct, at its peak, was 3,900, in 1913 the City of Los Angeles completed construction of the first Los Angeles Aqueduct. The aqueduct as originally constructed consisted of six reservoirs and 215 mi of conduit. Beginning three and one miles north of Black Rock Springs, the aqueduct diverts the Owens River into an unlined canal to begin its 233 mi journey south to the Lower San Fernando Reservoir. This reservoir was renamed the Lower Van Norman Reservoir. The original project consisted of 24 mi of open unlined canal,37 mi of lined open canal,97 mi of covered concrete conduit,43 mi of tunnels,12. The aqueduct uses gravity alone to move the water and also uses the water to generate electricity, the aqueduct system has been operated safely throughout its history and is still in operation. The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct effectively eliminated the Owens Valley as a farming community. By the 1920s, the pursuits of the water rights. Farmers in Owens Valley attacked infrastructure, dynamiting the aqueduct numerous times, the aqueducts water provided developers with the resources to quickly develop the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through World War II. Mulhollands role in the vision and completion of the aqueduct and the growth of Los Angeles into a metropolis is recognized and well-documented. The William Mulholland Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 and located at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Blvd. in Los Feliz is dedicated to his memory, Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are named for him as well. In an effort to more water, the city of Los Angeles reached further north
27.
Benjamin Davis Wilson
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Benjamin Davis Wilson was a California statesman and politician. He was known to the Native Americans as Don Benito because of his benevolent manner in his treatment of Native American affairs, Wilson, a native of Tennessee, was a fur trapper and trader before coming to California. Detained in Southern California while attempting to obtain passage to China and he married Ramona Yorba, daughter of Bernardo Yorba, a wealthy and prominent landowner, and purchased part of Rancho Jurupa in what would become Riverside County. Wilson was made Justice of the Peace for the Inland Territory and was entrusted with the care of Native American affairs and he was also commissioned to deal with the hostile Ute tribe over their cattle rustling and other crimes against the ranchers. His marriage to his wife, Margaret Hereford produced a daughter Ruth who would later be mother to General George S. Patton Jr. commander of U. S. Wilson became the first non-Hispanic owner of Rancho San Pascual, which encompassed todays towns of Pasadena, Altadena, South Pasadena, Alhambra, San Marino and San Gabriel. Wilson was the second elected Mayor of Los Angeles for one term, Los Angeles County Supervisor 3 terms, Wilson came to California with the Workman-Rowland Party in 1841 seeking passage to China. In 1842 Wilson bought a key portion of Rancho Jurupa from Juan Bandini, encompassing most of present-day Rubidoux, California, as well as a significant portion of downtown Riverside, Wilson became the first permanent settler in the Riverside area. In 1844 he married his first wife, Ramona Yorba, whose father Bernardo Yorba, was the prominent Spanish landholder of Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana, Wilson gained esteem and was often asked to assist with Native American affairs. Wilson accepted by becoming Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory, in 1845 he was asked to pursue a band of marauding Native Americans led by an escaped neophyte from the San Gabriel Mission, who stole horses from the local ranchers. The Indians drove the horses, numbering in the thousands, up to the desert near Lucerne. In his pursuit, Wilson sent 22 men through the Cajon Pass, according to Trafzer, the resident Serrano let Wilson pass through their territory in pursuit of the raiders. Wilson, later sent his 22 men in pairs on a bear hunt, on their return trip to Jurupa, they gathered another 11 pelts. He named the place Big Bear Lake, the lake today is known as Baldwin Lake, after Elias J. Lucky Baldwin, while the name Big Bear Lake was re-applied to a reservoir built nearby in 1884. In 1850, Wilson was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council, and he also served as a Los Angeles County supervisor. He was elected to three terms of the California State Senate, in 1854 Wilson established Lake Vineyard, his own ranch and winery near modern-day San Gabriel, California. He came into possession of adjoining Rancho San Pascual through a series of complicated land deals, in 1864 Wilson took the first white mans expedition to a high peak of the San Gabriel Mountains that would be named Mount Wilson. He hoped to harvest timber there for the making of wine vats, the Wilson Trail became a popular one or two-day hike to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains by local residents for years to come
28.
John G. Nichols
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John G. Nichols was a businessman, builder, and politician. John Greg Nichols was born on December 29,1812 in Canandaigua and his father, William Nicholas, was a Scottish immigrant. He served as the Sheriff of Jackson County, Iowa for two terms in the 1840s and he made the trip to California in 1849, arriving in San Bernardino on December 31,1849. He served as the third Mayor of Los Angeles from 1852 to 1853 and they lived in the first brick house to be built in Los Angeles, California. Their son was the first American to be born in the city and he died on January 24,1898 in Los Angeles. He was buried at the Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Los Angeles, California, Nichols Canyon was named in his honor
29.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
30.
Thomas Foster (Los Angeles)
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Thomas Foster served as the sixth Mayor of Los Angeles. He was a physician and responsible for the first schoolhouse to be built at Spring and he was not related to mayor Stephen C. He was elected in May 1855 over William G. Dryden,192 votes to 179
31.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
32.
Wallace Woodworth
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Wallace Woodworth was a wealthy businessman and rancher in Los Angeles County, California, in the 19th century. He was a member of the bodies of both Los Angeles City and County. He helped organize the citys first gas company, Woodworth was born in Johnstown, Ohio, on July 28,1832. He came to Los Angeles County in 1853 and lived with his uncle, Isaac Williams, on the Chino Ranch and he grew wealthy in raising and selling cattle. He died September 13,1882, in his home on San Pedro Street of what his physicians called an affection of the heart. Upon moving to Los Angeles in 1858, Woodworth bought the interest of James D. Brady in a furniture business co-owned by W. H. Perry, in 1867 the Woodworth and Perry partnership organized a gas company, which brought the first gas lights to the city. Others in the venture, capitalized with $36,000, were James Hagan, John Goller, mott became a partner and the firm disposed of the furniture business and became one of the largest and wealthiest lumber yards in Los Angeles. In late 1860 in his role as Council President, Woodworth served as acting mayor for two weeks as a result of the death of Mayor Henry Mellis. Woodworth is remembered with a burial vault at Evergreen Cemetery, designed by A. C. Thompson. Upon his death, Woodworth left an estimated at $350,000 to $450,000, half to his wife. Access to the Los Angeles Times links may require the use of a library card
33.
Jose Mascarel
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Jose Mascarel was a 19th−century sea captain, California landowner, investor, baker, and vintner, and a mayor of Los Angeles, California. Mascarel was born in Marseilles or Mentone, France, on April 18,1816 and he died of heart failure on October 6,1899, at the age of 83 in his home at 615 Ducommun Street in Los Angeles. A solemn high mass was scheduled for the Old Plaza Church and he was at his death the oldest foreigner in Los Angeles, if not in California, after Elijah Moulton. Mascarels first marriage was in 1844 to Constancia Goytino of México and they had nine children, Charles, Jose Jr. Constance, Hortense, Marie Larquier, Josephine Twist, Margarita Drouet, Adele Kracke, and Eugenie Hoover. The desire to have the union made legal was brought about by the health of Mrs. Mascarel. In an 1899 talk before the Historical Society of Southern California, barrows noted that Mascarel was physically of stalwart proportions, being over six feet in height and weighing over 200 pounds. Another contemporary, Horace Bell, recalled in 1881 that Mascarel was a giant, barrows told his audience that, While Mr. Mascarel was naturally of a retiring disposition, including him to shun publicity, he was in many respects a remarkable man. His charities, which in his later years amounted to several hundred dollars a month, were, as a rule, unknown to outsiders, i. e. to any one except himself and the beneficiaries. Barrows noted that Mascarel spoke French and Spanish, but like so many natives of France who came to California, Mascarel, and they feared his unfamiliarity with the English language might cause embarrassment. But as it happened, General McDowell spoke French fluently, when Mascarel died, his estate was estimated to be worth a million dollars, but a later probate determined the sum to be no more than $500,000 or $600,000. A dozen or fifteen suits in this county and Santa Barbara county were opened to recover the property that deceased had deeded away so generously, when the will was challenged by three of his children —Constance M. Goytino, Hortense Mascarel and Sylvester Mascarel. Volley after volley of allegations of fraud and deceit were fired back. Until the situation had very complicated. The children waived all claims to any of the property that Mascarel deeded to anyone else while he was alive, Mascarel had provided for his wife before he died, and assigned her certain mortgages aggregating about $24,000, besides valuable property. When José Mascarel was eleven years old, he shipped out on a French merchant ship, in about the year 1840, he sailed from Gibraltar for Valparaiso. In passing Cape Horn he had both feet frozen, from which he was ill when he arrived at Valparaiso. After recovering his health Captain Mascarel engaged in coasting trade off the western coast of South America, he and another party having purchased a vessel, Mascarel sold the vessel to Joseph Yves Limantour but remained aboard as captain while trading on the California coast. In 1845 they arrived at San Pedro in Alta California, where Mascarel debarked and he went to work as a cooper for Luis Vignes and then, with two Manon brothers started a bakery
34.
Joel Turner (mayor)
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Joel Turner was the 11th mayor of Los Angeles, California, from December 9,1868, to December 9,1870. In 1870, Turner, eight members of the City Council and two members of a previous council were indicted by a grand jury for felony. It is said that an issue of city scrip of over $50,000 has been made and that less than one fifth only is now accounted for, and that the books containing the stubs are not to be found
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James R. Toberman
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James Robert Toberman served six one year terms as Mayor of Los Angeles. He first served between 1872 and 1874 and again from 1878 to 1882, Mayor James R Toberman switched on the citys first electric streetlights. He helped map out the first street car grid and water and sewer systems, Toberman came to Los Angeles in 1864 when president Abraham Lincoln appointed him U. S. Toberman was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council, the body of the city, in a special election on February 23,1870. Toberman cut taxes from $1.60 to $1 per $100 of assessed value, Toberman also left a surplus of $25,000 in the city treasury. James R. Toberman at Find a Grave
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