1.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
2.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
3.
Admiral (United States)
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Admiral ranks above vice admiral and below fleet admiral in the Navy, the Coast Guard and the Public Health Service do not have an established grade above admiral. Admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the uniformed services. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps has never had a hold the grade of admiral. However,37 U. S. C. §201 of the U. S. Code established the grade for the NOAA Corps in the case a position is created that merits the four-star grade. The United States Navy did not have any admirals until 1862 because many felt the title too reminiscent of royalty, such as the British Royal Navy. Others saw the need for ranks above captain, among them John Paul Jones and he also felt there must be ranks above captain to avoid disputes among senior captains. Two years later Congress authorized the appointment of an admiral from among the nine rear admirals. Another bill allowed the President of the United States to appoint Farragut to admiral on July 25,1866, when Farragut died in 1870, Porter became admiral and Stephen C. Rowan was promoted to vice admiral, there was one admiral in the interim, however. In 1899, Congress recognized George Deweys accomplishments during the Spanish–American War by authorizing the President to appoint him Admiral of the Navy and he held that rank until he died in 1917. Nobody has since held that title, in 1944, Congress approved the five-star grade of fleet admiral. The first to hold it were William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, the Senate confirmed their appointments December 15,1944. Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey got his star in December 1945. The rear admiral got his two-inch stripe and one half-inch stripe in 1866, the sleeve stripes had been more elaborate. When the rear admiral rank started in 1862 the sleeve arrangement was three stripes of three-quarter-inch lace alternating with three stripes of quarter-inch lace and it was some ten inches from top to bottom. The vice admiral, of course, had even more stripes, on their dress uniforms the admirals wore bands of gold embroidery of live oak leaves and acorns. The admirals of the 1860s wore the number of stars on their shoulders as admirals of corresponding grades do today. During the 20th century, the ranks of the modern U. S. admiralty were firmly established, an oddity that did exist was that the navy did not have a one-star rank except briefly during World War II when Congress established a temporary war rank of commodore
4.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by U. S. The post of a statutory and permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff chair was created by the 1949 amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act elevated the Chairman from the first among equals to becoming the principal military advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense. The National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate, the Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands. However the services chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources, the Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary. He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name. The principal deputy to the Chairman is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, another 4-star general or admiral, who among many duties chairs the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Joint Staff, led by the Director of the Joint Staff, the National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, served as the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief from July 20,1942 to March 21,1949. He presided over meetings of what was called the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chairman is nominated by the President for appointment and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the armed force service branch. However, the President may waive that restriction for a period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in those positions. However, in a time of war or national emergency, there is no limit to how many times an officer can be reappointed to serve as Chairman, historically, the Chairman has served two terms. By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a general or admiral while holding office. All pay for officers, however, is limited by Level II of the Executive Schedule which is $15,125.10.1, Functions of the Department of Defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense, office of the Secretary Defense, Director of Administration and Management, Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning. Official Joint Chiefs of Staff site
5.
Chief of Naval Operations
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The Chief of Naval Operations is a statutory office held by a four-star admiral in the United States Navy, and is the most senior naval officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Navy. The office is an adviser and deputy to the Secretary of the Navy. The current Chief of Naval Operations is Admiral John M. Richardson, under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy, the CNO also designates naval personnel and naval resources to the commanders of Unified Combatant Commands. The CNO also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §5033, the CNO is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Navy unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are naval officers. Like the other joint chiefs, the CNO is a position and has no operational command authority over United States naval forces. The Chief of Naval Operations is nominated by the President for appointment, however, the president may waive those requirements if he determines that appointing the officer is necessary for the national interest. By statute, the CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral, number One Observatory Circle, located on the northeast grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, was built in 1893 for its superintendent. The Chief of Naval Operations liked the house so much that in 1923 he took over the house as his own official residence and it remained the residence of the CNO until 1974, when Congress authorized its transformation to an official residence for the Vice President. The Chief of Naval Operations currently resides in Quarters A in the Washington Naval Yard, the position of CNO replaced the position of Aide for Naval Operations, which was a position established by regulation rather than statutory law. Lists of Commanding Officers and Senior Officials of the US Navy, archived from the original on 18 December 2007
6.
Allied Joint Force Command Naples
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Allied Joint Force Command Naples is a NATO military command based in Lago Patria, in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy—the base was formerly located in the Bagnoli quarter of Naples. It was activated on 15 March 2004, after what was effectively a redesignation of its command, Allied Forces Southern Europe. AFSOUTH in NATO Military Command Structure terms was a Major Subordinate Command, Commander JFC Naples reports to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Casteau, Belgium. While Admiral Robert B. Carney of the U. S. Navy was appointed as Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe on 19 June 1951, AFSOUTH headquarters was established at Nisida island, Naples. The initial command arrangements for AFSOUTH consisted of the three land, sea, and air headquarters preferred by Eisenhower. Allied Land Forces Southern Europe, Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe, Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in early 1952. Under this command, with its headquarters in Izmir assisted by the subordinate Thessaloniki Advanced Command Post, were to be most of the Greek, the first AIRSOUTH commander became U. S. Major General David M. Schlatter, USAF. On 14 October 1953, the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force was also established in Izmir, easton, USAF, and responsible to Allied Air Forces Southern Europe for the air defence of Greece and Turkey. Three national air Commands were assigned to it, the Turkish 1st and 3rd Tactical Air Forces, in terms of actual forces this meant two Greek wings and four Turkish fighter-bomber groups of F-84 aircraft, plus some B-26A Mosquitoes. Later in 1953, the various naval forces within Allied Forces Mediterranean were organised into six Sub-Principal Subordinate Commands. In time of war, CINCAFMED would be responsible for securing the Sea lines of communications throughout the Mediterranean Sea, some of AFSOUTHs first exercises took place in 1952. Exercise Grand Slam was a naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea between 25 February to 16 March 1952. Operation Longstep was a naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea held during November 1952. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft, and it featured an amphibious assault along the western coast of Turkey. S. Naval forces In 1957, Operation Deep Water simulated the defence of the Dardanelles from a Soviet attack, the exercise included an 8,000 strong amphibious landing. Allied Forces Mediterranean was disbanded on 5 June 1967, and all forces in the south, AFSOUTH continued to conduct exercises in the 1960s and 1970s, among which was exercise Dawn Patrol, a five-nation naval and air exercise conducted throughout the Mediterranean in 1974. The U. S. contribution to the exercise was based on the USS America carrier battle group, during the 1960s Exercise Deep Furrow appears to have been held annually. Deep Furrow, will be conducted from 20–29 September 1973 in the region of Allied Command Europe
7.
Vice Chief of Naval Operations
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The current VCNO is Admiral William F. Moran. The senior leadership of the U. S, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations is the principal deputy of the Chief of Naval Operations. The VCNO may also perform other delegated duties that either the Secretary of the Navy or the CNO assigns to him or her, in the event that the CNO is absent or is unable to perform their duties, the VCNO assumes the duties and responsibilities of the CNO. Within the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, while there are several Deputy Chiefs of Naval Operations of either three and two star rank, there is only one VCNO. The VCNO is appointed by the President of the United States, while there is not a fixed term nor a term limit in the statute, the historical precedent is that a Vice Chief of Naval Operations serves for a tenure of two to three years. The equivalent of the current VCNO position was called Assistant for Operations in 1915, in 1942 the title became Vice Chief of Naval Operations
8.
United States Second Fleet
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The United States Second Fleet was a numbered fleet in the United States Navy from 1950 until its disestablishment in September 2011. Second Fleets West Coast counterpart was United States First Fleet, prior to disestablishment, Second Fleet oversaw approximately 126 ships,4500 aircraft, and 90,000 personnel homeported at U. S. Navy installations along the East Coast. As of 2008, the Commander, Second Fleet, under the Commander, Fleet Forces Command, was also designated as Commander, Task Force 20. CTF-20 planned for, and when directed, conducted battle force operations in the Atlantic command in support of designated unified or allied commanders, until 2005, COMSECONDFLT had a permanent assignment with NATOs Supreme Allied Commander Atlantics chain-of-command, as the Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic. COMSTRIKFLTLANT commanded a force whose primary mission was to deter aggression. Striking Fleet Atlantic was tasked with ensuring the integrity of NATOs sea lines of communication, during its existence, Second Fleet was responsible for training and certifying Atlantic Fleet units for forward deployment to other numbered fleets, primarily U. S. Second Fleet’s main training and certification venues were the Composite Unit Training Exercise and Joint Training Fleet Exercise and these exercises served as a ready-for-deployment certification events for Carrier Strike Groups, Amphibious Ready Groups, as well as independently deploying units. In times of crisis and during certain exercises, Second Fleet became the Commander, when activated, Joint Task Force 120 was tasked to execute a variety of contingency missions. As CTF-20, Second Fleet oversaw several subordinate task forces, which were activated as needed, in January 1947, Eighth Fleet was renamed Second Task Fleet. Three years later, in February 1950, the command was redesignated U. S. Second Fleet, Second Fleet’s area of responsibility included the Atlantic coast of South America and part of the west coast of Central America. In October 1962, President John F. Kennedy called on Second Fleet to establish quarantine during the Cuban Missile Crisis, for more than a month, Second Fleet units operated northeast of the island, intercepting and inspecting dozens of ships for contraband. The operational control of the force was assigned to the Commander of the Second Fleet, Vice Admiral Alfred G. Ward. Task Force 136 included the support carrier USS Essex, effective deployment constituted a mammoth task to be accomplished in minimum time. To prevent future difficulties, plans had to be developed, ship captains briefed, supply ships dispatched, other Navy and Marine forces faced similar tough schedules. Marines, if not already engaged in landing exercises, were loaded on amphibious ships, at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, dependents were evacuated to the United States on 22 October, and Marine units were shipped by air and sea to reinforce the base. Task Force 135, including the carrier USS Enterprise, was sent to the south of Cuba, the carrier USS Independence and the supporting ships of Carrier Division Six stood by to provide additional support. Antisubmarine forces were redeployed to cover the quarantine operations, major exercises the fleet participated in during the Cold War included Exercise Mariner, Operation Strikeback in 1957, the maritime component of Exercise Reforger, and Northern Wedding. From February 9-12,1978, Task Group 21.6 visited Monrovia in Liberia, in 1983, President Ronald Reagan ordered the Second Fleet to the Caribbean to lead the invasion of Grenada during Operation Urgent Fury
9.
USS George Washington (CVN-73)
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She was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and was commissioned on 4 July 1992. George Washington is 1,092 ft long,257 ft wide and 244 feet high, with a combat load, GW displaces almost 97,000 long tons and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers. Her four distilling units can make 400,000 U. S. gallons of water a day. There are over 2,500 compartments on board requiring 2,520 refrigeration tons of air conditioning capacity, the warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing 360 pounds. It is currently equipped with two 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers, one CIWS and one Sea Sparrow mount were removed to make way for two RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, installed during the 2005 Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability. Since then, all U. S. carriers have followed suit, general Washington had long been a proponent of a strong Navy. On 15 November 1781 he wrote, Without a decisive Naval force, and with it, everything honourable and decisive. These words are engraved on a plaque on the ships quarterdeck, the ship can reach speeds of over 30 knots and is powered by two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors that turn four 5-bladed screws of 66,220 pounds each. George Washington can travel more than 3,000,000 nautical miles before needing refueling, the contract for George Washington was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982. The keel was laid on 25 August 1986, the ship was christened on 21 July 1990 by First Lady Barbara Bush, and was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk on 4 July 1992. In 1993, following a reorganization, the Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 staff went aboard a new flagship. In 1994 the group was under the command of Rear Admiral Alexander Krekich, the group participated in the 2000 NATO Exercise Destined Glory, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Southern Watch, and Operation Vigilant Resolve. After 2001 the group took part in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 1997 Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2, Rear Admiral Michael Mullen, led the group on deployment from George Washington. On 20 February Washington entered the Gulf of Aden, and a week later was conducting operations in the Persian Gulf, on 28 January 2005 the ship entered shipyard for Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability. Many ships systems were upgraded and maintenance was done to the hull, the ships four jet blast deflectors were removed and upgraded to handle the increased heat generated by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. One defensive Phalanx CIWS mount and one Sea Sparrow launcher were replaced by two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, during the 11 months the ship was drydocked, the crew contributed 20,000 hours of volunteer community service to the city of Newport News, Virginia. The work was completed on schedule, and George Washington returned to her Norfolk home port on 17 December 2005, in an attempt to explain the carriers mission to the Japanese public, the U. S. Navy printed a manga about life aboard GW, titled CVN-73. GW and CVW-17 left Norfolk on 4 April for a scheduled deployment to operate as part of SOUTHCOMs Partnership of the Americas
10.
USS Yorktown (CG-48)
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USS Yorktown was a Ticonderoga-class cruiser in the United States Navy from 1984 to 2004, named for the American Revolutionary War Battle of Yorktown. Yorktown was launched 17 January 1983 and was sponsored by Mrs. Mary Matthews, widow of Nick Matthews a prominent citizen of Yorktown, Yorktown was commissioned on 4 July 1984 at Yorktown, Virginia, and was designed to take advantage of the American Aegis technology. Among its various weapon systems were surface to air missiles, anti-ship/anti-submarine missiles, torpedo launchers, Yorktown received the Atlantic Fleets Top Gun award for outstanding naval gunfire support in 1987. It was on this Mediterranean deployment that Yorktown gained worldwide publicity from operations conducted in the Black Sea as part of Freedom of Navigation program, in 1991, Yorktown was awarded the coveted Old Crows award for electronic warfare excellence. In 1992 Yorktown was honored with the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for superb, Yorktown conducted her third and fourth Mediterranean deployments as the world watched the end of the Cold War and the coalition victory in Operation Desert Storm. During the latter of two deployments Yorktown participated in the first U. S. In the summer of 1992, Yorktown participated in BALTOPS92, during this cruise, Yorktown made a highly acclaimed port visit to Severomorsk, Russia, becoming the first U. S. ship to visit that port since the end of World War II. In 1993, Yorktown was awarded the Commander, Naval Surface Forces, in August 1993, Yorktown participated in the joint military exercise Solid Stance in the North Atlantic. Yorktowns operations through the end of 1993 included an October - November excursion to the Caribbean to support the United Nations embargo of Haiti, in April - May 1994, Yorktown returned to the Caribbean as Force Air Warfare Commander during joint Exercise Agile Provider. While in the Caribbean, Yorktown served as flagship for Commander, Destroyer Squadron Six, coordinating a six-ship, in the summer of 1994, Yorktown achieved a resounding score of 101 during naval gunfire support qualification. In August 1994 Yorktown set sail for the Adriatic Sea as flagship for Commander, during this six-month deployment, Yorktown served as the Air Warfare Commander for the Adriatic Sea, participating in a joint task force of ships from the United States and eight European nations. In May - June 1995, Yorktown proceeded south to serve as Air Warfare Commander for the Caribbean Sea in support of counter-narcotics operations. In September 1996, Yorktown changed home ports from Norfolk, Virginia, to Pascagoula, Mississippi, after being tasked primarily with supporting operations in the Caribbean and South America. In May 1997 Yorktown completed a five-month counter-narcotic deployment in the Caribbean followed by test operations with George Washington and her carrier battle group. On 21 September 1997, a division by zero error on board the USS Yorktown Remote Data Base Manager brought down all the machines on the network, on 25 September 1999 Yorktown departed Pascagoula for a four-month counter-narcotic deployment in the Caribbean. Before beginning patrolling efforts, Yorktown embarked staff members from COMSECONDFLT, the ship made port calls in Jamaica, Aruba, Cartagena, Rodman, Manta and Cozumel. During this deployment the USS Yorktown was the last US warship to transit the Panama Canal prior to it being turned over to Panama, in 2000, the ship underwent a dry dock maintenance overhaul in Mobile, Alabama. As of late 2001, and since commissioning, Yorktown had completed five Mediterranean deployments, the cruiser was last homeported in Pascagoula, Mississippi
11.
USS Goldsborough (DDG-20)
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USS Goldsborough, named for Rear Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough USN, was a Charles F. Goldsborough was laid down by the Puget Sound Bridge and Drydock Company at Seattle in Washington on 3 January 1961, launched on 15 December 1961 by Mrs. Alan Bible, wife of U. S. Senator Alan Bible of Nevada and commissioned on 9 November 1963, Captain Charles D. Allen, Goldsborough joined the Pacific Fleet on 25 December 1963, as a unit of Cruiser-Destroyer Force with her home-port at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After shakedown out of Puget Sound, the new guided missile destroyer arrived Pearl Harbor on 14 February 1964, following qualification and acceptance tests, she sailed on 18 April for Sydney, Australia, for the Coral Sea celebration and returned to Pearl Harbor on 1 June. She operated in Hawaiian waters in the summer and early fall, then got underway on 23 November for Yokosuka, after operations strengthening the 7th Fleet during the escalating war in Vietnam, Goldsborough returned to Pearl Harbor for anti-submarine warfare training. The guided missile destroyer headed for the Orient once more on 9 February 1966 to bolster the 7th Fleet, in April she provided gunfire support for Operation Binh Phu I firing 594 rounds of 5-inch ammunition at Viet Cong troop concentrations and buildings. During the last half of the month she screened attack carriers at Yankee Station, next came SEATO exercises in May and duty as station ship at Hong Kong in June. On 26 June Goldsborough was again off Vietnam on picket station and she sailed for Hawaii on 16 July and reach Pearl Harbor on the 23d. While in berth at Pearl Harbor on 24 November 1965, a torpedo was discharged from the ship. In August 1966, Goldsborough entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for overhaul, in 1967 she participated in Operation Sea Dragon, designed to interdict the North Vietnamese lines of supply into the Republic of Vietnam, and provided Naval Gunfire Support along the DMZ. During this deployment Goldsborough fired nearly 10,000 rounds in support of allied forces and she was awarded the Naval Unit Commendation for exceptionally meritorious service in Vietnamese waters from 29 August 1967 to 17 February 1968 upon her return to Pearl Harbor. In 1969 Goldsborough participated in the Apollo 11 Recovery Mission, the command module Columbia splashed down about 200 nautical miles south of Johnston Island at 12,50 GMT24 July 1969. After a yard period in 1970, Goldsborough made a fifth West-Pac tour, departing Pearl in August, again she provided Naval Gunfire Support for allied troops, and carried out carrier escort duties in the Gulf of Tonkin. Later that year she visited Portland, Oregon, for the 1971 Rose Festival, in September 1971 Goldsborough departed on her sixth deployment to the Western Pacific, providing Naval Gunfire Support for allied ground troops and performing carrier escort services. In early 1972 she was assigned to the recovery Task Force for Apollo 16, departing again on 13 October 1972 for her seventh deployment to the Western Pacific, this would be her last trip to the gunline of Vietnam. In December, while conducting a combat mission Goldsborough was hit by artillery fire. The shore battery put a hole five feet wide through an upper deck, the ships crew received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for service between October 1972 and February 1973. The ship returned to Pearl Harbor in May 1973, in mid-1976 after leaving port in Singapore, and conducting Shellback initiations, the Goldsborough was ordered to the Indian Ocean with the Ranger Task Force in response to the Operation Entebbe
12.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
13.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991
14.
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
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The medal was created on July 9,1970 by President Richard Nixon in Executive Order 11545. It is the United Statess highest non-combat related military award and it is the highest joint service decoration, the Defense Distinguished Service Medal is awarded only while assigned to a joint activity. Whose duties bring them frequently into direct contact with the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the medal is gold in color and on the obverse it features a medium blue enameled pentagon. Superimposed on this is an American bald eagle with wings facing left grasping three crossed arrows in its talons and on its breast is a shield of the United States. The pentagon and eagle are enclosed within a gold pieced circle consisting, in the half of 13 five-pointed stars and in the lower half. At the top is a suspender of five graduated gold rays, the reverse of the medal has the inscription For Distinguished Service at the top in raised letters, and within the pentagon the inscription From The Secretary of Defense To, all in raised letters. Additional awards of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters
15.
Distinguished Service Medal (United States Navy)
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The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919. The medal is presented to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility. The award is the Navy and Marine Corps equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross, until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed. Currently, it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, at the start of World War I, the Navy had the Medal of Honor as the only decoration with which to recognize heroism. The law made the award retroactive to 6 April 1917, the first award of the decoration was a posthumous presentation to Brigadier General Charles A. Doyen, USMC, on 13 March 1919. Originally, senior in precedence to the Navy Cross, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal assumed its current place below the Navy Cross by congressional action on 7 August 1942. To justify this decoration, exceptional performance of duty must be clearly above that normally expected, generally, the Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to officers in principal commands at sea, or in the field, whose service is of a manner to justify the award. However, this does not preclude the award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to any individual who meets the service requirements, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a gilt bronze medallion 1.25 inches in diameter. The obverse of the medal depicts an American bald eagle in the center displaying its wings, the eagle holds an olive branch in its right talon and arrows in its left talons. The eagle is surrounded by an enameled ring with the words, • UNITED • STATES • OF • AMERICA • at the top. Surrounding the blue ring is a gold border of scroll waves depicted moving in a clockwise direction. The medal is surmounted by a white five-pointed star, point up, in the center of the star is a blue anchor, while gold rays radiate between the arms of the star. The reverse of the medal depicts a trident surrounded by a laurel wreath, the wreath is surrounded by a blue enamel ring containing the inscription FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE. Like the obverse, the blue ring on the reverse is surrounded by scroll waves. The medals suspension and service ribbon is blue with a single central stripe of yellow. Additional awards of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by gold and silver 5/16 inch stars worn on the medals suspension, awards and decorations of the United States military
16.
Defense Superior Service Medal
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The decoration is most often presented to senior officers in the flag and general officer grades, followed by a lesser number of Colonels and USN and USCG Captains. The medal is presented in the name of the Secretary of Defense and was established by President Gerald R. Ford on February 6,1976 in Executive Order 11904 and it is analogous to the Legion of Merit, albeit awarded for service in a joint duty capacity. This service must be as part of a joint activity, the award is generally for a period of time exceeding 12 months and encompassing an entire joint assignment. Service members assigned to or attached to a Joint Task Force as individuals, not members of a specific military services unit, can be eligible for the DSSM. In these cases, the 12 month time period was considered to include the period prior to that actual space flight. Members of service units are eligible for awards of personal decorations from their parent service. The Defense Superior Service Medal is specifically intended to recognize exceptionally superior service, Joint or Department of Defense awards, including the Defense Superior Service Medal, may be awarded posthumously. At the time of creation of the Defense Superior Service Medal it was decided that it would be obtained at the lowest possible cost and with as little effort as possible. For these reasons, and because it would rank just below the Defense Distinguished Service Medal for similar service, the difference is that it is finished in silver rather than gold and the inscriptions on the reverse of the medal are appropriately modified. The medal is made of a silver colored metal with blue enamel,1 7/8 inches in height overall, the obverse depicts a silver American eagle superimposed over a medium blue pentagon. The eagle has outstretched wings, charged on its breast is the shield of the United States, in its talons are three crossed arrows in silver. The reverse is plain except for the inscription at the top, below in the pentagon is the inscription From The Secretary of Defense To. Subsequent awards of the Defense Superior Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters worn on the suspension and service ribbons of the medal
17.
Legion of Merit
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The Legion of Merit is a military award of the United States Armed Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued to members of the seven uniformed services of the United States as well as to military and political figures of foreign governments. The Legion of Merit is one of only two United States military decorations to be issued as an order and the only United States military decoration which may be issued in award degrees. The Legion of Merit is sixth in the order of precedence of U. S. military awards and is worn after the Defense Superior Service Medal, in contemporary use in the U. S. S. However, this degree was awarded by President Roosevelt to some Allied World War II theater commanders, Commander, Equivalent of a U. S. military chief of staff or higher position, but not to a head of state. Legionnaire, All recipients not included above, when the Legion of Merit is awarded to members of the Uniformed Services of the United States, it is awarded without reference to degree. The performance must have such as to merit recognition of key individuals for service rendered in a clearly exceptional manner. Performance of duties normal to the grade, branch, specialty, or assignment, for service not related to actual war, the term key individual applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of significant achievement. In peacetime, service should be in the nature of a requirement or of an extremely difficult duty performed in an unprecedented. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of important positions, the degrees and the design of the decoration were influenced by the French Legion of Honour. Although recommendations for creation of a Meritorious Service Medal were initiated as early as September 1937, no formal action was taken toward approval. Proposed designs prepared by Bailey, Banks and Biddle and the Office of the Quartermaster General were provided to Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel Colonel Heard) by the QMG on January 5,1942. The Assistant Chief of Staff, in a response to the QMG on April 3,1942, the design of the Legion of Merit would be ready for issue immediately after legislation authorizing it was enacted into law. The medal was announced in War Department Bulletin No, executive Order 9260, dated October 29,1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, established the rules for the Legion of Merit and required the Presidents approval for the award. The Legion of Merit is similar to the French Legion of Honor in both its design, a five armed cross, and in that it is awarded in multiple degrees, unlike the Legion of Honor, however, the Legion of Merit is only awarded to military personnel. Additionally, it is the award in the world with multiple degrees of which the higher degrees cannot be awarded to citizens of the country of the awards origin. She received the award for her service during the defense of the Philippines, LTJG Bernatitus was also the first recipient of the Legion of Merit authorized to wear a Combat V with the medal. General Eisenhower was presented the Legion of Merit by President Roosevelt, while he was en route to the Tehran Conference, in Cairo, in 1943, at the request of Army Chief of Staff General George C
18.
Order of Australia
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Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
19.
Meritorious Service Cross
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For men, the cross is hung from a bar, and for women, on a ribbon bow, both pinned to the left chest. —that benefit the nation. In all cases, however, the event being recognized must have taken place in Canada or involved Canadian citizens, an award enables recipients to use the post-nominal letters MSC. As of August 2009, the Meritorious Service Cross has been presented to 170 people—138 in the division and 32 in the civilian—though only one bar has ever been awarded. Meritorious Service Medal Canadian order of precedence State decoration Robertson, Megan C, C > Canada > Orders, Decorations and Medals of Canada > Meritorious Service Cross. C > Canada > Orders, Decorations and Medals of Canada > Meritorious Service Cross
20.
Four-star rank
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A four-star rank is the rank of any four-star officer described by the NATO OF-9 code. Four-star officers are often the most senior commanders in the services, having ranks such as admiral, general. This designation is used by some armed forces that are not North Atlantic Treaty Organisation members. In times of conflict, the highest ranks are the five-star ranks, admiral of the fleet, field marshal. General de exército Almirante de esquadra Tenente brigadeiro The four-star rank is reserved in Brazil for the highest post in the military career, the officers in this position take part of the high command of their corporations. The commanders of army, navy and air force are also four-star generals, admiral/amiral General/général General/Admiral is the highest rank within the Canadian Armed Forces as defined within the National Defence Act. Usually, only one officer, the Chief of the Defence Staff, the Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, is Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces. However, in line with the Letters Patent,1947, the duties, the Minister of National Defence, since not a member of the Canadian forces nor within the military chain-of-command, has no rank. Prince Philip holds the rank of admiral in the Royal Canadian Navy in an honorary capacity as of 2011. Before unification in 1968, the rank of air marshal was the four-star equivalent for the Royal Canadian Air Force. Upon their formation, the Russian armed forces discontinued the ranks of marshal, ranks and insignia of NATO General officer Five-star rank Three-star rank
21.
United States Armed Forces
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
22.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
23.
Jimmy Durante
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James Francis Jimmy Durante was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. He often referred to his nose as the Schnozzola, and the word became his nickname, Durante was born on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was the youngest of four born to Rosa and Bartolomeo Durante. Bartolomeo was a barber, and his wife Rosa was the sister of a woman who lived in the boarding house. Young Jimmy served as a boy at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church. Durante dropped out of school in grade to become a full-time ragtime pianist. He first played with his cousin, whose name was also Jimmy Durante and it was a family act, but he was too professional for his cousin. He continued working the citys piano bar circuit and earned the nickname Ragtime Jimmy, before he joined one of the first recognizable jazz bands in New York, Durante was the only member not from New Orleans. His routine of breaking into a song to deliver a joke, with band or orchestra chord punctuation after each line, in 1920 the group was renamed Jimmy Durantes Jazz Band. By the mid-1920s, Durante had become a star and radio personality in a trio called Clayton, Jackson. Lou Clayton and Eddie Jackson, Durantes closest friends, often reunited with Durante in subsequent years, Jackson and Durante appeared in the Cole Porter musical The New Yorkers, which opened on Broadway on December 8,1930. Earlier that same year, the team appeared in the movie Roadhouse Nights, by 1934, Durante had a major record hit with his own novelty composition, Inka Dinka Doo, with lyrics by Ben Ryan. It became his theme song for the rest of his life, a year later, Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose stage musical Jumbo. A scene in which an officer stopped Durantes character—who was leading a live elephant across the stage—to ask. Followed by Durantes reply, What elephant and this comedy bit, also reprised in his role in Billy Roses Jumbo, likely contributed to the popularity of the idiom the elephant in the room. Durante also appeared on Broadway in Show Girl, Strike Me Pink and Red, Hot, during the early 1930s, Durante alternated between Hollywood and Broadway. His early motion pictures included an original Rodgers & Hart musical The Phantom President and he was initially paired with silent film legend Buster Keaton in a series of three popular comedies for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- Speak Easily, The Passionate Plumber, and What. No Beer. -- which were hits and a career springboard for the distinctive newcomer
24.
St. Charles Borromeo Church (North Hollywood)
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St. Charles Borromeo Church is a Catholic church and elementary school located at Moorpark and Lankershim in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. It is one of the oldest parishes in the San Fernando Valley dating back to 1921, the parish was known as Immaculate Conception Church until 1925 when it was renamed Saint Charles Borromeo. Before the parish was established, Catholics in the central San Fernando Valley shared a priest with St. Robert Bellarmine, by 1936, the parish had outgrown the space on Weddington, and a parishioner named Goykes donated land on Moorpark. A new church was built on Moorpark in 1937—the structure that is now the parish hall, the church had a seating capacity of 600 and was styled after the San Carlos Mission in Carmel, California. In 1939, St. Charles Borromeo School opened in four portable bungalows, a new permanent school opened in 1947 in a building with 14 classrooms, a cafeteria, library, music room, and auditorium. The parish continued to grow in the years after World War II, the new church opened at Thanksgiving 1959 with a blessing from James Francis Cardinal McIntyre. Meade was the pastor at St. Charles Borromeo for more than a century starting in 1936. The St. Charles Borromeo Choir has enjoyed a reputation as one of Southern Californias finest parish choral groups. Prior to 1949, the director was Roger Wagner who later formed the Roger Wagner Chorale. In 1949, Paul Salamunovich became director of the choir, volunteer singers from Santa Barbara to San Pedro drove to North Hollywood to sing for Salamunovich as part of the St. Charles Choir. The St. Charles Boys Choir under Salamunovich appeared with Dinah Shore on the Chevy Show, later that year, they also formed the Disneyland Boys Choir, with which Salamunovich recorded the Its a Small World album of folk songs still sold at Disney theme parks. Former members of the St. Charles Boys Choir include former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Michael Mullen and former UCLA head football coach, Salamunovich also became the leader of the Los Angeles Master Chorale from 1991 to 2001 and remains their Music Director Emeritus. They hold the distinction of being the only American choir to be honored with this invitation and they have also performed on television including The NBC Doc Severinson Christmas Special. Salamunovich conducted the choir at the 10,00 a. m, Mass for 60 years before retiring in June 2009. He died on April 3,2014, in 2002 and 2003, controversy followed after well-known consultant, Richard S. Vosko, was brought in to speak to the congregation about renovations to the churchs interior. Voskos renovations in Detroit, San Antonio, and New Orleans had spawned controversy, concerns over modernization of St. Charles Borromeos interior space led to the formation of the St. Charles Borromeo Preservation Guild. Guild supporters held protests with dozens of protesters falling to their knees outside the church, the traditional look and feel of St. Charles had become a refuge for traditional Catholics who rejected the secular look of modern Catholic churches. Pastor Robert Gallagher responded angrily to the protests, in the church bulletin, he claimed that most of the protesters were not parishioners and said it was insulting to suggest that it was the traditional trappings that attracted parishioners
25.
North Hollywood, Los Angeles
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North Hollywood is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles. It is home to the NoHo Arts District and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, there is a municipal park and a recreation center. The neighborhood is an important transportation center, and it is also a place where many people have lived or worked. North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887 and it was first named Toluca before being renamed Lankershim in 1896 and finally North Hollywood in 1927. It is not contiguous with Hollywood, being separated by parts of the San Fernando Valley. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 87,241, in 2000 the median age for residents was 30, considered an average age for city and county neighborhoods, the percentage of residents aged 19 to 34 was among the countys highest. The neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was Latinos,57. 7%, whites, 27%, Asians,5. 7%, blacks,5. 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 46. 4% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the countys highest. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $42,791, considered average for the city. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 75. 4% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24. 6%. North Hollywood is bordered on the north by Sun Valley and on the northeast and east by Burbank, Toluca Lake borders North Hollywood on the southeast and south, and Studio City abuts it on the southwest. It is flanked by Valley Village and Valley Glen on the west, North Hollywood was once part of the vast landholdings of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, which was confiscated by the government during the Mexican period of rule. A group of investors assembled as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association purchased the half of the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The leading investor was Isaac Lankershim, a Northern California stockman and grain farmer, in 1873, Isaac Lankershims son and future son-in-law, James Boon Lankershim and Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Ferndando Valley and took over management of the property. Van Nuys thought the property could profitably grow wheat using the dryland farming developed on the Great Plains. In time the Lankershim property, under its name, the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company. Lankershim established a townsite which the residents named Toluca along the old road from Cahuenga Pass to San Fernando, the land boom of the 1880s went bust by the 1890s, but despite another brutal drought cycle in the late 1890s, the fruit and nut farmers remained solvent. The Toluca Fruit Growers Association was formed in 1894, the next year the Southern Pacific opened a branch line slanting northwest across the Valley to Chatsworth
26.
Notre Dame High School (Sherman Oaks, California)
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Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, is a co-ed Catholic college preparatory high school founded by the Congregation of Holy Cross in 1947. Located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Notre Dame is known for an academic program, championship athletics. NDHS has been honored by the United States Department of Education Blue Ribbon Schools Program and is known for its program, band. Its newspaper is The Knight, a member of the High School National Ad Network, Notre Dame was founded as an all-male school, and became a co-educational school in the 1982–1983 school year. The Class of 1986 is the first graduating class to include females, the Class of 1987 included the first full-term female students. Notre Dame High School was used as a backdrop in episode 27, Log 15, Exactly One Hundred Yards, of the NBC police series Adam-12, which aired on September 20,1969. After the establishment of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, in 1941, the Brothers were invited to staff St. Anthony’s Parish High School in Long Beach. In 1945, the land at the corner of Riverside and Woodman was purchased for $45,000, in 1947, Notre Dame High School opened as an all boys school with a freshman class of 125 and a faculty of five, four of whom were Holy Cross Brothers. In 1983-84, Notre Dame began a new era of co-education with the admission of the first female students. This addition created many changes at Notre Dame, the facilities were adjusted to new needs, new faculty were hired. Notre Dame’s campus has grown since the Riverside Building was built in 1947. In May 1951, the gymnasium used today was completed, the Woodman Building followed in September 1956. Buildings, such as the five classroom Annex, have come, the Allegretti Building was opened in May 1987 which provided an office complex and classrooms in the area between the Woodman and Riverside Buildings. Most recently, there have two major classroom buildings built, the Fritz B. Burns Center for Arts and Technology in January 2002 and the Hampton Science Center in January 2007, Notre Dame offers a college preparatory curriculum with honors and advanced placement courses in Art, English, Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Science, Computer Science, and Social Studies. The school also offers courses covering a wide range of topics. There are 93 faculty members and administration, with 64 holding masters degrees and 3 with doctoral degrees, advanced Placement courses are available to students in grades 10–12. Notre Dame High School is considered one of Californias Top 15 High School Football Dynasties and one of the most dominant football teams in the based on wins
27.
Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles
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Sherman Oaks is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, founded in 1927 with boundary changes afterward. The neighborhood includes a portion of the Santa Monica Mountains, which gives Sherman Oaks a lower density than some other areas in Los Angeles. A partner of the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company, Gen. Moses Hazeltine Sherman, the company had subdivided 1,000 acres of land that would become Sherman Oaks. In 1927 each acre was sold for $780, shermans other major venture was the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad. Petitioners in the area argued that their neighborhood was part of Sherman Oaks. As a result of change, Van Nuys Middle School became separated from its namesake neighborhood. Finally, in 2009, the Los Angeles City council voted to redraw neighborhood boundaries again to allow an area of about 1,800 homes in Van Nuys to be included and this proposal attracted criticism from locals. The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused damages in the surrounding area, the Community Redevelopment Agency sought to manage the rebuilding efforts. The homeowners in the Sherman Oaks area later won a lawsuit to prevent the agency from managing efforts, as of the 2010 census, according to the San Fernando Valley Almanac, Sherman Oaks had a population of 52,677 people and 25,255 households. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 82% non-Hispanic white, 5% Asian American and 3% African American, other races made up less than 1%. In 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 65,436, in 2000, the percentages of residents aged 19 to 49 and 65 and older were among the countys highest. The percentages of divorced residents and of widows were among the countys highest, the average household size of two people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 58. 9% of the stock and house- or apartment-owners held 41. 1%. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was whites,73. 8%, Latinos,11. 8%, Asians,5. 7%, blacks,4. 4%, and others,4. 4%. Iran and Mexico were the most common places of birth for the 26. 2% of the residents who were born abroad—an average percentage for Los Angeles. The neighborhood had a household income of $69,651 in 2008. The percentage of households that earned $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 88 Sherman Oaks and Station 102 South Van Nuys/Valley Glen in Sherman Oaks. In addition the department operates Fire Station 78, which serves Sherman Oaks, the Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6240 Sylmar Avenue,91401, serving the community
28.
United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
29.
Commandant of the Marine Corps
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The Commandant of the Marine Corps is normally the highest-ranking officer in the United States Marine Corps and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy, the CMC designates Marine personnel, as with the other joint chiefs, the Commandant is an administrative position and has no operational command authority over United States Marine Corps forces. The Commandant is nominated by the President for a term of office. By statute, the Commandant is appointed as a general while serving in office. The Commandant is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the performance of the Marine Corps. This includes the administration, discipline, internal organization, training, requirements, efficiency, the Commandant is also responsible for the operation of the Marine Corps material support system. Since 1801, the residence of the Commandant has been located in the Marine Barracks in Washington, D. C. and his main offices are in Arlington County. The responsibilities of the Commandant are outlined in Title 10, Section 5043 the United States Code and the position is subject to the authority, direction, as stated in the U. S. Thirty-seven men have served as the Commandant of the Marine Corps. The longest-serving was Archibald Henderson, sometimes referred to as the Grand old man of the Marine Corps due to his thirty-nine-year tenure. In the 236-year history of the United States Marine Corps, only one Commandant has ever been fired from the job, Anthony Gale, as a result of a court-martial in 1820. Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps, allan Reed Millett and Jack Shulimson, eds. CS1 maint, Uses editors parameter Ulbrich, David J. Preparing for Victory, Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps, 1936-183
30.
Michael Hagee
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General Michael William Hagee was the 33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, succeeding James L. Jones on January 13,2003. He stepped down as Commandant two months before the end of his term, and was succeeded by General James T. Conway on November 13,2006. On that date, Hagee had his retirement ceremony just prior to the change of command ceremony, Hagee retired from the Marine Corps on January 1,2007. Hagee was born in Hampton, Virginia in 1944 and raised in Fredericksburg, Texas. He graduated with distinction from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering and was a classmate of Oliver North, Charles Bolden, Jim Webb and Michael Mullen. He is a graduate of the Command and Staff College and the U. S. Naval War College, in 2004, he was honored with the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award. He and his wife Silke, daughter of the German Air Force brigadier general Werner Boie, have two children, list of United States Marine Corps four-star generals This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps. Whos Who in Marine Corps History, 33rd Commandant of the Marine Corps. Archived from the original on June 15,2006, Hagee to step down November 13. Official Biography, General Michael W. Hagee – Retired, 33rd Commandant of the Marine Corps, biographies, General Officers & Senior Executives. Manpower & Reserve Affairs, United States Marine Corps
31.
Jay L. Johnson
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Jay L. Johnson is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of General Dynamics. A retired United States Navy admiral, he served from 1996-2000 as 26th Chief of Naval Operations, Johnson was born in Great Falls, Montana, and raised in West Salem, Wisconsin. An Eagle Scout and later recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, upon completion of flight training, Johnson was designated a Naval Aviator in 1969. His first sea-duty tour was aboard the carrier USS Oriskany, where he made two combat cruises flying the F-8J Crusader with Fighter Squadron 191. S and his first Flag Officer assignment was as Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Distribution in the Bureau of Naval Personnel. In October 1992, he reported as Commander, Carrier Group Eight/Commander, in July 1994, he was assigned as Commander, Second Fleet/Commander, Striking Fleet Atlantic/Commander, Joint Task Force 120. In March 1996, he reported for duty as the 28th Vice Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, in August 1996, Admiral Johnson became the 26th Chief of Naval Operations following the death of Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda, and served until July 21,2000. Johnson has been a director of General Dynamics, one of the largest U. S. defense contractors and he served as Vice Chairman from September 2008 to July 2009, and President and Chief Executive Officer from then until January 2013, when he was succeeded by Phebe Novakovic
32.
Jim Webb
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James Henry Jim Webb Jr. is an American politician, author and retired military officer. In the private sector he has been an Emmy Award winning journalist, a filmmaker, in addition, he taught literature at the United States Naval Academy and was a Fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics. As a member of the Democratic Party, Webb announced on November 19,2014, Webb was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri, to James Henry Webb, Sr. and his wife, Vera Lorraine. As the second of four children and the son, he grew up in a military family. His father flew B-17s and B-29s during World War II, Webbs parents are buried at the Arlington National Cemetery. Webb is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from Ulster who emigrated in the century to the British North American colonies. Webbs 2004 book Born Fighting, How the Scots-Irish Shaped America details his family history, a 2014 TV documentary on the Smithsonian Channel, also entitled Born Fighting, was adapted from Webbs book and is narrated by him. Webb attended more than a dozen schools across the U. S. after graduating from high school in Bellevue, Nebraska, he attended the University of Southern California on a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps scholarship from 1963 to 1964. In 1964, Webb earned appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, at Annapolis, Webb was a member of the Brigade Honor Committee and the Brigade Staff. When he graduated in 1968, he received the Superintendent’s Letter for Outstanding Leadership, Webb is married to Hong Le Webb, a Vietnamese-American securities and corporate lawyer. Hong Le was born in South Vietnam and came to the United States when she was seven and she grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana. Webb was married previously, and has four grown children. Hong Le and Jim Webb have one child together, Georgia LeAnh, Webb is also a stepfather to Hong Les daughter from a previous marriage. His first marriage was to Barbara Samorajczyk, a lawyer who has worked for real estate and development companies in Washington, D. C. She is a member of the Anne Arundel County, Maryland and they have one daughter, Amy, who was eight when they divorced in 1979. Webb and Samorajczyk have three grandchildren and his second marriage was to health-care lobbyist Jo Ann Krukar in 1981 who also assisted in his 2006 Senate campaign. They have three children, Sarah, Jimmy, and Julia, Jimmy Webb was a rifleman and Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps, and served a tour in Iraq with Weapons Company, 1st Battalion 6th Marines. In tribute to his son, Jimmy, and to all the people sent into harms way, after graduating from the Naval Academy, Webb was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U. S. Marine Corps
33.
Oliver North
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Oliver Laurence North is an American political commentator and television host, military historian, New York Times best-selling author, and former United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. North is primarily remembered for his term as a National Security Council staff member during the Iran–Contra affair, the scandal involved the illegal sale of weapons to Iran to encourage the release of U. S. hostages then held in Lebanon. From 2001 to 2016, North hosted War Stories with Oliver North on Fox News Channel, North was born in San Antonio, Texas on October 7,1943, the son of Ann Theresa and Oliver Clay North, a U. S. Army major. He grew up in Philmont, New York, and graduated from Ockawamick Central High School in 1961 and he attended the State University of New York at Brockport for two years. He received his commission as lieutenant in 1968, having missed a year due to serious back. One of Norths classmates at the Academy was future secretary of the Navy and U. S. senator Jim Webb and their graduating class included Dennis C. Blair, Michael Mullen, Charles Bolden and Michael Hagee, North served as a platoon commander during the Vietnam War, where during his combat service, he was awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star Medal, and two Purple Heart medals. At the time of his Silver Star, Second Lieutenant North was a Platoon Commander leading his Marines in Operation Virginia Ridge, North led a counter assault against the North Vietnamese Army, as his platoon took on heavy machine gun fire and rocket propelled grenades. Throughout the battle, North displayed courage, dynamic leadership and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of personal danger. He then became an instructor at The Basic School in Quantico, North was promoted to captain in 1971 and served as the commanding officer of the U. S. Marine Corps Northern Training Area in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. After his duty in Okinawa, North was assigned for four years to Marine Corps Headquarters in Arlington and he attended the Command and Staff Course at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, and graduated in 1981. North began his assignment to the National Security Council in Washington, in 1983, North received his promotion to lieutenant colonel, which would be his last. During his tenure at the NSC, North managed a number of missions, while also at the NSC, he helped plan the U. S. invasion of Grenada and the 1986 Bombing of Libya. During his trial, North spent his last two years on duty assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps in Arlington, Virginia. He resigned his Marine Corps commission in 1990 following his indictment for conspiring to defraud the United States by channeling the profits from US arms sales to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, after his trial and his appeal, all charges were dismissed. It was alleged that he was responsible for the establishment of a network which subsequently funneled those funds to the Contras. Congress passed the Boland Amendment, which prohibited the appropriation of U. S. funds by intelligence agencies for the support of the Contras. The money was passed through an organization, the National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty, to the Palmer National Bank of Washington, D. C
34.
Dennis C. Blair
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Dennis Cutler Blair is the former United States Director of National Intelligence and is a retired United States Navy admiral who was the commander of U. S. forces in the Pacific region. Blair was an officer in the U. S. Navy. Blair retired from the Navy in 2002 as an Admiral, in 2009, Blair was selected as President Barack Obama’s first Director of National Intelligence, but after a series of bureaucratic battles, he resigned on May 20,2010. S. -China Relations. He also serves as co-chair of the annual Pacific Energy Summit, Blair was born in Kittery, Maine, the son of Abbie Dora and Captain Carvel Hall Blair. He also counts portrait painter Charles Willson Peale and U. S. Attorney General William Wirt among his ancestors, Blair attended St. Andrews School, and, as a classmate of Oliver North and James H. Webb, graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1968. Following his graduation from the Naval Academy, he was assigned to the missile destroyer USS Barney. He then received a Rhodes Scholarship, reading Russian studies at Oxford University and he served as a White House Fellow from 1975-76 with Wesley Clark and Marshall Carter, who later became chairman of the New York Stock Exchange. Blair spent over 34 years in the United States Navy and he served on guided missile destroyers in both the Atlantic and Pacific fleets and commanded the Kitty Hawk Battle Group between 1994 and 1995. Blair commanded the USS Cochrane from 1984 to 1986 and the Pearl Harbor Naval Station from 1988 to 1989 and his last job in the military was as Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Command, the officer over most of the U. S. forces in the Asia-Pacific region. During his tenure, he developed a series of programs and joint exercises with militaries in the region, following the landing, the 24 U. S. crewmen aboard were detained in China for 10 days. The so-called Hainan Island incident threatened to escalate already tense relations between the United States and China but Blair played in a key role in managing the crisis and he was also the first Associate Director of Central Intelligence for Military Support. He retired from the Navy in 2002, according to journalist Alan Nairn, Blair disobeyed orders from civilians in the Clinton administration during the 1999 East Timorese crisis during his tenure as commander-in-chief of the U. S. Consequently, Wiranto’s forces increased the Timor killings, in a 2006 report, Project on Government Oversight publicized the results of this study and exposed Blairs conflict of interest. Blair told the Washington Post, My review was not affected at all by my association with EDO Corp. and the report was a good one. He originally chose not to himself because he claimed his link to EDO was not of sufficient scale to require it. He has been decorated by the governments of Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Thailand, Naval circles for attempting to water ski behind his destroyer the USS Cochrane when he was the ships commanding officer. He was also the President of the Institute for Defense Analyses and he also served as Deputy Executive Director of the Project on National Security Reform
35.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
36.
Charles Bolden
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Charles Frank Bolden, Jr. is a former Administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former NASA astronaut. A1968 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became a Marine Aviator, after his service as an astronaut, he became Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy. On May 23,2009, President Barack Obama announced the nomination of Bolden as NASA Administrator, Bolden was confirmed by the Senate on July 15,2009. He is the first African American to head the agency on a permanent basis, on Jan 12,2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a town hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D. C. His last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator, Bolden graduated from C. A. Johnson High School in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1964. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity, Bolden was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps following graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1968. He was president of his class and he underwent flight training at Pensacola, Florida, Meridian, Mississippi, and Kingsville, Texas, before being designated a Naval Aviator in May 1970. He flew more than 100 sorties into North and South Vietnam, Laos, while there, he served as an ordnance test pilot and flew numerous test projects in the A-6E, EA-6B, and A-7C/E airplanes. He logged more than 6,000 hours flying time, Bolden was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1980. He was a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps until 1994 when he returned to assignments in the Marine Corps, first as the Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy, in July 1997, he was assigned as the Deputy Commanding General of I Marine Expeditionary Force. From February to June 1998, he served as Commanding General, in July 1998, he was promoted to his final rank of major general and assumed his duties as the Deputy Commander, United States Forces Japan. He then served as the Commanding General, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and he retired from the military in August 2004. Selected by NASA in May 1980, Bolden became an astronaut in August 1981, a veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 680 hours in space. Bolden served as pilot on STS-61-C and STS-31, and was the commander on STS-45. Bolden was the first person to ride the Launch Complex 39 slidewire baskets which enable rapid escape from a Space Shuttle on the launch pad. The need for a human test was determined following a launch abort on STS-41-D where controllers were afraid to order the crew to use the escape system. On Jan 12,2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a Town Hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D. C and his last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator. On STS-61-C, Bolden piloted Space Shuttle Columbia, during the six-day flight, crew members deployed the SATCOM Ku band satellite, and conducted experiments in astrophysics and materials processing
37.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
38.
The Pentagon
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The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. As a symbol of the U. S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U. S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon was designed by American architect George Bergstrom, and built by general contractor John McShain of Philadelphia. Ground was broken for construction on September 11,1941, General Brehon Somervell provided the major motive power behind the project, Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U. S. Army. The Pentagon is one of the worlds largest office buildings, with about 6,500,000 sq ft, approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi of corridors. It was the first significant foreign attack on Washingtons governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British, when World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded, Stimson told U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On July 17,1941, a hearing took place, organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum. Reybold agreed to back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, the requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agricultures Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, the site originally chosen was Arlington Farms which had a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon. Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D. C. from Arlington Cemetery, the building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modified into a pentagon which resembled the star forts of the gunpowder age. While the project went through the process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. and Doyle and Russell. In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres, which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million. The Hells Bottom neighborhood, a slum with numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, Later 300 acres of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres for the Pentagon. Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were finalized with McShain and the contractors on September 11
39.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
40.
USS Collett
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Collett was launched 5 March 1944 by Bath Iron Works Corp. Bath, Maine, sponsored by Mrs. C. C, baughman as proxy for Mrs. J. D. Collett, and commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 16 May 1944, with Commander James D. Collett, the brother of LCdr Collett, in command. Assigned to the Pacific Fleet, Collett reached Pearl Harbor 16 October 1944, from this base, she screened the Fast Carrier Task Force for the remainder of the war. She first saw action in the air raids on Luzon and Formosa, which accompanied the advance of forces on Leyte. On 14 November 1944, while acting as a picket for TF38, the ship is credited with shooting down two Betty bombers and dodging two torpedoes on this day. From 23 March to 24 April, the force concentrated its strikes on Okinawa, on 18 April Collett joined with four other destroyers and carrier aircraft to sink Japanese submarine I-56 at26°42′N 130°38′E. With her squadron, she swept through the Sagami Nada on 22 and 23 July and her outstanding accomplishment in the invasion of Inchon was recognized with the awarding of the Navy Unit Commendation. After taking part in the Wonsan landings on 26 October, she returned to San Diego, similar duty, aside from bombardment, was her assignment during her third tour, from 29 August 1952 to 9 April 1953. From the close of the Korean war, Collett served in the Far East in between 1953 and 1959, early in 1960 she began an extensive modernization, which continued until July 1960. On 19 July 1960, Collett collided with the destroyer USS Ammen off Newport Beach, California, killing 11 and injuring 20, USCGC Heather rendered assistance after the collision. Despite a badly smashed bow, Collett made port under her own power and her bow was removed and replaced with that of Seaman, an incomplete destroyer in the Reserve Fleet. On 5 November 1960, Collett departed Long Beach for coastal operations, in 1974, Collett and Mansfield were purchased by Argentina as a supply of spare parts for other ships, and towed from San Diego to Puerto Belgrano. However, Collett was found to be in good condition to be worth rehabilitating. On 17 May 1977, she was commissioned in the Argentine Navy as ARA Piedrabuena, during the Falklands War, on 2 May 1982, Piedrabuena was steaming in company with the cruiser ARA General Belgrano when the cruiser was sunk by the British attack submarine HMS Conqueror. On 18 February 1985, Piedrabuena was decommissioned from and stricken from the ships register, in November 1988, ex-Piedra Buena was sunk in a naval missile exercise, by an MM38 missile fired by the newly commissioned corvette ARA Espora. Collett received six battle stars for World War II service, and in addition to the Navy Unit Commendation and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here, navsource. org, USS Collett hazegray. org, USS Collett USS Collett veterans website Portsmouth Herald, At sea in 1945, he met the enemy in Tokyo Bay
41.
USS Blandy
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After the selection of the Unknown of World War II was made on board Canberra, the selected casket and the Korean Unknown were transferred to Blandy for transportation to Washington, D. C. In 1961, Blandy won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet, in 1968, Blandy was awarded the Arleigh Burke fleet trophy award for all Atlantic Fleet The ship was decommissioned on 5 November 1982 and struck from the Navy List on 27 July 1990. She was sold for scrap to the Fore River Shipyard and Iron Works on 11 December 1992, List of United States Navy destroyers This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here and this article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U. S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here, history. navy. mil, USS Blandy navsource. org, USS Blandy hazegray. org, USS Blandy USS Blandy DD943 Association website
42.
USS Fox (CG-33)
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USS Fox was a Belknap class cruiser of the United States Navy, named after Gustavus V. Fox, President Abraham Lincolns Assistant Secretary of the Navy. The keel for DLG-33 was authenticated and laid in ceremonies at Todd Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, rear Admiral Frank Virden, then Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Force, US Pacific Fleet, presided over the ceremonies for the unnamed ship. Christening and launching ceremonies were performed at on 21 November 1964, Fox entered naval service as a guided missile frigate on 28 May 1966 when commissioned at Long Beach Naval Shipyard under the guidance of her first commanding officer, Captain Robert O. Welander. USS Fox, as DLG-33, wasted no time distinguishing herself, participating in support of the large scale troop build up in Vietnam, and consequent increase in aircraft operations, her technology at the time was formidable. On a normal day, Fox monitored the activity of 200 Navy, in particular, on 23 October 1967, a Fox air controller directed two F-4 fighters from the carrier USS Constellation to intercept the subsequent kill of a North Vietnamese MIG-21 aircraft over Hanoi. It was the first time during the Vietnam War a shipboard controller had directed an intercept which resulted in a shoot-down of enemy aircraft, for such gallantry, Fox was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation graciously accepted by her then CO, Captain R. O. On 11 January 1972, Fox fired two RIM-2 Terrier missiles at a North Vietnamese MiG-21 operating near Vinh, however neither missile hit the target, in 1972, Fox was the at-sea platform in support of Chief of Naval Operations Project DV-98 LAMPS. Fox earned the award of an Operations Department Efficiency GOLD E for five years of operational readiness. Fox was originally classified as a guided missile frigate along with her sister ships and they were funded by Congress during FY61 and FY62 as Belknap-class combatants at a time when cruiser nomenclature was forbidden. Designed as a guided missile platform built to screen aircraft carriers. On 30 June 1975, Fox, along with her sister ships in the new Josephus Daniels class, were reclassified as a guided missile cruisers, original armament included anti-submarine and anti-air guided missiles. Such systems could automatically locate, track and engage the enemy at long ranges. During her final overhaul in 1989, Fox received the New Threat Upgrade combat system which significantly enhanced her warfighting potential. Foxs first visit to the Red Sea was in March 1976 and her first deployment to the Persian Gulf took place in November 1980. The Iran-Iraq conflicts of the 1980s made it necessary for Fox to escort U. S. flagged oil tankers through such areas as the Strait of Hormuz of the Arabian Sea and her deployment during 1987 included this mission which earned Fox her second Meritorious Unit Commendation. In a 1993 transit of the Strait of Hormuz, Fox was approached by a ship from the Iranian coast, the ship was identified as an old water tender. It was a day, but several small radar contacts separated from the ship. They were small boats with two individuals in each and they circled Fox and returned to the mother ship
43.
USS Sterett (CG-31)
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USS Sterett was a Belknap-class destroyer leader / cruiser. She was the ship to be named for Master Commandant Andrew Sterett, who served during the Quasi-War with France. She was launched as DLG-31, a frigate, and reclassified a cruiser on 30 June 1975, the contract to construct Sterett was awarded on 20 September 1961. Her keel was laid down at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on 25 September 1962. Sponsored by Mrs. Phyllis Nitze, wife of Secretary of the Navy, Paul H. Nitze, she was launched on 30 June 1964, delivered to the navy on 16 June 1967, Sterett earned nine battle stars for her service along the coast of Vietnam. Arriving in the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard again she underwent post-shakedown availability, after stops at Pearl Harbor and Midway, she arrived in Yokosuka, Japan, on 5 July and began preparations for her first line period in the Tonkin Gulf. On 31 July 1968, Sterett relieved guided missile frigate USS Horne as Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone unit, with destroyer USS Rich, she plied the waters off North Vietnam until relieved on 5 August. She moved on to duty as sea air rescue ship and strike support ship, Sterett continued alternating between PIRAZ, SAR, SSS, and in-port periods until mid-March 1969. Congratulatory messages were received from COMSEVENTHFLT and COMCRUDESFLOT ELEVEN, the next at sea period began with ten days on the Sea of Japan PARPRO picket station. When Sterett was relieved by USS Richmond K. Turner on 10 March, the Petya had been on patrol at the Soviet Korean Straits station and followed Richmond K. Turner to TU71.0.4. The next day Sterett, en route to the Gulf of Tonkin, the boat, later identified as BT22210, was adrift with its engine inoperative and making frantic visual signals for assistance. Despite the heavy seas of a tropical storm Sterett immediately transferred food and fuel to the distressed craft, Sterett sent urgent message requests for additional assistance to COMNAVFORKOREA, who eventually arranged a commercial tow for the crippled fishing vessel. Having rendered all appropriate assistance, Sterett proceeded through the Taiwan Straits to the Tonkin Gulf and this was a plot to lure out a MiG from the airbase at the Bai Thuong Air Base, which at that time was the base for three MiG-21 and three MiG-19 fighters. Although this missile trap was well-conceived, there was no MiG activity over Bai Thuong during this period, Sterett continued to shuttle back and forth between Yokosuka and the Gulf of Tonkin for the first seven months of 1970. She alternated between PIRAZ duty and SAR/SSS duty, taking out for a six-day stay at Hong Kong, an overnight layover in Keelung, Taiwan. On 29 July 1971 Sterett set sail from Yokosuka to return to the United States, after two years Sterett returned to CONUS and entered via San Diego Bay. Sterett spent all of 1971 either in port on, or operating off, on 7 January 1972, Sterett traveled on her second tour of duty off the Vietnamese coast. She departed for the Gulf of Tonkin and remained on PIRAZ station when on 21 February 1972 became the first United States Navy ship to direct the downing of a MiG-21 by Air Force Combat Air Patrol
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Carrier Strike Group 10
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Carrier Strike Group 10, abbreviated as CSG-10 or CARSTRKGRU10, is a U. S. Navy carrier strike group. Carrier strike groups gain and maintain sea control as well as project naval airpower ashore, the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Through Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 and Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 2, the group traces its history to the formation of Destroyer Flotilla 2 during the First World War. From the 1970s, the group has made scores of deployments to the Mediterranean and Middle East, between 2004 and 2014, the group made four deployments to the U. S. Fifth Fleet operating in the Persian Gulf and North Arabian Sea, the groups aircraft flew over 10,800 air combat missions in support of coalition ground forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. The groups surface warships were involved in several high-profile anti-piracy. The group participated in two major exercises, Operation Brewing Storm 2005 and Operation Bold Step 2007. Carrier Strike Group 10s lineage can be traced to Destroyer Flotilla 2, the Flotilla was deactivated in 1922 as part of fleet reductions after the war. Destroyer Flotilla 2 was reactivated in 1931 and served throughout the 1930s as a caretaker of reserve destroyers until again deactivated in the days of World War II. As part of a Navy reorganization, the Flotilla was reactivated yet again in 1946, in 1973, Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 2 was renamed Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2, and it relocated to Charleston Navy Yard in South Carolina in 1974. Among its ships was USS Yosemite, a destroyer tender, Rear Admiral Samuel L. Gravely, Jr. the first African-American flag officer in the U. S. Navy, commanded Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2. Mustin, also commanded Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 and their port call at Gdynia was the first visit by United States Navy vessels to Poland since 1927. In the middle of 1992, there was a U. S. Navy reorganization, the chart below shows Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2s units after the reorganization. Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2, late 1992 In 1993, following a reorganization, the group staff went aboard a new flagship. The group participated in the 2000 NATO Exercise Destined Glory, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Southern Watch, after 2001 the group took part in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 1997 Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2, Rear Admiral Michael Mullen, on 1 October 2004, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 was redesignated as Carrier Strike Group 10. Subsequently, George Washington was relieved as the flagship by the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman. The strike group commander is responsible for training, integrated training
United States of America
United States Navy
Admiral
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