Metaphysics
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Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic nature or most fundamental structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but so
The beginning of Aristotle's Metaphysics, one of the foundational texts of the discipline
Immanuel Kant conceived metaphysics from the perspective of critical philosophy as the study of the principles underlying all human thought and experience.
David Hume criticizes metaphysicians for trying to gain knowledge outside the field of sensory experience.
Boethius's theory of universals influenced many subsequent metaphysicians.
Relation (philosophy)
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Relations are ways in which several entities stand to each other. They usually connect distinct entities but some associate an entity with itself. The adicity of a relation is the number of entities i
G. E. Moore introduced the distinction between internal and external relations.
F. H. Bradley formulated a regress argument to defend the claim that relations do not exist.
The nature of relations was reconceptualized following various academic developments in the 19th century, such as the formulation of the logic of relations by Augustus De Morgan.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz held that relations do not have fundamental reality and described the world instead as a collection of unconnected monads.