1.
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
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The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival is a film festival held annually in July in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. The Karlovy Vary Festival is one of the oldest in the world and has become Central, the pre-war dream of many enthusiastic filmmakers materialized in 1946 when a non-competition festival of films from seven countries took place in Mariánské Lázně and Karlovy Vary. Above all it was intended to screen the results of the recently nationalized Czechoslovak film industry, after the first two years the festival moved permanently to Karlovy Vary. The Karlovy Vary IFF first held a film competition in 1948. Since 1951, a jury has evaluated the films. The Karlovy Vary competition quickly found a place among other developing festivals, the social and political changes that took place after the Velvet Revolution in November 1989 pushed concerns about organizing the Karlovy Vary IFF to the background. The program for 1990 was saved by the release of a collection of Czechoslovak films which had locked up for years in a storage vault. And the appearance of a number of guests such as Miloš Forman, Lindsay Anderson, Annette Bening. Financial problems and a lack of interest on the part of the government, in 1994 the 29th Karlovy Vary IFF inaugurated an entirely new tradition. After nearly forty years of alternating with the Moscow IFF, the festival once again to take place every year. The Karlovy Vary Film Festival Foundation was set up in 1993 co-created by the Ministry of Culture, The City of Karlovy Vary, actor Jiří Bartoška was invited to be the festivals president, and Eva Zaoralová became program director in 1995. Since 1998 the organization of the festival has been carried out by Film Servis Festival Karlovy Vary, the documentary competition is an important festival event. The extensive informative program features both distribution pre-premiers and films awarded at other festivals, for the tenth straight year the festival will present Variety Critics Choice, new and interesting films of mainly European production selected by critics working at this prestigious magazine. Seminars focusing primarily on European film are another important part of the festival, thousands of visitors and the great variety of films testify to the effectiveness of the program team with program director Eva Zaoralová at its head. The festival program has the following sections, Official Selection - Competition – films never before shown in competition at any international festival. East of the West - Competition – films from the former socialist bloc, documentary Films - Competition – a competition divided into two parts, documentaries less than and longer than 30 minutes. Horizons and Another View – a selection of the most remarkable contemporary films, imagina - films with an unconventional approach to narration and style, distinctive and radical visions of film language. Out of the Past - classic, cult, rare and unfairly overlooked films, screened in their original, future Frames, Ten New Filmmakers To Follow - ten directors, an upcoming generation of young European filmmakers, present their student films
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
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Red carpet at Thermal hotel during 46th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
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A
TV reporter during the opening of 50th festival in front of the hotel Thermal
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
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Robert De Niro at 43rd festival (2008)
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
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Sharon Stone at 40th MFF KV
2.
Czechoslovakia
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From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate. From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy and its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949, and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955. A period of liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries. In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the two states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Form of state 1918–1938, A democratic republic, 1938–1939, After annexation of Sudetenland by Nazi Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary, 1939–1945, The region was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic. A government-in-exile continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and its Allies, after the German invasion of Russia, Czechoslovakia adhered to the Declaration by United Nations and was a founding member of the United Nations. 1946–1948, The country was governed by a government with communist ministers, including the prime minister. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the Soviet Union, 1948–1989, The country became a socialist state under Soviet domination with a centrally planned economy. In 1960, the country became a socialist republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a state of the Soviet Union. 1989–1990, The federal republic consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic, 1990–1992, Following the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, consisting of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Neighbours Austria 1918–1938, 1945–1992 Germany Hungary Poland Romania 1918–1938 Soviet Union 1945–1991 Ukraine 1991–1992 Topography The country was of irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands, the eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains and lands of the Danube River basin. Climate The weather is mild winters and mild summers, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. The area was long a part of the Austro Hungarian Empire until the Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, the new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his ally, Edvard Beneš. The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, nationalism became a mass movement in the last half of the 19th century
Czechoslovakia
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Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)
Czechoslovakia
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Flag since 1920
Czechoslovakia
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The car in which Reinhard Heydrich was killed
Czechoslovakia
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Spartakiad in 1960
3.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Czech Republic
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Přemysl Ottokar II,
King of Bohemia (1253–1278) and
Duke of Austria (1251–1278)
Czech Republic
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Flag
Czech Republic
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The
Crown of Saint Wenceslas is the 4th oldest in Europe
Czech Republic
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The
Defenestration of Prague sparked the
Thirty Years' War
4.
Czechs
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Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii and the land Bohemia. The Czech diaspora is found in numbers in the United States, Canada, Israel, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy. The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group, the West Slavs have origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period. The West Slavic tribe of Bohemians settled in the area of Bohemia during the migration period and they formed an independent principality in the 9th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, under the Přemyslid dynasty. According to mythology, the father of the Czech people were Forefather Čech. The Czech are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks, the Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages. Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having much higher than the other way around. Czech people have a history of coexistence with Germanic people. The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture, the Czech were the initiators of Pan-Slavism. The Czech ethnonym was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the tribes in the late 9th century. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown, according to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel-, the Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century. The name Bohemia is Germanic, English used that name until after the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups, which are inherited along the male line,34. 2% of Czech males belong to R1a, which is particularly common in a large region extending from South Asia and Southern Siberia to Central Europe and Scandinavia. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin, presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory. Slavs settled in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries, according to a popular myth, the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, in 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198
Czechs
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Forefather Čech on the
Říp Mountain
Czechs
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An overview of the Celtic
Hallstatt (yellow), the preceding
La Tène (green) cultures and
Boii
Czechs
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Statue of
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, a saint patron of the Czech people at the
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
Czechs
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The brothers Lech and Czech, founders of
West Slavic lands of
Lechia (
Poland) and
Bohemia in " Chronica Polonorum " (1506)
5.
Czechoslovak New Wave
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The quality and openness of the films led the genre to be called the Czechoslovak film miracle. The Czechoslovak New Wave was a movement in cinema which evolved out of the earlier Devětsil movement of the thirties. Their objective in making films was to make the Czech people collectively aware that they were participants in a system of oppression, trademarks of the movement are long unscripted dialogues, dark and absurd humour, and the casting of non-professional actors. They also tended to present films taken from Czech literature, including Jaromil Jireš adaptation of Milan Kunderas anti-Communist novel The Joke. At the Fourth Congress of the Czechoslovak Writers Union in 1967, formans The Firemens Ball, another major film of the era, remains a cult film more than four decades after its release. The movement came to an end and Miloš Forman and Jan Němec fled the country. The majority of films shot during the New Wave were Czech-language as opposed to Slovak, many directors came from the prestigious FAMU, located in Prague, while the state-run Barrandov Studios were located just on the outskirts of Prague. The Shop on Main Street directed by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1966, devil by Ester Krumbachová Morgiana by Juraj Herz Barrandov Studios Cinema of the Czech Republic List of Czech films Cook, David
Czechoslovak New Wave
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Polish poster of
Firemen's Ball by
Miloš Forman
6.
Amadeus (film)
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Amadeus is a 1984 American period drama film directed by Miloš Forman, adapted by Peter Shaffer from his stage play Amadeus. The story, set in Vienna, Austria, during the half of the 18th century, is a fictionalized biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozarts music is heard extensively in the soundtrack of the movie, the film was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, which included eight Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globes, and a Directors Guild of America award. As of 2016, it is the most recent film to have more than one nomination in the Academy Award for Best Actor category, in 1998, the American Film Institute ranked Amadeus 53rd on its 100 Years. The story begins in 1823 as the elderly Antonio Salieri attempts suicide by slitting his throat while loudly begging forgiveness for having killed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1791. Placed in an asylum for the act, Salieri is visited by Father Vogler. Salieri is initially sullen and uninterested, but eventually warms to the priest, Salieri goes on telling his tale through the night, and into the next day. He reminisces about his youth, particularly about his devotion to God and he pledged to God to remain celibate as a sacrifice if he could somehow devote his life to music, and perceived his fathers subsequent death as divine intervention to make this possible. Years later, Salieri is part of the 18th-century cultural elite in Vienna and he is respected, financially well-off, and has been appointed court composer for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. He is content, and believes his successes are God’s rewards for his piety, the famous child prodigy Mozart arrives in Vienna, and Salieri goes to a performance hoping to meet him, convinced that Mozarts genius must be a gift from God. Salieri secretly observes Mozart, and is shocked to discover that rather than the paragon of virtue that he has imagined, Mozart is in fact boorish, irreverent, and lewd. Later, when Mozart meets the Emperor, Salieri presents Mozart with a March of Welcome, Salieri reels at the notion of God speaking through the childish, petulant Mozart, nevertheless, he regards his music as miraculous. He believes that God, through Mozarts genius, is cruelly laughing at Salieris own musical mediocrity, Mozart becomes more desperate as the familys expenses increase and his commissions decrease. When Salieri learns of Mozarts financial straits, he sees his chance to avenge himself, Salieri hatches a complex plot to gain ultimate victory over Mozart and God. Mozart begins to write the piece, the Requiem in D minor, unaware of the identity of his mysterious patron. Only Salieri and God would know the truth—that Mozart wrote his own mass. Mozarts financial situation due to his spendthrift lifestyle. After a violent argument, Constanze leaves him and takes their son with her and his health worsens, and he collapses during a performance of The Magic Flute
Amadeus (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Peter Sís
Amadeus (film)
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Biography
7.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
Academy Award for Best Director
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Frank Borzage, co-winner of the first award.
Academy Award for Best Director
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Lewis Milestone, co-winner of the first award.
Academy Award for Best Director
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John Ford has the most awards with four.
Academy Award for Best Director
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Clint Eastwood is the oldest winner for directing
Million Dollar Baby.
8.
It Happened One Night
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The plot is based on the August 1933 short story Night Bus by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. One of the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began enforcing the 1930 production code in 1934, the film was released on February 22,1934. It Happened One Night was the first movie to win all five major Academy Awards, in 2013, the film underwent an extensive restoration. Spoiled heiress Ellen Ellie Andrews has eloped with pilot and fortune-hunter King Westley against the wishes of her wealthy father, Alexander. Alexander wants to have the marriage annulled because he knows that Westley is really interested in her money. Jumping ship in Florida, she runs away boarding a bus to New York City to reunite with her new spouse and she meets fellow bus passenger Peter Warne, a freshly out-of-work newspaper reporter. Soon Warne recognizes her and gives her a choice, If she will give him an exclusive on her story, If not, he will tell her father where she is. Ellie agrees to the first choice, as they go through several adventures together, Ellie loses her initial disdain for him and begins to fall in love. When they have to hitchhike, Peter fails to draw attention until Ellie displays a shapely leg to Danker, when they stop en route, Danker tries to steal their luggage, but Peter seizes his car. Nearing the end of their journey, Ellie confesses her love to Peter, when the owners of the motel in which they are staying notice that Peters car is gone, they expel Ellie. Believing Peter has deserted her, Ellie telephones her father, who agrees to let her marry Westley, meanwhile, Peter has obtained money from his editor to marry Ellie, but misses her on the road. Although Ellie has no desire to be with Westley, she believes Peter has betrayed her for the reward money, on her wedding day, she finally reveals the whole story. When Peter comes to Ellies home, Mr. Andrews offers him the money, but Peter insists on being paid only his expenses. When Ellies father presses him for an explanation of his odd behavior, Peter admits he loves Ellie, and storms out. Westley arrives for his wedding via autogyro but at the ceremony, Mr. Andrews reveals Peters refusal of the reward money to Ellie, sends her to Peter. Neither Gable nor Colbert was the first choice to play the lead roles, miriam Hopkins first rejected the part of Ellie. Margaret Sullavan also rejected the part, constance Bennett was willing to play the role if she could produce the film herself, however, Columbia Pictures would not allow this. Then Bette Davis wanted the role, but was under contract with Warner Brothers, carole Lombard was unable to accept, because the filming schedule conflicted with that of Bolero
It Happened One Night
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Original theatrical release poster
It Happened One Night
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The
hitchhiking scene
It Happened One Night
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Gable and Colbert in the film's trailer
9.
The Silence of the Lambs (film)
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The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and Scott Glenn. Adapted by Ted Tally from the 1988 novel of the name by Thomas Harris, his second to feature the character of Dr. In the film, Clarice Starling, a young U. S, FBI trainee, seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer, known only as Buffalo Bill. The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14,1991 and it is also the first Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film, and only the third such film to be nominated in the category, after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975. The film is considered culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the U. S, library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011. A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 with Hopkins reprising his role, FBI trainee Clarice Starling is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureaus Behavioral Science Unit. Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starlings attempts at dissecting him and rebuffs her. As she is leaving, one of the prisoners flicks semen at her, Lecter, who considers this act unspeakably ugly, calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his. This leads her to a shed where she discovers a mans severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat. She returns to Lecter, who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill and he offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal promising a prison if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information, Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starlings deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chiltons own making, Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, Tennessee, where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill, including the name Louis Friend. Starling notices that Louis Friend is an anagram of iron sulfide — fools gold and she visits Lecter, who is now being held in a cage-like cell in a Tennessee courthouse, and asks for the truth. Lecter tells her all the information she needs is contained in the case file. Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming, Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police, who escort her from the building. Later that evening, Lecter kills his guards, escapes from his cell, Starling analyzes Lecters annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally. Starling travels to the hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor, with dresses
The Silence of the Lambs (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
10.
The People vs. Larry Flynt
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Larry Flynt is a 1996 American biographical drama film directed by Miloš Forman and starring Woody Harrelson, Courtney Love, and Edward Norton. It chronicles the rise of pornographic magazine publisher and editor Larry Flynt and his subsequent clash with religious institutions, the film was written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. Though not a success, the film was lauded by critics. In 1952, 10-year-old Larry Flynt is selling moonshine in Kentucky, twenty years later, Flynt and his younger brother, Jimmy, run the Hustler Go-Go club in Cincinnati. With profits down, Flynt decides to publish a newsletter for the club, the newsletter soon becomes a full-fledged magazine, but sales are weak. After Hustler publishes nude pictures of former first lady Jackie Kennedy Onassis, Flynt becomes smitten with Althea Leasure, a stripper who works at one of his clubs. With Althea and Jimmys help, Flynt makes a fortune from sales of Hustler, with his success comes enemies - as he finds himself a hated figure of anti-pornography activists. He argues with the activists, saying that murder is illegal, however, he continues, sex is legal, but if you take a picture of that act, you can go to jail. He becomes involved in several prominent court cases, and befriends a young lawyer, in 1975, Flynt loses a smut-peddling court decision in Cincinnati but is released from jail soon afterwards on a technicality. Ruth Carter Stapleton, a Christian activist and sister of President Jimmy Carter, seeks out Flynt, Flynt seems moved and starts letting his newfound religion influence everything in his life, including Hustler content. In 1978, during trial in Georgia, Flynt and Isaacman are both shot by a man with a rifle while they walk outside a courthouse. Isaacman recovers, but Flynt is paralyzed from the waist down, wishing he was dead, Flynt renounces God. Because of the emotional and physical pain, he moves to Beverly Hills and spirals down into depression, during this time, Althea also becomes addicted to painkillers and morphine. In 1983, Flynt undergoes surgery to deaden several nerves in his back damaged by the bullet wounds and he returns to an active role with the publication, which, in his absence, had been run by Althea and Jimmy. Flynt is soon in court again for leaking videos relating to the John DeLorean entrapment case and he later wears an American flag as an adult diaper along with an army helmet, and wears T-shirts with provocative messages such as I Wish I Was Black and Fuck This Court. After spitting water at the judge Flynt is sent to a psychiatric ward, Flynt publishes a satirical parody ad in which Jerry Falwell tells of a sexual encounter with his mother. Falwell sues for libel and emotional distress, Flynt countersues for copyright infringement, because Falwell copied his ad. The case goes to trial in December 1984, but the decision is mixed, as Flynt is found guilty of inflicting emotional distress, by that time, Althea has contracted HIV, which proceeds to AIDS
The People vs. Larry Flynt
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Theatrical release poster
11.
Golden Globe
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe
–
The Golden Globe statuette
12.
Cannes
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Cannes is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, the city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it also played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations, by the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means, the area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands. In 69 AD, it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Otho and Vitellius, in the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from canna, a reed, Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands, most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, the insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, one took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years, during the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary. They had many different purposes, at the end of the 19th century, henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who built winter residences. At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, in Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue dAntibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs, an establishment was built for the rich winter clientele. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979, in the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a centre, a post office. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, winter tourism gave way to summer tourism and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed
Cannes
–
The
Promenade de la Croisette and the port
Cannes
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Cannes seen from Spot Satellite
Cannes
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Panorama of the waterfront
Cannes
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Boulevard de la Croisette along the waterfront.
13.
Berlinale
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The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues
Berlinale
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Berlinale Palace, the main venue at
Potsdamer Platz
Berlinale
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Berlin International Film Festival
Berlinale
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Venues of the festival are spread throughout the central city districts
Berlinale
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The Berlinale Palast is the venue for the competition premieres
14.
BAFTA
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
BAFTA
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The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe
BAFTA
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British Academy of Film and Television Arts
15.
David di Donatello
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The David di Donatello Award, named after Donatellos David, is a film award presented each year for cinematic performances and production by Laccademia del Cinema Italiano. There are 24 categories as of 2006, Italy is also famed for its annual Venice Film Festival. It is the motion picture equivalent to the Academy Award for the cinema, Premio Regia Televisiva for television, the Premio Ubu for stage performances, and the Sanremo Music Festival for music. Following the same criteria of the Oscars, the David di Donatello Awards were established in 1955, created by a cultural club, the aim was to honour the best of each year’s Italian and foreign films. Similar prizes had already existed in Italy for about a decade, however, the Donatellos have been and are awarded by the people in the industry, screenwriters, performers, technicians, producers and so on. The presidents have successively been Italo Gemini, Eitel Monaco and Paolo Grassi, currently, it is presided over by Gian Luigi Rondi who has worked with the organization since its inception. The prizes are awarded primarily to Italian films, with a dedicated to foreign language films. In 2015, it was announced both the eligibility period and the award ceremony date would change in the coming years. In 2016, the ceremony was brought forward to April, for the 2017 ceremony, the eligibility period will be March-December 2016. For the 2018 edition, the eligibility period will be the 2017 solar year, the trophy is in the form of a gold David statuette replica of Donatellos famous sculpture, on a square malachite base with a gold plaque recording the award category, year and winner. The 1956 David by Bulgari, awarded to Gina Lollobrigida for Beautiful, journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies,4, Intellect, ISSN 2047-7368 David di Donatello Awards at Film Movement David di Donatello Awards at Internet Movie Database
David di Donatello
–
The Italian former President
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi shows the "David di Donatello" Award received at the occasion of the awards ceremony in 2005.
16.
European Film Academy
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The European Film Academy is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988. The Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the European Film Awards takes place every second year in Berlin, while they are presented every other year in another European city. Two years later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association, in 1996, Wim Wenders took over the presidency from Ingmar Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected new Chairman. The decisions about political targets and contents are made by the 15 Board members of the Academy which has its seat in Berlin, due to a decision of the General Assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 3,300. The Academy is thus working in close contact with the European film industry, the presentation of the European Film Awards are financed independently from the Academy. Founded in 2006 to produce the European Film Awards Ceremony for television, for a number of years, the European Film Awards have been supported by patrons from the international film industry. Their commitment demonstrates the importance that the film industry attaches to the European Film Awards. Throughout the year, the European Film Academy initiates and participates in a series of activities dealing with politics as well as economic, artistic. The programme includes conferences, seminars and workshops, and a goal is to build a bridge between creativity and the industry. At each of these festivals, an independent jury presents one of the European short films in competition with a nomination in the film category of the European Film Awards. A Sunday in the Country Is a special weekend encounter between appr, ten young European filmmakers and some established EFA members. The private atmosphere of these gatherings guarantees an exchange of ideas, master Classes Offer valuable training opportunities for young talent, combining theoretical and practical training. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is the most visible activity of the European Film Academy, to put these ideas into practice, the Peoples Choice Awards were added as a new category in 1997. They are accompanied by big advertising campaigns in European film magazines, in addition, screenings of the nominated films were in the past years organised for the public in several European cities. The members of the European Film Academy actively participate in the selection, nomination, the European Film Awards are the first in the annual international awards calendar. Most of the nominees and winners of the European Film Awards are found in the following months among the nominees, every year, the academy organises a sidebar programme on the occasion of the European Film Awards week-end with panel discussions and conferences. Cinema of the world History of cinema World cinema Culture of Europe Official website Wim Wenders
European Film Academy
17.
Loves of a Blonde
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Loves of a Blonde is a 1965 Czechoslovakian feature film directed by Miloš Forman. It is also known under the title of A Blonde in Love. The fiction film tells the story of a woman who has a routine job in a shoe factory in provincial Czechoslovakia. When the army holds maneuvers near her home town, the factory supervisor organizes a mixer for the female workforce. The films protagonist, though, does meet a young man who plays in the dance band and has a one-night fling with him. When she travels to the city where he lives in order to resume their romance, she meets his parents. Upon its release, Loves of a Blonde was a success in its home country and was shown at some major film festivals. Critical response was positive, although some reviewers were less enthusiastic than others. It was nominated in 1966 for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Andula is a working-class young woman living in a fading Czech factory town, where, due to an oversight in central state planning, women outnumber men 16–1. They need what we needed when we were young, he explains to a sympathetic officer, Andula strikes up a flirtation with Milda, the big-city pianist of the band providing the music. He reads her palm and instructs her in how to rebuff unwanted advances with a kick in the shins. After the party she goes to bed with Milda, although the comic frustrations continue, with Milda fighting a battle with a shade that wont close. Afterward, as they lie in bed together, Andula asks what Milda meant when he said she was angular and he replies that a woman is shaped like a guitar, And you, you look like a guitar too, he tells her, but one painted by Picasso. Before they part, he invites her to come to Prague. After listening to a speech by the housemother on the virtues of fidelity and commitment, she packs up her suitcase and arrives on MIldas doorstep in the big city, ready to resume their romance. Milda is not home, and she meets his parents, who have never heard of her, Forman has described this famous scene, It’s a tight fit. The old man wants to sleep, the son would like to get out so he can join the girl on the couch. She tells her friends about her trip to the capital and how nice Mildas parents were to her, especially his father
Loves of a Blonde
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Film under an alternate title
Loves of a Blonde
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At age 18, Loves of a Blonde was Hana Brejchová's first film role and earned her 3rd place in the Best Actress category at the
Venice Film Festival.
Loves of a Blonde
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Miloš Forman
Loves of a Blonde
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Memorial plaque for Vladimir Mensik, one of the few professional actors to appear in Loves of a Blonde
18.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
Venice Film Festival
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Venice Cinema Palace in 2009
Venice Film Festival
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Venice Film Festival
Venice Film Festival
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The
Doge's Palace in
Piazza San Marco hosted the 1947 edition.
Venice Film Festival
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The 65th Venice International Film Festival
19.
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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German leader Adolf Hitlers pretext for this action was the alleged privations suffered by the ethnic German population living in those regions. New and extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications were located in the same area. Following the Anschluss of Austria to Nazi Germany, in March 1938, the incorporation of the Sudetenland into Germany that begun on 1 October 1938 left the rest of Czechoslovakia weak, and it became powerless to resist subsequent occupation. On 15 March 1939, the German Wehrmacht moved into the remainder of Czechoslovakia and, from Prague Castle, the occupation ended with the surrender of Germany following World War II. Sudeten German pro-Nazi leader Konrad Henlein offered the Sudeten German Party as the agent for Hitlers campaign, Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš. On 24 April, the SdP issued the Karlsbader Programm, demanding autonomy for the Sudetenland, if Henleins demands were granted, the Sudetenland would then be able to align itself with Nazi Germany. I am asking neither that Germany be allowed to oppress three and a half million Frenchmen, nor am I asking that three and a half million Englishmen be placed at our mercy. Rather I am simply demanding that the oppression of three and a half million Germans in Czechoslovakia cease and that the right to self-determination take its place. As the tepid reaction to the German Anschluss with Austria had shown, the governments of France, the French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from the British government and its prime minister, Neville Chamberlain. Chamberlain contended that Sudeten German grievances were justified and believed that Hitlers intentions were limited, Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to concede to the German demands. Beneš resisted, and on 20 May 1938 a partial mobilization was under way in response to possible German invasion, ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia to begin no later than 1 October. In the meantime, the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator, not wishing to sever his governments ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed Lord Runciman and instructed him to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans, on 2 September, Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, granting nearly all the demands of the Karlsbader Programm. Intent on obstructing conciliation, however, the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in Ostrava on 7 September, the Sudeten Germans broke off negotiations on 13 September, after which violence and disruption ensued. As Czechoslovak troops attempted to order, Henlein flew to Germany. On the same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain and demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland by the Third Reich under threat of war, the Czechs, Hitler claimed, were slaughtering the Sudeten Germans. Chamberlain referred the demand to the British and French governments, both accepted, the Czechoslovak government resisted, arguing that Hitlers proposal would ruin the nations economy and lead ultimately to German control of all of Czechoslovakia. The United Kingdom and France issued an ultimatum, making a French commitment to Czechoslovakia contingent upon acceptance, the next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of Poland and Hungary also be satisfied
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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From left to right:
Chamberlain,
Daladier,
Hitler,
Mussolini, and
Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement, which gave the
Sudetenland to Germany
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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Edvard Beneš, the second
President of Czechoslovakia and leader of the
Czechoslovak government-in-exile.
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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Hácha, Hitler and Göring meeting in Berlin, 14/15 March 1939
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
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First German poster in Prague, 15 March 1939. English Translation: "Notice to the Population. By order of the Fuhrer and Supreme Commander of the German Wehrmacht. I have taken over, as of today, the executive power in the
Land of Bohemia. Headquarters, Prague, 15 March 1939. Commander, 3rd Army, Blaskowitz, General of Infantry." The Czech translation includes numerous grammatical errors.
20.
Mittelbau-Dora
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Mittelbau-Dora was a German Nazi concentration camp located near Nordhausen in Thuringia, Germany. In the summer of 1944, Mittelbau became an independent concentration camp with numerous subcamps of its own, in 1945, most of the surviving inmates were evacuated by the SS. On 11 April 1945, US troops freed the remaining prisoners, around one in three of the roughly 60,000 prisoners who were sent to Mittelbau did not survive. Today, the hosts a memorial and museum. On 18 August 1943, a raid by the Royal Air Force on Peenemünde seriously damaged the facilities. Other air raids had damaged the two sites in June and August. As a result, the Nazi leadership accelerated plans to move construction to areas less threatened by Allied bombers. On 22 August 1943, Adolf Hitler ordered SS leader Heinrich Himmler to use concentration camp workers in future A4/V-2 production, one of the sites selected was at the mountain known as Kohnstein, near Nordhausen in Thuringia. Since 1936, the Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft had been building a fuel depot for the Wehrmacht there. By late summer 1943, this was almost finished, to oversee the creation and operation of the new construction facility, Albert Speer, Himmler and Karl Saur agreed on the foundation of Mittelwerk GmbH. To actually run the plant, Albin Sawatzki, who had earlier been in charge of producing the Tiger I tank at Henschel, was appointed. The initial contract for Mittelwerk was for 12,000 rockets, valued at 750 million Reichsmark for a price per unit, once production reached 5,000 units. Especially for Kammler, this became a prestige project, only ten days after the raid on Peenemünde, on 28 August 1943, the first 107 KZ inmates from Buchenwald arrived with their SS guards at the Kohnstein. The official name of the new subcamp of Buchenwald was Arbeitslager Dora, another 1,223 Buchenwald prisoners followed on 2 September and workers from Peenemünde came in mid-October. Over the next months, many prisoners were brought to the area in almost daily transports from Buchenwald. By late September, the number of workers had risen to over 3,000, by late October to 6,800 and by Christmas 1943 to more than 10,500. Since there were initially no huts, the prisoners were housed inside the tunnels - in specially designated Schlafstollen with four levels of beds stacked over each other, there were no sanitary facilities except for barrels that served as latrines. Inmates died from hunger, thirst, cold and overwork, during the first months, most of the work done was heavy construction and transport
Mittelbau-Dora
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Germans from Nordhausen burying the dead of Mittelbau-Dora
Mittelbau-Dora
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Map of Mittelbau-Dora
Mittelbau-Dora
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Dead workers lie in uneven rows on floors of barracks at Nordhausen.
Mittelbau-Dora
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Otto Förschner, camp commandant (after 11 April 1945)
21.
Auschwitz
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Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II–Birkenau, Auschwitz III–Monowitz, Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, from early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camps gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed with the pesticide Zyklon B. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, around 90 percent of those killed were Jewish, approximately 1 in 6 Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments. In the course of the war, the camp was staffed by 7,000 members of the German Schutzstaffel, some, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allied Powers refused to believe reports of the atrocities at the camp. As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was sent west on a death march, the prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on 27 January 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the following decades, survivors, such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel, wrote memoirs of their experiences in Auschwitz, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, immediately after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, acts of violence perpetrated against Jews became ubiquitous. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933 excluded most Jews from the legal profession, similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of the right to practise. Harassment and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to leave the country voluntarily and their businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of government contracts. German Jews were subjected to violent attacks and boycotts, in September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of Germanic or related blood were defined as citizens, thus Jews and other minority groups were stripped of their German citizenship. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani people and this supplementary decree defined Gypsies as enemies of the race-based state, the same category as Jews. By the start of World War II in 1939, around 250,000 of Germanys 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, the United Kingdom, Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. German dictator Adolf Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed, approximately 65,000 civilians, who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan master race, were killed by the end of 1939. In addition to leaders of Polish society, the Nazis killed Jews, prostitutes, Romani, sS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, then head of the Gestapo, ordered on 21 September that Polish Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links
Auschwitz
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The main entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau
extermination camp
Auschwitz
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Auschwitz I entrance 50°01′39″N 19°12′11″E / 50.027606°N 19.203088°E / 50.027606; 19.203088 (Site of Auschwitz I entrance with Arbeit Macht Frei (work makes you free) gate)
Auschwitz
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Map showing the location of the three main camps (1944). Prisoners: yellow; facilities: blue-gray
Auschwitz
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American surveillance photo of Birkenau (1944). South is at the top in this photo.
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
23.
Joseph J. Kohn
–
Joseph John Kohn is a Professor Emeritus of mathematics at Princeton University, where he does research on partial differential operators and complex analysis. Josephs father was Czech architect Otto Kohn who was Jewish, after Nazi Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, he and his family emigrated to Ecuador in 1939. There he attended Colegio Americano de Quito, in 1945, Joseph moved to the United States, where he attended Brooklyn Technical High School. He studied at MIT and at Princeton University, where he obtained his PhD in 1956 under Donald Spencer, later he was at the Institute for Advanced Study during 1957/58. In 1956/57, he was an Instructor in Princeton, in 1958, he was Assistant Professor, in 1962 Associate Professor and in 1964 Professor at Brandeis University, where he also served as Chairman of the Mathematics Department. Since 1968, he has been a Professor at Princeton University and he was a visiting professor in Harvard, Prague, Florence, Mexico City, Stanford, Berkeley, Scuola Normale Superiore, Rome, Buenos Aires, and at IHES. His work focuses, among other things, on the use of differential operators in the theory of functions of several complex variables. Kohn was a Sloan Fellow in 1963 and a Guggenheim Fellow on 1976/77, from 1976 to 1988, he was a member of the editorial board of the Annals of Mathematics. In 1966 he was a speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Moscow. He has had at least 65 doctoral descendants, film director Miloš Forman is his half-brother through their father Otto Kohn. Since 1966 he is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He won the AMS Steele Prize in 1979 for his paper Harmonic integrals on strongly convex domains, in 1990 he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Bologna. In 2004, he was awarded the Bolzano Prize, bloom, Catlin, D´Angelo, Siu Modern methods in complex analysis
Joseph J. Kohn
–
Joseph Kohn
24.
Jerzy Skolimowski
–
Jerzy Skolimowski is a Polish film director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. A graduate of the prestigious National Film School in Łódź, Skolimowski has directed more than twenty films since his 1960 début Oko wykol, in 1967 he was awarded Golden Bear for his film Le départ. His famous film is Deep End, jane Asher and John Moulder Brown acted in Deep End. He lived in Los Angeles for over 20 years where he painted in a figurative, expressionist mode, more recently, he returned to Poland, and to film making as a writer and director after a 17-year hiatus with Cztery noce z Anną in 2008. He received the Golden Lion Award for Lifetime Achievement at the 2016 Venice Film Festival, Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland, the son of Maria and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect. He often recognized indications in his work to a childhood ineradicably scarred by the War, as a small child he witnessed the brutalities of war, even having been rescued from the rubble of a bombed-out house in Warsaw. His father, a member of the Polish Resistance, was executed by the Nazis and his mother hid a Jewish family in the house and Skolimowski recalls being required to take candy from the Nazis to maintain appearances. After the war, his became the cultural attaché of the Polish embassy in Prague. His fellow pupils at school in Poděbrady, a spa town near Prague, included future film-makers Miloš Forman and Ivan Passer, Skolimowski was considered as a trouble maker at school as he was the origin of many pranks which angered the authorities. At college he studied ethnography, history and literature and took up boxing, Skolimowskis interest in jazz and association with composer Krzysztof Komeda brought him into contact with actor Zbigniew Cybulski and directors Andrzej Munk and Roman Polanski. In his early twenties Skolimowski was already a writer, having published several books of poems, short stories, Skolimowski was not impressed and dismissed the script. However, in response to a challenge by Wajda, he produced his own version became a basis for the finished film, Innocent Sorcerers. Skolimowski enrolled in the Łódź Film School with the intention of avoiding the long apprenticeship required before graduating to feature film direction, while scoring poorly in course work Skolimowski had a finished feature film by the end of the course. Skolimowski then collaborated with Polański, writing the dialogue for the script of Knife in the Water, between 1964 and 1984 he completed six semi-autobiographical feature films, Rysopis, Walkover, Barrier, Hands Up. Moonlighting and Success Is the Best Revenge, a segment in Dialóg, Barrier won Grand Prix at Bergamo International Film Festival. Le Départ won the Golden Bear at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival, after Barrier he left Poland to make Le Départ in Belgium in French. According to him Le Départ was a film rather than a comedy. Skolimowski returned to Poland to make Ręce do góry, the film of the Andrzej trilogy
Jerzy Skolimowski
–
Jerzy Skolimowski, 2010
25.
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
–
The Academy of Performing Arts in Prague is a university level school of music, dance, drama, film, TV and multi-media studies. It is the Czech Republic’s largest arts school, often an acronym AMU is used referring to the Czech name of the school Akademie múzických umění. AMU is a selective school with a multi-round admissions process, on average. Instruction takes place in small groups which guarantee an individual approach. In addition to Bachelor’s and Master’s programmes, AMU also offers several doctoral programmes, the focus of AMU’s scientific activity is the area of artistic research, although specialized departments also pursue classic research in art history and theory. AMU’s two cross-faculty pedagogical facilities are its Languages Centre and its Sports, Rehabilitation and Movement Centre, all three faculties are served by AMU Press, which publishes literature focusing on all of AMU’s artistic disciplines, ranging from lecture notes and e-books to graphically demanding publications. The final projects of students studying disciplines with a significant graphic component are presented in the AMU Gallery, AMU has its own accommodation centre in the very centre of Prague near Prague Castle. It also has a student dormitory in Old Town with special amenities for students studying music disciplines, concentrated multi-day creative work is possible at two dedicated facilities outside Prague. The Academy of Performing Arts was founded by the Presidential Decree of October 27,1945, a year later, in the winter semester of 1946, it was opened for students. Several prominent artists and writers, namely Jindřich Honzl, Jiří Frejka, František Troster, professors of the older Prague Conservatory also supported the idea of transforming the former maestro school into a higher school of university level. Writers, artists and other film makers with practical experience in the film watched over the school’s future curriculum. Later the Film Studio and the DISK theatre, which belonged to the Theatre Faculty, were added, the Opera Studio of the Music Faculty also uses the DISK theatre. When TV came into being, the Film and TV School began to serve its needs by offering study programmes for TV specialists and it also has a department with still photography curriculum. The Academy of Performing Arts consists of three faculties and a rector’s office, the faculties are as follows, Film and TV School, Music and Dance Faculty, Theatre Faculty. Besides the DISK theatre and Film Studio, the Academy has some other teaching facilities, e. g. sound and photography studios, laboratories, workshops, dancing and training halls. Recently, in the newly reconstructed Lichtenštejn Palace, a concert hall dedicated to the memory of the Czech composer Bohuslav Martinů has been added. The Academy owns out-of-town practice and teaching centres in Poněšice and Beroun, the Study and Training Centre in Poněšice lies in South Bohemia on the Vltava River, six km from the well-known Hluboká Castle. It is used for training programmes, sports and language courses for students
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
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The Hartig and Lictenstejn palace are accommodating the rectorat of Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and also its Music and Theatre Faculty.
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
–
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
26.
Laterna Magika
–
The history of Laterna magika, the worlds very first multimedia theatre, spans more than half a century. At the present time, it is one of the companies of the National Theatre in, the fundamental principle has been gradually supplemented with new technologies, for instance, digital projection or new media, including real-time programmable software. Since the very beginning, Laterna magika productions have blended various genres, ranging from acting through affording a dominant role to dance and ballet to mime. Laterna magika initially came into being as a cultural programme devised with the aim to promote the at Expo 58. The project was entrusted to the stage director Alfréd Radok and the set designer Josef Svoboda, the same principle was applied in the design of the other numbers, which made use of music, dance and live acting. The project was given the title Laterna magika and was instrumental in Czechoslovakias success at Expo 58, the pavilion attained the highest number of points and was awarded the Gold Star, received 56 other prizes and numerous diplomas and medals. For a long time, the form of the first representative programme served as a model for the creation of new multimedia performances, Laterna magika was part of the National Theatre as an independent experimental company with its own artistic management. Its first artistic director was Alfréd Radok, according to archival materials and personal testimony, parts of the premiere and subsequent tour programmes were changed, supplemented, re-arranged, or the productions were given different titles. The second Laterna magika performance was aptly called Tour Programme and was premiered on 5 December 1960 within a guest appearance in Leningrad, Alfréd Radok duly resigned from his post of Laterna magikas artistic director and was succeeded by the dancer and choreographer Oldřich Stodola. Amidst the more relaxed atmosphere in 1966, the work was re-included in the repertoire. The critics, however, panned The Tales of Hoffmann and required that Laterna magika return to a type of programme. At Expo 67 in Montreal, the company presented a shorter programme performed up to twelve times a day later on was staged in Prague under the title Revue from the Box. The company began seeking a novel artistic expression in the form of feature-length productions, whose prototype was Prague Carnival, directed by Václav Kašlík and it was performed to acclaim for about a month, yet failed to pass the final approval process. A new version of the production was undertaken by the director Evald Schorm, moreover, Wonderful Circus ushered in Laterna magikas phase as a multi-theme theatre. This set design serves to render the story and principle of Laterna magika. At the beginning of the 1970s, Laterna magika launched permanent collaboration with the cameraman Emil Sirotek, in 2013, the cinematographic material of Wonderful Circus was digitised, to date the production has been performed more than 6,200 times. Acclaimed too was the subsequent Snow Queen, directed by Evald Schorm and choreographed by Pavel Šmok, with the play, Laterna magika strove to assert that it was also a stage for Czech audiences, since at the time it was branded a theatre solely focused on tourists. In 1983, it premiered another play, The Black Monk, Laterna magika’s dramaturgy approximated the form of repertory theatre, blending entertaining and serious themes, and self-invented experimental and traditional techniques
Laterna Magika
–
Laterna Magika
27.
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
–
Approximately 250,000 Warsaw pact troops attacked Czechoslovakia that night, with Romania and Albania refusing to participate. Although East German forces were prepared to participate in the invasion as well,108 Czechoslovakian civilians were killed and around 500 wounded in the invasion. The invasion successfully stopped Alexander Dubčeks Prague Spring liberalisation reforms and strengthened the authority of the authoritarian wing within the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the foreign policy of the Soviet Union during this era was known as the Brezhnev Doctrine. The process of de-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia had begun under Antonín Novotný in the late 1950s and early 1960s, following the lead of Nikita Khrushchev, Novotný proclaimed the completion of socialism, and the new constitution, accordingly, adopted the name Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn, the Soviet model of industrialization applied poorly to Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was already quite industrialized before World War II and the Soviet model mainly took into account less developed economies, novotnýs attempt at restructuring the economy, the 1965 New Economic Model, spurred increased demand for political reform as well. A few months later, at a party meeting, it was decided that actions against the writers who openly expressed support of reformation would be taken. Since only a part of the union held these beliefs. The Prague Spring was a period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. The Prague Spring reforms were an attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens of Czechoslovakia in an act of partial decentralization of the economy. The freedoms granted included a loosening of restrictions on the media, speech, a large wave of emigration swept the nation. A spirited non-violent resistance was mounted throughout the country, involving attempted fraternization, painting over and turning street signs, defiance of various curfews, etc. While the Soviet military had predicted that it would take four days to subdue the country the resistance held out for eight months, there were sporadic acts of violence and several suicides by self-immolation, but there was no military resistance. Czechoslovakia remained controlled until 1989, when the revolution ended pro-Soviet rule peacefully, undoubtedly drawing upon the successes of the non-violent resistance twenty years earlier. Gustáv Husák, who replaced Dubček and also president, reversed almost all of Dubčeks reforms. The Prague Spring inspired music and literature such as the work of Václav Havel, Karel Husa, Karel Kryl, the first such fear was that Czechoslovakia would defect from the bloc, injuring the Soviet Unions position in a possible war with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Not only would the loss result in a lack of depth for the USSR. Czechoslovak leaders had no intention of leaving the Warsaw Pact, other fears included the spread of liberalization and unrest elsewhere in Eastern Europe
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
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©Ladislav Bielik,Šafárikovo námestie, Bratislava: Emil Gallo baring his chest in a gesture of defiance
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
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Barricades and Soviet tanks on fire.
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
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A Prague resident tries to talk with a Soviet soldier.
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
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Soviet soldier with a tank shell - possibly having brought it out of a burning tank.
28.
Jim Carrey
–
James Eugene Jim Carrey is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, impressionist, screenwriter, and producer. He is known for his highly energetic slapstick performances, Carrey first gained recognition in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy television series In Living Color. He then starred in The Truman Show and Man on the Moon, in the 2010s, he has starred in Mr. Poppers Penguins and The Incredible Burt Wonderstone. In 2013, he appeared in Kick-Ass 2 as Colonel Stars and he retracted support for the film two months prior to its release. He issued a statement via his Twitter account that, in light of the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary, Carrey reprised his role as Lloyd Christmas in Dumb and Dumber To. Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada, to Kathleen, a homemaker, and Percy Carrey and he has three older siblings, John, Patricia, and Rita. He was raised a Roman Catholic and his mother was of French, Irish, and Scottish descent and his father was of French-Canadian ancestry. Carrey lived in Burlington, Ontario, for eight years, in a Hamilton Spectator interview, Carrey said, If my career in show business hadnt panned out I would probably be working today in Hamilton, Ontario at the Dofasco steel mill. When looking across the Burlington Bay toward Hamilton, he could see the mills and thought, Those were where the great jobs were. While Carrey was struggling to work and make a name for himself, his father tried to help the young comedian put together a stage act. Carreys impersonations bombed and this gave him doubts about his capabilities as a professional entertainer and his familys financial struggles made it difficult for them to support Carreys ambitions. Eventually, the financial problems were resolved and they moved into a new home. With more domestic stability, Carrey returned to the stage with a more polished act, in a short period of time, he went from open-mic nights to regular paid shows, building his reputation in the process. A reviewer in the Toronto Star raved that Carrey was a star coming to life. Carrey was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who signed the young comic to open his tour performances, Dangerfield eventually brought Carrey to Las Vegas. However, Carrey soon decided to move to Hollywood, where he began performing at The Comedy Store and, in 1982, the following year, he debuted his act on The Tonight Show. Carrey was not selected for the position, although he hosted the show in May 1996, January 2011. In 1984 Carrey was in the short-lived sitcom The Duck Factory, from 1990 to 1994, Carrey was a regular cast member of the ensemble comedy television series In Living Color
Jim Carrey
–
Carrey at the
Yes Man premiere in 2008
Jim Carrey
–
Carrey at the
2009 Cannes Film Festival
Jim Carrey
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Carrey with his family at the
Horton Hears a Who! premiere in 2008
29.
Andy Kaufman
–
Andy Kaufman was an American entertainer, actor, writer, and performance artist and professional wrestler. While often referred to as a comedian, Kaufman did not consider himself as such and he disdained telling jokes and engaging in comedy as it was traditionally understood, once saying in a rare introspective interview, I am not a comic, I have never told a joke. The comedians promise is that he go out there and make you laugh with him. My only promise is that I will try to entertain you as best I can and his Foreign Man character was the basis of his role as Latka Gravas on the hit television show Taxi, on which he appeared from 1978 until 1983. He was also a frequent guest on comedy and late-night talk shows. In 1982, Kaufman brought his professional wrestling villain act to Lettermans show with an encounter with Jerry The King Lawler of the Continental Wrestling Association. Kaufman died of cancer at age 35 in 1984. However, because pranks and elaborate ruses were major elements of his career and his body of work maintains a cult following and he continues to be respected for his original material, unique performance style, and unflinching commitment to character. Kaufman was born on January 17,1949 in New York City and his mother was Janice, a homemaker and former fashion model, and his father was Stanley Kaufman, a jewelry salesman. Andy Kaufman, along with his brother and sister, grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Great Neck. He began performing at birthday parties at age 9, playing records. Kaufman spent much of his writing poetry and stories, including an unpublished novel, The Hollering Mangoo. Following a visit to his school from Nigerian musician Babatunde Olatunji, after high school graduation, Kaufman took a year off before enrolling at the now defunct two-year Grahm Junior College, in Boston. Where he studied production and starred in his own campus television show. He began performing at coffee houses and developing his act, as well as writing a one-man play, after graduating in 1971, he began performing stand-up comedy at various small clubs along the East Coast. It was as this character that Kaufman convinced the owner of the famed New York City comedy club The Improv, Budd Friedman, to allow him to perform onstage. He would proceed to tell a few jokes and conclude his act with a series of celebrity impersonations, with the comedy arising from the characters obvious ineptitude at impersonation. Like Presley, he would take off his jacket during the song and throw it into the audience
Andy Kaufman
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Arguably his best known act, Andy Kaufman's "Foreign Man" persona was later adapted as the "Latka Gravas" character for the ABC sitcom, Taxi. Though Kaufman's performances on the show were widely praised, even garnering him two Golden Globe Award nominations, Kaufman greatly disliked sitcoms and was unhappy about being so closely identified with Latka, which led him to clash frequently with the show's cast and crew.
30.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
Columbia University
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The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900
Columbia University
–
Columbia University
Columbia University
–
Low Memorial Library
Columbia University
–
Alma Mater
31.
Cinematographer
–
The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
Cinematographer
–
A
camera crew sets up for scenes to be filmed on the flight deck for the motion picture
Stealth with the crew of the
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).
32.
Semafor
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Semafor is a Czech theatre in Prague established by Jiří Suchý and Ferdinand Havlík in 1959. It belongs to the so-called Theatres of small stages, Suchý himself has performed there for many years and is the current owner. The Semafor theatre was a point for many famous Czech musicians such as Karel Gott. The name Semafor itself, is abbreviation for Sedm Malých Forem making reference to form of theater
Semafor
–
Logo of Semafor theatre in former Alfa Passage, today Stýblova Passage,
Prague
33.
Czech language
–
Czech, historically also Bohemian, is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. It is spoken by over 10 million people and is the language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of being intelligible to a very high degree. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the written standard was codified in the context of the Czech National Revival. The main vernacular, known as Common Czech, is based on the vernacular of Prague, the Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are mostly also counted as Czech, although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak. The Czech phoneme inventory is moderate in size, comprising five vowels, words may contain uncommon consonant clusters, including one consonant represented by the grapheme ř, or lack vowels altogether. Czech orthography is simple, and has used as a model by phonologists. Czech is classified as a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family and this branch includes Polish, Kashubian, Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak. Slovak is by far the closest genetic neighbor of Czech, the West Slavic languages are spoken in an area classified as part of Central Europe. Around the 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries, the Bohemian language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the early 14th century, the first complete Bible translation also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well, literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation. There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century, the publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries. In 1615, the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the official language of the kingdom. After the Bohemian Revolt which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620 and this emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, the modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. Changes include the shift of í to ej and é to í and the merging of í
Czech language
–
The
Bible of Kralice was the first complete
translation of the Bible into the Czech language. Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593.
Czech language
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regions where Czech is the language of the majority
Czech language
–
Jan Hus
Czech language
–
Josef Dobrovský, whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language
34.
Prague Spring
–
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. The Prague Spring reforms were an attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens of Czechoslovakia in an act of partial decentralization of the economy. The freedoms granted included a loosening of restrictions on the media, speech, a large wave of emigration swept the nation. A spirited non-violent resistance was mounted throughout the country, involving attempted fraternization, painting over and turning street signs, defiance of various curfews, etc. While the Soviet military had predicted that it would take four days to subdue the country the resistance held out for eight months, there were sporadic acts of violence and several suicides by self-immolation, but there was no military resistance. Gustáv Husák, who replaced Dubček and also president, reversed almost all of Dubčeks reforms. The Prague Spring inspired music and literature such as the work of Václav Havel, Karel Husa, Karel Kryl, and Milan Kunderas novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being. The process of de-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia had begun under Antonín Novotný in the late 1950s and early 1960s, following the lead of Nikita Khrushchev, Novotný proclaimed the completion of socialism, and the new constitution, accordingly, adopted the name Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn, the Soviet model of industrialization applied poorly to Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was already quite industrialized before World War II and the Soviet model mainly took into account less developed economies, novotnýs attempt at restructuring the economy, the 1965 New Economic Model, spurred increased demand for political reform as well. A few months later, at a party meeting, it was decided that actions against the writers who openly expressed support of reformation would be taken. Since only a part of the union held these beliefs. Dubček replaced Novotný as First Secretary on 5 January 1968, on 22 March 1968, Novotný resigned his presidency and was replaced by Ludvík Svoboda, who later gave consent to the reforms. Early signs of change were few, goldstucker tested the boundaries of Dubček’s devotion to freedom of the press when he appeared on a television interview as the new head of the union. Despite the official government statement that allowed for freedom of the press, goldstucker suffered no repercussions, and Dubček instead began to build a sense of trust among the media, the government, and the citizens. It was under Goldstücker that the name was changed to Literární listy, and on 29 February 1968. By August 1968, Literární listy had a circulation of 300,000, on the 20th anniversary of Czechoslovakia’s Victorious February, Dubček delivered a speech explaining the need for change following the triumph of socialism. Dubček declared the mission was to build an advanced socialist society on sound economic foundations
Prague Spring
–
Alexander Dubček
Prague Spring
–
Eastern Bloc
Prague Spring
–
Leonid Brezhnev.
Prague Spring
–
Prague Spring of 1968
35.
James Mangold
–
James Mangold is an American film and television director, screenwriter and producer. Films he has directed include Walk the Line, which he also co-wrote, The Wolverine, Logan, Cop Land, Girl, Interrupted, Knight and Day, and he also produced and directed pilots for the television series Men in Trees NYC22 and Vegas. Mangold was born in New York City, and is the son of artists Robert Mangold and he was raised in New York States Hudson River Valley. After graduating from Washingtonville High School, Mangold was accepted into, while there, he mentored under Alexander Mackendrick. During his third year, Mackendrick suggested that Mangold should study at CalArts School of Theater as an actor alongside his regular film studies, in 1985 Mangold secured a writer/director deal at Disney. He wrote a movie and co-wrote the animated feature Oliver. A few years later, Mangold moved to New York and applied to Columbia Universitys film school, while there, he studied under Miloš Forman and developed both Heavy and Cop Land. He has worked as a writer and director since 1995, when his first feature. In 2005, he co-wrote and directed Walk the Line, a film about the life of singer-songwriter Johnny Cash. It stars Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon and was released on November 18,2005 and he also served as producer under his production banner, Tree Line Film. It was nominated for five Oscars and Witherspoon won Best Actress for her performance as June Carter Cash, Mangold also appeared as an actor in The Sweetest Thing as a doctor and love interest to Christina Applegate as well as in his own Kate & Leopold playing a movie director. In June 2011, Mangold was hired, initially just to direct the X-Men movie The Wolverine and he completed photography in November of the same year. On release, it was a box office success, ending up with a gross of $414,828,246 with a budget of $120 million. Following the box office success and moderate critical response to the film, Mangold signed on to direct the sequel, the film marked Mangold and Jackmans third collaboration together. Scott Frank was hired to return as co-screenwriter, alongside Michael Green, Jackman took to his Twitter account to ask fans what they want to see happen in the movie the most. The development of the film was lengthy, with Jackman citing his, the film incorporated elements from Mark Millars Old Man Logan run on the comics. Mangold has stated that the plot focuses on character development. In February 2016, James signed on to direct Walt Disney Pictures’ Captain Nemo, in March 2017, James is in negotiations with Fox to develop and direct an adaptation of Don Winslow’s upcoming novel “The Force” about corrupt NYPD officers
James Mangold
–
Mangold in December 2007
36.
Scriptwriting
–
Screenwriting, also called scriptwriting, is the art and craft of writing scripts for mass media such as feature films, television productions or video games. It is frequently a freelance profession, screenwriters are responsible for researching the story, developing the narrative, writing the screenplay, and delivering it, in the required format, to development executives. Screenwriters therefore have great influence over the direction and emotional impact of the screenplay and, arguably. The act of screenwriting takes many forms across the entertainment industry, often, multiple writers work on the same script at different stages of development with different tasks. Over the course of a career, a screenwriter might be hired to write in a wide variety of roles. The content is usually invented solely by the screenwriter, though spec screenplays can also be based on established works, or real people, the spec script is a Hollywood sales tool. The vast majority of scripts written each year are spec scripts, a spec script is usually a wholly original work, but can also be an adaptation. In television writing, a script is a sample teleplay written to demonstrate the writers knowledge of a show and ability to imitate its style. It is submitted to the producers in hopes of being hired to write future episodes of the show. Budding screenwriters attempting to break into the business generally begin by writing one or more spec scripts, although writing spec scripts is part of any writers career, the Writers Guild of America forbids members to write on speculation. The distinction is that a script is written as a sample by the writer on his or her own. In addition to writing a script on speculation, it is not advised to write camera angles or other directional terminology. A director may write up a shooting script himself or herself, the director may ask the original writer to co-write it with him or her, or to rewrite a script that satisfies both the director and producer of the film/TV show. Spec writing is unique in that the writer must pitch the idea to producers. In order to sell the script, it must have a title, good writing. A logline is one sentence that lays out what the movie is about, a well written logline will convey the tone of the film, introduce the main character, and touch on the primary conflict. Usually the logline and title work in tandem to draw people in and these things, along with nice, clean writing will hugely impact whether or not a producer picks up the spec script. A commissioned screenplay is written by a hired writer, the concept is usually developed long before the screenwriter is brought on, and often has multiple writers work on it before the script is given a green light
Scriptwriting
–
Example of a page from a screenplay formatted for feature-length film. This is an excerpt from the original script of
Natural Born Killers by
Quentin Tarantino.
37.
Venice
–
Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
Venice
–
A collage of Venice: at the top left is the
Piazza San Marco, followed by a view of the city, then the
Grand Canal, and (smaller) the interior of
La Fenice and, finally, the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore
Venice
–
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Venice
–
Photography of Venice at dusk
Venice
–
The Grand Canal seen from the bridge at
Ponte di Rialto
38.
Edward Norton
–
Edward Harrison Norton is an American actor, filmmaker and activist. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards for his work in the films Primal Fear, American History X and Birdman and he also starred in other roles, such as Everyone Says I Love You, The People vs. Larry Flynt, Fight Club, Red Dragon, 25th Hour, Kingdom of Heaven, The Illusionist, Moonrise Kingdom, The Grand Budapest Hotel and he has also directed and co-written films, including his directorial debut, Keeping the Faith. He has done uncredited work on the scripts for The Score, Frida, Norton is president of the American branch of the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust. He ran in the 2009 New York City Marathon to raise money for the Trust and he also raises money for charity through Crowdrise, a social networking community for volunteers and a micro-donations fundraising platform. In July 2010, Norton was designated as the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for Biodiversity by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, on July 2,2014, Norton was elected chairman of the board of trustees to Signature Theatre, a not-for-profit theater company in New York. Norton has been on Signatures board since 1996 and served as the co-chair of the Capital Campaign during the building of the Pershing Square Signature Center, Norton was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Columbia, Maryland. His mother, Lydia Robinson Robin, a teacher of English, Norton has two younger siblings, Molly and Jim, with whom he has professionally collaborated. He graduated in 1987 from Columbias Wilde Lake High School, where his classmates included New York City Council member Mark Levine, after graduation, Norton worked in Osaka, Japan, consulting for his grandfathers company, Enterprise Community Partners, and speaks some Japanese. He appeared in an EFL textbook, Only in America, used by Nova and he moved to New York City to star in the Off-Broadway theater, breaking through with his 1993 involvement in Edward Albees Fragments, at the Signature Theatre Company. In his film debut Primal Fear, Norton played Aaron Stampler, a boy charged with the murder of a Roman Catholic Archbishop. The film is an adaptation of William Diehls novel, ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote, Norton gives a performance thats fully the equal of Geres – hes as slyly self-effacing as Gere is slyly ostentatious. Despite the mixed reviews, Norton won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and that same year, Norton played lawyer Alan Isaacman in The People vs. In 1998, he played Derek Vinyard, a reformed neo-Nazi, in the film American History X, David Denby of The New Yorker noted that he gives Derek ambiguous erotic allure, the film received positive reviews and grossed over $23 million worldwide at the box office. His performance earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, later, Norton starred with Matt Damon in Rounders, which follows two friends who urgently need to earn enough cash playing poker to pay off a huge debt. In David Finchers 1999 film Fight Club, Norton played an unreliable narrator who feels trapped in his white-collar position and it is based on Chuck Palahniuks novel of the same name. To prepare for the role, Norton took lessons in boxing, taekwondo, Fight Club premiered at the 1999 Venice International Film Festival. During promotion for the film, he said, I feel that Fight Club really, probed into the despair and paralysis that people feel in the face of having inherited this value system out of advertising
Edward Norton
–
Norton in March 2012
Edward Norton
–
Norton in March 2010
Edward Norton
–
Norton at the premiere of the
Metropolitan Opera 's 2009 season
39.
Keeping the Faith
–
Keeping the Faith is a 2000 American romantic comedy film written by Stuart Blumberg, and starring Ben Stiller, Edward Norton, Jenna Elfman, Eli Wallach, and Anne Bancroft. This film was released by Touchstone Pictures and Spyglass Entertainment, in association with Triple Threat Talent, the film is dedicated to Nortons late mother, Robin. It had a budget of $29 million, the film begins with a drunken and downtrodden Catholic priest telling his story to a sympathetic bartender. Father Brian Finn has been dedicated to his calling since he was a child and now shares the duties of a New York parish with an older priest, Fr. The two men show a bond, even in their professions, where the two are planning the opening of a jointly sponsored community center. In its earlier days, the friendship included a third party, via flashbacks and reminiscent musings, Anna Reilly is introduced, she met Jake and Brian in middle school, after beating up a bully who was picking on them. The three became friends, and enjoyed their childhood together. Unfortunately, Annas father got a new job that resulted in the Reillys moving to California, sixteen years later, Anna calls her old friends out of the blue and the friendship is rekindled when her company temporarily reassigns her to a New York position. Between the religious conflict and their desire to spare the feelings of their mutual friend, meanwhile, Brian is involved in his own test of faith as he struggles with his feelings for Anna despite his vows. Apart from praying about the situation and discussing it with Fr, havel, he keeps these thoughts mostly to himself. Brian begins misinterpreting Annas words and actions and even has a dream about her. Anna tells Jake that she wants things to be more serious between them and he does not respond well. While the three have one night with Jakes mother Ruth, Ruth has a private conversation with Anna. Anna calls Brian for comfort and he rushes over to her apartment, still unaware of whats been going on, he takes her tearful ramblings to be a confession of feelings for him, then kisses her and admits his love. Feeling embarrassed and rejected, Brian raids Annas liquor cabinet, angrily cutting off her attempts to re-assure him and he leaves and spends the whole night out drinking on the streets. The next day, still drunk, Brian stumbles into Jakes temple and he leaves and stumbles around the city, which brings the movie back to the very first scene with the bartender. A discussion between the two men prompts Jake to go to Annas office building, with Brian shouting encouragement at him as he runs down the street. Jake interrupts Annas going away party and manages to get her attention from a window in the building across the street and calls to explain himself
Keeping the Faith
–
Theatrical release poster
40.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
–
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
–
Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
–
In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
41.
National Theatre (Prague)
–
The National Theatre in Prague is known as the alma mater of Czech opera, and as the national monument of Czech history and art. Today the National Theatre consists of three ensembles, opera, ballet and drama. They alternate in their performances in the building of the National Theatre, in the Theatre of the Estates. All three artistic ensembles select their repertoire both from classical heritage, and modern authors, the cornerstone of the National Theatre was laid on 16 May 1868, but the idea of building a theatre dates back to the autumn of 1844 at the gatherings of patriots in Prague. Simultaneously with the realization of this minimal programme asserted by F. L, rieger and the Provincial Committee, the young progressive advocates of the original ambitious concept of the building launched an offensive. He then came out on top in an open competition. On 16 May 1868, the stone was laid. In 1875 the new building reached its height and in 1877 the theatre was roofed over. As of 1873 there was a competition for the interior decoration of the building. On the one hand, the themes were in the spirit of the Neo-Renaissance concept of a classic building and they provided the fundamental ideology guiding artistic expression, which today is described as the art of the generation of the National Theatre. The National Theatre was opened for the first time on 11 June 1881, bedřich Smetanas opera Libuše was given its world premiere, conducted by Adolf Čech. Another 11 performances were presented after that, then the theatre was closed down to enable the completion of the finishing touches. While this work was under way a fire out on 12 August 1881, which destroyed the copper dome, the auditorium. The fire was seen as a catastrophe and was met with a mighty wave of determination to take up a new collection. This national enthusiasm, however, did not correspond to the battles that flared up following the catastrophe. Architect Josef Zítek was no longer in the running, and his pupil architect Josef Schulz was summoned to work on the reconstruction. He was the one to assert the expansion of the edifice to include the block of flats belonging to Dr. Polák that was situated behind the building of the Provisional Theatre. He made this building a part of the National Theatre and simultaneously changed somewhat the area of the auditorium to improve visibility
National Theatre (Prague)
–
National Theatre in Prague at night
National Theatre (Prague)
–
National Theatre
National Theatre (Prague)
–
Laterna magika
42.
Emerson College
–
Emerson College is located in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Offering more than three dozen degree programs in the area of Arts and Communication, the college is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. Located in Bostons Washington Street Theatre District on the edge of the Boston Common, the school also maintains buildings in Los Angeles, Emerson College has been named the winner of the Environmental Protection Agency’s College and University Green Power Challenge for the Great Northeast Athletic Conference for 2012–2013. Charles Wesley Emerson founded the Boston Conservatory of Elocution, Oratory, and Dramatic Art in 1880, classes were held at Pemberton Square in Boston. Ten students enrolled in the conservatorys first class, the following year, the conservatory changed its name to the Monroe Conservatory of Oratory, in honor of Charles Emersons teacher at Boston Universitys School of Oratory, Professor Lewis B. Monroe. In 1890, the name changed again to Emerson College of Oratory and was shortened to Emerson College in 1939. The college expanded and rented space at 36 Bromfield Street, and moved to Odd Fellows Hall on Berkeley, with the new location, the colleges first library was established in 1892. Henry Southwick, a faculty member and graduate, became a partner for the college with Emerson. This financial partnership led to the purchase of the Boston School of Oratory from Moses T. Brown in 1894, at the turn of the century, faculty members Henry and Jessie Southwick and William H. Kenney purchased the college from Dr. Emerson. Soon after, the college rented a new location in Chickering Hall, Dr. Emerson retired in 1903 and William J. Rolfe, a Shakespearean scholar and actor, was named the second President of Emerson College of Oratory. His service as president lasted until his retirement in 1908, as the Student Government Association of the college held its first meeting in 1908, the third president of the college, Henry Lawrence Southwick, was inaugurated. He introduced the study of acting and stagecraft into the college curriculum, during his tenure, the college rented a new building at 30 Huntington Avenue. The college was granted the right to award Bachelor of Literary Interpretation degrees. In addition, Emerson became the first school with a program in childrens theater in 1919. The school offered its first course in Journalism in 1924, the college purchased its first piece of real estate with a new womens dormitory building at 373 Commonwealth Ave. and started intramural sports in 1931 with the organization of volleyball games. In 1930, full charge and control of the college was transferred to the Board of Trustees by William H. Kenney, Henry Lawrence Southwick, and Jessie Southwick. When Harry Seymour Ross was appointed the president of Emerson College in 1931, the first course in radio broadcasting was taught by the program director of WEEI. The purchase of buildings at 130 Beacon Street and 128 Beacon Street a year began the presence of Emerson College in Bostons Back Bay
Emerson College
–
Emerson College
Emerson College
–
The Shield of Emerson College
Emerson College
–
Paramount Theatre, Boston MA
43.
Locarno International Film Festival
–
The Locarno Festival is an international film festival held annually in August in the city of Locarno, Switzerland since 1946. Locarno is a film festival accredited by the FIAPF, the main feature of the festival is the open-air screening area at the Piazza Grande with room for over 8,000 spectators, having one of the largest open-air screens in the world. The top prize of the Festival is the Golden Leopard awarded to the best film in the international competition, other awards include the Leopard of Honour for outstanding career achievements, and the Prix du Public UBS, the public choice award. The Locarno Film Festival is well known worldwide as a festival of discovery, throughout its history the festival has discovered new trends and launched the careers of numerous directors and actors. The Festival del film Locarno kicked off on 23 August 1946, Grand Prize of the festival, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best film in the concorso internazionale, that is shared equally between the director and the producer. Prize, awarded by cities of Ascona and Losone, for the second best film in the concorso internazionale, Prize, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best directed film in the concorso internazionale. Prize awarded by a jury of critics to the first works presented in the sections concorso internazionale, concorso Cineasti del presente, Fuori concorso, Signs of Life. Prize awarded to the best film of competition, which is dedicated to first or second features. Ciné+ Special Jury Prize – Cineasti del presente, the French television channel Ciné+ Club offers the broadcast rights to the winning film and guarantees the broadcast on their channel. Pardo per il miglior regista emergente, Prize for the best new director, pardo per la migliore opera prima. Prize which has been awarded fro 2006 to 2009 to the best first work screened in the concorso internazionale or concorso Cineasti del presente. Pardino doro for the Best International Short Film – SRG SSR Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the international short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino doro for the Best Swiss Short Film – Swiss Life Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the national short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento SSR SRG for the international competition, Prize awarded to a film in the international competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento Swiss Life for the national competition, Prize awarded to a film in the national competition Pardi di domani. Locarno short film nominee for the European Film Awards – Pianifica Prize, the prize, which is offered by the studio Pianifica, goes to a short film made by a European director, presented in one of the two competitions. The award includes an automatic nomination in the film category of the European Film Awards. The prize provides equipment offered by Cinegrell, Visuals SA, Freestudios SA, the winning film will be subtitled in three central European languages
Locarno International Film Festival
–
Locarno International Film Festival
Locarno International Film Festival
–
The 63rd Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno International Film Festival
–
The 62nd Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno International Film Festival
–
The 61st Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
44.
Color film
–
Color photography is photography that uses media capable of reproducing colors. By contrast, black-and-white photography records only a channel of luminance. In color photography, electronic sensors or light-sensitive chemicals record color information at the time of exposure, monochrome images which have been colorized by tinting selected areas by hand or mechanically or with the aid of a computer are colored photographs, not color photographs. Their colors are not dependent on the colors of the objects photographed. Color photography has been the dominant form of photography since the 1970s, Color photography was attempted beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments were directed at finding a substance which would assume the color of the light falling on it. Other experimenters, such as Edmond Becquerel, achieved better results, over the following several decades, renewed experiments along these lines periodically raised hopes and then dashed them, yielding nothing of practical value. Gabriel Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a method for reproducing colors by photography, based on the interference phenomenon, in 1886 Lippmanns interest had turned to a method of fixing the colors of the solar spectrum on a photographic plate. By April 1892, he was able to report that he had succeeded in producing color images of a glass window, a group of flags, a bowl of oranges topped by a red poppy. He presented his theory of photography using the interference method in two papers to the Academy, one in 1894, the other in 1906. The named colors are somewhat arbitrary divisions imposed on the spectrum of visible light. The test subject was a bow made of ribbon with stripes of colors, apparently including red. Creating colors by mixing colored lights in various proportions is the method of color reproduction. LCD, LED, plasma and CRT color video displays all use this method and this is also known as the RGB color model. In photography, the dye colors are cyan, a greenish-blue which absorbs red, magenta, a purplish-pink which absorbs green, and yellow. The red-filtered image is used to create a dye image, the green-filtered image to create a magenta dye image. When the three dye images are superimposed they form a color image. This is also known as the CMYK color model, most commonly, three pigment images were first created separately by the so-called carbon process and then carefully combined in register
Color film
–
A circa 1850 "Hillotype" photograph of a colored engraving. Long believed to be a complete fraud, recent testing found that
Levi Hill 's process did reproduce some color photographically, but also that many specimens had been "sweetened" by the addition of hand-applied colors.
Color film
–
The first color photograph made by the three-color method suggested by
James Clerk Maxwell in 1855, taken in 1861 by
Thomas Sutton. The subject is a colored ribbon, usually described as a
tartan ribbon.
Color film
–
An 1877 color photographic print on paper by
Louis Ducos du Hauron, the foremost early French pioneer of color photography. The overlapping yellow, cyan and red
subtractive color elements are apparent.
Color film
–
The Emir of Bukhara in a 1911 color photograph by
Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii. At right is the triple color-filtered black-and-white glass plate negative, shown here as a positive.
45.
Academy Award
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
–
Academy Awards
Academy Award
–
31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
–
81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
46.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
47.
Buck Henry
–
Henry Zuckerman, credited as Buck Henry, is an American actor, writer, film director, and television director. He has been nominated for an Academy Award twice, in 1968 for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Graduate, Henry attended The Choate School and Dartmouth College, where he met Bob Rafelson, and also worked on the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern humor magazine. Henrys dry humor attracted attention in the entertainment community and he became a cast member on TV programs such as The New Steve Allen Show and That Was The Week That Was. He was a co-creator and writer for Get Smart, with Mel Brooks and he also played Dr. Victor Rudman, a fractile scientist who dated Murphy, on the My Dinner With Einstein episode of Murphy Brown. He appeared on the television show Will and Grace in 2005, in 2007, he made two guest appearances on The Daily Show as a contributor, billed as the shows Senior Senior Correspondent. He has also appeared as Liz Lemons father, Dick Lemon, in the 30 Rock episodes Ludachristmas, in 2011, he appeared in a multi-episode arc of Hot in Cleveland as Elkas groom. Henry hosted NBCs Saturday Night Live 10 times between 1976 and 1980 and it became a tradition in those years for him to host the final show of each season. Henry also hosted the live remote attempted by SNL, broadcast live from Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Henrys frequent host record would be broken when Steve Martin hosted the 14th season finale in 1989, during the October 30,1976 episode, Buck Henry was injured in the forehead by John Belushis katana in the samurai sketch. Henrys head began to bleed and he was forced to wear a bandage on his forehead for the rest of the show. As a gag, the members of the SNL cast each wore a bandage on their foreheads as well, uncle Roy, a single, pedophilic babysitter who disguises his attempts at molesting the children hes watching as games. He co-directed Heaven Can Wait, the 1978 remake of Here Comes Mr. Jordan and his many writing credits include Candy, The Owl and the Pussycat, Whats Up, Doc. Catch-22, The Day of the Dolphin, Protocol, and To Die For and he shared an Oscar nomination for his screenplay, The Graduate, a film in which he made a cameo appearance. In 1997, Henry was the recipient of the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award and his Broadway credits include the 2002 revival of Mornings at Seven. Off-Broadway in July 2009, he starred opposite Holland Taylor in Mother, the Troublemaker The Graduate Candy Catch-22 The Owl and the Pussycat Is There Sex After Death
Buck Henry
–
Henry in 1978
48.
Ken Kesey
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Kenneth Elton Ken Kesey was an American novelist, essayist, and countercultural figure. He considered himself a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s, Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado and grew up in Springfield, Oregon, graduating from the University of Oregon in 1957. He mentored the Grateful Dead throughout their incipience and continued to exert an influence upon the group throughout their long career. In 1965, following an arrest for possession and subsequent faked suicide. Shortly thereafter, he returned home to the Willamette Valley and settled in Pleasant Hill, Oregon, in addition to teaching at the University of Oregon—an experience that culminated in Caverns, a collaborative novel written by Kesey and his graduate workshop students under the pseudonym of O. U. After a third novel was released to reviews in 1992, he reunited with the Merry Pranksters. Ken Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado, to dairy farmers Geneva, in 1946, the family moved to Springfield, Oregon. He graduated from Springfield High School in 1953, an avid reader and filmgoer, the young Kesey took John Wayne, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Zane Grey as his role models and toyed with magic, ventriloquism, and hypnotism. According to Kesey, Without Faye, I would have been swept overboard by notoriety and weird, dope-fueled ideas and flower-child girls with beamy eyes, married until his death at the age of 66, they had three children, Jed, Zane, and Shannon. Additionally, with the approval of Faye Kesey, Ken fathered a daughter, Sunshine Kesey, born in 1966, Sunshine was raised by Adams and her stepfather, Jerry Garcia. Kesey had a scholarship for his freshman year, but switched to University of Oregon wrestling team as a better fit to his build. After posting a.885 winning percentage in the 1956–57 season, in 1957, Kesey was second in his weight class at the Pacific Coast intercollegiate competition. He remains ranked in the top 10 of Oregon Wrestling’s all time winning percentage, a member of Beta Theta Pi throughout his studies, Kesey graduated from the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech and communication in 1957. Increasingly disengaged by the playwriting and screenwriting courses that comprised much of his major, hall, a cosmopolitan alumnus of the Iowa Writers Workshop who had previously taught at Cornell University and later served as provost of College V at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Hall took on Kesey as his protege and cultivated his interest in fiction, introducing Kesey to the works of Ernest Hemingway. Reinforcing these perceptions, Stegners deputy Richard Scowcroft later recalled that neither Wally nor I thought he had an important talent. According to Stone, Stegner saw Kesey. as a threat to civilization and intellectualism and sobriety and continued to reject Keseys Stegner Fellowship applications for the 1959–60 and 1960–61 terms. The course was taught that year by Viking Press editorial consultant and Lost Generation eminence grise Malcolm Cowley
Ken Kesey
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Novels
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Jack Nicholson
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John Joseph Jack Nicholson is an American actor and filmmaker, who has performed for over 60 years. Nicholson is known for playing a range of starring or supporting roles, including satirical comedy, romance and dark portrayals of antiheroes. In many of his films, he has played the eternal outsider, Nicholsons 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academys history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice, one for the drama One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and he also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama Terms of Endearment. Nicholson is one of three actors to win three Academy Awards. Nicholson is one of two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s. He has won six Golden Globe Awards, and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001, in 1994, he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institutes Life Achievement Award. He played Jack Torrance in Stanley Kubricks horror film The Shining, the Joker in Tim Burtons superhero film Batman, other films include the legal drama A Few Good Men, the Sean Penn-directed mystery film The Pledge, and the comedy-drama About Schmidt. Nicholson was born on April 22,1937, in Neptune City, New Jersey, Nicholsons mother was of Irish, English, and German descent. She married Italian-American showman Donald Furcillo in 1936, before realizing that he was already married, biographer Patrick McGilligan stated in his book Jacks Life that Latvian-born Eddie King, Junes manager, may have been Nicholsons biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of who the father was, in 1974, Time magazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his sister, June, was actually his mother, and his other sister, Lorraine, was really his aunt. By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died, on finding out, Nicholson said it was a pretty dramatic event, but it wasnt what Id call traumatizing. I was pretty well psychologically formed. Nicholson grew up in Neptune City, New Jersey and he was raised in his mothers Roman Catholic religion. Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment in Spring Lake, nick, as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearby Manasquan High School, where he was voted class clown by the Class of 1954. He was in every day for a whole school year. A theatre and an award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-year high school reunion accompanied by his aunt Lorraine and he served a tour of duty in the Air National Guard. Nicholson first came to Hollywood in 1954, when he was 17 and he took a job as an office worker for animators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera at the MGM cartoon studio
Jack Nicholson
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Nicholson in 1976
Jack Nicholson
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Nicholson as Wilbur Force in
The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)
Jack Nicholson
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in Chinatown (1974)
Jack Nicholson
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Jack Nicholson with
Vladimir Putin in 2001
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