1.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
2.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
5.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
6.
Melbourne City Centre
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Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the area in which Melbourne was established in 1835, by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, today it comprises the two oldest areas of Melbourne, the Hoddle Grid and Queen Victoria Market, as well as sections of the redeveloped areas of Docklands and Southbank/Wharf. It is not to be confused with the local government area of the City of Melbourne. The City Centre is home to five of the six tallest buildings in Australia. In recent times, it has placed alongside New York City and Berlin as one of the worlds great street art meccas. He sailed across Bass Strait, into the bay of Port Phillip, the last sentence of Batmans journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. So the boat went up the large river, and, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village, upon returning to Van Diemens Land, Batmans treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the Proclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of terra nullius, that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land. It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, at the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition, which sailed from Launceston aboard the Rebecca. The settlement party aboard the Enterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the chosen by Batman. The party went ashore the following day and landed their stores, livestock, Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of the Enterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Associations land. However, according to the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing on Crown land, when Fawkner arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally. As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from the Colonial Office in October and he knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to exist fait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, and it was referred to by a number of names, including, Batmania and Bearbrass of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner. Fawkner assumed a role in the establishment of Bearbrass, which, by early 1836. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Charles Grant, recognised the settlements fait accompli that same year, Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated £7,000 for the land. And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed Melbourne by Governor Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, the City Centre is bordered by Spencer Street to the west and extends north as far as Grattan Street which borders Carlton
7.
Local government in Victoria
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Local government in the Australian state of Victoria describes the 79 municipal districts often referred to as local government areas. They are constituted as cities, shires, rural cities and, in one case, in addition to the LGAs, there are also 10 coastal islands and ski resorts which are unincorporated areas and administered either by the state or management boards. At present, the councils not controlled by administrators have a total of 611 councillors, after the elections in October 2016, this number will increase due to changes in electoral structure and administrators leaving some councils. Up till 1994 there had been 210 LGAs, when Jeff Kennett, the councils of Benalla and Mansfield split subsequent to this to arrive at the current number. Both bodies continued after the creation of Victoria as a separate colony, Road districts were established pursuant to legislation passed in 1853. From 1862 many road districts became shires pursuant to the District Councils Bill 1862, to become a shire, the road district had to be over 100 square miles in size and have annual rate revenue of over £1000. There were 96 road districts or shires created by 1865, promotion to town or city status was dependent on the gross revenue of the council. Such promotion was not automatic, but it was granted often, the clauses have been amended many times by parliament, but since 2006 the Constitution Act has required a referendum to further alter them. Five shires became rural cities but were dissolved with the 1994 restructure, in 1992 there were 65 cities in Victoria, more than there were in England at the time despite a significantly lower population. In 1994, the Jeff Kennett government restructured local government in Victoria and his reforms dissolved 210 councils and sacked 1600 elected councillors, and created 78 new councils through amalgamations. In suburban Melbourne 53 municipalities were reduced to 26, the new local government areas were headed by commissioners appointed by the State Government, democratically elected councils did not return until 1996. The current total of 79 LGAs arose when the Shire of Delatite was split in 2002 into the Rural City of Benalla and the Shire of Mansfield. A new City of Sunbury was proposed to be created from part of the City of Hume after the 2016 council elections, all local government areas are governed in a similar fashion, with an elected council, one of whom is the mayor. The City of Melbourne and the City of Greater Geelong have a elected mayor. The average area of a district within the Melbourne metropolitan area is 285 square kilometres. In practice, this is understood as referring to the distribution between urban centres and rural areas. The term borough, used of the Borough of Queenscliffe, is not defined by the act but has retained for the single borough which survived the reforms of the 1990s. Under the repealed Local Government Act 1958, boroughs, towns and cities were defined on the basis of area, population, in practice, boroughs were and are small towns
8.
City of Kingston
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It covers an area of 91 km² and has an estimated population of 134,626 people. The City of Kingston is divided into three wards, each with three councillors, Councillors are elected every four years by the community and the Mayor is elected each year, by the Councillors. The North Ward contains Highett, Moorabbin, Oakleigh South, Clayton South, Clarinda, Heatherton, the Central Ward contains Cheltenham, Mentone, Parkdale, Moorabbin Airport, Mordialloc and Braeside. The South Ward contains Aspendale, Waterways, Chelsea, Chelsea Heights, Bonbeach, Carrum and this finally occurred in May 1920 and the Borough of Mordialloc and Mentone was formed. It became a town in 1923 and the City of Mordialloc in 1926, in 1994, the Kennett Liberal government amalgamated local councils all over Victoria, as part of its local government reform. A new electoral structure for Kingston was effected in November 2008, under the new structure there are three wards - North Ward, Central Ward and South Ward, and three Councillors representing each ward. This makes a total of nine Councillors, instead of the structure of seven wards each represented by one Councillor. Kingstons headquarters are located at the 7-storey 1230 Nepean Hwy building, the A-Grade office building was built in 1993. The Don Tatnell Leisure Centre which has a 25-metre swimming pool, spa and gym
9.
Division of Isaacs
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The Division of Isaacs is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is located in the suburbs of Melbourne, on the eastern shores of Port Phillip Bay. It covers the suburbs of Mordialloc, Keysborough, Waterways, Noble Park, Chelsea, Aspendale, Aspendale Gardens, Edithvale, Bonbeach, Patterson Lakes, the Division was named after Sir Isaac Isaacs, former Chief Justice of Australia and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia. It was proclaimed at the redistribution of 21 November 1968, originally a marginal seat, it switched regularly between the Liberals and Labor. However, Labor has held it without interruption since 1996, the former Division of Isaacs was located in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, and was not related to this Division except in name. Mark Dreyfus became the new Labor member in 2007, the division was also contested in 2007 by Laura Chipp, daughter of Don Chipp, for the Australian Democrats. Division of Isaacs – Australian Electoral Commission
10.
Cheltenham, Victoria
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Cheltenham is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, located 19 km south-east of Melbournes central business district. At the 2011 Census, Cheltenham had a population of 20,292, Cheltenham includes one of the early estates in the parish of Moorabbin developed by Josiah Holloway from 1852. Named Two Acre Village lots were sold between 1853 and 1854 and the township was renamed Cheltenham, sufficient population had settled for Cheltenham Post Office to open on 1 August 1857, although the major growth of the township was in the 1880s. Cheltenham Park dates back to 1872, and is used for cricket, much of the residential development was built in the 1940s and continued into the 1980s. Cheltenham also has an industrial area on the eastern edge. The western area is noted for Melbournes only lift test shaft, in 1993, the landmark 7-storey 1230 Nepean Highway office tower was built. The City of Kingston leased spaced within the building for use as its main office before purchasing it in 2010, the Kingston centre is a large aged care and rehabilitation facility which opened on Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, in 1911 as the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum. In 2010, The Kingston Centre underwent a $46. 3-million redevelopment, there are six schools in the suburb of Cheltenham, five of which focus on Primary education with the remaining one focusing on Secondary education. The Cheltenham Community and Education Centre is located at 8 Chesterville Road and they offer English as a Second Language classes, courses, childcare facilities and workshops. Cheltenham is home to sporting facilities and clubs, sports played in the area include soccer, golf, cricket, Australian Rules football, lawn bowls, baseball and swimming. Their home ground is the Kingston Heath Soccer Complex, the suburb has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Southern Football League. Cheltenham Football and Cricket Clubs are based in Weatherall Road, the Cricket Club was established in 1872, originally in the Frankston-Glenhuntly Cricket Association, and migrating to the Federal District Cricket Association where the junior sides still play. The four senior sides now play in the Victorian Turf Cricket Association, Cheltenham is home to the super super regional shopping centre Westfield Southland, located in the northern part of Cheltenham. The centre was opened in 1968 and it featured a couple of stores, since its opening, the shopping centre has been continually expanded over the years resulting in a multi-level retail bridge across Nepean Highway to a newer site. Southland now features up to 416 stores including 3 department stores,3 discount department stores,3 supermarkets,3 electrical retailers, many new retail outlets have popped up in Cheltenham in recent years, most notably Direct Factory Outlets Moorabbin, which is located adjacent to Moorabbin Airport. DFO was originally built in 1992 as Fairways Market, and it is a shopping centre that contains up to 135 stores. Kingston Central Plaza, situated next to DFO, is also a new shopping precinct, Cheltenham Shopping centre is located in the intestines of Cheltenham, on Charman Road. It is a shopping strip that has a mixture of retail, residential buildings
11.
Moorabbin Airport
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Moorabbin Airport is a general aviation airport for light aircraft located in between the Melbourne suburbs of Heatherton, Cheltenham, Dingley Village and Mentone, Australia. The airport grounds are treated as their own suburb, designated the postcode 3194, with a total of 274,082 aircraft movements Moorabbin Airport was the second busiest airport in Australia for the calendar year 2011. The airport opened in December 1949, originally the intent was to name the airport Mentone but this was abandoned after a potential clash with the then French airport Menton. Similarly, Cheltenham was discarded due to similarities to the UK airport Gloucester/Cheltenham, the name comes from the nearby Moorabbin, Victoria. The airport was renamed to Moorabbin Airport on 22 January 1989 and this was also the centenary date of Hawkers birth. On 19 October 1970, a Beech D50B light aircraft collided mid-air with a Bell 47G-3B-2 helicopter over the suburb of Moorabbin while on approach to Moorabbin airport, both aircraft subsequently crashed to the ground and burst into flames. All 5 on board both aircraft died in the crash, on 14 February 1995, a Hughes 300 helicopter crashed into the bay near Aspendale during a ferry flight from Geelong to Moorabbin airport for repairs. The tail boom failed in flight causing loss of control and subsequent crash into the waters near the beach. The sole occupant, the pilot, died in the crash, on 18 March 2000, a Cessna 210E performed a ditching into a quarry in Heatherton, near Moorabbin Airport after experiencing a loss of performance. The aircraft had been performing a flight near the airport when it experienced difficulties. The pilot and both passengers evacuated the aircraft safely, however one passenger drowned before reaching land due to being unable to swim, on 29 July 2002, two Cessna 172Rs collided while on short final landing approach at Moorabbin airport following night circuit training. Both aircraft became entangled and crashed on the runway with subsequent fires, both occupants from one aircraft evacuated safely, however the sole occupant of the other aircraft died in the crash. On 27 August 2008, a Cessna 150M was involved in a collision with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee near Moorabbin airport during training flights. Immediately upon the collision, the Cessna lost control and crashed into a garage in the suburb of Cheltenham bursting into flames & causing fatal injuries to the pilot, the Piper was able to limp back to the airport where both occupants escaped injuries. On 7 August 2010, a Cessna 152 was involved in an incident after crashing into a backyard of a home in Mordialloc while on approach to nearby Moorabbin airport. The aircrafts engine failed as a result of fuel starvation, both occupants escaped with only minor injuries and the aircraft was written off after sustaining major damage. Moorabbin Airport, one of four in the city, serves the aviation needs for the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has five intersecting runways, the longest being Runway 17L/35R with a length of 1,335 metres, usually, two parallel runways are used at the same time
12.
Beaumaris, Victoria
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Beaumaris is an affluent suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,19 km south-east from Melbournes central business district. Its local government area is the City of Bayside, at the 2011 Census, Beaumaris had a population of 12,829. It is located on Port Phillip, Beaumaris includes two early estates in the parish of Moorabbin developed by Josiah Holloway from 1852. Named Beaumaris Town and Beaumaris Estate, the lots comprising them were marketed by Mr Holloways suggesting that the railway was imminent, the township developed slowly, a Post Office opened on 1 March 1868, but was replaced next month by Gipsy Village office. Beaumaris Post Office did not reopen until 1925, in 1957 this was renamed Beaumaris South when a new Beaumaris office opened in the current location. In 1954 Cromer Post Office opened to the north of the suburb, from 1889 to 1914 the Beaumaris Tram Company conducted a horse-drawn tram service from Sandringham to Cheltenham through Beaumaris. It closed due to costs and low patronage. There are no remains to be found of the line, but it is remembered by the name of the street that it once used - Tramway Parade. Beaumaris High School, which opened in 1958, became the Beaumaris Campus of Sandringham College, catering to years 7-10, a New Years 7-12 high school is being built on the same site at the corner of Reserve Road and Balcombe Road and will open in January 2018. Beaumaris Campus burned down in 1958, Beaumaris Primary School Administration and some of the classrooms were burnt down in 1994. Major thoroughfares in Beaumaris include Balcombe Road, Reserve Road, Beach Road, Haydens Road, Beaumaris is serviced regularly by the following bus routes,600 St Kilda – Southland SC via Brighton Beach RS, Sandringham RS, Cheltenham RS. 825 Moorabbin – Southland SC via Black Rock, Mentone RS,922 St Kilda – Southland SC via North Brighton RS, Sandringham RS, Cheltenham RS. 923 St Kilda – Southland SC via Brighton Beach RS, Sandringham RS and these routes connect with the Cheltenham, Mentone, and Sandringham railway stations. Baysides bike path runs through Beaumaris, alongside Beach Road, marine Care Ricketts Point Inc. a volunteer organisation concerned with the preservation of the marine sanctuary, is active at Ricketts Point. It is campaigning against a proposal for a private marina proposed for the Beaumaris Bay Fossil Site. Ricketts Point is also home to the Beaumaris Life Saving Club, near Ricketts Point, there is a monument commemorating the first encounter of Arthur Streeton and Heidelberg school artists Tom Roberts and Fred McCubbin. Their paintings of Beaumaris are also part of the City of Bayside Coastal Art Trail, clarice Beckett lived in Beaumaris and painted many landscapes of the area. At the 2011 census, the suburb of Beaumaris recorded a population of 12,829 people, of these, Age distribution, Residents tend to be somewhat older than the country overall
13.
Parkdale, Victoria
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Parkdale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,23 km south-east from Melbournes central business district. It is situated between the suburbs of Mentone and Mordialloc, and is located on the Frankston Metropolitan train line and its local government area is the City of Kingston. At the 2011 census, Parkdale had a population of 11,185, Parkdale was founded in 1920, and named for early homesteader William Parker when engineers decided to build a railway station alongside a cluster of five bayside shops. Parkdale Post Office opened on 6 January 1921, parkdales local library, Kingston Library, is located on Parkers Road adjacent to Parkdale Station. Parkdale is also a noted beach-side suburb, with the beach a 5-minute walk from the station, Parkdale is accessible by a number of Metlink bus routes servicing the area. There is also a train servicing the area via Parkdale Station, located on the Frankston Line. 11,185 people live in Parkdale according to the 2011 Australian census with 75. 58% listing themselves as being born in Australia, the majority of foreign born people living in Parkdale are from the UK with 6. 04% listing themselves as UK born. Other countries of birth include New Zealand, Greece, Italy, China, by ancestry most people living in Parkdale are of English descent with 62. 79% of respondents listing English ancestry in the 2011 Australia census. Other common ancestries listed include Irish, Scottish, Italian, German, Greek,34. 99% of respondents listed their ancestry as Australian. Rick Springfield - His mother still resides in Parkdale
14.
Port Phillip
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Port Phillip, is a large bay in southern Victoria, Australia, it is the location of Melbourne. Geographically, the bay covers 1,930 square kilometres and the shore stretches roughly 264 km, although it is extremely shallow for its size, most of the bay is navigable. The deepest portion is only 24 metres, and half the region is shallower than 8 m, the volume of the water in the bay is around 25 cubic kilometres. Prior to British settlement the area around Port Phillip was divided between the territories of the Wathaurong, Wurundjeri and Boonwurrung Nations and its waters and coast are home to seals, whales, dolphins, corals, and many kinds of seabirds and migratory waders. The first British to enter the bay were the crews of HMS Lady Nelson, commanded by John Murray and, ten weeks later, HMS Investigator commanded by Matthew Flinders, in 1802. Subsequent expeditions into the bay took place in 1803 to establish the first settlement in Victoria, near Sorrento, but was abandoned in 1804. Thirty years later, settlers from Tasmania returned to establish Melbourne, now the capital city, at the mouth of the Yarra River in 1835. The Yarra and other tributaries flowed down what is now the middle of the bay, formed a lake in the reaches of the bay, dammed by The Heads. The Aboriginal people were in occupation of the area long before the bay was formed, having arrived at least 20,000 years ago and possibly 40,000 years ago. Large piles of semi-fossilised sea-shells known as middens, can still be seen in places around the shoreline and they made a good living from the abundant sea-life, which included penguins and seals. In the cold season they wore possum-skin cloaks and elaborate feathered head-dresses, a dry period combined with sand bar formation, may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BCE and 1000 CE. In 1800, Lieutenant James Grant RN was the first known explorer to pass through Bass Strait from west to east in HMS Lady Nelson. He was also the first to see, and crudely chart, Grant gave the name Governor Kings Bay to the body of water between Cape Otway and Wilsons Promontory, but did not venture in and discover Port Phillip. The first Britons to discover and enter Port Phillip, were the crew of the Lady Nelson, commanded by John Murray, Murray called the bay Port King after the Governor of New South Wales, Philip Gidley King. On 4 September 1805, King formally renamed it Port Phillip, about ten weeks after Murray, Matthew Flinders RN in HMS Investigator also found and entered the port, unaware Murray had been there. As a result of Murrays and Flinders reports, King sent Lieutenant Charles Robbins in HMS Cumberland to explore Port Phillip fully. One of his party, Charles Grimes, became the first European to walk round the bay. King decided to place a convict settlement at Port Phillip, mainly to stake a claim to southern Australia ahead of the French, on 10 October 1803 a convoy of two ships HMS Calcutta and Ocean led by Captain David Collins carrying 402 people entered Port Philip Bay
15.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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Local government areas of Victoria
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This is a list of local government areas in Victoria, sorted by region. For the history and responsibilities of local government in that state, Government of Australia Australian Local Government Association Shires of Australia
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Heidelberg School
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The Heidelberg School was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism, Melbourne art critic Sidney Dickinson coined the term in a July 1891 review of works by Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers. He noted that these and other artists, who painted en plein air in Heidelberg on the citys outskirts. The term has evolved to cover painters who worked together at artists camps around Melbourne. Along with Streeton and Withers, Tom Roberts, Charles Conder, drawing on naturalist and impressionist ideas, they sought to capture Australian life, the bush, and the harsh sunlight that typifies the country. The works of artists are notable, not only for their merits as compositions. The Heidelberg Schools work provides a complement to these tales. The core group painted there on occasions at artists camps in the late 1880s. Besides Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers, other artists in the movement included Tom Roberts, Frederick McCubbin. See below for a list of associated artists. In August 1889, several artists of the Heidelberg School staged the 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition at Buxtons Rooms, Swanston Street, opposite the Melbourne Town Hall. Most of the 183 works included in the exhibition were painted on wooden panels, measuring 9 by 5 inches. Louis Abrahams, a member of the Box Hill artists camp, the works were displayed in broad Red Gum frames, some left unornamented, others decorated with verse and small sketches, giving the works an unconventional, avant garde look. The artists wrote in the catalogue, An effect is only momentary, two half-hours are never alike, and he who tries to paint a sunset on two successive evenings, must be more or less painting from memory. So, in works, it has been the object of the artists to render faithfully, and thus obtain first records of effects widely differing. The exhibition was a success with each work finding a buyer. The response from critics, however, was mixed, the artists pasted up the review outside the entrance of the venue—attracting many more passing pedestrians—and responded with a letter to the Editor of Smiths newspaper, The Argus. The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition is now regarded as an event in Australian art history
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A holiday at Mentone
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A holiday at Mentone is an 1888 painting by the Australian artist Charles Conder. The painting depicts a beach in the Melbourne suburb of Mentone on a bright, Conders depiction of people engaged in seaside activities and the brilliant noonday sunshine mark the painting as distinctively Australian in character. The painting was first exhibited at Victorian Artists Society Spring exhibition in November 1888, one month after Conder, aged only 20, Conder had met Tom Roberts in Sydney the previous year and again at Easter 1888, where the pair had painted together at Coogee Beach. On arrival in Melbourne, Conder initially based himself at Roberts Grosvenor Chambers studio, the work shows evidence of being influenced by Japanese art while a similar bridge motif was commonly used by the influential American painter James McNeil Whistler. One of Arthur Streetons descendants suggested that Roberts is the figure in the suit on the pier. Perhaps Conders best known painting, A holiday at Mentone has been described as an acclaimed masterpiece of the Australian Impressionist style of painting. The painting is now part of the collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia, a holiday at Mentone— Art Gallery of South Australia collection
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Charles Conder
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Charles Edward Conder was an English-born painter, lithographer and designer. He emigrated to Australia and was a key figure in the Heidelberg School, Conder was born in Tottenham, Middlesex, the second son, of six children, of James Conder, civil engineer and Mary Ann Ayres. He left school at 15, and his religious, non-artistic father, against Charless natural artistic inclinations. In 1884, at the age of 16, he was sent to Sydney, Australia, where he worked for his uncle, however he disliked the work, much preferring to draw the landscape rather than survey it. In 1886, he left the job and became an artist for the Illustrated Sydney News and he also attended the painting classes of Alfred James Daplyn and had joined the Art Society of New South Wales. In 1888, Conder moved to Melbourne where he met other Australian artists including Arthur Streeton, and shared a studio with Tom Roberts, whom he had previously met in Sydney. Short of cash, the attractive Conder apparently paid off his landlady by sexual means, catching syphilis in the process, during his two years in Melbourne, Conder worked with the other members of the school and produced a number of famous works, including Under The Southern Sun. This painting clearly shows the burning sunlight and desolation that can be inflicted by an Australian drought, in 1890, He moved to Paris and studied at the Académie Julian, where he befriended severl avant-garde artists. In Sydney and later Melbourne Conder associated with G. P. Nerli, an itinerant Italian painter, the extent of the influence has been debated, but the fact of it is undeniable. Like Conder, Nerli was a bon-vivant whose appreciation of the dam fine Melbourne girls survives in a letter to a mutual friend, regarded as his greatest Sydney painting, Departure of the Orient – Circular Quay was the culmination of Conder’s new mastery of form and brushwork. Following successful sale of this work to the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Conder departed for Melbourne in October 1888 to join Roberts, Conder was a fun-loving man who painted with an often humorous touch. The man and woman at the front of the face away from each other, yet possibly are interested in each other. The mood is one of simple elegance and with a relaxed feel, the composition of the painting has possibly been borrowed from a work by Whistler in which a bridge similarly transects the picture. Conder among other such as Frederick McCubbin had been directly or indirectly influenced by Whistler. Conder left Australia in 1890, and spent the rest of his life in Europe, mainly England and his art was better received in England than in Paris. In 1892, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painted his portrait, this sketch is owned by the Aberdeen Art Gallery and his friends remembered him as a sick man, unable to face reality. In spite of drunken spells and disreputable company, Condors powers as an artist were then at their height and he met Aubrey Beardsley in Dieppe, but they did not like each other. He continued to paint, but his output was affected by the continual poor health, including paralysis
