1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
2.
Toluca Lake, Los Angeles
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Toluca Lake is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles located in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California,12 miles northwest of Downtown. The name is given to a private natural lake which is fed by the Los Angeles River. Like most outer-Los Angeles neighborhoods, Toluca Lake functions as an entity, with its own post office, ZIP code. A small part of Toluca Lake spills over into nearby Burbank, the history of Toluca Lake can be traced back to the days of the Tongva Indians, followed by Spanish and Mexican occupation and development. It was part of the rancho system and then it was later divided. In 1923, investors bought and developed the land as Toluca Lake Park, in recent years the neighborhood has been the home of noted entertainment and other personalities and was the site of the wedding reception for Ronald and Nancy Reagan. More recently yet there has been opposition to a development in North Hollywood by NBCUniversal. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake is situated on 1.22 square miles of the southeastern San Fernando Valley, the geologic Toluca Lake is a 6-acre body of water located near the district’s southeastern boundaries. The historic natural lake was fed by springs of upwelling groundwater from the substantial Los Angeles River and San Fernando Valley subterranean aquifers. Late 19th and 20th century L. A. DWP well extraction and 1930s concrete river channelization lowered the water table, the bottom of the lake is surfaced with four inches of asphalt concrete to prevent seepage. Owned by the homeowners, the lake has been maintained by the Toluca Lake Property Owners Association. The lake, surrounded by residences and the Lakeside Golf Club, is inaccessible to the public. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake had a population of 7,782 in the 2000 census, at 6,393 people per square mile, its density was among the lowest in the city of Los Angeles. According to the Los Angeles Times, its percentage of people,71. 9%, was high for the county. Other ethnicities were Latino 14%, black 5. 3% and Asian 5%, german and Irish were the most common ancestries. Only 17. 7% of its residents were foreign-born, a low compared to the city as a whole, of those, Mexico at 14. 7%. The median household income level of its residents was $73,111 in 2008, the average household size was 1.9 people, low for both the city and the county. 62. 2% of its units were occupied by renters and 37. 8% by owners
3.
Arizona State University
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Arizona State University is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2016 university ratings by U. S. News & World Report rank ASU No.1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the year in a row. ASU is the largest public university by enrollment in the U. S and it had approximately 82,060 students enrolled in 2014, including 66,309 undergraduate and 15,751 graduate students. ASUs charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Crow, ASU is classified as a research university with very high research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The Center for Measuring University Performance ranks ASU 31st among top U. S. public research universities, ASU was classified as a Research I institute in 1994, making it one of the nations newest major research universities. Students compete in 25 varsity sports, the Arizona State Sun Devils are members of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 23 NCAA championships. Along with multiple clubs and recreational facilities, ASU is home to more than 1,100 registered student organizations. To keep pace with the student populations growth, the university continuously renovates, the demand for new academic halls, athletic facilities, student recreation centers, and residential halls is being addressed with donor contributions and public-private investments. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George, classes began with 33 students on February 8,1886. The school accepted high school students and graduates, and awarded high school diplomas, in 1923 the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925 the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates, in 1929, the legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College. Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews the school was given all-college student status, the first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use, Matthews envisioned an evergreen campus, with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of Palm Walk, now a landmark of the Tempe campus. His legacy is being continued to this day with the campus having been declared a nationally recognized arboretum. During the Great Depression, Ralph W. Swetman was hired as president for a three-year term, although enrollment increased by almost 100 percent during his tenure due to the depression, many faculty were terminated and faculty salaries were cut. In 1933, Grady Gammage, then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of ASU, like his predecessor, Gammage oversaw construction of a number of buildings on the Tempe campus. He also oversaw the development of the graduate programs. The schools name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, at the time, two other names considered were Tempe University and State University at Tempe
4.
Radio personality
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A radio personality or radio presenter, commonly referred to as a Disc Jockey or DJ for short, is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality that hosts a show is also known as a radio host. Radio personalities who introduce and play selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys. The term has evolved to describe a person who mixes a continuous flow of recorded music in real time. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, the radio personality may broadcast live or use voice-tracking techniques. Increasingly in the 2010s, radio personalities are expected to supplement their on-air work by posting information online and this may be either to generate additional revenue or connect with listeners. In the past, the disc jockey was exclusively used to describe on-air radio personalities who played recorded music. FM/AM radio – AM/FM personalities play music, talk, or both, some examples are Elvis Duran, Big Boy, Kidd Kraddick, John Boy and Billy, The Bob and Tom Show, and Rickey Smiley. Talk radio – Talk radio personalities often discuss social and political issues from a political point of view. Some examples are Rush Limbaugh, Art Bell, George Noory, Brian Kilmeade, Brian Lehrer, Don Geronimo, Sports talk radio – Sports talk radio personalities are often former athletes, sports writers, or television anchors and discuss sports news. Some examples are Dan Patrick, Tony Kornheiser, Colin Cowherd, Satellite radio – Satellite radio personalities are not subject to government broadcast regulations and are allowed to play explicit music. Howard Stern, Opie and Anthony, Dr. Laura, radio personality salaries are influenced by years of experience and education. In 2013, the salary of a radio personality in the US was $28,400. 1–4 years, $15, 200–39,400, 5–9 years, $20, 600–41,700, 10–19 years, $23, 200–51,200,20 or more years, $26, a radio personality with a bachelors degree had a salary range of $19, 600–60,400. The salary of a radio personality will differ from a national radio personality. National personality pay can be in the millions because of the audience size. For example, Rush Limbaugh was reportedly paid $40 million annually as part of the eight-year $400 million contract he signed with Clear Channel Communications, due to radio personalities vocal training, opportunities to expand their careers often exist. Over time a radio personality could be paid to do voice-overs for commercials, television shows, universities offer classes in radio broadcasting and often have a college radio station, where students can obtain on-the-job training and course credit
5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
6.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
7.
Jane Wyman
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Jane Wyman was an American actress, singer, dancer and philanthropist whose career spanned seven decades. She was also the first wife of 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan, they married in 1940, Wymans career began in 1932 when she signed with Warner Bros. at age 16. She was also featured opposite Rock Hudson in Magnificent Obsession and All That Heaven Allows and she received an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Johnny Belinda, and was a three-time winner of a Golden Globe. She achieved continuing success in the soap opera Falcon Crest, in which Wyman played the lead role of villainous matriarch. Jane Wyman was born Sarah Jane Mayfield on January 5,1917 in St Joseph, Missouri, to Gladys Hope and her father was a meal company laborer and her mother was a doctors stenographer and office assistant. Wyman was the child of this union and had no biological siblings. This may be in reference to her foster parents children, Wymans biological parents were married in March 1916 in Jackson County, Missouri, and Wyman was born in January 1917. The 1920 census shows her to still be the child from the marriage. The Mayfields divorced the following year, although her birthdate has been widely reported for many years as January 4,1914, research by biographers and genealogists indicates she actually was born 3 years later. The most likely reason for the 1914 year of birth is that she added to her age so as to be able to work and she may have moved her birthday back by one day to January 4 so as to share the same birthday as her daughter, Maureen. The 1920 census, though, has her at three and living in Philadelphia, after Wymans death, a release posted on her official website confirmed these details. In October 1921, her mother filed for divorce, and her father died unexpectedly the following year at age 27. After her fathers death, her moved to Cleveland, Ohio, leaving her to be reared by foster parents, Emma and Richard D. Fulks. She took their surname unofficially, including in her school records and her unsettled family life resulted in few pleasurable memories. Wyman later said, I was raised with such strict discipline that it was years before I could reason out of the bitterness I brought from my childhood. In 1928, aged 11, she moved to southern California with her foster mother, in 1930, the two moved back to Missouri, where Sarah Jane attended Lafayette High School in Saint Joseph. That same year, she began a singing career, calling herself Jane Durrell and adding years to her birthdate to work legally. She signed a contract with Warner Brothers in 1936, by the time she starred in Public Wedding in 1937, she had already changed her professional name to match the name she had acquired from her first marriage, Jane Wyman
8.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
9.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
10.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
11.
German Americans
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The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
12.
Loyola High School (Los Angeles)
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Loyola High School of Los Angeles is a Jesuit preparatory school for young men. It is the oldest high school and continuously run educational institution in Southern California, Loyola is located in the Pico-Union neighborhood,2 miles west of downtown Los Angeles, and just north of Interstate 10. It admits students from 220 ZIP codes in the greater Los Angeles area, Loyola High School of Los Angeles is the regions oldest continuing educational institution pre-dating both the Los Angeles public school and the University of California systems. The school began in the downtown plaza Lugo adobe in 1865 as Saint Vincents College at the behest of Archdiocese of Los Angeles Bishop Thaddeus Amat. In 1917 the school moved to its current location on Venice Boulevard after copper magnate, the college was renamed Loyola College the following year, in honor of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus. Until 1929, the campus housed the college, the law school, at that time, the Jesuits purchased additional property to house the college and separate facilities were acquired for Loyola Law School just west of downtown Los Angeles. The college, now Loyola Marymount University, was moved to the now known as Westchester in West Los Angeles. Recent campus development of the school occurred in the 1980s, the gym, track, a new Xavier Center began construction and will be finished in the next few years. The primary admissions entry point for Loyola High School is in 9th grade, transfer is not allowed going into the senior year, except for rare situations. Admission is based on standardized test scores, recommendations from the teachers, principal, and minister, involvement in extracurricular activities, a personal statement. Nearly 50% of the student body is composed of individuals of African-American, Latino, and Asian heritages, in 2009, Loyola received more than 800 applications for 305 spaces. Approximately 800 students apply for 310 slots in the class each year. Four years each of social studies and English studies courses are required, six semesters of theology are also a central part of the curriculum, covering Holy Scripture, systematic theology, Catholic social thought, moral theology, and one senior elective. Advanced Placement courses are offered in 25 subject areas with a pass rate of almost 80%. Loyola also offers more than 19 Honors courses, since the 1970s Loyola students have performed over one million hours of service to the community. As part of its commitment to educating men for and with others, the freshman serve as tutors on the Loyola campus for the award-winning High School Placement Test Prep Projects for 8th and 7th graders, as well as assist with the Special Olympics. The second and third service projects include minimum 25-hour service projects during each of the sophomore, the Senior Service Project is a minimum 85-hour immersion commitment to a non-profit service organization in January of senior year. Inner city grade schools, special schools, hospitals, hospices, shelters
13.
Scottsdale, Arizona
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Scottsdale is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona, adjacent to the Greater Phoenix Area. The New York Times described downtown Scottsdale as a version of Miamis South Beach and as having plenty of late night partying. Its slogan is The Wests Most Western Town, Scottsdale,31 miles long and 11.4 miles wide at its widest point, shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities. On the west, Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix, Paradise Valley, carefree is located along the western boundary, as well as sharing Scottsdales northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest. To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe, the area which would include what would become Scottsdale was originally inhabited by the Hohokam, from approximately 300 BC to 1450 AD. This ancient civilization farmed the area and developed a network of canals for irrigation which was unsurpassed in pre-Columbian North America. At its peak, the canals stretched over 250 miles, many of which remains extant today, some having been renovated. Under still-mysterious circumstances, the Hohokam disappeared around 1450 or 1500, the areas later occupants, the Pima and Oodham, are thought to be the direct descendants of the Hohokam people. Before European settlement, Scottsdale was a Pima village known as Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ, some Pima remained in their original homes well into the 20th century. For example, until the late 1960s, there was a traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road. Currently, those Pima who live within Scottsdale reside in homes rather than traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people continue to reside on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, in the early to mid 1880s, U. S. Army Chaplain Winfield Scott visited the Salt River Valley and was impressed with the region and its potential for agriculture. Returning in 1888 with his wife, Helen, he purchased 640 acres for $3.50 an acre for a stretch of land where downtown Scottsdale is now located. Many of the original settlers, recruited by Scott from the East and Midwest, were educated and had an appreciation for cultural activities. The towns name was changed to Scottsdale in 1894, after its founder, while not in its original building, Cavallieres has been in continuance operation since that time. Between 1908 and 1933, due to the construction of the Granite Reef and Roosevelt dams, Scottsdales population experienced a boom, Scottsdale became a small market town providing services for families involved in the agricultural industry. Although cotton is grown in southern Arizona, Scottsdales cotton boom ended with the loss of government contracts at the end of the war. In 1920, a resort was opened on 12 acres of the property owned by the artist Jessie Benton Evans
14.
Los Angeles Valley College
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Los Angeles Valley College is a community college located in the Valley Glen district of Los Angeles, California in the east-central San Fernando Valley. The school is a part of the Los Angeles Community College District, the community college is adjacent to Grant High School. The sports teams are known as the Monarchs, and the colors are green. Los Angeles Valley College was founded on September 12,1949 to meet the growth of the San Fernando Valley during the 1940s. The college was chartered by the Los Angeles Board of Education in June 1949. In 1951 Valley College moved to its permanent 105-acre site on Fulton Avenue in Valley Glen, in 1954, members of the faculty founded the Athenaeum which began to offer community programs that brought the Los Angeles Philharmonic to the campus. The campus also had internationally known speakers including Eleanor Roosevelt, Clement Attlee, Margaret Mead, in 1969, the Los Angeles Community College District was formed and its nine colleges were separated from the Los Angeles Unified School District. Today, Valley College continues to meet the needs of the community by offering transfer education, career technical education. Valley College’s current enrollment is approximately 20,000 students with 199 full-time faculty and 401 part-time instructors, in December 2016, the college found that many of their electronic files had been maliciously encrypted disrupting voicemail, email, and computer files. In a ransom note, the college was informed they would receive a key that would be delivered upon the receipt of $28,000 in Bitcoin. The ransome needed to be paid within seven days or the files would be forever lost, the Los Angeles Community College District paid the amount and the delivered private key restored access to the affected systems. More than 140 associate degree programs and certificate programs are offered at Valley College, Los Angeles Valley College has its own honors society called Tau Alpha Epsilon. TAE was founded in 1949, the year that Los Angeles Valley College was established. In 1960, due to the popularity of junior colleges, a version of the four year honors society Phi Beta Kappa was created called Phi Theta Kappa. Because of this, PTK merged with TAE at Los Angeles Valley College, the purpose of TAE is to act as the honors society for Los Angeles Valley College, encourage academic excellence, and work with fellow clubs and organizations to better the campus and community. Los Angeles Valley College has its own stop on the Metro Orange Line and it is located at the intersection of Burbank Boulevard and Fulton Avenue. The nearest campus buildings are less than a 5-minute walk from the station, sean Astin - actor, best known for playing Sam in the Lord of the Rings films. Samuel Marcus - actor, known for The Peoples Couch and Teens React, ed Begley, Jr. - actor and environmentalist
15.
Hart Schaffner Marx
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Hart Schaffner & Marx, founded in 1887 and incorporated in 1911, is an American manufacturer of tailored menswear. Its headquarters is at 101 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois, Hart Schaffner & Marx is the flagship brand of HMX Group, a holding company that engages in the manufacture and marketing of apparel for men and women primarily in the United States. HMX Group specializes in mens and womens tailored clothing and sportswear—including golfwear, shirts and ties, HMX agreed to sell virtually all its assets to New York-based Authentic Brands Group on October 16,2012 for an undisclosed price following Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. The company has roots dating back to 1872, when brothers Harry and Max Hart opened a mens clothing store on Chicagos State Street, called Harry Hart. In 1879, the Harts brothers-in-law, Levi Abt and Marcus Marx, joined the partnership, eight years later, Marx and Abt left the business and were replaced by a cousin, Joseph Schaffner, and the firm was renamed Hart Schaffner & Marx. At the same time, however, the business began to grow. On the strength of wholesale production, Hart, Abt and Marx won contracts to produce clothing for the U. S. military and this introduced the partners to prefabricated off-the-rack clothing and marked their entry into the ready-to-wear suit trade. In 1897, the company began running advertisements for its products. Hart Schaffner & Marx commissioned well-known illustrators, such as John E. Sheridan, to paint pictures for style books and these ads portrayed the companys latest fashions in rich surroundings, establishing Hart Schaffner & Marx as a premium brand. By 1906 the company had branched into sizes for men who were tall, short. Hart Schaffner & Marx thus became a brand, enabling virtually any man to have a fine quality suit at a lower price than a custom tailored suit. On May 10,1911, after years of steady growth, during World War I, the company introduced the first tropical worsted suits and the companys facilities were used for making uniforms. In 1926, the company expanded operations by acquiring Wallachs. The company again produced uniforms for the military during World War II, wile manufacturer of Buffalo, New York. After these major acquisitions, an antitrust suit against the company led to a consent degree barring any further acquisitions, without court approval, a year before the agreement expired, the company acquired Intercontinental Apparel, U. S. licensee of the Pierre Cardin brand. After acquiring Bishops mens shops, the company expanded into womens clothing, the Kuppenheimer Manufacturing Company, retailer of inexpensive suits with 41 retail outlets, was acquired in 1982, for $25.8 million. In 1983, the changed its name to Hartmarx Corporation. The company acquired Briar Neckwear in July 1985 and in December 1986 acquired the casual suit jacket manufacturer H. Ortisky, in February 1989 the company also added the Biltwell Company, a clothing manufacturer
16.
Falcon Crest
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Falcon Crest is an American prime time television soap opera that aired for nine seasons on CBS from December 4,1981 to May 17,1990. The series revolved around the feuding factions of the wealthy Gioberti/Channing family in the Californian wine industry, Jane Wyman starred as Angela Channing, the tyrannical matriarch of the Falcon Crest Winery, alongside Robert Foxworth as Chase Gioberti, Angelas nephew who returns after the death of his father. The series was set in the fictitious Tuscany Valley northeast of San Francisco, the show was created by Earl Hamner, Jr. who had previously created The Waltons, which had just finished its final season in 1981. Hamner wanted to create a drama involving the wine industry entitled The Vintage Years. An unaired pilot episode was produced, but CBS requested that Hamner make the show more along the lines of Dallas, the script was rewritten and several cast members changed for what became Falcon Crest. The series first aired in December 1981, when CBS scheduled Falcon Crest at 10 pm on Friday nights, the Dallas-Falcon Crest one-two punch proved lucrative for the network and Falcon Crest was a top-20 show in the Nielsen Ratings for several years. Both shows were produced for CBS by the company, Lorimar Productions. At the center of the action is Angela Channing, a corrupt, when her brother Jason Gioberti dies from a fall in the winery, his son Chase Gioberti arrives to claim his inherited portion of Falcon Crest. The rivalry between Angela and Chase — whom Angela sees as an interloper — sets the tone for much of the series, surrounding Angela are her daughters, Julia and Emma, and her lazy playboy grandson, Lance Cumson, who aids her in her battles against Chase. Julia is chief winemaker, though often feels oppressed by her domineering mother, kind-natured Emma does not work in the family business, but is emotionally troubled. Julias son Lance loves money and yearns for power, but lacks Angelas discipline and her ever-tightening grip on him eventually sends him to work for his grandfathers newspaper, The San Francisco Globe. Aiding Angela in her quest for power is her crooked lawyer, Phillip Erikson. Chases wife Maggie is a writer who later works at The New Globe newspaper, their grown son Cole works at the winery with Chase. Scheming Melissa becomes embroiled in a triangle with Lance and Cole. In the second season, a rival for Angela arrives in the form of conniving Richard Channing. Richard crosses them at every turn and makes attempts to wrest control of Falcon Crest. The distinctive location filming in the Napa Valley and the dry, the rivalry between Angela, Chase, and Richard stayed at the core of the show for several years, as more romantic entanglements spun around them. Lance and Cole found themselves not only caught up in their family battles for control of Falcon Crest, like Dallas and Dynasty, Falcon Crest employed memorable end-of-season cliffhangers to boost ratings
17.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
18.
KABC (AM)
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KABC-AM is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Los Angeles, California. It serves as a West Coast flagship station for the Cumulus Media company, a pioneer of the talk radio format, the station went all-talk in September 1960, the second radio station to do so, a few months after KMOX in St. Louis. Despite different owners,790 KABC, ESPN LA710 and ABC7 all maintain an informal partnership, kABCs studios and transmitter are both co-located on La Cienega Boulevard in the West Adams district of Los Angeles. KABC broadcasts in the HD format, the station airs local talk shows and news updates weekdays, with the nationally syndicated shows Jonathan Brandmeier and Red Eye Radio airing at night, from co-owned Westwood One Network. National news from Westwood One News is heard at the beginning of some hours, KABC also airs Los Angeles Kings professional hockey games. Doug McIntyre hosts the show and John Philips and Jillian Barberie are heard in the early afternoons. In early mornings, the station simulcasts the news-heavy 4, 30am half-hour of Today in L. A. from television station KNBC. KABC operates at 5,000 watts with a signal in the daytime. KABC has been granted an FCC construction permit to move to the KWKW transmitter site, increase day power to 6,600 watts, on February 21,2017 an application to modify the construction permit was accepted for filing. The night power would increase to 7,900 watts, KABC began in August 1925 as KFXB in Big Bear Lake. The station moved to Los Angeles in 1927 and became KPLA, on November 15,1929, KPLA was sold to Earle C. Anthony, a Packard automobile dealer and owner of KFI, Anthony changed the call letters to KECA. In August 1939, Anthony purchased KEHE-780 and took station off the air. KECAs call sign and programming were moved from 1430 kHz to 780 kHz, KECA moved to 790 kHz as part of the NARBA frequency shifts of 1941. In 1944, new FCC rules went into effect prohibiting any entity from owning more than one station in the same market area. The Blue Network bought the station in July,1944, for $800,000, the call sign was changed to KABC in 1954, after those call letters were released by a station in San Antonio. KABC switched to a talk format in 1960, becoming the nations second all-talk station. Though a prominent Los Angeles news-talk station, KABC has declined in the ratings over the years, the station has fallen behind 640 KFI, another major talk station which has focused on serving Orange County more than the core Los Angeles market
19.
KMRO
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KMRO is an FM radio station licensed to Camarillo, California, and broadcasting a Spanish Religious radio format. The station is owned by The Association For Community Education, Inc and it is the flagship radio station of the Spanish religious radio network Radio Nueva Vida based in Camarillo, California. KSDO operates with 10,000 watts full-time, KEYQ operates with 500 watts day and 48 watts night. KMRO is relayed by an additional 13 translators to widen its broadcast area, For many years, it was KGER, owned by John Brown University of Siloam Springs and its studios and offices were in Long Beach, California, which is still its city of license. In 1996, the station was sold to Salem Communications, which changed the letters to KLTX. Both versions carried Christian teaching and informational shows, in the KLTX years, the station also aired Michael Reagans nationally syndicated political talk show. By 1999, KLTX broadcast half the day in English and the half in Spanish. In 2001, KLTX was sold to Hi-Favor, a programmer that specializes in Spanish-language evangelical programming, doing business as Radio La Nueva Vida, all English-language shows were removed immediately. KEZY simulcast KKLA and KLTX at various times in the 1990s and early-2000s under Salem Communications ownership until Hi-Favor purchased this station, in addition to religious programs and talk shows, KEZY carried Rancho Cucamonga Quakes minor league baseball games and high school football games. 1130 signed on the air in 1946 as KYOR, but KSDO also traces its history to 1510 KUSN, sometime in the 1950s KUSN bought KYOR and put the KUSN call letters on 1130 and KYOR and 1510 in San Diego ceased to exist. Also in the early-1950s the KUSN call letters were stripped from 1130 by request of the United States Navy, in the 1950s, KSDO was the only San Diego AM station with an all classical music format. In the 1960s, KSDO had a Beautiful Music format which was changed in the early-1970s under Gordon Broadcasting ownership to an all news format managed by Lawrence E. Gordon. From at least the mid-1970s through its flip to Spanish religious broadcasting talk, KSDO had some sort of news, talk and it was also the flagship station of the San Diego Chargers during its Air Coryell years. The station was owned by Chase Media Properties and was also part-owned by Clear Channel Communications airing business talk. Chase Media sold KSDO to Nueva Vida and it became a Radio Nueva Vida station, the station went on the air as KLOD on 1993-07-19. On 1996-04-05, the changed its call sign to the current KGZO. The station went on the air as KEYQ on 1990-01-12
20.
Premiere Networks
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Premiere Networks is an American radio network. It is the largest syndication company in the United States and it is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott, who serves as president. Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations, Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks, California, with 13 offices nationwide. Many of Premieres programs are available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio. com. Premiere was founded in 1987 with an investment of $30,000, founders included Steve Lehman, Tim Kelly, Louise Palanker and Ed Mann. The network produced 3 programs with approximately 250 affiliates, in 1992, Premiere entered the agreement with Mediabase, and later acquired the said company in 1994. In 1997, Jacor Communications acquired both Premiere and EFM Media, which in turn, Clear Channel Communications ultimately bought Jacor, following the merger with AMFM Inc. in 2000, its syndication arm AMFM Radio Networks and its radio shows, were folded into Premieres operations. Premiere entered an agreement with Fox Sports to launch Fox Sports Radio. Premiere Networks programs are distributed over satellite, NexGen Digital WANcasting. The FTP server serves both primary and backup delivery needs for weekly pre-recorded content, for years, Premiere used the popular Starguide Digital III satellite system to distribute their programs, but has fully converted over to X-Digital Systems for satellite delivery. Premieres entertainment programs are distributed on a mixture of fee and barter based deals, programs are organized alphabetically by franchise, and display their date, time, if theyre available for online download, and additional information. See also List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia, - The show requires a paid subscription to download. A syndicated 3 hour radio program marketed to radio stations with an Oldies format and it launched in early 1988 and aired over 200 radio stations before ending production in 1993. Some stations continued airing reruns from 1993-1996, steele died in August 1997 from lung cancer, producer M. G. Kelly took over the show, retooled it into American Hit List, and distributes the show himself. In 2015, Live From the 60s was re-launched with MG Kelly producing and syndicating the show out himself. Lionel Dreamland with Art Bell, later Whitley Strieber Jeff Rense Sex with Dr. Natasha - Ended in Spring 2004 as a response to the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show and the FCC crackdown that followed. Even though the show had never been cited or fined by the FCC, after Midnite -1993 to 2013, country music show hosted by Blair Garner. Garner departed for Cumulus Media Networks, the After Midnite name is, as of late 2013, being used for various guest hosts in the time slot
21.
Mark Foley scandal
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The scandal grew to encompass the response of Republican congressional leaders to previous complaints about Foleys contacts with the pages and inconsistencies in the leaders public statements. There were also allegations that a second Republican Congressman, Jim Kolbe, had improper conduct with at least two youths, a 16-year-old page and a recently graduated page, the scandal led to Foleys resignation from Congress on September 29,2006. Kirk Fordham, chief of staff to Rep. Tom Reynolds and former chief of staff for Foley, also resigned as a result of the scandal. Newsweeks June 7,2010, issues BACK STORY listed Foley, among others, the questionable conversations, which took place between 1995 and 2005, were investigated by the FBI for possible criminal violations. In September 2008, Florida officials investigating Foley decided not to him, citing a lack of evidence. The House Ethics Committee investigated the response of the House Republican leadership, in early October 2006, two news organizations anonymously quoted former pages who said that they had sexual liaisons with Foley after turning 18 and 21. Foley was chairman of the House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children, in 2005, Foley sent five e-mails to a 16-year-old former page from Monroe, Louisiana who had been sponsored by Rep. Rodney Alexander. They were the first messages to be public in the scandal. Among other things, Foley asked for a photo of the page, his age and birthday, Foley observed that another male page was in really great shape. I am just finished riding my bike on a 25 mile journey, the page forwarded the e-mails to a colleague in Alexanders office, saying this really freaked me out, and repeating the word sick 13 times in a row to describe the photo request. The page asked if you can, please tell Rodney about this, ABC News reported on October 5 that in 2002, Foley e-mailed one page with an invitation to stay at the congressmans home in exchange for oral sex. The page, who was 17 years old at the time, the same report stated that he e-mailed another with a request for a photograph of his erect penis. Another former page reported that he saw sexually explicit e-mails sent to one page from his class of 2001-2002. The Washington Post reported it had received its copies of the same IMs from a page who had served on Capitol Hill with the two pages to whom they had been addressed. Another former page, Tyson Vivyan, said that he had received sexually suggestive messages from Foley in 1997, a page from the class of 1998 also reported receiving explicit IMs from Foley. In November 2005, the initial five e-mails were leaked out of Alexanders office, two Florida newspapers, the St. Petersburg Times and Miami Herald, and the Fox News Channel acquired copies of these e-mails in November 2005, but decided not to publish a story. According to an editor at the St. Petersburg Times, they received the e-mails from a source in Alexanders office, the St. Petersburg Times editors decided the exchange was probably just friendly chit-chat. Nonetheless, they assigned two reporters to investigate in November 2005, the recipient of the e-mail refused to cooperate with the reporters, and no other pages they interviewed had complaints about correspondence with Foley
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
Mark Dice
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Based in San Diego, California, Dice also operates a YouTube channel with over 960,000 subscribers as of March 21,2017. In 2005 Dice wrote The Resistance Manifesto, a book on Illuminati and New World Order conspiracy theories, in May 2009 he published The Illuminati, Facts & Fiction discussing the possibility of an Illuminati secret society. In 2010, he shipped a box of garbage to Glenn Beck at the Fox News Channel for what he considered disrespect of the 9/11 truth movement, the videos have been discussed on Fox & Friends and by The Washington Times. In 2010 The History Channel series Decoded featured Dice who met with the investigators to discuss the Illuminati secret society. Mark Dice is the guest for the Statue of Liberty episode and he was in the pilot episode of Culture Shock with Mötley Crües Tommy Lee, an investigative travel show, but the series was not picked up. He is also featured in Secret Societies of Hollywood on E. Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura on TruTV, America Declassified on the Travel Channel, Ancient Aliens, Dice is a regular guest on conspiracy-oriented radio shows, including The Alex Jones Show and Coast to Coast AM. New York Magazine joked in 2013 that actor River Phoenix had not really died, in 2015, the Los Angeles Times derided Dice for his theory that Katy Perry was Satanic, and his theory that the Super Bowl halftime shows were elaborate Illuminati rituals. In June 2008, Dice launched a campaign urging people to send letters and DVDs to troops stationed in Iraq, the Marines are hungry for the truth—what got them there, why are they risking their lives—and we’re going to help them understand that, he told Fox News. Operation Inform the Soldiers, as Dice has called it, prompted syndicated talk show host Michael Reagan to comment that Dice should be found, Reagan said on June 10,2008, How about you take Mark Dice out and put him in the middle of a firing range. Tie him to a post, dont blindfold him, let it rip and have fun with Mark Dice. Reagan added that he would pay for the bullets, Dice launched an unsuccessful campaign attempting to have Reagan punished by his syndicator or the Federal Communications Commission. The progressive activist group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting has since asked Reagans syndicator to explain whether it permits its hosts to call for murder on the air
24.
Iraq
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The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds, others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, around 95% of the countrys 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish, two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, the area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian and it was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. Iraqs modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres, Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932, in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Baath Party from 1968 until 2003, after an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country, the Arabic name العراق al-ʿIrāq has been in use since before the 6th century. There are several suggested origins for the name, one dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as Uruk was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of Urug, containing the Sumerian word for city, UR. An Arabic folk etymology for the name is rooted, well-watered. During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī for Lower Mesopotamia and ʿIrāq ʿajamī, for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran. The term historically included the south of the Hamrin Mountains. The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ or /ɪˈræk/, the American Heritage Dictionary, the pronunciation /aɪˈræk/ is frequently heard in U. S. media. Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq was one of centres of a Caucasoid Neolithic culture where agriculture, the following Neolithic period is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gypsum, finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations
25.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
26.
9/11 Truth movement
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Adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement are conspiracy theorists who dispute the mainstream account of the September 11 attacks of 2001. Truthers primarily focus on missed information that isnt explained in the official NIST theory and they suggest a cover-up and, at the least, complicity by insiders. They analyze evidence from the attacks, discuss different theories about how the attacks happened, some of the organizations assert that there is evidence that individuals within the United States government may have been either responsible for or knowingly complicit in the September 11 attacks. Motives suggested by the movement include the use of the attacks as a pretext to start wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, support for the movement is negligible from professionals in relevant fields, such as civil and aerospace engineering. The term is also being used by the adherents of the movement, adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement come from diverse social backgrounds. The movement draws adherents from people of political beliefs including liberals, conservatives. Lev Grossman of Time magazine has stated support for the 9/11 Truth movement is not a fringe phenomenon. Others, such as Ben Smith of Politico and the Minneapolis Star Tribune have stated that the movement has been relegated to the fringe, the Washington Post editorial staff went further describing the movement as lunatic fringe. Kennedy, though this is likely the result of new technologies, such as online social networks, blogs. The 9/11 Truth movement is active in the United States as well as in other countries, in 2004, John Buchanan ran for president on a 9/11 Truth platform. Jeff Boss ran in the 2012 US presidential election on a 9/11 Truth platform, in a 2011 article in Skeptical Inquirer, Bartlett and Miller do an overview and analyze the members of the 9/11 Truth movement community. The authors find that people involved in movement, which seemingly is a disparate group with very diversified backgrounds. They join the movement for different reasons, loosely self-assemble to fill different roles, and are united by their shared mistrust in experts, through their engagement, they each find their own fulfillment and satisfaction. Together, they contribute to the persistence, resilience, and exaggerated claims of acceptance of the movement. S, with a pretext for going to war in the Middle East, and, by extension, as a means of consolidating and extending the power of the Bush Administration. Many adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement allege that the buildings of the World Trade Center were destroyed by controlled demolition, the stations airing of such films has been controversial for the affiliate and PBS. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, different interpretations of the events that questioned the account given by the U. S. government were published. Among others, Michael Ruppert and Canadian journalist Barrie Zwicker, published criticisms or pointed out purported anomalies of the account of the attacks. In September 2002, the first Bush Did It, rallies and marches were held in San Francisco and Oakland, California organized by The All Peoples Coalition
27.
Treason
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In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against ones nation or sovereign. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, Treason against the king was known as high treason and treason against a lesser superior was petty treason. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor, orans Dictionary of the Law defines treason as a citizens actions to help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the. In many nations, it is often considered treason to attempt or conspire to overthrow the government. At times, the term traitor has been used as a political epithet, in a civil war or insurrection, the winners may deem the losers to be traitors. In certain cases, as with the Dolchstoßlegende, the accusation of treason towards a group of people can be a unifying political message. Treason is considered to be different and on occasions a separate charge from treasonable felony in many parts of the world. In English law, high treason was punishable by being hanged, drawn and quartered or burnt at the stake and those penalties were abolished in 1814,1790 and 1973 respectively. The penalty was used by later monarchs against people who could reasonably be called traitors, many of them would now just be considered dissidents. His treachery is considered so notorious that his name has long been synonymous with traitor, christian theology and political thinking until after the Enlightenment considered treason and blasphemy as synonymous, as it challenged both the state and the will of God. Kings were considered chosen by God, and to ones country was to do the work of Satan. Many nations laws mention various types of treason, Crimes Related to Insurrection is the internal treason, and may include a coup detat. Crimes Related to Foreign Aggression is the treason of cooperating with foreign aggression positively regardless of the national inside and outside, Crimes Related to inducement of Foreign Aggression is the crime of communicating with aliens secretly to cause foreign aggression or menace. Depending on a country, conspiracy is added to these, in Japan, the application of Crimes Related to Insurrection was considered about Aum Shinrikyo cult which caused religious terrorism. A person is not guilty of treason under paragraphs, or if their assistance or intended assistance is purely humanitarian in nature, the only permissible penalty for treason is life imprisonment. Section 24AA of the Crimes Act 1914 creates the offence of treachery. The Treason Act 1351, the Treason Act 1795 and the Treason Act 1817 form part of the law of New South Wales, Section 16 provides that nothing in Part 2 repeals or affects anything enacted by the Treason Act 1351. This section reproduces section 6 of the Treason Felony Act 1848, the offence of treason was created by section 9A of the Crimes Act 1958
28.
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting
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Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting is a media criticism organization based in New York City. The organization was founded in 1986 by Jeff Cohen and Martin A. Lee, FAIR describes itself as the national media watch group. The organization has been described as progressive and leaning left. FAIR monitors the U. S. news media for inaccuracy, bias and it is opposed to corporate ownership of media entities and calls for the break-up of media conglomerates. A monthly newsletter of media criticism, and also produces a weekly, half-hour radio program called CounterSpin, fAIRs bi-monthly magazine, features analysis of current media bias, censorship, and effects of media consolidation. Covering a variety of issues, FAIR addresses news coverage that it finds biased with rebuttals, FAIR also produces CounterSpin, a half-hour radio program hosted by Janine Jackson, Steve Rendall, and Peter Hart, recorded at MercerMedia in NYC. It broadcasts nationally on more than 130 radio stations and is available in MP3, FAIR has criticized US media coverage of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, taking issue with the assertion that Hugo Chávez is an autocrat who has consolidated one-party rule. In 2008, FAIR criticized American media for coverage during Pope Benedict XVIs visit to the United States by claiming that he received a pass on Church abuse history. In 1990 The New York Times column by Walter Goodman comparing FAIR, but it is always tendentious, and that FAIR focuses on criticizing right-wing bias in the media. Columbia Journalism Review Media Research Center Media Matters for America Media bias Media Lens Norman Solomon Official website
29.
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
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ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre. This group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, ISIL is widely known for its videos of beheadings of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, ISIL originated as Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces. The group proclaimed itself a caliphate and began referring to itself as Islamic State or IS in June 2014. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political, and military authority over all Muslims worldwide and its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood. As of 2015, ISIL is estimated to have a budget of more than USD$1 billion. In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām, while the use of either one or the other acronym has been the subject of debate, the distinction between the two and its relevance has been considered not so great. Of greater relevance is the name Daesh, which is an acronym of ISILs Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām. This name has been used by ISILs Arabic-speaking detractors, although – and to a certain extent because – it is considered derogatory, as it resembles the Arabic words Daes. Within areas under its control, ISIL considers use of the name Daesh punishable by flogging or cutting out the tongue, in late June 2014, the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah, declaring itself a worldwide caliphate. The name Islamic State and the claim to be a caliphate have been widely rejected, with the UN, various governments. Frances Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said This is a terrorist group, I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it Daesh and I will be calling them the Daesh cutthroats, the group is very sensitive about its name. They will cut your tongue out even if you call them ISIS – you have to say Islamic State, the Islamic State is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos. ISIL is a theocracy, proto-state and a Salafi or Wahhabi group and it follows an extremist interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood and it adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups. However, other sources trace the roots to Wahhabism. For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam
30.
Los Angeles County District Attorney
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The District Attorney of Los Angeles County is the district attorney for Los Angeles County, California, United States. The DAs office prosecutes felony and misdemeanor crimes that occur within the county, the current district attorney is Jackie Lacey. Some misdemeanor crimes are prosecuted by city attorneys. City attorneys prosecute misdemeanors and infractions that are violations of the code governing incorporated cities, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach. All other felony and misdemeanors within Los Angeles County are prosecuted by the attorneys office. According to the district official website, the office is the largest local prosecutors office in the United States. The Los Angeles County Public Defender provides legal assistance to individuals charged with a crime who are unable to retain private counsel. San Diego County District Attorney San Francisco District Attorneys Office Official Website of the County District Attorney
31.
Domain name
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A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System, any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes, in 2015,294 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are organized in levels of the DNS root domain. The registration of domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public. A fully qualified domain name is a name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS. A domain name may represent entire collections of resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called host names, the term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators for Internet resources such as web sites, Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol, the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, an important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the topology of the network. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource, Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a name that corresponds to their name. A generic domain is a name that defines a category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example. Some examples of names are books. com, music. com. Companies have created brands based on names, and such generic domain names may be valuable. The use of names in commerce may subject them to trademark law. The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a hosts numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of todays commercial Internet
32.
Conversion (law)
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Conversion is a common law tort. A conversion is an act by one person inconsistent with the ownership rights of another. It is a tort of strict liability in the United Kingdom and its criminal counterpart is not typically theft but rather criminal conversion, which differs from theft in the lack of intent to deprive the owner of possession of the property. In medieval times, a conversion would occur when bolts of cloth were bailed for safe keeping, many questions concerning joint ownership in enterprises such as a partnership belong in equity, and do not rise to the level of a conversion. Traditionally, a conversion occurs when some chattel is lost, then found by another who appropriates it to his own use without authority to do so. It has also applied in cases where chattels were bailed for safe keeping, conversion, as a purely civil wrong, is distinguishable from both theft and unjust enrichment. Theft is obviously an act inconsistent with anothers rights, and theft will also be conversion, but not all conversions are thefts because conversion requires no element of dishonesty. Conversion is also different from unjust enrichment, if one claims an unjust enrichment, the person who has anothers property may always raise a change of position defense, to say they have unwittingly used up the assets they were transferred. For conversion, there always must be an element of voluntarily dealing with anothers property, conversion has been described as a fascinating tort, albeit one which has largely eluded the attention of legal writers. The literature frequently laps over into that of trover, a conversion occurs when a person does such acts in reference to the personal property of another as amount, in view of the law, to his appropriating the property for himself. The action probably developed because there was no equivalent form of action in English law to the Roman law rei vindicatio and this was an action in protection of ones property, whereby a claimant could simply allege in court thats mine. Otherwise, conversion had its origin in the common law action in trover, the earliest cases are most likely lost. These probably involved cases when the finder of lost goods did not return them to the rightful owner, but used them himself or disposed of them to someone else. It became necessary to invent a new writ which covered the gap between action in trespass which lay for the taking of a chattel, and detinue which lay for its wrongful detention. The claim in conversion had become standardized by 1554 in the case of Lord Mounteagle v Countess of Worcester 2 Dyer 121a,73 ER265. The plaintiff was in possession of goods, he casually lost them, the defendant found the goods and did not return them. There is a distinction between trover and conversion, trover resolved the old procedural problem of wager of law which had developed as a form of licensed perjury, which made detinue unattractive to an honest plaintiff suing a dishonest defendant. Wager at law allowed testimony from witnesses, who might have nothing to do with the actual litigation
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Fiduciary
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A fiduciary is a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties. Typically, a fiduciary prudently takes care of money or other asset for another person, likewise, asset managers—including managers of pension plans, endowments and other tax-exempt assets—are considered fiduciaries under applicable statutes and laws. In such a good conscience requires the fiduciary to act at all times for the sole benefit. A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act for and on behalf of another in a matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust. A fiduciary duty is the highest standard of care at either equity or law, the nature of fiduciary obligations differ among jurisdictions. In Australia, only proscriptive or negative fiduciary obligations are recognised, in English common law, the fiduciary relation is an important concept within a part of the legal system known as equity. In the United Kingdom, the Judicature Acts merged the courts of equity with the courts of common law, when a fiduciary duty is imposed, equity requires a different, stricter, standard of behavior than the comparable tortious duty of care at common law. A fiduciary ideally would not have a conflict of interest, different jurisdictions regard fiduciary duties in different lights. In Australia, it has found that there is no comprehensive list of criteria by which to establish a fiduciary relationship. Courts have so far refused to define the concept of a fiduciary, instead preferring to develop the law on a case-by-case basis and they commented that the term fiduciary is used in many different ways. Fiduciary duties cannot be understood in isolation, instead they are better viewed as ‘legal polyfilla’, molding themselves flexibly around other legal structures, and sometimes filling the gaps. The question of who is a fiduciary is a notoriously intractable question and this is especially true in the area of Labor and Employment law. In Canada a fiduciary has obligations to the employer even after the employment relationship is terminated, whereas in the United States the employment, the duty of care requires control persons to act on an informed basis after due consideration of all information. The duty includes a requirement that such persons reasonably inform themselves of alternatives, in doing so, they may rely on employees and other advisers so long as they do so with a critical eye and do not unquestionably accept the information and conclusions provided to them. The duty of loyalty requires control persons to look to the interests of the company and its other owners, the duty to act in good faith may be measured by an individuals particular knowledge and expertise. The higher the level of expertise, the more accountable that person will be, at one time, courts seemed to view the duty of good faith as an independent obligation. However, more recently, courts have treated the duty of good faith as a component of the duty of loyalty, in Canada, directors of corporations owe a fiduciary duty. A debate exists as to the nature and extent of this duty following a landmark judgment from the Supreme Court of Canada in BCE Inc. v.1976 Debentureholders
34.
Atlanta Falcons
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The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Falcons compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference South division. The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team, the AFL instead granted a franchise to Miami. The Falcons are tied with the Dolphins for being the second-oldest NFL franchise in the Deep South, the Falcons played their home games at the Georgia Dome in downtown Atlanta from the 1992 to 2016 NFL seasons. Construction began on Mercedes-Benz Stadium in May 2014, with play projected to begin there during the 2017 season and their headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50-acre site in Flowery Branch, Georgia. Two years later, the AFL held another exhibition, this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers, in 1965, after the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium was built, the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football. Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL and he forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues. By June 30, the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL, former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta. The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise, and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the pick in each of the first five rounds. The Falcons drafted All-American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft, the league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises. Although the Falcons selected many players in those drafts, they still were not able to win right away. The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29,1965, miss Julia Elliott, a school teacher from Griffin, Georgia, was singled out from many people who suggested Falcons as the nickname for the new franchise. Elliott wrote, the Falcon is proud and dignified, with great courage and it is deadly and has a great sporting tradition. The Falcons had their first season in 1966, and their first preseason game on August 1,1966, under Head Coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular-season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants. The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins, the Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season. The only two winning seasons in this period were 1971 and 1973. In the 1978 season, the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time, the following week, they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27–20 in the Divisional Playoffs. In the 1980 season, after a winning streak, the Falcons posted a franchise then-best record of 12–4
35.
Ron Reagan
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Ronald Prescott Ron Reagan is an American former radio host and political analyst for KIRO radio and later, Air America Radio, where he hosted his own daily three-hour show. He is a commentator and contributor to programming on the MSNBC cable news and he is noted for his liberal views, in contrast to his father, former Republican president Ronald Reagan. Reagan was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, the biological son of Ronald Reagan and his second wife. He moved to Sacramento while his father was governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and his sister, Patti Davis, is five and a half years older. His half-brother Michael Reagan, adopted as an infant by Ronald Reagan and he also had two half-sisters born to Reagan and Wyman, Maureen Reagan and Christine Reagan, who was born prematurely, on June 26,1947, and died the same day. Ron Reagan undertook a different philosophical and political path from his father at an early age, at 12, he told his parents that he would not be going to church anymore because he was an atheist. Reagan attended and was expelled from The Webb School of California and he commented, They thought I was a bad influence on the other kids. As I recall, the reason was I went to a dance at a neighboring girls school in a classmates car. They had been looking for an excuse, I didnt get caught at anything. Reagan dropped out of Yale University in 1976 after one semester to become a ballet dancer and he joined the Joffrey Ballet in pursuit of his lifelong dream and participated in the Joffrey II Dancers, a troupe for beginning dancers, where he was mentored by Sally Brayley. Ron talks of his parents with much affection, but these absences are strange and go back a ways. Reagan and Nancy went to see Ron perform at the Lisner Auditorium on Monday, May 18,1981, the elder Reagan commented in his White House diary on this day that Rons performance was reminiscent of Fred Astaire. Reagan became more active after his father left the White House in 1989. In contrast to his father, the younger Reagans views were unabashedly liberal, in 1991, Reagan hosted The Ron Reagan Show, a syndicated late-night talk show addressing political issues of the day. However, it was canceled after a run, unable to compete with the higher ratings of The Arsenio Hall Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Reagan has worked in recent years as a magazine journalist, and has hosted shows on cable TV networks such as the Animal Planet network. In Britain, he is best known for having co-presented Record Breakers for the BBC. Reagan presented a report from the United States each week, from February to December 2005, Reagan co-hosted the talk show Connected, Coast to Coast with Monica Crowley on MSNBC. Until its demise in 2010, Air America Media aired The Ron Reagan Show, the program made its debut on September 8,2008
36.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
KMOV
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KMOV, virtual channel 4, is a CBS–affiliated television station located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The station is owned by the Meredith Corporation, KMOV maintains studio and office facilities located at the Gateway Tower at 1 Memorial Drive in Downtown St. Louis, near the Gateway Arch, and its transmitter is located in Lemay. The station first signed on the air on July 8,1954 as KWK-TV, at its launch, channel 4 was owned by a consortium which included Robert T. Each of the stations part-owners had competed individually for the channel 4 construction permit before agreeing to merge their interests only three months before the station went on the air, upon signing-on KWK-TV took the CBS affiliation from Belleville, Illinois-licensed WTVI. Until 1955, it also aired ABC programs that WTVI declined to broadcast, the stations original studios, built by KWK radio in anticipation of television, were located on Cole Street in Downtown West. However, CBS was planning to operate its own station in St. Louis alongside its powerhouse radio station. The network originally won the permit to build a new station on channel 11 – the last remaining commercial VHF channel in St. Louis – in January 1957. But after being approached with an offer, CBS decided in August of that year to buy KWK-TV instead for $4 million. Almost immediately, the deal was held up after the St. Louis Amusement Company, another of the applicants for channel 11. The U. S. Supreme Court ultimately upheld the decision in November of that year, CBS had already taken control of channel 4s operations that March, and changed its call letters to KMOX-TV in reference to its new radio sister. The following April, channel 11 signed on as independent station KPLR-TV, in July 1968, CBS opened a new studio and office facility in downtown St. Louis to house the KMOX stations, which until that point had been operating from separate locations. By late 1985, CBS was in financial straits, an after-effect of successfully fending off a hostile takeover attempt by Ted Turner the year before. CBS spent the latter portion of 1985 repurchasing a large portion of its stock to help block the Turner takeover, once Turner sold his stock, CBS was saddled with significant debt and needed to raise money. Not long after Laurence Tisch became the chairman, CBS decided to sell KMOX-TV. On May 16,1986, former CBS subsidiary and future parent company Viacom completed its $122.5 million purchase of the station and slightly modified its callsign to KMOV almost a month later on June 18. Despite the sale, channel 4s operations continued to be based alongside KMOX radio at their studios on Memorial Drive. As a CBS-owned station, channel 4 cleared the entire network schedule, when Viacom took over in 1986, this changed rather drastically. KMOV began signing off the air at night, thus preempting the overnight news program CBS News Nightwatch, a barrage of scattered primetime preemptions later followed that was so rampant, the station earned a mention in Ken Aulettas 1991 book, Three Blind Mice
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People (magazine)
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People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine, People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and it was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Ages annual A-list and #3 on Adweeks Brand Blazers list in October 2006, the magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles. Peoples website, People. com, focuses on celebrity news, in February 2015, the website broke a new record,72 million unique visitors. People is perhaps best known for its special issues naming the Worlds Most Beautiful, Best & Worst Dressed. The magazines headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles, for economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006. In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc. s chief executive officer at the time, the founding managing editor of People was Richard B. Stolley, an assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. Peoples first publisher was Richard J. Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran, Stolley characterized the magazine as getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues, stolleys almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4,1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the movie The Great Gatsby and that issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U. S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action, the magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents, the core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo, Sam Angeloff and Robert Emmett Ginna, writers James Watters and Ronald B
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Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
