1.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
First Lady of the United States
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Incumbent
Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States
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Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.
First Lady of the United States
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First Ladies (from left to right)
Michelle Obama,
Laura Bush, former Secretary of State and presidential candidate
Hillary Clinton,
Barbara Bush, and
Rosalynn Carter during the dedication of the
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum in 2013.
First Lady of the United States
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Missouri Governor
John Ashcroft and First Lady
Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading
Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
2.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
Donald Trump
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Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
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The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.
Donald Trump
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Trump Tower, at 725
Fifth Avenue, in
Midtown Manhattan
3.
Michelle Obama
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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American lawyer and writer who was First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is married to the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama and she subsequently worked as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. Barack and Michelle married in 1992 and have two daughters, Obama campaigned for her husbands presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008, delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. As First Lady, Obama became an icon, a role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition, physical activity. Her mother was a homemaker until Michelle entered high school. The Robinson and Shields families trace their roots to pre-Civil War African Americans in the American South, on her fathers side, she is descended from the Gullah people of South Carolinas Low Country region. Her paternal great-great grandfather, Jim Robinson, was a slave on Friendfield Plantation in South Carolina and her grandfather Fraser Robinson, Jr. built his own house in South Carolina. He and his wife LaVaughn returned to the Low Country after retirement, among her maternal ancestors was her great-great-great-grandmother, Melvinia Shields, a slave on Henry Walls Shields 200-acre farm in Clayton County, Georgia. Melvinias first son, Dolphus T. Shields, was biracial, based on DNA and other evidence, in 2012 researchers said his father was likely 20-year-old Charles Marion Shields, son of her master. Melvinia did not talk to relatives about Dolphus father, Dolphus Shields moved to Birmingham, Alabama after the Civil War, and some of his children migrated to Cleveland, Ohio and Chicago. Her distant ancestry includes Irish and other European roots, in addition, a paternal first cousin once-removed is the African-American Jewish Rabbi Capers Funnye, son of her grandfathers sister. Robinson grew up in a bungalow on Euclid Avenue in Chicagos South Shore community area. Her parents rented an apartment on the second floor from her great-aunt. She was raised in what she describes as a home, with the mother at home. Her elementary school was down the street and they enjoyed playing games such as Monopoly, reading, and frequently saw extended family on both sides. She played piano, learning from her great-aunt who was a piano teacher, the Robinsons attended services at nearby South Shore United Methodist Church. They used to vacation in a cabin in White Cloud. She and her 21-month older brother, Craig, skipped the second grade and her father suffered from multiple sclerosis which had a profound emotional effect on her as she was growing up
Michelle Obama
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2013 official portrait
Michelle Obama
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Official portrait by
Pete Souza of the Obama family in the
Oval Office, 11 December 2011
Michelle Obama
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The Obamas attend a church service in Washington, D.C., January 2013
Michelle Obama
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The Obamas
fist bump upon his winning the Democratic nomination.
4.
Novo Mesto
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Novo Mesto is the city on a bend of the Krka River in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. The town is considered the economic and cultural centre of the historical Lower Carniola region. Novo Mesto was attested in sources in 1365 as Růdolfswerde. The parallel German name Neustadtl was also in use, the name used for the settlement before 1365 is unknown. The Slovene name Novo mesto literally means new town, names like this are common in Europe, from 1865 to 1918, the town was officially named Rudolfovo in Slovene, based on the German name. Following World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the city part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and was officially renamed Novo mesto. Novo Mesto has been settled since pre-history, the city is one of the most important archeological sites of the Hallstatt culture and has been nicknamed the City of Situlas after numerous situlas found in the area. Graben Castle down the Krka River, ancestral seat of the noble House of Graben von Stein, was first mentioned in an 1170 deed, the town itself was founded by the Habsburg archduke Rudolf IV of Austria on 7 April 1365 as Rudolfswerth. The Austrian Habsburgs received the Carniolan March from the hands of Emperor Louis IV in 1335, during World War II the city passed back and forth between Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, finally settling to Germany. In 1958, the authorities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had a motorway connecting the Slovenian capital Ljubljana and Zagreb in Croatia. The A2 motorway is part of the European route E70. With its construction, Novo Mesto became much better connected to the rest of Slovenia and the rest of Yugoslavia, Novo Mesto has been a hub of artistic creation in various fields, music, literature, and visual arts. The turning point is the September 1920 exhibition named Novo Mesto Spring, the development of music in Novo Mesto may be traced to the 16th century, with the clergy, e. g. the provost Jurij Slatkonja, promulgating the development of vocal music. Accelerated development took place in the 19th century with the establishment of a band in 1846. The society laid the foundations of the music in the wider Lower Carniola area. A significant part in the development of the town was contributed by students. The school had a quality singing choir led by Hugolin Sattner, Aleš Ottokar, in 1886, a male choir was established in the town in the frame of the Catholic Craftsman Assistants Society. Several classical composers were connected to Novo Mesto, the best known of them being Marjan Kozina, after whom the school of the town is named
Novo Mesto
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Novo Mesto with the Krka River from the air
Novo Mesto
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Ruodolphswert, engraving by
Valvasor, 1689
Novo Mesto
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The Chapter Church of St. Nicholas
Novo Mesto
5.
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
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The Socialist Republic of Slovenia was one of the 6 republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia. It existed under different names from 29 November 1945 until 25 June 1991, the official name of the republic was Federal Slovenia until 20 February 1946, when it was renamed to the Peoples Republic of Slovenia. It retained this name until 9 April 1963, when it was again renamed, in September 1989, numerous constitutional amendments were passed by the Assembly, which introduced parliamentary democracy to the country. The word Socialist was removed from the name of the state on 7 March 1990. The socialist infrastructure was largely dissolved, the first open democratic election was held on 8 April 1990. The parliamentary elections were won by the opposition, known as the DEMOS coalition led by the dissident Jože Pučnik, at the same time, Milan Kučan, the former chairman of the League of Communists of Slovenia, was elected President of the Republic. The democratically elected parliament nominated the Christian Democratic leader Lojze Peterle as Prime Minister, during this period, Slovenia retained its old flag and coat of arms, and most of the previous symbols as it awaited the creation of new symbols that would eventually come after independence. The old national anthem, Naprej zastava slave was however replaced by the Zdravljica already in March 1990, on 23 December 1990, a referendum on independence was held in Slovenia, at which 94. 8% of the voters voted in favour of secession of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, the acts about the Slovenian independence were passed by the Assembly, following a short Ten-Day War, the military of Slovenia secured its independence, by the end of the year, its independence was recognized by the wider international community
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
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Flag
6.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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Covering an area of 255,804 km², the SFRY was bordered with Italy to the west, Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east and Albania and Greece to the south. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the SFRY traces back to 29 June 1943 when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II. On 29 November 1945, the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposal of King Peter II thus ending the monarchy. Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics. This led to the federation collapsing along the borders, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the federation on 27 April 1992. The term former Yugoslavia is now commonly used retrospectively, the name Yugoslavia, an Anglicised transcription of Jugoslavija, is a composite word made-up of jug and slavija. The Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian word jug means south, while slavija denotes a land of the Slavs, thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be South-Slavia or Land of the South Slavs. The term is intended to denote the lands occupied by the six South Slavic nations, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Slovenes, the full official name of the federation varied significantly between 1945 and 1992. Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the name deliberately left the republic-or-kingdom question open. In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced, the state is most commonly referred to by the latter name, which it held for the longest period of all. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though SFR Yugoslavia was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, by 17 April 1941, Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Partisan supreme commander was Josip Broz Tito, and under his command the movement soon began establishing liberated territories which attracted the attentions of the occupying forces. The coalition of parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the Peoples Liberation Front. The Front formed a political body, the Anti-Fascist Council for the Peoples Liberation of Yugoslavia. The AVNOJ, which met for the first time in Partisan-liberated Bihać on 26 November 1942, during 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations of Fall Weiss and Fall Schwartz, the Axis attempted to stamp-out the Yugoslav resistance once, on both occasions, despite heavy casualties, the Group succeeded in evading the trap and retreating to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before and now occupied a significant portion of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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U.S.-Yugoslavia summit, 1978
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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Flag
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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The parliament building of
Bosnia and Herzegovina burns amid the
Yugoslav wars.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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Vukovar water tower during the
Siege of Vukovar. The tower came to symbolize the town's resistance to Serb forces.
7.
Slovenes
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They speak the Slovene, a South Slavic language with significant similarities to West Slavic languages. The majority of ethnic Slovenes live in Slovenia, and they are a minority in Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Italy. Expatriates live mainly in other European countries, and in Argentina, Australia, Canada, most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia. In the Slovenian national census of 2002,1,631,363 people ethnically declared themselves as Slovenes, while 1,723,434 people claimed Slovene as their native language. The autochthonous Slovene minority in Italy is estimated at 83,000 to 100,000, the Slovene minority in southern Austria at 24,855, in Croatia at 13,200, and in Hungary at 3,180. Significant Slovene expatriate communities live in the United States and Canada, in other European countries, in Argentina, the largest population of Slovenes outside of Slovenia is in Cleveland, Ohio. In total 39-36% of 399-458 sampled Slovenian males belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a, more frequent than in South Slavic peoples, constituting 41% in the capital region, Slovenian population displays close genetic affiliations with West Slavic populations. The homogenous genetic strata of the West Slavic populations and the Slovenian population suggest the existence of a common ancestral Slavic population in central European region. The M458 branch constitutes 4%, while the dominant clade is Z280, specifically its R1a-CTS3402 clade, the Z92 branch of Z280 which is significant among East Slavs is recorded as completely absent among Slovenes, Hungarians and Austrians. Of 100 sampled Slovenians, 18% belong to R1b, of which 8% of R1b belongs to the P312 branch, 6% to the eastern, the Dinaric-North haplotypes of I2a1b are with overwhelming higher frequency than Dinaric-South even in regions with high frequency. From 623 to 658, Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karavanke mountain range were united under the leadership of King Samo in what was to become known as Samos Tribal Union. The tribal union collapsed after Samos death, but a smaller Slavic tribal principality Carantania remained, due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east, the Carantanians accepted a union with Bavaria in 745 and later recognized Frankish rule and accepted Christianity in the 8th century. The last Slavic state formation in the region, the principality of Prince Kocelj, Slovene ethnic territory subsequently shrank due to pressing of Germans from the west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannonian plain, and stabilized in the present form in the 15th century. The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century, during this period, the first books in Slovene were written by the Protestant preacher Primož Trubar and his followers, establishing the base for the development of standard Slovene. In the second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, at the beginning of the 17th century, Protestantism was suppressed by the Habsburg-sponsored Counter Reformation, which introduced the new aesthetics of Baroque culture. The Enlightenment in the Habsburg monarchy brought significant social and cultural progress to the Slovene people and it hastened economic development and facilitated the appearance of a middle class. The start of activities by Slovene intellectuals of the time brought about a national revival. Before the Napoleonic Wars, some secular literature in Slovene emerged, during the same period, the first history of the Slovene Lands as an ethnic unity was written by Anton Tomaž Linhart, while Jernej Kopitar compiled the first comprehensive grammar of Slovene
Slovenes
–
Peter Kozler 's
map of the Slovene Lands, designed during the
Spring of Nations in 1848, became the symbol of the quest for a
United Slovenia.
Slovenes
–
Germany
8.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
Americans
–
John F. Kennedy (Irish)
Americans
–
Flag of the United States
Americans
–
George Washington (English)
Americans
–
Frank Sinatra (Italian)
9.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
–
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
10.
Barron Trump
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The family of Donald Trump, the President of the United States, is a prominent American family active in real estate, entertainment, business, and politics. Donald Trumps immediate family circle is the First Family of the United States and they are part of the broader Trump family originating from Germany. Donald Trump has children from three different women, Ivana Trump, Marla Maples, and Melania Trump, Ivana Marie Trump, the first wife of Donald Trump, was born on February 20,1949 in Zlín, Czechoslovakia. She is a fashion model and a businesswoman. Marla Ann Maples, the wife of Donald Trump, was born on October 27,1963 in Dalton. She is an actress and television personality, Melania Trump, the third wife of Donald Trump, was born on April 26,1970, in Novo Mesto, Yugoslavia. She has had a modeling career and is the second foreign-born First Lady of the United States. Trump has five children from three marriages, Don Jr. Ivanka, and Eric Trump with Ivana Trump, Tiffany Trump with Marla Maples, Don, Ivanka and Eric are Trumps three eldest children, from his first marriage with Ivana Trump. They each played roles during Trumps presidential campaign, as each had been regular guests on national news programs. After Trumps victory, all three of them were named as members of Trump’s presidential transition team, prior to this, under Donald Trumps chairmanship, each had been an Executive Vice President at The Trump Organization. Tiffany Trump is the child of Donald Trump and Marla Maples. In 2016, Tiffany was mostly absent from the trail, in part because she was busy attending the University of Pennsylvania. Shortly after graduating in sociology and urban studies, she made a speech for her father at the Republican National Convention at age 22. Barron William Trump is Donald Trumps youngest child and his child with Melania Trump. He is of German and Scottish descent on his fathers side and he attends the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School in Manhattan. Barron is fluent in English and Slovene, during his early childhood, Barron made several television appearances, including on The Apprentice and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Barron will not immediately be living in the White House but will remain at Trump Tower with his mother and he made rare appearances during the 2016 election, Melania Trump said she had wanted to keep him out of the spotlight. He made a total of three appearances on the campaign trail, appearing at a campaign rally in South Carolina
Barron Trump
–
Donald Trump
Barron Trump
–
The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.
Barron Trump
–
Trump Tower, at 725
Fifth Avenue, in
Midtown Manhattan
Barron Trump
–
Turnberry Hotel, Ayrshire, Scotland
11.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
White House
–
Top: the northern facade, facing
Lafayette Square Bottom: the southern facade, facing
The Ellipse
White House
–
First Presidential Mansion:
Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.
White House
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Second Presidential Mansion:
Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.
White House
–
Third Presidential Mansion:
President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.
12.
Germanisation
–
Germanisation refers to the spread of the German language, people and culture or policies which introduced these changes. It was a plank of German conservative thinking in the 19th and 20th centuries. In linguistics, Germanisation also occurs when a word from the German language is adopted into a foreign language, during the Nazi era, Germanisation turned into a policy of ethnic cleansing and later into genocide of non-Germans. Historically, there are different forms and degrees of the expansion of the German language. There are examples of complete assimilation into German culture, as happened with the pagan Slavs in the Diocese of Bamberg in the 11th century. A perfect example of adoption of German culture is the field of law in Imperial and present-day Japan. Germanisation took place by cultural contact, by decision of the adopting party. Since the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe however, another form of Germanisation is the forceful imposition of German culture, language and people upon non-German people, Slavs in particular. Early forms of Germanisation were related by German monks in manuscripts like Chronicon Slavorum, a complex process of Germanisation took place in Bohemia after the defeat of Bohemian Protestants at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. The German prince and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, elected as king of Bohemia by the Bohemian estates in 1619, was defeated by Catholic forces loyal to the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand II. Among the Bohemian lords who were punished and had their lands expropriated after Fredericks defeat in 1620 were German-, thus, this conflict was feudal in nature, not national. This linguistic border remained almost unchanged until the late 19th century, in Tyrol there was a Germanisation of the Ladino-Romantsch of the Venosta Valley promoted by the Austria in the 16th century. There was made for avoiding contact with Protestants of the Graubünden, in the German colonies, the policy of having German as an official language led to the forming of German-based pidgins and German-based creole languages, such as Unserdeutsch. Joseph II, a leader influenced by the Enlightenment, sought to control of the empire. He decreed that German replace Latin as the official language. Hungarians perceived Josephs language reform as German cultural hegemony, and they reacted by insisting on the right to use their own tongue, as a result, Hungarian lesser nobles sparked a renaissance of the Hungarian language and culture. The lesser nobles questioned the loyalty of the magnates, of less than half were ethnic Magyars. The Magyar national revival subsequently triggered similar movements among the Slovak, Romanian, Serbian, following the partitions, the previous Germanisation attempts pursued by Frederick the Great in Silesia were extended to the newly gained Polish territories
Germanisation
–
Polish names of
Silesian cities in
Polish language from Prussian official document published in 1750 during
Silesian Wars in
Berlin.
Germanisation
–
Limes Saxoniae west border among
Obotrites and
Saxons
Germanisation
–
Origin of German colonisers in annexed Polish territories. Setted in action "
Heim ins Reich "
Germanisation
–
Adolf Hitler on
Stari most bridge in Maribor, Yugoslavia in 1941, now Slovenia
13.
Model (person)
–
A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
Model (person)
–
Model Posing on a Typical Studio Shooting Set
Model (person)
–
Fashion models on the
runway in 2008
Model (person)
–
Jean Shrimpton in 1965
Model (person)
–
Wilhelmina Cooper, founder of her agency
Wilhelmina Models, photographed by
Edgar de Evia in 1965.
14.
Slovenia
–
Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and it covers 20,273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana, additionally, the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia. The country, marked by a significant biological diversity, is one of the most water-rich in Europe, with a river network, a rich aquifer system. Over half of the territory is covered by forest, the human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic, Germanic, Romance, although the population is not homogeneous, the majority is Slovene. Slovene is the language throughout the country. Slovenia is a largely secularized country, but its culture and identity have been influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism. The economy of Slovenia is small, open, and export-oriented and has strongly influenced by international conditions. It has been hurt by the Eurozone crisis, started in the late 2000s. The main economic field is services, followed by industry and construction, Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In October 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes, Croats, in December 1918, they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During World War II, Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia, in June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy, Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country. Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and there is evidence of habitation from around 250,000 years ago. A pierced cave bear bone, dating from 43100 ±700 BP, in the 1920s and 1930s, artifacts belonging to the Cro-Magnon such as pierced bones, bone points, and needle were found by archaeologist Srečko Brodar in Potok Cave. It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe, in the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age, the Urnfield culture flourished. Archaeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found, particularly in southeastern Slovenia, among them a number of situlas in Novo Mesto, in the Iron Age, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC
Slovenia
–
A
pierced cave bear bone, possibly
flute, from
Divje Babe
Slovenia
–
Flag
Slovenia
–
Roman
Emona 's south wall (reconstruction) in present-day Ljubljana
Slovenia
–
Prince's Stone, symbol of
duchy of Carantania
15.
Yugoslavia
–
Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. The Serbian royal House of Karađorđević became the Yugoslav royal dynasty, Yugoslavia gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The country was named after the South Slavic peoples and constituted their first union, following centuries in which the territories had been part of the Ottoman Empire, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929, it was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance, in 1944, the king recognised it as the legitimate government, but in November 1945 the monarchy was abolished. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946 and it acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country as president until his death in 1980, in 1963, the country was renamed again as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The constituent six socialist republics that made up the country were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the members of the federation. After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics borders, at first into five countries, eventually, Serbia and Montenegro accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession. Serbia and Montenegro themselves broke up in 2006 and became independent states, the concept of Yugoslavia, as a single state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the Illyrian Movement of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words jug, Yugoslavia was the result of the Corfu Declaration, as a project of the Serbian Parliament in exile and the Serbian royal Karađorđević dynasty, who became the Yugoslav royal dynasty. The country was formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and it was commonly referred to at the time as the Versailles state. Later, the government renamed the country leading to the first official use of Yugoslavia in 1929, on 6 January 1929 King Alexander I suspended the constitution, banned national political parties, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions and he imposed a new constitution and relinquished his dictatorship in 1931. None of these three regimes favored the policy pursued by Alexander I, Alexander attempted to create a centralised Yugoslavia. He decided to abolish Yugoslavias historic regions, and new internal boundaries were drawn for provinces or banovinas, the banovinas were named after rivers. Many politicians were jailed or kept under police surveillance, the effect of Alexanders dictatorship was to further alienate the non-Serbs from the idea of unity. During his reign the flags of Yugoslav nations were banned, Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son Peter II and a regency council headed by his cousin, Prince Paul
Yugoslavia
–
Partisan Stjepan Filipović shouting "Death to fascism, freedom to the people!" shortly before his execution
Yugoslavia
–
Marshal
Josip Broz Tito
16.
Permanent residence (United States)
–
United States lawful permanent residency is the immigration status of a person authorized to live and work in the United States of America permanently. It is known informally as a green card because of its green design, green card also refers to an immigration process of becoming a permanent resident. The green card serves as proof that its holder, a permanent resident, has been officially granted immigration benefits, including permission to reside. The holder must maintain permanent resident status, and can be removed from the United States if certain conditions of this status are not met, green cards were formerly issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 dismantled INS and separated the former agency into three components within the Department of Homeland Security, the first, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, handles applications for immigration benefits. Two other agencies were created to oversee the INSs former functions of immigration enforcement, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U. S. Customs and Border Protection, respectively. Permanent residents of the United States eighteen years of age or older must carry their actual green card at all times. Failing to do so is a violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act, only the federal government can impose these penalties. Green cards are valid for 10 years for permanent residents, and 2 years for permanent residents. After this period, the card must be renewed or replaced, the format follows the machine-readable travel document TD1 format, First line, 1–2, C1 or C2. Depending on the length of the name, the fathers and mothers initials may be omitted, a full list of category codes can be found in the Federal Register or Foreign Affairs Manual. Since May 11,2010, new cards contain an RFID chip. They are shipped with a protective sleeve intended to protect the card from remote access, a lawful permanent resident can apply for United States citizenship, or naturalization, after five years of residency. This period is shortened to three years if married to a U. S. citizen, lawful permanent residents may submit their applications for naturalization as early as 90 days before meeting the residency requirement. In the United States,8.8 million lawful permanent residents are eligible to naturalize, citizens are entitled to more rights than permanent residents. Male permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 25 are subject to registering in the Selective Service System, Permanent residents who reside in the United States must pay taxes on their worldwide income, like U. S. citizens. If a sibling is applying, she or he must have the parents as the applicant. There are also certain additional limitations by country of chargeability, thus, most immigrants will be placed on lengthy waiting lists
Permanent residence (United States)
–
United States Permanent Resident Card (green card) (May 2010)
Permanent residence (United States)
–
United States Permanent Resident Card (2008)
Permanent residence (United States)
–
United States Alien Registration Receipt Card (1946)
17.
Louisa Adams
–
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. Joshua Johnson was originally from Maryland, Louisa had six sisters, Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. She grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution and she met John Quincy Adams at her fathers house in Coopers Row, near Tower Hill, London. Her father had appointed as United States consul general in 1790. Adams at first showed interest in her sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26,1797, at the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U. S, when her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U. S. Her father died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever and some mental problems and her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. Louisa was sickly, plagued by headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage and she left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year, peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with unspeakable terrors for her son, the next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess, the pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly drawing rooms, she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, as First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, in his diary for June 23,1828, her husband recorded her winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing, evidently in the White House. She thought she was retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives, the untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens
Louisa Adams
–
Louisa Adams
Louisa Adams
–
Louisa Adams c. 1821–25, by
Charles Bird King
Louisa Adams
–
External video
Louisa Adams
–
Obverse
18.
Pattern (sewing)
–
In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto fabric before being cut out and assembled. Patterns are usually made of paper, and are made of sturdier materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust to withstand repeated use. The process of making or cutting patterns is sometimes condensed to the one-word Patternmaking, a sloper pattern or block pattern is a custom-fitted, basic pattern from which patterns for many different styles can be developed. The process of changing the size of a pattern is called grading. Several companies specialize in selling pre-graded patterns directly to consumers who will sew the patterns at home, commercial clothing manufacturers make their own patterns in-house as part of their design and production process, usually employing at least one specialized patternmaker. In bespoke clothing, slopers and patterns must be developed for each client, while for commercial production, a patternmaker typically employs one of two methods to create a pattern. The flat-pattern method is where the pattern is drafted on a flat surface from measurements, using rulers. A pattern maker would use various tools such as a notcher, drill. Usually, flat patterning begins with the creation of a sloper or block pattern, for women, this will usually be a jewel-neck bodice and narrow skirt, and for men an upper sloper and a pants sloper. The final sloper pattern is made of cardboard or paperboard. The flat pattern drafting method is the most commonly used method in menswear, menswear rarely involves draping, there are many pattern making system available, but M. Muller & Sohn is widely used for its accuracy and fit for different body figure. After a paper/fabric pattern is completed, very often pattern-makers digitize their patterns for archiving, the previous standard for digitizing was the digitizing tablet. Nowadays, automatic option such as scanner and cameras systems are available, although a sewer may choose to use a standard size that has been pre-graded on a purchased pattern, they may decide to tailor a pattern to better fit the garment wearer. There are several ways this can be done, creating a sewers muslin, similar to a garment template, is one method of fitting. Muslin material is inexpensive and is easy to work with making quick adjustments by pinning the fabric around the wearer or a dress form. The sewer cuts muslin pieces using the method that they will use for the actual garment. The muslin pieces are then fit together and darts and other adjustments are made and this provides the sewer with measurements to use as a guideline for marking the pattern pieces and cutting the fabric for the finished garment. Pattern grading is the process of shrinking or enlarging a finished pattern to accommodate it to people of different sizes, grading rules determine how patterns increase or decrease to create different sizes
Pattern (sewing)
–
Cutting patterns in a sewing class.
Pattern (sewing)
–
Fitting a
muslin on a
dress form. This dress form is adjustable to match the sewer's measurements, and the muslin has been fit around the form accordingly, by taking it in two inches at the back, a smaller fit than the original pattern.
Pattern (sewing)
–
Marker making by computer.
Pattern (sewing)
–
Home tissue paper sewing pattern
19.
Sevnica
–
Sevnica is a town on the left bank of the Sava River in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sevnica and it is one of the three major settlements in the Lower Sava Valley. The settlement was first attested in records in 1275 in German as Liechtenwalde. The Slovene name is derived from a hydronym referring to Sevnična Creek. This name is derived from the adjective selьnъ belonging to a settlement, the Slovene name is not connected to the German name, which refers to deciduous woods. In the past the German name of the town was Lichtenwald, for centuries, the town of Sevnica was situated on the border of two historical regions of the Habsburg Empire, Carniola and Styria. It was first mentioned in documents dating to 1275 by its German name Liehtenwalde. At that time, it was one of the most important settlements in the Windic March, in 1322 it acquired the status of a market town, with extended market rights in 1513. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, it suffered greatly from frequent Ottoman raids, in the 16th century it was an important center of Protestant reformation in the Slovene Lands, the Slovene Lutheran author Jurij Dalmatin also preached in the town. In the 18th century it was included in the administrative sub-region of Lower Carniola, between 1809 and 1813, it was a border town between the French-administered Illyrian Provinces and the Austrian Empire. In the mid-19th century, it became an important center of the Slovene national revival, in 1869, in 1862 it received a railway connection, which boosted the local economy. In 1938 railway from Sevnica to Trebnje was completed, during World War II, when the area was annexed to the Third Reich, the majority of its Slovene inhabitants were expelled and replaced by ethnic Germans resettled from Gottschee County. Many locals died in Nazi concentration camps, after the war, the town started developing as an industrial center in the newly named Lower Sava Valley. Sevnica is the site of four known mass graves associated with the Second World War, three of them contain the remains of undetermined victims. The Vrtača Mass Grave is located in the woods 50 m west of the hamlet of Vrtača, the Florian Street Mass Grave is located on the north edge of a large field next to a small woods. The Hraste Mass Grave is located among the vineyards above the houses on Trubar Street, the Dobrava Mass Grave is located in a thicket 15 m north of the house at Trubar Street no.7. It contains the remains of German soldiers, the parish church in the town is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It was built in 1862 on the site of a 15th-century building, other churches in town are dedicated to Saint Florian, the Mother of God and Saint Anne, all belonging to the same parish
Sevnica
–
Sevnica
Sevnica
–
Sevnica Castle with the "Lutheran Cellar", where the Slovene Protestant author
Jurij Dalmatin preached in the 16th century
20.
Lower Sava Valley
–
The Lower Sava Valley is a region in southeastern Slovenia on the border with Croatia. It has three urban centers, Brežice, Krško, and Sevnica. Its borders are almost identical with those of the Lower Sava statistical region and it extends along the lower part of the Sava River, on the border with Croatia. In terms of its acreage, it is the second smallest region in Slovenia because it has only 885 km², the neighboring regions are the Savinja region to the north, the Central Sava Valley to the west, and Lower Carniola to the south. According to the 2003 census,70,262 people lived in the region, the region represents approximately 4. 5% of Slovenian territory and covers 885 km². It is not densely populated, there are 79 people per km², the inhabitants live in 409 settlements. The following municipalities are part of the Lower Sava Valley, Krško, Brežice, Sevnica, Kostanjevica na Krki, Radeče, the Lower Sava Valley is a popular tourist destination due to its cultural, natural, and historical riches. Local culinary specialties, high-quality wines, and towns with rich heritage offer many opportunities for fun and relaxation. There are many walking trails, riding trails, golf courses, Posavje. info - najbolj brane novice iz Posavja Posavje - novice, informacije, dogodki
Lower Sava Valley
–
Landscape near
Radeče
21.
League of Communists of Slovenia
–
The League of Communists of Slovenia was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches. In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation and these amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, in April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition. In 1992, they ceased to be the largest left wing party and entered a period of radical transformation, which gained momentum with the election of Borut Pahor as the party chairman
League of Communists of Slovenia
–
League of Communists of Slovenia Zveza komunistov Slovenije Savez komunista Slovenije
22.
Marxist-Leninist atheism
–
Marxism–Leninism holds that religion is the opium of the people, in the sense of promoting passive acceptance of suffering on Earth in the hope of eternal reward. Therefore, Marxism–Leninism advocates the abolition of religion and the acceptance of atheism, in addition, Marxist-Leninist scientific atheism purports to explain the origin of religion, as well as what it teaches to be scientific criticism of it. Marxist–Leninist atheism has its roots in the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach, hegel, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin. Marx, from the earliest times in his career, had been involved in debates surrounding the philosophy of religion in early-19th-century Germany. Bitter controversies surrounding the interpretation of the Hegelian philosophical legacy greatly formed Marx’s thinking about religion. Hegel, while being critical of contemporary dogmatic religion, retained an intellectual interest in the ontological and epistemological beliefs of Christianity and his philosophy worked as a conceptual enterprise based upon the truths of his faith. His legacy was debated after his death in 1831 between the ‘Young Hegelians’ and materialist atheists, including especially the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach. Marx sided with the materialist atheists in his rejection of all forms of philosophy, including the most liberal forms of such. Feuerbach wanted to separate philosophy from religion and to give philosophers intellectual autonomy from religion in their interpretation of reality, Feuerbach objected to Hegel’s philosophical notions that he believed were based on his religious views. He wrote, But the idea of deity coincides with the idea of humanity, Feuerbach wanted to destroy all religious commitments and to encourage an intensive hatred towards the old God. It was this thinking that the young Karl Marx was deeply attracted by, Marx considered that the higher goals of humanity would justify any radicalism, both intellectual as well as social/political radicalism in order to achieve its ends. In his rejection of all thought, Marx considered the contributions of religion over the centuries to be unimportant and irrelevant to the future of humanity. He argued that religious belief had been invented as a reaction against the suffering and injustice of the world. In Marxs view, the poor and oppressed were the creators of religion. Thus, it served as a kind of opium, or a way to escape the realities of the world. Religious suffering is, at one and the time, the expression of real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the creature, the heart of a heartless world. It is the opium of the people, Marx’s opposition to religion was based especially upon this view in that he believed religion alienated humans from reality and held them back from their true potential
Marxist-Leninist atheism
–
Boris Kustodiev 's 1920 painting "Bolshevik," depicting a revolutionary with the
red flag, glaring at an Orthodox Christian
church.
Marxist-Leninist atheism
–
The
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow during its 1931 demolition.
Marxist-Leninist atheism
–
The membership card of the
League of Militant Atheists (Soyuz Voinstvuyushchikh Bezbozhnikov) in the USSR
23.
Baptism
–
Baptism is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally. The canonical Gospels report that Jesus was baptized—a historical event to which a degree of certainty can be assigned. Baptism has been called a sacrament and an ordinance of Jesus Christ. In some denominations, baptism is also called christening, but for others the word christening is reserved for the baptism of infants, Baptism has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed, in v.16, Matthew will speak of Jesus coming up out of the water. The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus head may therefore be based on later Christian practice, other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead, a method called affusion. Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as baptism by blood, later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Today, some Christians, particularly Christian Scientists, Quakers, The Salvation Army, and Unitarians, do not see baptism as necessary, among those that do, differences can be found in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, much more than half of all Christians baptize infants, many others hold that only believers baptism is true baptism. Some insist on submersion or at least partial immersion of the person who is baptized, others consider that any form of washing by water, as long as the water flows on the head, is sufficient. The term baptism has also used to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified. The Greek verb baptō, dip, from which the verb baptizo is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed Indo-European root *gʷabh-, the Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings. John the Baptist, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, the apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, and baptism in the name of Jesus, and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism, though whether Jesus intended to institute a continuing, the earliest Christian baptisms were probably normally by immersion, complete or partial. Though other modes may have also been used, at the hour in which the cock crows, they shall first pray over the water. When they come to the water, the water shall be pure and flowing, that is, then they shall take off all their clothes. The children shall be baptized first, all of the children who can answer for themselves, let them answer. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, after this, the men will be baptized
Baptism
–
Masaccio (1425–1426), Baptism of the Neophytes (it),
Brancacci Chapel,
Florence. This painting depicts baptism by
affusion, which continues in the East except for infants, but in the West it had dropped almost completely out of use by the 15th century. The artist may have chosen an archaic form for this depiction of baptism by
St. Peter.
Baptism
–
Catacombs of San Callisto: baptism in a 3rd-century painting
Baptism
–
Christening photograph in
Orthodox Church. The moment of
Catechism.
24.
First communion
–
First Communion is a ceremony in some Christian traditions during which a person first receives the Eucharist. It is most common in the Latin Church tradition of the Catholic Church, as well as in parts of the Lutheran Church. In churches that celebrate First Communion, it occurs between the ages of seven and thirteen, often acting as a rite of passage. Catholics believe this event to be important, as the Eucharist occupies a central role in Catholic theology. First Communion is not celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Oriental Orthodox churches, or the Assyrian Church of the East, some Anglicans allow infant communion, while others require the previous reception of confirmation, usually during the teenage years. Celebration of this ceremony is typically less elaborate in many Protestant churches. Roman Catholics and some Protestants believe that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist, other denominations have varying understandings, ranging from the Eucharist being a symbolic meal to a meal of remembering Christs last supper. The sacrament of First Communion is an important tradition for Catholic families, for Catholics, Holy Communion is the third of seven sacraments received. It occurs only after receiving Baptism, and once the person has reached the age of reason first confession must precede the first reception of the Eucharist, traditions of celebration surrounding First Communion usually include large family gatherings and parties to celebrate the event. The first communicant wears special clothing, the clothing is often white to symbolize purity, but not in all cultures. Girls often wear fancy dresses and an attached to a wreath of flowers or hair ornament. In other communities, girls commonly wear dresses passed down to them from sisters or mothers, boys may wear a suit, or tuxedo, or their Sunday best, or national dress. In many Latin American countries, boys wear military-style dress uniforms with gold braid aiguillettes, in Switzerland both boys and girls wear plain white robes with brown wooden crosses around their necks. In Spain, Germany, Luxembourg and Austria, girls are dressed up as, so to speak, in Scotland, boys traditionally wear kilts and other traditional Scottish dress which accompany the kilt. Gifts of a nature are usually given, such as rosaries and prayer books, in addition to religious statues, icons. Many families have formal professional photographs taken in addition to candid snapshots in order to commemorate the event, some churches arrange for a professional photographer after the ceremony. During the communist era, dominant societies initiation into the movement in communist countries that had large Catholic populations was an overt attempt to supplant the Catholic ritual. In all cases, a child at the age of seven to ten is initiated as a member of a group within which the individuals share certain values and culture
First communion
–
A young boy receiving his First Communion in Florida
First communion
–
A group photo of children from Holyrood School at their First Communion,
Swindon,
Wiltshire,
England, in 1949.
First communion
–
A little girl photographed for First Communion in
Italy, c. 1919.
First communion
–
An Indian girl receiving her First Communion
25.
Parish priest
–
A pastor is usually an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, the term may be abbreviated to Pr or Ps, a pastor also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. The word pastor derives from the Latin noun pastor which means shepherd and relates to the Latin verb pascere - to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat. The term pastor also relates to the role of elder within the New Testament, many Protestant churches call their ministers pastors. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical image of shepherding, the Hebrew Bible uses the Hebrew word רעה. English-language translations of the New Testament usually render the Greek noun ποιμήν as shepherd, the two words occur a total of 29 times in the New Testament, most frequently referring to Jesus. For example, Jesus called himself the Good Shepherd in John 10,11, the same words in the familiar Christmas story refer to literal shepherds. 1 Corinthians 9,7 - Paul says, of himself and the apostles, in the United States, the term pastor is used by Catholics for what in other English-speaking countries is called a parish priest. The Latin term used in the Code of Canon Law is parochus, the parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. Many Protestants use the term pastor as a title or as a job title, United Methodists, for example, ordain to the office of deacon and elder, each of whom can use the title of pastor depending upon their job description. These pastors may be lay people, seminary students, or seminary graduates in the ordination process, and cannot exercise any functions of clergy outside the charge where they are appointed. The use of the pastor can also be regional in some denominations, including some parts of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist, American Churches of Christ. The use of the pastor to refer to the common Protestant title of modern times dates to the days of John Calvin. Both men, and other Reformers, seem to have revived the term to replace the Catholic priest in the minds of their followers, the pastor was considered to have a role separate from the board of presbyters. In some Lutheran churches, ordained clergy are called priests, while in others the term pastor is preferred, ordained clergy are called priests in the Episcopal Church, as in all other branches of the Anglican Communion. Bercot, David W. Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up, newAdvent. org, The Catholic Encyclopedias entry on the term pastor. LifeWay. com, Articles to help the pastor in the roles of preacher, missionary, leader, shepherd, and person
Parish priest
–
Christ's Charge to Peter by
Raphael, 1515. In telling Peter to shepherd his sheep, Christ appointed him as a "pastor".
Parish priest
–
Saint Peter
Parish priest
–
Pastor Dr. Arthur Schmidt (1866-1923), pastor in
Bielsko-Biała (1894-1923)
26.
Ljubljana
–
Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It has been the cultural, educational, economic, political, during antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century and it was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. Situated at the middle of a route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola. The origin of the name is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were known by the German name Laibach. This name was in use as an endonym until 1918. The city is called in Italian Lubiana and in Latin, Labacum or Aemona For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and he supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement. The name Laibach, he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene, the symbol of the city is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and it symbolizes power, courage, and greatness. There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon and it was there that Jason struck down a monster. This monster has evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and it is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity, according to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque, it part of the coat of arms. Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes in the vicinity of Ljubljana were settled by people living in pile dwellings. Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland and these lake-dwelling people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks and their archeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states. Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona and this entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris
Ljubljana
–
Clockwise from top:
Ljubljana Castle in the background and
Franciscan Church of the Annunciation in the foreground;
Visitation of Mary Church on
Rožnik Hill;
Kazina Palace at
Congress Square; view from Ljubljana Castle towards the north;
Ljubljana City Hall;
Ljubljanica with the
Triple Bridge in distance.
Ljubljana
–
Excavations at the building site of the planned new
National and University Library of Slovenia. One of the discoveries was an ancient Roman public bath house.
Ljubljana
–
Ljubljana in
Johann Weikhard von Valvasor's work
The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola from 1689
Ljubljana
–
Ljubljana in the 18th century
27.
University of Ljubljana
–
The University of Ljubljana is the oldest and largest university in Slovenia. With over 63,000 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students, it is among the largest universities in Europe and that university was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained territorial control. During the second half of the 19th century, several claims for the establishment of a Slovene language university in Ljubljana were made. In the 1890s, a board for the establishment of a Slovenian university was founded, with Ivan Hribar, Henrik Tuma. In this way, a list of suitable faculty started to emerge, nevertheless, unfavorable political circumstances prevented the establishment of the university until the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918, on November 23,1918, the first meeting of the Founding Board of Ljubljana University was called, presided over by Mihajlo Rostohar, professor of psychology at the Charles University in Prague. Together with Danilo Majaron, Rostohar convinced the Yugoslav central government in Belgrade to pass a bill establishing the university. The first lectures started on December 3 of the same year, in 1919, the university comprised five faculties, law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central Congress Square of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918. The building was first designed in 1902 by Jan Vladimír Hráský, in 1941, Jože Plečniks National and University Library was completed, as one of the major infrastructure projects of the university in the interwar period. Several professors were arrested or deported to Nazi concentration camps and large numbers of students joined either the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People or the Slovenian Home Guard, some of the most brilliant students emigrated. Nevertheless, the university maintained its role and regained a limited degree of autonomy from the mid-1950s onward. It suffered a setback in autonomy from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. In 1979 it was renamed Edvard Kardelj University in Ljubljana after the Communist leader, in 1990, with the fall of Yugoslavia, it was regiven its original name. Later on, some new, modern buildings and a small scale campus were constructed in the part of the city. The University of Ljubljana has two university libraries, the National and University Library of Slovenia is the national library of Slovenia and the university library of the University of Ljubljana. It contains about 1,307,000 books and numerous text, visual, another university library is the Central Technological Library, which is also the national library and information hub of natural sciences and technology. There are over 30 libraries at individual faculties, departments, the university operates an art gallery, open since 18 June 2012
University of Ljubljana
–
The main building in 1929
University of Ljubljana
–
University of Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana
–
The main building of the university in
Congress Square
University of Ljubljana
–
Academy of Music
28.
Serbo-Croatian
–
It is a pluricentric language with four mutually intelligible standard varieties. South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum, the turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, from the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic, since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gajs Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called Illyric, Slavic, at that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian, today, use of the term Serbo-Croatian is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. Old Church Slavonic was adopted as the language of the liturgy and this language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the Glagolitic service as late as the middle of the 19th century, the earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic manuscripts are the Glagolita Clozianus and the Vienna Folia from the 11th century. Serbo-Croatian competed with the established literary languages of Latin and Old Slavonic in the west and Persian. Old Slavonic developed into the Serbo-Croatian variant of Church Slavonic between the 12th and 16th centuries, the Baška tablet from the late 11th century was written in Glagolitic. It is a stone tablet found in the small Church of St. Lucy
Serbo-Croatian
–
Humac tablet, ~1000 AD
Serbo-Croatian
–
Areas where Serbo-Croatian is spoken by a plurality of speakers (as of 2005).
Serbo-Croatian
–
Hval's Codex, 1404
Serbo-Croatian
–
Humac tablet from the 10th century
29.
Slovene language
–
Slovene or Slovenian belongs to the group of South Slavic languages. It is spoken by approximately 2.5 million speakers worldwide and it is the first language of about 2.1 million Slovenian people and is one of the 24 official and working languages of the European Union. Standard Slovene is the standard language that was formed in the 18th century, mostly based on Upper and Lower Carniolan dialect groups. For example, the Resian and Torre dialects in the Italian Province of Udine differ most from other Slovene dialects, the distinctive characteristics of Slovene are dual grammatical number, two accentual norms, and abundant inflection. Although Slovene is basically an SVO language, word order is very flexible, Slovene has a T-V distinction, second-person plural forms are used for individuals as a sign of respect. Slovene and Slovak are the two modern Slavic languages whose names for themselves literally mean Slavic. Slovene is an Indo-European language belonging to the Western subgroup of the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, furthermore, Slovene shares certain linguistic characteristics with all South Slavic languages, including those of the Eastern subgroup, such as Bulgarian. The Slovene language also has commonalities with the West Slavic languages. Like all Slavic languages, Slovene traces its roots to the same group of languages that produced Old Church Slavonic. The earliest known examples of a distinct, written Slovene dialect are from the Freising Manuscripts, the consensus estimate of their date of origin is between 972 and 1093. These religious writings are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language and this linguistic border remained almost unchanged until the late 19th century, when a second process of Germanization took place, mostly in Carinthia. Between the 9th and 12th century, proto-Slovene spread into northern Istria, during most of the Middle Ages, Slovene was a vernacular language of the peasantry, although it was also spoken in most of the towns on Slovene territory, together with German or Italian. Although during this time, German emerged as the language of the nobility, Slovene had some role in the courtly life of the Carinthian, Carniolan and Styrian nobility. This is proved by the survival of certain ritual formulas in Slovene, the words Buge waz primi, gralva Venus. The first printed Slovene words, stara pravda, appeared in 1515 in Vienna in a poem of the German mercenaries who suppressed the Slovene peasant revolt. Standard Slovene emerged in the half of the 16th century, thanks to the works of Slovene Lutheran authors. During this period, German had a influence on Slovene. Many Slovene scientists before the 1920s also wrote in languages, mostly German
Slovene language
–
Tombstone of Jožef Nahtigal in
Dobrova with archaic Slovene onikanje in indirect reference. Literal translation "Here lie [počivajo] the honorable Jožef Nahtigal... they were born [rojeni]... they died [umerli]... God grant them [jim] eternal peace and rest."
Slovene language
–
Slovene-speaking areas
30.
Bill Clinton
–
William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
Bill Clinton
–
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
–
William Jefferson Blythe III, in 1950 at age four
Bill Clinton
–
Clinton's boyhood home in
Hope, Arkansas
Bill Clinton
–
Clinton ran for President of the
Student Council while attending the School of Foreign Service at
Georgetown University.
31.
Milan
–
Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
Milan
–
Milan Cathedral,
La Scala opera house and
Porta Nuova business district
Milan
Milan
Milan
32.
Elite Model Look
–
Elite Model Look is a yearly fashion modeling event held by Elite Model Management, an international model management group. It is used to discover and launch female fashion models in the international fashion marketplace, each year the contest attracts some 350,000 participants from roughly 70 countries in the world, with castings held in over 800 cities. Contestants, typically between the ages of 14 and 22, compete in contests for a chance to represent their country in the world final. In 1999, the United States finals were recorded to make a documentary special called The Making of a Supermodel. Online, a web television documentary titled Elite New Face premiered on Hulu on November 19,2012, the series reviewed the 2011 contest, and followed the 2012 contest beginning from the regional castings all the way to the world final and the announcement of the winner. A second season following the 2013 event was also created, female contestants are required to be between the ages of 14 and 22 years, and meet minimum height requirement of 1.72 meters, or 58. Males are required to be between the ages of 14 and 22 years, and meet a minimum requirement of 1.83 meters. Until 2014, Males were only allowed to participate national finals, each country taking part in the contest selects semi-finalists in various cities who compete to become national finalists. The winners of national contest compete together in the world final. The winners are selected based on their abilities, personality, natural beauty. The world final lasts two weeks, during which the finalists participate in various workshops and these include highlighting natural beauty with make-up and hair professionals, photo shoots, rehearsals for the final show, and individual interviews with members of the jury and Elites agents. During the final show fifteen winners are selected by a jury, the top three contestants are offered contracts with a guaranteed remuneration. No event was held in 1984
Elite Model Look
–
Elite Model Look
Elite Model Look
–
Gisele Bündchen competed in the world final of Elite Model Look in 1994, where she made the top 15 but ultimately did not win.
33.
Union Square, Manhattan
–
The park is under the aegis of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Adjacent neighborhoods are the Flatiron District to the north, Chelsea to the west, Greenwich Village to the southwest, East Village to the southeast, many buildings of The New School are near the square, as are several dormitories of New York University. It features a wall sculpture and digital clock expelling bursts of steam. Among the heterogeneous assortment of buildings along the west side is the Decker Building, Union Square is noted for its impressive equestrian statue of U. S. A statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the southwest corner of the park was added in 1986, the 14th Street – Union Square New York City Subway station, served by the 456 <6> L N Q R W trains, is located under Union Square. In 1815, by act of the legislature, this former potters field became a public commons for the city. Ruggles obtained a lease on most of the surrounding lots from 15th to 19th Streets. In 1834 he convinced the Board of Aldermen to enclose and grade the square, then sold most of his leases, a fountain was built in the center of Union Square to receive water from the Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1842. The Everett House on the corner of 17th Street and Fourth Avenue was for one of the citys most fashionable hotels. In the early years of the park a fence surrounded the central oval planted with radiating walks lined with trees. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were called in to replant the park, the last of the neighborhoods free-standing private mansions, Peter Goelets at the northeast corner of 19th Street, made way for a commercial building in 1897. The Rialto, New York Citys first commercial district, was located in. It was called the Rialto after the district in Venice. The theater district gradually re-located northward, into less expensive and undeveloped uptown neighborhoods, thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres. The park has historically been the start or the end point for political demonstrations. In the summer of 1864 the north side of the square was the site of a Sanitary Fair, Union Square has been a frequent gathering point for radicals of all stripes to make speeches or demonstrate. On September 5,1882, in the first Labor Day celebration, on March 28,1908, an anarchist set off a bomb in Union Square which only killed himself and another man. On August 21,1893, Emma Goldman took the stage at Union Square to make her Free Bread speech to a crowd of overworked garment workers
Union Square, Manhattan
–
Union Square
Union Square, Manhattan
–
Union Square in 1908
Union Square, Manhattan
–
George Washington (
Henry Kirke Brown, 1856) in the middle of
Fourth Avenue at
14th Street, c.1870
Union Square, Manhattan
–
The
statue in its current location in the middle of the park
34.
Marie Claire
–
Marie Claire is an international monthly magazine for women. First published in France in 1937, various editions are published in countries and languages. The United States edition focuses on women around the world and several global issues, Marie Claire magazine also covers health, beauty, and fashion topics. Marie Claire was founded by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair and its first issue appeared in 1937, and it was distributed each Wednesday. In 1976, Prouvost retired and his daughter took over the magazine. One of the earliest international editions of Marie Claire is its German edition, the U. S. edition of the magazine was started by the Hearst Corporation, based in New York City, in 1994. Hearst has branch offices in France, Italy, and several locations in the United States such as Detroit, the West Coast, New England, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the Southeast. The Esquire Network reality television series Running In Heels follows three interns working in the NYC office of the magazine, Marie Claire UK is part of Time Inc. In 2006, it launched its website with segments on daily news, catwalk show, photographs and reports, fashion and beauty, buys of the day, daily horoscopes, and competitions. In Australia, Marie Claire magazine is part of Pacific Magazines, the Marie Claire website provides daily fashion, beauty, and lifestyle news to Yahoo.7. Marie Claire has also Arabic editions which are published in Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, international editions of Marie Claire have also been discontinued in Estonia, Germany, India, Philippines, and Poland. Following a relaunch, since 2012, Marie Claire has been published in Japan under the name Marie Claire Style and this new format is offered as a free supplement in the Yomiuri Shimbun and distributed in wealthy suburbs of Japan. The magazine has now made available at subway kiosks for a cover price of 200 yen. In 2010, an Indonesian edition was launched, currently, Marie Claire publishes editions in over 35 countries on 5 continents. List of womens magazines List of Marie Claire cover models Marie Claire US Marie Claire UK Marie Claire Turkey American Marie Claire – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory
Marie Claire
–
Lauren Conrad on the July 2013 cover
35.
In Style
–
InStyle is a monthly women’s fashion magazine published in the United States by Time Inc. Along with advertising, the magazine articles about beauty, fashion, home, entertaining, charitable endeavors. Its editor is Laura Brown, and its publisher is Connie Anne Phillips, after originating in the United States, InStyle has expanded its brand and as of 2012 is distributed as international editions in 17 other countries. It was one of the first magazines of its type to have a musical artist or actor as the cover model. The magazine features celebrities who open their homes to be featured, in 2016, former executive editor of U. S. Harpers Bazaar Laura Brown was announced as the new Editor-in-Chief, taking over for Ariel Foxman, who had been managing editor since 2009. Browns first issue was December 2016, official website Theodora & Callum Interview with Ariel Foxman American InStyle – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory
In Style
–
Old logo
In Style
–
InStyle
36.
New York (magazine)
–
New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life, culture, politics, and style generally, and with a particular emphasis on New York City. Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker, it was brasher and less polite, and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism. Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004, the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication and it was one of the first dual-audience lifestyle magazines, and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications. In 2009, its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 and its websites—NYmag. com, Vulture. com, The Cut, and Grub Street—receive visits from more than 14 million users per month. New York began life in 1963 as the Sunday-magazine supplement of the New York Herald Tribune newspaper, edited first by Sheldon Zalaznick and then by Clay Felker, the magazine showcased the work of several talented Tribune contributors, including Tom Wolfe, Barbara Goldsmith, and Jimmy Breslin. Soon after the Tribune went out of business in 1966–67, Felker and his partner, Milton Glaser, gerald Goldsmith, and reincarnated the magazine as a stand-alone glossy. Joining them was managing editor Jack Nessel, Felkers number-two at the Herald Tribune, New Yorks first issue was dated April 8,1968. Among the by-lines were many names from the magazines earlier incarnation, including Breslin, Wolfe, and George Goodman. Within a year, Felker had assembled a team of contributors who would come to define the magazines voice, Breslin became a regular, as did Gloria Steinem, who wrote the city-politics column, and Gail Sheehy. Harold Clurman was hired as the theater critic, Alan Rich covered the classical-music scene. Gael Greene, writing under the rubric The Insatiable Critic, reviewed restaurants, Woody Allen contributed a few stories for the magazine in its early years. The magazines regional focus and innovative illustrations inspired numerous imitators across the country, the office for the magazine was on the top floor of the old Tammany Hall clubhouse at 207 East 32nd Street, which Glaser owned. Wolfe, a contributor to the magazine, wrote a story in 1970 that captured the spirit of the magazine, Radical Chic. The article described a benefit party for the Black Panthers, held in Leonard Bernsteins apartment, in a collision of high culture, in 1972, New York also launched Ms. magazine, which began as a special issue. New West, a magazine on New Yorks model that covered California life, was also published for a few years in the 1970s. As the 1970s progressed, Felker continued to broaden the magazines editorial vision beyond Manhattan, covering Richard Nixon, twenty years later, Cohn admitted that hed done no more than drive by Odysseys door, and that hed made the rest up. It was a problem of what Wolfe, in 1972, had labeled The New Journalism. In 1976, the Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch bought the magazine in a hostile takeover, a succession of editors followed, including Joe Armstrong and John Berendt
New York (magazine)
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June 8, 1970 issue
37.
Avenue (magazine)
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Avenue is a former Dutch glossy monthly magazine. In its original form it was established in 1965 and shut down in 1994, in 2001 publisher VNU restarted the magazine, but it survived only four issues. In its first era the magazine was influential, joop Swart served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine, which attracted writers as culinary journalist Wina Born, photographer Ed van der Elsken and the authors Jan Cremer, W. F. At its height the magazine sold 125,000 copies a month and its core public were women between 25 and 55 years of age. Its secondary public were men of age range
Avenue (magazine)
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November 1988 cover of Avenue
38.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Cover of the February 2012 issue of Vanity Fair
39.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
Vogue (magazine)
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The January 2010 issue of Vogue USA, featuring
Rachel McAdams.
Vogue (magazine)
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Cover of the May 1917 issue. (American Vogue)
Vogue (magazine)
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Models
Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing
Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in
Ransom Canyon, Texas (25 June 2013).
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue Brasil/Brazil cover with
Madonna photographed by
Steven Klein; Vogue France/Paris cover with
Penélope Cruz,
Meryl Streep,
Julianne Moore,
Gwyneth Paltrow,
Kate Winslet and
Naomi Watts in a special edition by Penélope Cruz.
40.
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
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The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue is published annually by American Sports Illustrated magazine. The cover photograph features fashion models wearing swimwear in exotic locales, all models featured on the cover of the swimsuit issue in the magazines history have been women. According to some, the magazine is the arbiter of supermodel succession, the swimsuit issue of the magazine carries advertising that, in 2005 amounted to US$35 million in value. New issues come out around the middle of February or later, first published in 1964, it is credited with making the bikini, invented in 1946, a legitimate piece of apparel. The issue that got the most letters was the 1978 issue, the best selling issue was the 25th Anniversary Issue with Kathy Ireland on the cover in 1989. Other models within its pages, but not on its cover, include Cindy Crawford, Stephanie Seymour, Niki Taylor, Angie Everhart, the eight models featured on the cover of the 2006 issue were featured in a coffee-table book called Sports Illustrated, Exposure. Photographed by Raphael Mazzucco and produced by Diane Smith, the unprecedented reunion shoot featured 139 pages of previously-unpublished images, in 2006, the issue expanded publishing to handheld devices. In 2007, the issue was first available in China. The swimsuit issue was invented by Sports Illustrated editor Andre Laguerre to fill the winter months and he asked fashion reporter Jule Campbell to go on a shoot to fill space, including the cover, with a beautiful model. The first issue, released in 1964, entailed a cover featuring Babette March, however, the issue did not exclusively feature models until 1997. In the 1950s a few appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated. In 1997, Tyra Banks was the first black woman on the cover and that years issue was the first that was a stand-alone edition, separate from the regular weekly magazine. Female athletes have appeared in swimsuit shoots, in the 2003 issue, tennis player Serena Williams and figure skater Ekaterina Gordeeva were featured inside the magazine. In 2016, UFC fighter Ronda Rousey became the first female athlete to appear on the cover, however, Anna Kournikova appeared in an inset on the 2004 cover, and had a photo spread within its pages. In 2005, Olympic gold medalists Amanda Beard and Jennie Finch, along with Lauren Jackson, maria Sharapova appeared in an inset on the 2006 cover and had a spread inside. In spring 2006, Sports Illustrated chose music as the theme for the 2007 issue, Swimsuit editor Diane Smith wanted Grammy-winner Beyoncé Knowles to pose. In 2006, Beyoncé launched a line under her House of Deréon clothing label. Beyoncé Knowles became the first singer, and first non-model, to appear on the cover in 2007, in 2008, NFL cheerleaders appeared for the first time
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
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The first
swimsuit issue cover
41.
Irene Marie Models
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Irene Marie Models was a modeling and talent agency in Miami Beach, Florida. The agency was one of South Floridas first exclusive agencies, Irene Marie Models was founded in 1983 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida by former international fashion model and fashion columnist Irene Marie. In 1989 Irene moved to South Beach, in 2006 Irene Marie along with MTV launched 8th & Ocean, a television series chronicling the lives of models and staff at the Irene Marie Modeling agency. Amber Smith Bar Refaeli Brett Novek Cindy Taylor Cynthia Bailey David Fumero Galen Gering Garcelle Beauvais Matthew Felker Melania Trump Niki Taylor
Irene Marie Models
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Irene Marie Models
42.
Aflac
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/ˈæflæk/ is an American insurance company and is the largest provider of supplemental insurance in the United States, founded in 1955 and based in Columbus, Georgia. The company states it provides protection to more than 50 million people worldwide. In 2009, Aflac acquired Continental American Insurance Company for $100 million, as of June 30,2012, Aflac was represented by approximately 19,300 sales agencies in Japan, and 76,900 licensed sales associates in the U. S. The company was founded by brothers John, Paul, and William Amos in Columbus, Georgia, in 1955, in 1964, the company name was changed to American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. The company, in 1990, adopted the Aflac initials, although the name of the underwriting subsidiary remains American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus. Aflac announced the appointment of Frederick J. Crawford as Chief Financial Officer, the company signed 6,426 policyholders in its first year. Aflac pioneered cancer insurance in 1958, beginning in 1964, the company decided to focus sales on worksite settings, eventually through policies sponsored by employers and funded through payroll deductions. By 2003, more than 98% of Aflac policies in the United States were issued on a payroll deduction basis, making the company a leader in that approach to policy distribution. Aflac operates in the United States and Japan, and has its headquarters and corporate offices in an eighteen story tower just east of Downtown Columbus. The Aflac tower is the tallest building in the city, as of June 30,2015, the corporations total assets were more than $103 billion, and the company insured more than 50 million people worldwide. Aflac is the largest provider of insurance in the United States and the largest insurance company overall in Japan. The company also offers human resources services for HIPAA and COBRA, from 1979 to 1997, the company owned several television stations, most of them in small and medium markets. It sold the division to what became Raycom Media in 1997. Consumer groups and some government officials say that cancer insurance returns fewer premium dollars to policyholders than standard insurance, a United States General Accounting Office study found that the policies paid back as little as 35% of premiums. In comparison, New York State requires most major-medical policies to pay back 82%, New York State does not allow stand-alone cancer policies. In 1997, AFLAC spent $175,000 on lobbyists and campaign contributions to change the law, New York State lifted its ban in 1998, for purchasers who already have basic coverage. Consumer Reports recommended that use the money instead to buy lower-deductible insurance. Insurance claims by line appear on the Annual Statement filed with each state, loss claims are a percent of total premium before commissions
Aflac
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Aflac Incorporated
43.
United States Permanent Resident Card
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United States lawful permanent residency is the immigration status of a person authorized to live and work in the United States of America permanently. It is known informally as a green card because of its green design, green card also refers to an immigration process of becoming a permanent resident. The green card serves as proof that its holder, a permanent resident, has been officially granted immigration benefits, including permission to reside. The holder must maintain permanent resident status, and can be removed from the United States if certain conditions of this status are not met, green cards were formerly issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 dismantled INS and separated the former agency into three components within the Department of Homeland Security, the first, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, handles applications for immigration benefits. Two other agencies were created to oversee the INSs former functions of immigration enforcement, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U. S. Customs and Border Protection, respectively. Permanent residents of the United States eighteen years of age or older must carry their actual green card at all times. Failing to do so is a violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act, only the federal government can impose these penalties. Green cards are valid for 10 years for permanent residents, and 2 years for permanent residents. After this period, the card must be renewed or replaced, the format follows the machine-readable travel document TD1 format, First line, 1–2, C1 or C2. Depending on the length of the name, the fathers and mothers initials may be omitted, a full list of category codes can be found in the Federal Register or Foreign Affairs Manual. Since May 11,2010, new cards contain an RFID chip. They are shipped with a protective sleeve intended to protect the card from remote access, a lawful permanent resident can apply for United States citizenship, or naturalization, after five years of residency. This period is shortened to three years if married to a U. S. citizen, lawful permanent residents may submit their applications for naturalization as early as 90 days before meeting the residency requirement. In the United States,8.8 million lawful permanent residents are eligible to naturalize, citizens are entitled to more rights than permanent residents. Male permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 25 are subject to registering in the Selective Service System, Permanent residents who reside in the United States must pay taxes on their worldwide income, like U. S. citizens. If a sibling is applying, she or he must have the parents as the applicant. There are also certain additional limitations by country of chargeability, thus, most immigrants will be placed on lengthy waiting lists
United States Permanent Resident Card
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United States Permanent Resident Card (green card) (May 2010)
United States Permanent Resident Card
–
United States Permanent Resident Card (2008)
United States Permanent Resident Card
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United States Alien Registration Receipt Card (1946)
44.
United States citizenship
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Citizenship in the United States is a status that entails specific rights, duties and benefits. State citizenship may affect tax decisions and eligibility for some state-provided benefits such as higher education, in Article One of the Constitution, the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization is granted explicitly to Congress. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U. S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, a U. S. citizen retains U. S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that countrys laws allow it. Citizenship can be renounced by American citizens who hold another citizenship via a formal procedure at a U. S. Embassy. United States citizens have the right to reside and work in the United States, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights, however, non-citizens, unlike citizens, may have the right taken away. For example, they may be deported if convicted of a serious crime, freedom to enter and leave the United States. United States citizens have the right to enter and leave the United States freely, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights. Unlike permanent residents, U. S. citizens do not have an obligation to maintain residence in the U. S. – they can leave for any length of time, voting for federal office in all fifty states and the District of Columbia is restricted to citizens only. States are not required to extend the franchise to all citizens, for example, several states bar citizen felons from voting, even after they have completed any custodial sentence. The United States Constitution bars states from restricting citizens from voting on grounds of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, failure to pay any tax, or age. Historically, many states and local jurisdictions have allowed non-citizens to vote, however, citizens are not compelled to vote. Freedom to stand for public office, most states have similar requirements, for example California requires that legislators have been citizens for three years, and the Governor have been a citizen for five years, upon taking office. Constitution requires that one be a natural born Citizen and a U. S. resident for fourteen years in order to be President of the United States, the Constitution also stipulates that otherwise eligible citizens must meet certain age requirements for these offices. Jury duty is imposed upon citizens. Johns Hopkins University political scientist Benjamin Ginsberg writes, The professional military has limited the need for citizen soldiers, in the United States today, everyone except those whose income is derived from tax-exempt revenue is required to file a federal income tax return. American citizens are subject to income tax on worldwide income regardless of their country of residence. Consular protection outside the United States, while traveling abroad, if a person is arrested or detained by foreign authorities, the person can request to speak to somebody from the U. S. Embassy or Consulate. Consular officials can provide resources for Americans incarcerated abroad, such as a list of attorneys who speak English
United States citizenship
–
United States citizenship confers the right to acquire a
U.S. passport. The one shown above is a post-2007 issued passport.
United States citizenship
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The U.S. military has been an
all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War, but male U.S. citizens and non-citizens are still required to register for the
military draft within 30 days of their 18th birthday.
United States citizenship
–
U.S. citizens may be summoned to
serve on a jury.
United States citizenship
–
Citizens are required to file U.S. taxes even if they do not live in the U.S.
45.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
United States Marine Corps portal
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
A Marine
Corporal and
Lance Corporal of
3rd Battalion, 6th Marines engaging the enemy during
Operation Moshtarak in Afghanistan's
Helmand Province.
46.
Stephen Sondheim Theatre
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Designed in the Neo-classical style by architects Paul R. Allen and Ingalls & Hoffman, it was built by and named for actor-producer Henry Miller. His financial backers were Elizabeth Milbank Anderson, owner of the lot at 124 West 43rd, the original theatre had 950 seats. It opened on April 1,1918 with the play The Fountain of Youth and it was the first air-conditioned theater in Manhattan. The theatre had its first hit show with Noël Cowards The Vortex in 1926, from the 1930s through the late 1960s, the theater enjoyed its golden years, with performances by Helen Hayes, Leslie Howard, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks, and Ruth Chatterton gracing its stage. In 1966, the Miller family sold the theatre to the Nederlanders and it showed feature films as the Park-Miller until it became a porn theater called Avon-at-the-Hudson. In 1978, it was converted into the discotheque Xenon, on August 31,1985, the space opened as SHOUT, a nightclub featuring music from the 1950s and 60s, which operated for six years. The space reopened in 1995 as Club Expo, in 1998, it returned to performance use as the Kit Kat Club, borrowing its name from the club featured in the popular revival of Cabaret it was then housing. It was rechristened the Henry Miller when Urinetown opened in 2001, the theater was closed in 2004, the interior demolished and subsequently rebuilt by the Durst Organization to make way for the 57-story Bank of America Tower. Its neo-Georgian facade, landmarked by the city, remains, and includes a 1, with bank facilities located above, architects were forced to design and build the new theater underground. This makes the one of only two subterranean houses on Broadway. In 2007, the Roundabout Theatre Company announced it would operate the theater as its third Broadway venue, the new theater opened in September 2009 with the Roundabout Theatre Company production of a revival of the musical Bye Bye Birdie. On March 22,2010, his birthday, it was announced that Henry Millers Theatre would be renamed to honor American composer. The official unveiling and lighting of the marquee of the new Stephen Sondheim Theatre took place in a ceremony on September 15,2010, the theater is currently home to the new musical Beautiful, The Carole King Musical
Stephen Sondheim Theatre
–
The Stephen Sondheim Theatre as the home of
Anything Goes
47.
New York Fashion Week
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New York Fashion Week, held in February and September of each year, is a semi-annual series of events when international fashion collections are shown to buyers, the press and the general public. It is one of four fashion weeks in the world, collectively known as the Big 4, along with those in Paris, London. NYFW is based on an older series of events called “Press Week. It has consisted of numerous branded events, such as Olympus Fashion Week New York, Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week New York and MADE Fashion Week, producers of New York Fashion Week include IMG and FTL Moda, in conjunction with Fashion Week Online. A centralized calendar of events is kept by the CFDA. The economic impact of New York Fashion Week is estimated at $887 million, the first New York Fashion Week was created in 1943 by Eleanor Lambert, press director of the American fashion industry’s first promotional organization, the New York Dress Institute. It was also meant to showcase American designers for fashion journalists, Press Week was a success, and fashion magazines like Vogue, which were normally filled with French designs, increasingly featured American fashion. By the mid-1950s, the event was known as Press Week of New York, Spring 1951 was the 16th Annual Press Week of New York. The event was branded with the trademark 7th on Sixth, in 2001, 7th on Sixth was sold to IMG. In 2004, the camera company Olympus became sponsor of IMGs events, in 2007, Mercedes-Benz became title sponsor of the IMG-produced events, adding New York to its roster of international Mercedes-Benz fashion weeks, and dubbing it MB Fashion Week New York. In 2010, IMG/Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week New York left the Bryant Park tents, in September 2011, New York designers began live-streaming runway shows, following London, who began in February 2010. Streams were originally offered on YouTube, and later on other sites, in 2013, IMG and its New York Fashion Week events were sold to William Morris Endeavor and Silver Lake Partners for $2.3 billion. In 2014, the CFDA acquired FashionCalendar. com from Ruth Finley, in January 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced its departure as title sponsor from WME/IMGs events. In March 2015, WME/IMG accounced that it had acquired MADE Fashion Week, in 2015, IMGs events were moved from Lincoln Center to Spring Studios. In February 2014, Dr. Danielle Sheypuk became the first wheelchair-using model to appear in a show for New York Fashion Week, in September 2014, Karen Crespo became the first quadruple-amputee to walk at New York Fashion Week, also for Carrie Hammer. In accordance with the settlement, the City of New York, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, as a result, the February 2015 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week was the last one staged in Damrosch Park. The fall/winter 2015 shows took place from February 12–19, in that week, actress Jamie Brewer became the first woman with Down syndrome to walk the red carpet at New York Fashion Week, which she did for designer Carrie Hammer. The spring/summer 2016 shows took place from September 10–17,2015 at two new locations, Skylight at Moynihan Station in Midtown and Skylight Clarkson Square in SoHo, the economic impact of these shows was estimated to be $900 million and attendance was approximately 125,000 people
New York Fashion Week
–
Milagros Schmoll walks the runway at the
Custo Barcelona Spring 2009 show in New York.
New York Fashion Week
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Outside entrance, Spring 2009 New York Fashion Week
48.
Marla Maples
–
Marla Ann Maples is an American actress and television personality. She is known for her marriage to Donald Trump. Maples was born in Cohutta, Georgia, the daughter of Laura Ann Locklear, a homemaker and model, and Stanley Edward Maples, a real estate developer. Maples attended Northwest Whitfield High School in Tunnel Hill, Georgia and she is known most for her marriage to Donald Trump, the current President of the United States. She met Trump in 1989 and had a highly publicized relationship, the press coverage – the New York Post would have Trump appear on its cover for eight days in a row – amazed Trump, and it distinguished Maples from the many other women rumored to be dating him. The relationship produced one child, Tiffany Ariana Trump, born October 13,1993, the 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting caused Trump to reevaluate his life. The couple married in December 1993 at New York Citys Plaza Hotel in a ceremony attended by a thousand guests, including Rosie ODonnell. They separated in May 1997 and divorced June 8,1999, Maples appeared in Maximum Overdrive and Executive Decision. She followed these films with a role in the Todd Solondz movie Happiness, other films include A Christmas Too Many, Loving Annabelle, Two of Hearts, Richie Richs Christmas Wish, For Richer or Poorer, A Sight for Sore Eyes, and Something Wilder. Since then, she has had a part as an actress in Switching Lanes, directed by Thomas Mikal Ford, which won the Feature Film Silver Award in October 2015 at the Kingdomwood Christian Film Festival. In 1991, Maples appeared as a celebrity guest at WWF WrestleMania VII, in that year, Maples also made a special appearance in the hit television series Designing Women as herself. In 1994, Maples appeared alongside Trump in an appearance in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Maples co-hosted the 1996 and 1997 Miss Universe Pageant, and the 1997 Miss USA Pageant and she guest-starred in Spin City in 1997 and on The Nanny in May 1998. In 2013, Maples was featured on Oprah, Where Are They Now, on March 8,2016, Maples was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 22 of Dancing with the Stars alongside her Switching Lanes co-star, Kim Fields. She was partnered with professional dancer Tony Dovolani, Maples and Dovolani were eliminated on Week 4 of competition and finished in 10th place. Maples also joined the women of ABCs morning talk show, The View, in August 1992, Maples starred as Ziegfelds favorite in the Tony Award-winning production, The Will Rogers Follies on Broadway. She returned to New York in 2011 for Love, Loss and What I Wore, Maples is committed to supporting charities and non-profit organizations, and is a long time and vocal advocate of Kids Creating Peace, an organization uniting Israeli and Palestinian children. Maples hosted her own radio show, Awakening with Marla, on Contact Talk Radio, her guests included naturopathic doctors, authors
Marla Maples
–
Maples in 2007
49.
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village Historic District
Greenwich Village
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MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village
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The intersection of West 4th and West 12th Streets
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The Howard Stern Show
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The Howard Stern Show is an American talk radio show hosted by Howard Stern. It gained wide recognition when it was syndicated on terrestrial radio from 1986 to 2005. The show has been exclusive to Sirius XM Radio, a satellite radio service, since 2006. Other prominent staff members include co-host and news anchor Robin Quivers, writer Fred Norris, the show developed in 1979 when Stern landed his first morning shift at WCCC in Hartford, Connecticut, four years into his professional radio career. He continued to break out as a morning personality at WWWW in Detroit, Michigan in 1980, in 1982, Sterns success in Washington led to a spot at WNBC in New York City, where he hosted the citys top afternoon show until his firing in 1985. In the New York area, the show was the morning program consecutively between 1994 and 2001. A total of $2.5 million in fines were issued to station licensees that carried the show by the Federal Communications Commission, following Sterns contract with Sirius in 2004, the show left terrestrial radio in December 2005. Since 1994, the show has been taped and broadcast on networks, including E. CBS, and HowardTV. An upcoming audio and video streaming app is currently in development, Stern landed his first professional radio job while at Boston University, performing on-air skits, news casting and production duties at WNTN in Newton, Massachusetts from August to December 1975. After his graduation, Stern landed some cover shifts in December 1976 at WRNW and he produced more creative commercials by calling the owners of businesses on the air, which he wrote was mind-blowing to everyone there. In 1979, Stern responded to an advertisement for a wild, fun morning guy at WCCC, rock station in Hartford and he produced a more outrageous audition tape, playing Robert Klein and Cheech and Chong records mixed with flatulence routines and one-liners. He was hired for the job, his first in a radio market. As the stations public affairs director, Stern also hosted an interview show on Sunday mornings. He would ask more unusual type questions to his guests, such as their dating habits, Stern held a two-day boycott of Shell Oil Company during the summer of the 1979 energy crisis, which made Stern and the station make national news. Stern also began his Dial-a-Date routines at WCCC, and met Fred Norris, Norris would join the show as Sterns writer and producer in 1981. After Stern left WCCC for being denied a raise in salary, he began a new morning shift at WWWW, a struggling rock outlet in Detroit, Michigan on April 21,1980. He learned to become more open on the air and decided to cut down the barriers. strip down all the ego. and be totally honest. I still sounded like an FM announcer. Stern held an event and wrestled women outside the studios, and invited listeners to confess the most outrageous places where they had sex
The Howard Stern Show
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2006 promotional image.
The Howard Stern Show
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While at Boston University, Stern worked at WTBU and worked his first professional radio job in 1975.
The Howard Stern Show
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Jackie "The Joke Man" Martling served as the show's head writer from 1983 to 2001.
The Howard Stern Show
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Stern dressed in a military-style uniform to mock Cleveland rival
WMMS and its philosophy of "going to war" with competing stations.
