1.
Subaru Impreza WRC
–
The Subaru World Rally Team was Subarus World Rally Championship team. It used a blue with yellow color scheme that is a throwback to the sponsorship deal with State Express 555. 555 logos were found on Subaru cars from 1993 to 2003, Subaru used the team to showcase its symmetrical all wheel drive technology. It has credited the increased sales of its vehicles, especially the Subaru Impreza, with its success in the World Rally Championship and its 2008 season drivers were Petter Solberg with co-driver Phil Mills, and Chris Atkinson with co-driver Stéphane Prévot. David Richards was the teams Principal, and a founder and chairman of Prodrive, Paul Howarth was the teams operations director and team manager. He replaced David Lapworth in 2006, Richard Taylor is the teams managing director. The team was historically a strong one, competing in the WRC longer than any other manufacturer team in their current form. It has won the championship three times in 1995,1996, and 1997, and the drivers championship three times, in 1995,2001, and 2003. The teams performance since the 2005 season, when Petter Solberg secured second position in the championship, has been far lower than expected. The teams 2006 season, one that has described as disappointing by Richard Taylor, was the subject of a Discovery Channel series called Engineering the World Rally which aired in 2007. The 2007 season was better, and called the second season from hell by Phil Mills. The team withdrew from WRC competition at the end of the 2008 season due to economic downturn. Although Subaru had participated in the World Rally Championship at various times since 1980, it was not until September 1989, Subaru Tecnica International president Ryuichiro Kuze forged a partnership with the British firm Prodrive to prepare and enter the recently introduced Legacy RS in the World Rally Championship. Subarus initial forays into the World Rally Championship were with Subaru Rally Team Japan, run by Noriyuki Koseki, the founder of Subaru Tecnica International. The first Subaru car entered a world rally at the 1980 Safari Rally and since that, Drivers in the early years included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne, and Harald Demuth. The best result and only podium was achieved by Bourne at the 1987 Rally New Zealand by finishing third, with the start of the Prodrive effort, the teams competed in parallel, before being folded into each other. Subaru entered its first Prodrive developed car, the Group A Subaru Legacy RS in the 1990 season, alen remained with the team through the 1991 season. His successes included 4th place in the 1990 Rally Finland, also known as the 1000 Lakes Rally, and in 1991, for the 1992 season, Subaru only entered seven of the fourteen WRC events, preferring to demonstrate the cars ability on gravel rallies
Subaru Impreza WRC
–
Team Principal
David Richards
Subaru Impreza WRC
–
Subaru
Subaru Impreza WRC
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1993 Legacy RS in 555 livery
Subaru Impreza WRC
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Colin McRae's 1996 Impreza 555
2.
Peugeot 307 WRC
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The Peugeot 307 is a small family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot since 2001, following the Peugeot 306 which ceased production in 2002. The 307 was presented as the 307 Prométhée prototype, at the 2000 Mondial de lAutomobile, the production hatchback versions were introduced to the European markets on 26 April 2001, as a successor to the Peugeot 306. The 307 was also sold in Australia, New Zealand, Asia, in Brazil the 307 is sold with 1.6 and 2.0 flex engines. The 307 makes use of a reworked 306 platform, that can also be found on the Citroën Xsara as well as the 1991 Citroën ZX, however, the car is larger than the 306 in every direction. The 307 continued the companys styling first seen on the Peugeot 206 and its height is 1,510 mm, which is in the middle of the spectrum between small family cars and compact MPVs. Some consider the 307 as a low compact MPV rather than a small family car, because of its height. One advertisement for the 307, which was first in 2001, featured the hit song from 1987, So Strong. In an report from Top Gear Magazine, the new Peugeot 3071.6 16v TU5 JP4 went head to head with its competitors, the Ford Focus 1. 6L I4 Zetec-SE and Honda Civic 1.6 VTEC. The Peugeot received high praise in all areas of the road test, the Peugeot won the road test, followed by the Ford, then the Honda. In June 2005, the 307 was revised to meet the onslaught of rivals which had been launched since the introduction of the 307 four years earlier in 2001. The front of the car was restyled featuring mildly revised lights, a new bonnet, the 307 was launched as a 3- and 5-door hatchback, though in June 2002, the 307 range was expanded, with the introduction of a se estate car, the 307sw. It features a third row of removable seats so it is more flexible due to its MPV like configuration. Unlike the previous model, there was no saloon version, but one was designed for emerging markets, such as China, the 307 CC, a cabriolet with a retractable hardtop, was launched in August 2003, to compete against the new European coupé cabriolets. In 2004, a saloon version of the 307 was launched in China. The 307 is produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile and this model was also built in Argentina between May 2006 and November 2010. 1.4 HDi 70 HP1.6 L DV6 HDi diesel I4, 90–110 PS, the Citroën C4 Hybride HDi was announced at the same time. However, June 2005 saw a facelift within the model and reliability increased,2006 /2007 models were referenced as a lot more reliable and trustworthy. The Peugeot 307 WRC, a World Rally Car based on the 307 CC and it has three WRC victories to its name, but saw its competition life cut short at the end of 2005 by PSAs decision to withdraw both Citroën and Peugeot from top-level rallying
Peugeot 307 WRC
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Peugeot 307
Peugeot 307 WRC
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A red Peugeot 307 CC, a coupé cabriolet with a folding steel roof
Peugeot 307 WRC
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Pre-facelift Peugeot 307 sw (station wagon/estate)
Peugeot 307 WRC
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Peugeot 307 sedan
3.
Carlos Sainz
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Carlos Sainz Cenamor is a Spanish rally driver. He won the World Rally Championship drivers title with Toyota in 1990 and 1992, constructors world champions to have benefited from Sainz are Subaru, Toyota and Citroën. Nicknamed El Matador, Sainz holds the WRC record for most career starts and he was also the first non-Nordic driver to win the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland. He came close to repeating the feat at the Swedish Rally finishing second four times, besides WRC successes, he has won the Dakar Rally, the Race of Champions and the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship. His co-drivers were Antonio Boto, Luís Moya and Marc Martí and his son, Carlos Sainz Jr. born on 1 September 1994, is also a professional racing driver, currently competing for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One. Before moving into motorsport, multitalented Sainz played football and squash, as a teenager, Real Madrid gave him a trial and in squash he was the Spanish champion at the age of 16. He got his first touch of motorsport in Formula Ford while still playing squash, Sainz began rallying in 1980, and won the Spanish Rally Championship with a Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1987 and 1988. He first appeared in the World Rally Championship with Ford during the 1987 season, finishing seventh at the Tour de Corse, the following season, he finished fifth twice, at the Tour de Corse and at the Rallye Sanremo. Sainz then left Ford to join the Toyota Team Europe, the Japanese marques rallying arm operating in Cologne, in the 1989 season, Sainz started with four retirements but then finished on the podium in three rallies in a row. His team-mate, by then world champion Juha Kankkunen, also gave the Celica GT-Four ST165 its debut win at the inaugural Rally Australia. In 1991, Sainz narrowly failed to defend his title against a resurgent Lancia-mounted Kankkunen, both Sainz and Kankkunen took five wins, the first time in the history of the WRC that two drivers had managed such win tally during one season. Sainz led Kankkunen by one point going into the round of the season, the RAC Rally. Kankkunens and Sainzs point totals,150 and 143, both broke the record set by Sainz a year earlier, Sainzs victory ahead of Ari Vatanen and Kankkunen, combined with Auriols retirement, confirmed the title in favour of the Spaniard. These were the part of the 5,000 units of ST185 for WRC homologation and it is said that Sainz still keeps a Celica GT-Four given to him by Toyota, which he drives to Real Madrid games at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. Despite winning the world title Sainz left Toyota at the end of 1992, mainly because for the 1993 season the team was to be sponsored by Castrol, Sainz therefore moved to the private but Lancia-backed Jolly Club. The Delta therefore lost ground to newer cars, and became less and less competitive as 1993 wore on, Sainzs only podium finish was his second place at the Acropolis Rally. He finished second on the San Remo Rally, but he and he finished eighth in the drivers championship, which was won by Toyota driver Juha Kankkunen. Lancia withdrew from the sport altogether at the end of the season, Sainz then chose to drive for the then fledgling Subaru World Rally Team in 1994, where he replaced Ari Vatanen
Carlos Sainz
–
Sainz interviewed before the
2009 Dakar Rally.
Carlos Sainz
–
1992 Toyota Celica GT-Four Carlos Sainz Limited Edition
Carlos Sainz
–
A Replica of an ex-Sainz
Lancia Delta HF Integrale during Lancia centenary celebrations in Turin.
Carlos Sainz
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Sainz driving an
Escort RS Cosworth at the 1996
1000 Lakes.
4.
Toyota Corolla WRC
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The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact and compact cars manufactured by Toyota. Introduced in 1966, the Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has one of the best-selling cars in the world since then. In 1997, the Corolla became the best selling nameplate in the world, Toyota reached the milestone of 40 million Corollas sold over eleven generations in July 2013. The series has several major redesigns. The name Corolla is part of Toyotas naming tradition of using names derived from the Toyota Crown for sedans, the Corolla has always been exclusive in Japan to Toyota Corolla Store locations, and manufactured in Japan with a twin, called the Toyota Sprinter until 2000. In Japan and much of the world, the hatchback companion since 2006 has been called the Toyota Auris, prior to the Auris, Toyota used the Corolla name on the hatchback bodystyle in various international markets. Early models were mostly rear-wheel drive, while later models have been front-wheel drive, the Corollas traditional competitors have been the Nissan Sunny, introduced the same year as the Corolla in Japan and the later Honda Civic. The Corollas chassis designation code is E, as described in Toyotas chassis, Corollas are manufactured in Japan at the original Toyota Takaoka location built in 1966. Various production facilities have been built in Brazil, Canada, China, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey, production has previously been carried out in Australia, Philippines and the United Kingdom. Production in the United States ended in March 2010, production resumed the following year after the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi plant was opened in November 2011 in Blue Springs, Mississippi. The RunX and Allex was replaced by the Auris in 2006, a luxury version of the Auris installed with V6 engines was briefly sold at Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations as the Blade, which was discontinued in 2012. A compact MPV named the Corolla Verso has also released in European markets. Its Japanese counterpart is the Corolla Spacio, which has been discontinued as of the 10th generation, the Corolla Rumion is also sold in the US-market as the Scion xB. Toyota frequently combines the sales figures of the Corolla sedan and Matrix, the Pontiac Vibe, which is the General Motors badged version of the Matrix, shares the Corolla platform. The Pontiac Vibe was exported from Fremont, California to the Japanese market where it was sold as the Toyota Voltz, the Corolla liftback of Toyota Australia was badged as simply the T-18. The five-door liftback was sold with the Corolla Seca name in Australia, the Daihatsu Charmant was produced from the E30 to the E70 series. The Tercel platform was used for the Corolla II hatchback in Japan. The first Corolla generation was introduced in October 1966 with the new 1100 cc K pushrod engine, the Corolla Sprinter was introduced as the fastback version in 1968, and exclusive to a Toyota Japan dealership retail outlet called Toyota Auto Store
Toyota Corolla WRC
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Toyota Corolla, current North American model
Toyota Corolla WRC
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First generation Toyota Corolla
Toyota Corolla WRC
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Second generation Toyota Corolla
Toyota Corolla WRC
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Third generation Toyota Corolla
5.
Rallying
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Rallying is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars. Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages, the term rally, as a branch of motorsport, probably dates from the first Monte Carlo Rally of January 1911. Until the late 1920s, few if any other used the term. The first of these races was the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race of June 1895, won by Paul Koechlin in a Peugeot. Levassors time for the 1,178 km course, running virtually without a break, was 48 hours and 48 minutes, an average speed of 24 km/h. Speeds had now far outstripped the safe limits of dusty highways thronged with spectators and open to traffic, people and animals, there were numerous crashes, many injuries. The French government stopped the race and banned this style of event, from then on, racing in Europe would be on closed circuits, initially on long loops of public highway and then, in 1907, on the first purpose-built track, Englands Brooklands. Racing was going its own separate way, Italy had been running road competitions since 1895, when a reliability trial was run from Turin to Asti and back. The countrys first true motor race was held in 1897 along the shore of Lake Maggiore, from Arona to Stresa, the first Alpine event was held in 1898, the Austrian Touring Clubs three-day Automobile Run through South Tyrol, which included the infamous Stelvio Pass. Seventy vehicles took part, the majority of them trade entries and they had to complete thirteen stages of route varying in length from 43 to 123 miles at average speeds of up to the legal limit of 12 mph, and tackle six hillclimb or speed tests. On rest days and at lunch halts, the cars were shown to the public in exhibition halls, the Motor Cycling Club allowed cars to enter its trials and runs from 1904. In 1924, the exercise was repeated as the Small Car Trials, in Germany, the Herkomer Trophy was first held in 1905, and again in 1906. This challenging five-day event attracted over 100 entrants to tackle its 1,000 km road section, a hillclimb and a speed trial, but sadly it was marred by poor organisation and confusing regulations. One participant had been Prince Henry of Austria, who was inspired to do better, another trial was held in 1910. These were very successful, attracting top drivers and works cars from major teams – several manufacturers added Prince Henry models to their ranges. The first Alpine Trial was held in 1909, in Austria, by 1914, the competitive elements were slight, but getting to Monaco in winter was a challenge in itself. A second event was held in 1912, two ultra long distance challenges took place at this time. The New York–Paris of the year, which went via Japan and Siberia, was won by George Schuster
Rallying
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Petter Solberg driving on gravel at the 2006
Cyprus Rally, a
World Rally Championship event
Rallying
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Marcel Renault during the 1903
Paris–Madrid race
Rallying
–
1912
Monte Carlo Rally entrant
Rallying
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A
Renault Nervasport won the
Monte Carlo Rally in 1935.
6.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
Formula One
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Juan Manuel Fangio 's
1951 title-winning
Alfa Romeo 159
Formula One
–
Formula One
Formula One
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Stirling Moss 's
Lotus 18 at the
Nürburgring during
1961
Formula One
–
Nigel Mansell 's
Williams FW10 from
1985
7.
Monaco Grand Prix
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The Monaco Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. The circuit has been called an exceptional location of glamour and prestige. The race is held on a course laid out in the streets of Monaco, with many elevation changes and tight corners as well as a tunnel. In spite of the low average speeds, it is a dangerous place to race. It is the only Grand Prix that does not adhere to the FIAs mandated 305-kilometre minimum race distance, the event was part of the pre-Second World War European Championship and was included in the first World Championship of Drivers in 1950. It was designated the European Grand Prix two times,1955 and 1963, when title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. Graham Hill was known as Mr. Monaco due to his five Monaco wins in the 1960s, brazils Ayrton Senna won the race more times than any other driver, with six victories, winning five races consecutively between 1989 and 1993. Fernando Alonso is the driver to have won the race in consecutive years for different constructors, winning for Renault in 2006. Like many European races, the Monaco Grand Prix predates the current World Championship, the principalitys first Grand Prix was organised in 1929 by Antony Noghès, under the auspices of Prince Louis II, through the Automobile Club de Monaco. Alexandre Noghès, Antonys father, was founding president of the ACM, the ACM made their first foray into motorsport by holding the Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo in 1911. Their application was refused due to the lack of a major event held wholly within Monacos boundaries. The rally could not be considered as it used the roads of other European countries. To attain full national status, Noghès proposed the creation of an automobile Grand Prix in the streets of Monte Carlo, Noghès obtained the official support of Prince Louis II. Noghès also gained support for his plans from Monegasque Louis Chiron, Chiron thought that the topography of the location would be well suited to setting up a race track. The first race, held on 14 April 1929, was won by William Grover-Williams driving a Bugatti, the first Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco was an invitation-only event, but not all of those invited decided to attend. The leading Maserati and Alfa Romeo drivers decided not to compete, Mercedes sent their leading driver Rudolf Caracciola to drive a Mercedes SSK. Caracciola drove a race, bringing his SSK up to second position at the end of the race. The race was won by Williams driving a Bugatti Type 35B painted dark green, another driver who competed using a pseudonym was Georges Philippe, the Baron Philippe de Rothschild
Monaco Grand Prix
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William Grover-Williams at the
1929 Monaco Grand Prix
Monaco Grand Prix
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Monaco Grand Prix
Monaco Grand Prix
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Graham Hill won five of his 14 Grands Prix at Monaco
Monaco Grand Prix
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Formation lap for the
1996 Monaco Grand Prix.
8.
French Riviera
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The Côte dAzur, often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France, also including the sovereign state of Monaco. There is no boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from the Italian border in the east to Saint-Tropez, Hyères, Toulon. This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas and it began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. In the summer, it played home to many members of the Rothschild family. After World War II, it became a popular tourist destination and convention site, many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region. Officially, the Côte dAzur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents and its largest city is Nice, which has a population of 347,060. The city is the center of a communauté urbaine – Nice-Côte dAzur – bringing together 24 communes, Nice is home to Nice Côte dAzur Airport, Frances third-busiest airport, which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. A second airport at Mandelieu was once the commercial airport. The A8 autoroute runs through the region, as does the old main road known as the Route nationale 7. Trains serve the region and inland to Grasse, with the TGV Sud Est service reaching Nice-Ville station in five. The French Riviera has a population of more than two million. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate, the French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast. As a tourist center, French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year,115 kilometres of coastline, the name Côte dAzur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in December 1887. Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-dOr, the term French Riviera is typical of English use. It was built by analogy with the term Italian Riviera, which extends east of the French Riviera. As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the part of the coast. Originally, riviera is an Italian noun which means coastline, in Occitan and French, the only usual names are Còsta dAzur in Occitan and Côte dAzur in French. A name like French Riviera is unusual and sounds odd, it could work as a word-to-word translation of the British point of view
French Riviera
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The lighthouse of Nice, on the French Riviera
French Riviera
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Map showing the extent of the Côte d'Azur.
French Riviera
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View of Port Hercule, Monaco
French Riviera
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The Old Town district of
Menton, which is the last town on the Côte d'Azur before the Italian frontier.
9.
Monaco
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Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 and a population of about 38,400 according to the last census of 2015. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the second smallest, Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km, a coastline of 3.83 km, and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m. The highest point in the country is a pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward. Monacos most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins, through land reclamation, Monacos land mass has expanded by twenty percent, in 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, in 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva. Monaco is a principality governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, although Prince Albert II is a constitutional monarch, he wields immense political power. The House of Grimaldi have ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, the official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood. The states sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite Monacos independence and separate foreign policy, its defense is the responsibility of France, however, Monaco does maintain two small military units. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the countrys first casino, Monte Carlo, since then, Monacos mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to the principalitys status as a tourist destination and recreation center for the rich. In more recent years, Monaco has become a major banking center and has sought to diversify its economy into services and small, high-value-added, the state has no income tax, low business taxes, and is well known for being a tax haven. It is also the host of the street circuit motor race Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is not formally a part of the European Union, but it participates in certain EU policies, including customs, through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and it is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Monacos name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony, according to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there, the temple of Hercules Monoikos, because the only temple of this area was the House of Hercules, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, an ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, contested it for a hundred years before actually gaining control
Monaco
–
Statue of
Francesco Grimaldi, " Il Malizia " ("the Cunning"), disguised as a monk with a dagger hidden under the cloak of his
habit. However, he was ousted by the Genoese just four years later. The Grimaldi family purchased Monaco from the
Crown of Aragon in 1419.
Monaco
–
Flag
Monaco
–
Monaco circa 1900
Monaco
–
Mayor of Monaco announcing concessions ending absolute monarchy of
Prince Albert I in 1910
10.
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
–
Albert I was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 10 September 1889 until his death. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, alongside his expeditions, Albert I made reforms on political, economic and social levels, bestowing a constitution on the Principality in 1911. As a young man, Prince Albert served in the Spanish Navy, during the Franco-Prussian War, the Grimaldi Man found in the Baousse-Rousse cave was named in his honour. Alberts intellectual achievements gained him recognition and in 1909, the British Academy of Science made him a member. The couple met for the first time in August 1869 at a ball hosted by the Emperor and Empress of France, their marriage had been arranged by Alberts grandmother Caroline. Caroline had tried to make a match between Albert and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the first cousin of Queen Victoria, and sought the help of Napoléon III and his wife, Empress Eugénie. The Emperor convinced Caroline that Queen Victoria would never allow a relative of hers to marry into a family who were making an out of gambling. He then suggested Mary, his cousin and sister of his good friend. Mary was not royalty, but the Hamiltons, the ducal house of Scotland, were seen as noble, ancient. The Hamiltons were well-aware of the extent of Monacos estate, which was no bigger than theirs, the couple married at Château de Marchais on 21 September 1869. Within a year of their marriage, the only child was born. While Albert was away fighting in the Franco-Prussian war, she left Monaco permanently, civilly, the marriage was dissolved on 28 July 1880 by the Order of Prince Charles III. That same year, the former Princess of Monaco remarried in Florence, Italy, to a Hungarian nobleman, on 10 September 1889, Albert ascended the throne of Monaco on the death of his father. That same year in Paris, on 30 October, he married the Dowager Duchess de Richelieu, née Marie Alice Heine. The American daughter of a New Orleans building contractor of German-Jewish descent, Alice Heine had married the Duc de Richelieu but had been widowed by age 21 and left with a young son, Armand. Her marriage to Prince Albert proved a blessing for him. Despite the initial success of the marriage of Prince Albert and Princess Alice, in 1902, they separated legally, without issue, according to Anne Edwards book The Grimaldis of Monaco, this was due to the Princesss friendship with the composer Isidore de Lara. Princess Alice had La Belle Otero banned from the province in 1897 for being seen with her husband, in March 1910, there were mass protests against his rule
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
–
Albert ǀ
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
–
A statue of Albert as a seafarer in
Monaco-Ville 's
St Martin Gardens.
Albert I, Prince of Monaco
–
Scale model of Hirondelle II. On display at the
Oceanographic Museum.
11.
Henri Rougier
–
Henri Louis Rougier, was a French sportsman, racing cyclist, pioneer aeroplane pilot and sporting motorist. On 18 November 1909 he was awarded Aviators Certificate number 11 by the Aéro-Club de France, throughout 1909 and 1910 he was a very successful competitor at Air shows and Grands Prix throughout Europe. Rougier was an entrepreneur, owning the Paris agency for Turcat-Méry motor cars. After World War I he manufactured a number of Rougier motor cars, based on Turcat-Méry chassis but with mechanical design improvements. Rougier was appointed Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur, plus being awarded the Croix de guerre, Rougier was born in Marseille, on 28 October 1876. Henri Rougier was the dealer for Turcat-Méry motor vehicles, and like most other manufacturers he used racing. In May 1903 Rougier finished 11th overall in the Paris-Madrid race driving a 45-hp Turcat-Méry and he was also classified 9th in the heavy car class. On 17 June 1904 Rougier competed in the Gordon Bennett Cup race in Germany driving a 45-hp Turcat-Méry, kaiser Wilhelm II had decreed that the race start from Bad Homburg in the Taunus mountains. He finished in place, taking 6 hours 46 minutes 31 seconds to complete the 564 kilometres. In 1905 Rougier competed in the Circuit des Ardennes at Bastogne and his Lorraine-Dietrich set the fastest lap of 68.51 mph. In 1906 Rougier finished third in the Circuit des Ardennes at Bastogne and his time was 5 hours 50 minutes 11 seconds. At the inaugural 1906 French Grand Prix he was unclassified, over 1 lap behind the winner, in 1907 Rougier competed in the French Grand Prix at Dieppe, driving a Lorraine-Dietrich but retired on lap 5. On 19 May 1908 Rougier competed in the Saint Petersburg-Moscow race driving a Lorraine-Dietrich, in the 1908 French Grand Prix at Dieppe, he retired on the first lap with magneto problems on his Lorraine-Dietrich. In 1923 Rougier competed in the French Grand Prix at Tours, in the 1923 Italian Grand Prix at Monza he retired after 28 laps. In 1909 the Automobile Club de Monaco started planning a car rally at the behest of Albert I, the Monte Carlo Rally was to start at points all over Europe and converge on Monte Carlo. In January 191123 cars set out from 11 different locations, the event was won by Henri Rougier in a Turcat-Méry 25 Hp. The rally comprised both driving and then somewhat arbitrary judging based on the elegance of the car, passenger comfort, the outcry of scandal when the results were published changed nothing, so Rougier was proclaimed the first winner. The Turcat-Méry motor manufacturing business began in 1895 when Alphonse Méry of Marseille bought a Panhard-Levassor, thus in 1899, when the car was ready for sale, they founded Turcat-Méry & Cie. Rougier became the Paris agent and chief publicist for both Turcat-Méry and Lorraine-Dietrich
Henri Rougier
–
1903
Paris-Madrid race. Henri Rougier driving his Turcat-Méry 45-hp finished 11th overall, and 9th in the heavy car class
Henri Rougier
–
Henri Rougier and the victorious 25Hp
Turcat-Méry before the inaugural Monte Carlo rally
Henri Rougier
–
1906 Turcat-Méry
Henri Rougier
–
Anvers Aviation Meeting in 1909. Henri Rougier flying a Voisin biplane powered by a
Gnôme Oméga engine
12.
Mini
–
The Mini is a small economy car produced by the English based British Motor Corporation and its successors from 1959 until 2000. The original is considered an icon of 1960s British popular culture and its space-saving transverse engine front-wheel drive layout – allowing 80 percent of the area of the cars floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage – influenced a generation of car makers. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T and this distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by Sir Alec Issigonis. The Mini Mark I had three major UK updates – the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III, within these was a series of variations, including an estate car, a pick-up truck, a van and the Mini Moke – a jeep-like buggy. The performance versions, the Mini Cooper and Cooper S, were successful as race and rally cars, winning the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964,1965 and 1967. In 1966, the first-placed Mini was disqualified after the finish, on introduction in August 1959 the Mini was marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor. The Austin Seven was renamed Austin Mini in January 1962 and Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969, in 1980 it once again became the Austin Mini and in 1988 the Rover Mini. BMW acquired the Rover Group in 1994, and sold the part of it in 2000. Designated by Leonard Lord as project ADO15 and the product of the Morris design team, petrol was once again rationed in the UK, sales of large cars slumped, and the market for German bubble cars boomed. Lord, the autocratic head of BMC, reportedly detested these cars so much that he vowed to rid the streets of them. Alec Issigonis, who had working for Alvis, had been recruited back to BMC in 1955 and. The team that designed the Mini was remarkably small, as well as Issigonis, there was Jack Daniels, Chris Kingham, together, by October 1957, they had designed and built the original prototype, which was affectionately named The Orange Box because of its colour. Almost all small front-wheel-drive cars developed since have used a similar configuration and this location saved vehicle length, but had the disadvantage of feeding the radiator with air that had been heated by passing over the engine. It also exposed the entire system to the direct ingress of rainwater through the grille. The suspension system, designed by Issigoniss friend Dr. Alex Moulton at Moulton Developments Limited, used compact rubber cones instead of conventional springs and this space-saving design also featured rising progressive-rate springing of the cones, and provided some natural damping, in addition to the normal dampers. Initially an interconnected fluid system was planned, similar to the one that Alec Issigonis, the short development time of the car meant this was not ready in time for the Minis launch. The system intended for the Mini was further developed and the system was first used on the Morris 1100, launched in 1962. Ten-inch wheels were specified, so new tyres had to be developed, Issigonis went to Dunlop stating that he wanted even smaller,8 in wheels
Mini
–
Morris Mini-Minor
Mini
–
1959 Morris Mini-Minor interior
Mini
–
A cross-section shows how a Mini maximises passenger space
Mini
–
1959 Morris Mini Minor
13.
Rauno Aaltonen
–
Rauno August Aaltonen, also known as The Rally Professor, is a Finnish former professional rally driver who competed in the World Rally Championship throughout the 1970s. Before WRC was established Aaltonen competed in the European Rally Championship and he won the championship in 1965, with Tony Ambrose as his co-driver. He also won the Finnish Rally Championship in 1961 and 1965, in 1966, he partnered Bob Holden in Australia to win the premier touring car race, the Gallaher 500, in a Mini Cooper S at Mount Panorama in New South Wales. Aaltonen finished second on six occasions in the Safari Rally, which is considered one of the most difficult courses in rallying, in 1985, he was leading the rally by two hours when his engine broke down before the last few special stages. Despite now being remembered as one of the Flying Finns of rallying, Aaltonen started his career on speed boats and later moved on to competing in road racing, speedway. Before he became the first Finnish European Rally Champion, he was the first Finn to win a Grand Prix motorcycle racing competition, Aaltonen was a proponent of left-foot braking. In 2010, he was among the first four inductees into the Rally Hall of Fame, along with Erik Carlsson, Paddy Hopkirk and Timo Mäkinen
Rauno Aaltonen
–
Aaltonen in the late 1970s
Rauno Aaltonen
–
Aaltonen at the 1965
1000 Lakes Rally
Rauno Aaltonen
–
Aaltonen behind
Timo Mäkinen at the 1000 Lakes
Rauno Aaltonen
–
An ex-Aaltonen
BMW 2002tii
14.
Paddy Hopkirk
–
Patrick Barron Paddy Hopkirk is a former rally driver from Northern Ireland. He was born in Belfast and educated at Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare from 1945–1949 before attending Trinity College and he was awarded the MBE Honour in the 2016 New Years Honours list. He started his career in professional racing and rally driving in 1955. He finished third at the 1962 Monte Carlo Rally in a Sunbeam Rapier, alongside Henry Liddon he won the 1964 Monte Carlo Rally in a Mini Cooper S car number 37, with the registration number 33 EJB. They are the most recent all-British crew to have won the event, Hopkirk also travelled to Australia during his career to drive for the BMC Works Team in the annual Bathurst 500 race for standard production cars at the Mount Panorama Circuit. In 1965, he won a Coupe dArgent at the Alpine Rally and he won the 1965 and 1967 Circuit of Ireland Rally, the 1966 and 1967 Alpine Rally, and the 1967 Rally Acropolis. Hopkirk was elected as a member of the British Racing Drivers Club in 1967, and is also president of the Historic Rally Car Register. Hopkirk and his teammate Tony Nash managed to pull out occupants from both cars that were starting to burn, probably saving the life of severely wounded Lucien Bianchi in the process, the accident happened just ahead of Hopkirks Austin 1800. By driving back to warn onlookers and the police, Hopkirk and that same year he finished second at the second edition of the Rally de Portugal. In 1990, he won the Pirelli Classic Marathon with co-driver Alec Poole, in 2010, he was among the first four inductees into the Rally Hall of Fame, along with Mäkinen, Rauno Aaltonen and Erik Carlsson. He married his wife Jennifer in 1967, they have three children and his wife was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 2005. Paddy Hopkirk is a brand of automotive accessories named after Hopkirk
Paddy Hopkirk
–
Paddy Hopkirk
Paddy Hopkirk
–
Hopkirk's original 1964
Monte Carlo winning
Mini Cooper S.
Paddy Hopkirk
–
Hopkirk (second on the right) at the 1965
1000 Lakes Rally
15.
Roger Clark
–
Roger Albert Clark, MBE, was a British rally driver during the 1960s and 70s, and the first competitor from his country to win a World Rally Championship event when he triumphed at the 1976 RAC Rally. He learned about cars as a mechanic, and then helped the business take on new sales franchises, by 1975 there were four Roger Clark Cars Ltd. garages in the Leicester area, retailing under franchise agreements Alfa Romeo, Ford, Jensen, Lotus, Renault and Porsche. Clark married Judith Barr in 1965, and the couple had two sons, Clark passed his driving test in 1956, and immediately joined the Leicester Car Club, where he met Jim Porter, who was his co-driver for 20 years. Initially borrowing a Ford Model Y from his fathers garage, he made his debut at club level in 1956 in a pre-WWII Ford Prefect. The car used number plate 2 ANR, which Clark retained throughout his career, after moving to compete in a 1950s Ford 100E van, in 1960 Clark and Porter began being placed after switching to a BMC Mini Cooper. This success led to a series of works drives, in 1963 he drove a Triumph TR4 for Spa-Sofia-Liege, and in the same year a Reliant Sabre in the Alpine Rally. Roger drove for BL during the 1980 season where he competed in the iconic TR7 V8, in 1966 Clark and Porter signed to a works Ford of Britain deal, with the successful partnership lasting 15 years. In 1968 Clark switched to the car that he was most associated with, the Ford Escort RS, which he rallied in works form until 1979, Clark and Porter won British Rally Championship titles again in 1972,1973 and 1975. His most notable came in the RAC Rally, the UKs biggest rally race. But as Porter was contracted to work for the rally organisers, Clark and Porter also won the Acropolis Rally in 1968, the Circuit of Ireland in 1970, and the Scottish Rally on six occasions, among a total of 40 national and international victories. In 1973, Clark led the East African Safari Rally by over an hour, as part of his later extended works-deal with Ford, Clark was contracted and paid as a development driver, for which he was asked to rally unusual models. Clark remained very loyal to Ford, but did on rare occasions compete in other makes, due to undertake the 1974 BOAC500 in a Porsche 911 Carrera, the assigned car did not start the event. However, many spectators did see a Porsche UK demonstrator Carrera compete the event and he was awarded the MBE in 1979. Clark focused most of his efforts on building the business with his brother Stan in Leicestershire. His other son Olly Clark has been a competitor in the Time Attack UK series, Network Q Rally of Great Britain, Clark died from the effects of a stroke on 12 January 1998. A bronze statue of Clark was later erected in his memory at Mallory Park, in 2004, a historic rally event was established to recreate the route of the classic RAC Rally, as the current race is under the existing franchise is undertaken mainly in Wales. The event was named the Roger Albert Clark Rally in his honour, competitors are limited to vehicles released prior to 1982, and traces a route through stages in Scotland and northern England which are no longer part of the modern itinerary
Roger Clark
–
Roger Clark (c.) and Jim Porter (1968)
Roger Clark
–
Clark's 1972
RAC Rally -winning Escort RS1600
Roger Clark
–
Clark's Cossack sponsored Ford Escort RS1800, winner of the 1976 Lombard RAC Rally
Roger Clark
–
Bronze statue of Roger Clark MBE at
Mallory Park
16.
Ford Cortina
–
The Ford Cortina is a car which was built by Ford of Britain in various guises from 1962 to 1982, and was the United Kingdoms best-selling car of the 1970s. The Cortina was produced in five generations from 1962 until 1982, from 1970 onward, it was almost identical to the German-market Ford Taunus which was originally a different car model. This was part of a Ford attempt to unify its European operations, by 1976, when the revised Taunus was launched, the Cortina was identical. The new Taunus/Cortina used the doors and some panels from the 1970 Taunus and it was replaced in 1982 by the Ford Sierra. In Asia and Australasia, it was replaced by the Mazda 626-based Ford Telstar, the name was inspired by the name of the Italian ski resort Cortina dAmpezzo, site of the 1956 Winter Olympics. As a publicity stunt, several Cortinas were driven down the run at the resort which was called Cortina Auto-Bobbing. Using the project name of Archbishop, management at Ford of Britain in Dagenham created a car which they could sell in large numbers. The chief designer was Roy Brown Jr. the designer of the Edsel, the Cortina, aimed at buyers of the Morris Oxford Farina and Vauxhall Victor, was launched on 20 September 1962. The car was designed to be economical, cheap to run and easy, the front-wheel drive configuration used by Ford of Germany for the new Ford Taunus P4, a similarly sized model, was rejected in favour of traditional rear-wheel drive layout. Originally to be called Ford Consul 225, the car was launched as the Consul Cortina until a modest facelift in 1964, the Cortina was available with 1200 and 1500 four-cylinder engines with all synchromesh gearbox, in two-door and four-door saloon, as well as in five-door estate forms. Standard, Deluxe, Super, and GT trims were offered, early Standard models featured a simple body coloured front grille, earning it the nickname Ironbar. Since this version cost almost the same as the better equipped Deluxe it sold poorly and is rare today. Options included heater and bench seat with column gearchange, Super versions of the estates offered the option of simulated wood side and tailgate trim. In an early example of product placement many examples of the brand new Cortina featured as Glamcabs in the comedy film Carry On Cabby, there were two main variations of the Mark 1. The Mark 1a possessed elliptical front side-lights, whereas the Mark 1b had a front grille incorporating the more rectangular side-light. A notable variant was the Ford Cortina Lotus, a few months later, in January 1963, the Cortina Super was announced with a five-bearing 1,498 cc engine. The engines used across the Mark I range were of identical design, differing only in capacity, the formula used was a four-cylinder pushrod design that came to be known as the pre-crossflow version as both inlet and exhaust ports were located on the same side of the head. The most powerful version of engine was 1,498 cc
Ford Cortina
–
Ford Cortina Super 2 door saloon ("Mark 1")
Ford Cortina
–
1963 Ford Consul Cortina Super 2 door saloon ("Mark 1")
Ford Cortina
–
Ford Cortina Mark I 2-door Saloon (pre facelift)
Ford Cortina
–
Ford Cortina Mark I 4-door Saloon (pre facelift)
17.
Pauli Toivonen
–
Pauli Toivonen was a Finnish rally car driver. He drove for Citroën, Lancia and Porsche and had many successes to his credit, Toivonen had two sons, Harri and Henri, both also racing drivers. Rally officials determined the headlamp bulbs were not homologated, following a last minute rule change, the winner therefore became Toivonens Citroën DS. As a result, Toivonen did not brag about his victory in the prestigious Monte Carlo rally because he felt he had not deserved the victory. However, when his son, Henri came in first at the same event twenty years later —- this time in a convincing manner —- Toivonen said, Toivonen was European Rally champion in 1968 and won four other events for Porsche in the same year
Pauli Toivonen
–
Toivonen (in the middle) with
Rauno Aaltonen and
Timo Mäkinen
Pauli Toivonen
–
Toivonen after winning the 1962
1000 Lakes Rally
18.
Rosemary Smith
–
Rosemary Smith is a rally driver from Dublin, Ireland. Smith initially trained as a dress designer, Smith entered her first rally as a navigator. After deciding that navigating was not to her liking she switched to driving and she came to the attention of the Rootes Groups Competition Department who offered her a works drive. In 1964 Smith took the prize on the Circuit of Ireland Rally driving a Sunbeam Rapier. In 1965 Smith won the Tulip Rally outright, Smith was controversially disqualified from the 1966 Monte Carlo Rally, after winning the Coupe des Dames, the ladies class. In all ten cars were disqualified, Rosemary Smith said she would never compete again unless the decision were reversed. Other competition successes included a win in the 1969 Cork 20 Rally. Smith has won the ladies prize several times on the Scottish Rally and on the Circuit of Ireland Rally, twice each on the Alpine Rally and on the Canadian Shell 4000 and she also has numerous class wins to her name. In 1965, Smith appeared as a guest on an episode of Whats My Line, arlene Francis, Mark Goodson, Ginger Rogers, and Bennett Cerf were on the panel and successfully guessed her line as a racecar driver. Mowat-Brown, G. Imp, The Complete Story, the Imp Site Rosemary Smith bio from Shell 4000 Rally
Rosemary Smith
–
Rosemary Smith at the Rally de Monte Carlo in 1965
19.
Motor Sport (magazine)
–
Motor Sport is a magazine was founded in the United Kingdom in 1924 as the Brooklands Gazette, the first edition appearing in July of that year. In August 1925 the title was changed to the all-encompassing Motor Sport, the editor of the magazine was, for many years Bill Boddy. Boddy, who had penned much of the history of British race track Brooklands, Jenkinson, or Jenks as he was known, travelled to all the Grands Prix to cover them for the magazine. His race reports were the way many of the readers could keep up with Grand Prix racing due to the lack of coverage elsewhere. The duo was victorious thanks to Moss supreme talent behind the wheel and Jenks meticulous notes, Moss was in awe of Jenks’ ability to concentrate on delivering accurate hand signals from his notes whilst ignoring the dangers of being driven along country roads at speeds of up to 170 mph. The magazine was owned and published by Wesley J Tee during much of this period, the monthly magazine underwent a revamp in March that year. It changed its emphasis to articles about history and the historic racing scene. In 2006 Haymarket sold the magazine to Chelsea Magazines where it remained for three years before being bought privately, in 2006 it started covering modern motorsport again, including Formula 1 and today it continues to do the same with the help of Nigel Roebuck and Mark Hughes. It remains one of the titles on both modern and historic racing. Many well known names in the world of motorsport make special contributions, amongst them, Patrick Head, Alan Henry, the magazines website also records monthly podcasts with the likes of Christian Horner, Mario Andretti, Patrick Head, Sir Frank Williams, John McGuinness and Gordon Murray
Motor Sport (magazine)
–
Motor Sport
20.
1973 World Rally Championship season
–
The 1973 World Rally Championship was the inaugural season for the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile World Rally Championship format. It consisted of 13 events, each held in a different country of the world. Many of the events would be staples of the series through to today, including Monte Carlo, Sweden, Tour de Corse, as with following seasons, gravel events formed the majority of the schedule. Two pure tarmac and one snow and ice rally were also included, the first award of the Championship for Manufacturers was firmly won by Alpine-Renault, which had already gained fame competing for the earlier International Championship for Manufacturers. Fiat successfully placed second ahead of challenger Ford, but could not seriously challenge the winning Alpine, however, this would also prove to be the last award for the Alpine, as it gave way in subsequent years to Italian firms Lancia and Fiat. A French manufacturer would not regain the Championship again until Peugeot successfully captured the 1985 World Rally Championship for Manufacturers, from 1973 to 1978, the WRC only awarded a season championship for the winning manufacturer. Scoring was given for the highest placing entry for each manufacturer, thus if a particular manufacturer was to place 2nd, 4th, and 10th, they would receive points for 2nd place only. However, the manufacturer would still gain an advantage in scoring from its other entries, for the first ever World Rally Championship, there were thirteen rallies. Positions in parentheses did not count to championship totals 1973 in sports FIA World Rally Championship 1973 at rallybase. nl
1973 World Rally Championship season
–
Alpine-Renault won the championship with the
A110
21.
2008 World Rally Championship season
–
The 2008 World Rally Championship was the 36th season of the FIA World Rally Championship. The season consisted of 15 rallies and began on 24 January, frenchman Sébastien Loeb successfully retained the Drivers World Championship, his and co-driver Daniel Elenas record-breaking fifth consecutive title, all of them attained driving Citroëns. In addition, Citroën secured their fourth Manufacturers title, and their first since 2005, from 2006 and 2007 victors, the running order for the first day is governed by championship position, with the championship leader running first on the road. For every other day of a rally, the order is decided by the end of day classification. The term leg has been replaced by day in order to more understandable. Extra 10-minute service prior to the podium has been added, intended to allow the service park to remain an attraction until the end of the event. With the switch to Pirelli tyres, tyre mousse has been banned, also the teams arent allowed to modify tyres by themselves anymore. At the first event of the season, the tires were the soft slick DS tire, the WX snow tire without studs. The same snow tyres were used in Sweden as well, tire walls have been strengthened in order to endure long, rough gravel stages often full of sharp rocks. The tread on Scorpions is asymmetric and directional, as it has more efficient during the tests. The 2008 season includes 15 rallies, which is one less than the 2007 season, Rally Norway, Rally Portugal and Rally Ireland were dropped from the calendar for 2008. Rally of Turkey returned to the schedule, and Jordan Rally is part of the calendar for the first time. Rally Australia was planned to make a return after being absent in 2007, the events also part of the Production World Rally Championship are Sweden, Argentina, Greece, Turkey, Finland, New Zealand, Japan and Britain. The seven rallies also on the Junior World Rally Championship schedule are Mexico, Jordan, Italy, Finland, Germany, Spain, no change of the first driver is authorised, except in a case of force majeure. This has been done for safety reasons, however this is likely to be a disappointment for race fans. Points table,2008 calendar at WRC. com
2008 World Rally Championship season
–
The banning of
tyre mousse made punctures much more common (pictured
Jaan Molder with a rear wheel puncture in
Italy).
2008 World Rally Championship season
–
Jean-Marie Cuoq and
Jari-Matti Latvala on a transport section of the
2008 edition of the
Monte Carlo Rally.
2008 World Rally Championship season
–
Junior world champion
Sébastien Ogier competing in a
Citroën C2 S1600 at the
2008 Rallye Deutschland.
22.
World Rally Championship
–
The World Rally Championship is a rallying series organised by the FIA, culminating with a champion driver and manufacturer. The drivers world championship and manufacturers championship are separate championships. The series currently consists of 13 three-day events driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow, each rally is split into 15–25 special stages which are run against the clock on closed roads. The World Rally Car is the current car specification in the series and it evolved from Group A cars which replaced the banned Group B supercars. World Rally Cars are built on production 1, the production car, super 2000 and junior entrants race through the stages after the WRC drivers. The 1973 World Rally Championship was the season of the WRC. The first drivers championship was not awarded until 1979, although 1977 and 1978 seasons included an FIA Cup for Drivers, won by Italys Sandro Munari. Swedens Björn Waldegård became the first official champion, edging out Finlands Hannu Mikkola by one point. Fiat took the title with the Fiat 131 Abarth in 1977,1978 and 1980, Ford with its Escort RS1800 in 1979. Waldegård was followed by German Walter Röhrl and Finn Ari Vatanen as drivers world champions, the 1980s saw the rear-wheel-drive Group 2 and the more popular Group 4 cars be replaced by more powerful four-wheel-drive Group B cars. FISA legalized all-wheel-drive in 1979, but most manufacturers believed it was too complex to be successful, however, after Audi started entering Mikkola and the new four-wheel-drive Quattro in rallies for testing purposes with immediate success, other manufacturers started their all-wheel-drive projects. Group B regulations were introduced in the 1982, and with only a few restrictions allowed almost unlimited power, Audi took the constructors title in 1982 and 1984 and drivers title in 1983 and 1984. Audis French female driver Michèle Mouton came close to winning the title in 1982,1985 title seemed set to go to Vatanen and his Peugeot 205 T16 but a bad accident at the Rally Argentina left him to watch compatriot and team-mate Timo Salonen take the title instead. Italian Attilio Bettega had even a severe crash with his Lancia 037 at the Tour de Corse. However, the season took a dramatic turn. At the Rally Portugal, three spectators were killed and over 30 injured after Joaquim Santos lost control of his Ford RS200, at the Tour de Corse, championship favourite Toivonen and his co-driver Sergio Cresto died in a fireball accident after plunging down a cliff. Only hours after the crash, Jean-Marie Balestre and the FISA decided to freeze the development of the Group B cars, more controversy followed when Peugeots Juha Kankkunen won the title after FIA annulled the results of the San Remo Rally, taking the title from fellow Finn Markku Alén. As the planned Group S was also cancelled, Group A regulations became the standard in the WRC until 1997, a separate Group A championship had been organized as part of the WRC already in 1986, with Swedens Kenneth Eriksson taking the title with a Volkswagen Golf GTI 16V
World Rally Championship
–
Group 4
Lancia Stratos HF.
World Rally Championship
–
World Rally Championship
World Rally Championship
–
Group B
Audi Quattro S1.
World Rally Championship
–
Group B
Ford RS200.
23.
2009 Intercontinental Rally Challenge season
–
The 2009 Intercontinental Rally Challenge was the fourth season of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge. The season consists of rounds and began on January 21. The season ended on November 21, at the inaugural RAC Rally of Scotland, with four wins, Kris Meeke won the championship ahead of Jan Kopecký and Freddy Loix. The calendar had been increased from 10 events in 2008, to twelve in 2009, out went the Istanbul Rally, the Rally de Portugal, the Rallye International du Valais and the China Rally. To be replaced by the Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo, the Rally Internacional de Curitiba, the Safari Rally, the Rallye Açores, Rally Japan, Rally Japan was later cancelled, mainly because the major manufacturers looked unlikely to travel to Japan. Only the best seven scores from each driver count towards the championship, only the best seven scores from each manufacturer count towards the championship. The official website of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge
2009 Intercontinental Rally Challenge season
–
Kris Meeke won four of the nine rallies he contested, as he won the title by eleven points.
24.
2012 World Rally Championship season
–
The 2012 World Rally Championship was the 40th season of the FIA World Rally Championship. The season run over thirteen rallies, beginning with the Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo on 17 January, sébastien Loeb won the drivers championship for the ninth time in his career, ahead of Finns Mikko Hirvonen and Jari-Matti Latvala. The 2012 calendar was announced at a meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council in Singapore on 26 September 2011, the rally also featured the longest stage of the championship, the 66 km El Durzano–Ambul stage. The extended rally route has been promoted as a prototype of a format proposed by FIA President Jean Todt, the Jordan Rally was removed from the calendar. Rally Abu Dhabi was expected to be promoted in its place, the Wales Rally GB was brought forward from its traditional November date to September, making Rally of Spain the season finale. The route of the Rally Finland was revised from the 2011 event, the Rally dItalia was moved back from May to October. The Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo returned to the calendar after a three-year absence, the Rally New Zealand replaced Rally Australia, in keeping with their event-sharing arrangement. Notes, ^1 – The Mini WRC Team lost Minis support as a team after the Monte Carlo Rally. The Mini WRC Team became known as the Prodrive WRC Team from the Rally de Portugal, chris Atkinson returned to the WRC to contest the Rally of Mexico with the Monster World Rally Team. Atkinsons last appearance at the WRC level was a drive with the Citroën Junior Team at the 2009 Rally Ireland. Ken Block will contest a reduced WRC program, appearing at Rally Mexico, Rally New Zealand, the Citroën World Rally Team will expand to a three-car operation, entering a third Citroën DS3 WRC for 2011 Dakar Rally winner Nasser Al-Attiyah. Al-Attiyah was originally scheduled to contest every event with the exception of the Rallye Monte Carlo owing to a clash with the 2012 Dakar Rally. However, Al-Attiyah was selected to represent his native Qatar at the London Olympics in skeet shooting and was forced to miss the Rally of New Zealand, françois Delecour returned to the WRC to compete in the 80ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo. Delecour drove a Ford Fiesta RS WRC in the rally, his first event at the WRC level since the 2002 Rally of Great Britain, the Rallye Monte Carlo is Delecours only planned appearance in the 2012 season. 2011 championship runner-up Mikko Hirvonen and co-driver Jarmo Lehtinen moved from the Ford World Rally Team to Citroën, Jari-Matti Latvala was injured in an accident during a training exercise two weeks before Rally Argentina, forcing him out of the event. He was replaced by Dani Sordo for the event, Lotus Cars planned to enter a Lotus Exige R-GT at all tarmac events on the 2012 calendar, pending the homologation of the car. Mini WRC Team will only enter one works driver in selected events of 2012, Dani Sordo will enter in every event, with the second car driven by local competitors. The team has stated that Kris Meeke will not compete in every rally, the team was renamed Prodrive WRC Team before the Rally de Portugal
2012 World Rally Championship season
–
Defending drivers' champion
Sébastien Loeb of Citroën
2012 World Rally Championship season
–
Mikko Hirvonen interviewed during the
Rally Finland
2012 World Rally Championship season
–
After 12 years,
Petter Solberg returned to the Ford factory team.
2012 World Rally Championship season
–
Evgeny Novikov drives for
M-Sport Ford.
25.
Monte Carlo
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Monte Carlo /ˈmɒnti ˈkɑːrloʊ/ officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500, from west to east they are, Fontvieille, Monaco-Ville, La Condamine, and Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera and it is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris, the Café de Paris, and the Salle Garnier. The eastern part of the quarter includes the community of Larvotto with Monacos only public beach, as well as its new center. At the quarters eastern border, one crosses into the French town of Beausoleil, at the time, a number of small towns in Europe were growing prosperous from the establishment of casinos, notably in German towns such as Baden-Baden and Homburg. The success of the casino grew slowly, largely due to the areas inaccessibility from much of Europe, the installation of the railway in 1868, however, brought with it an influx of people into Monte Carlo and saw it grow in wealth. Saint-Charles Church on Monte Carlos Avenue Sainte-Charles was completed in 1883 and it was restored in its centenary year. The municipalities were merged into one in 1917, after accusations that the government was acting according to the divide and conquer. Today, Monaco is divided into 10 wards, with an eleventh ward planned to land reclaimed from the sea. The quarter of Monte Carlo was served by tramways from 1900 to 1953, in 2003 a new cruise ship pier was completed in the harbour at Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo is host to most of the Circuit de Monaco and it also hosts world championship boxing bouts, the European Poker Tour Grand Final and the World Backgammon Championship as well as the Monaco International Auto Show, fashion shows and other events. Although the Monte Carlo Masters tennis tournament is billed as taking place in the community, Monte Carlo has been visited by royalty as well as the general public and movie stars for decades. The rally, however, takes place outside the Monte Carlo quarter and is run mostly on French roads, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo or Salle Garnier was built to designs of the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Paris opera house now known as the Palais Garnier. Although much smaller, the Salle Garnier is very similar in style with decorations in red and gold and it was inaugurated on 25 January 1879 with a performance by Sarah Bernhardt dressed as a nymph. The first opera performed there was Robert Planquettes Le Chevalier Gaston on 8 February 1879, gunsbourg had remained for sixty years. This production formed part of an association between the company and Massenet and his operas, two of which were presented there posthumously. Other famous twentieth-century singers to appear at Monte Carlo included Titta Ruffo, Geraldine Farrar, Mary Garden, Tito Schipa, Beniamino Gigli, Claudia Muzio, Georges Thill, and Lily Pons. Apart from Massenet, composers whose works had their first performances at Monte Carlo included, Saint-Saëns, Mascagni, indeed, since its inauguration, the theatre has hosted 45 world premiere productions of operas
Monte Carlo
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View of Monte Carlo (and Monaco) from the east
Monte Carlo
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Charles III of Monaco was responsible for turning the Monte Carlo district and Monaco into a thriving town.
Monte Carlo
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Monte Carlo Casino
Monte Carlo
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Hotel de Paris
26.
Tarmac
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Tarmac is a type of road surfacing material patented by English inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The term is used, with varying degrees of correctness, for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, bituminous surface treatments. The term is often used to describe airport aprons, taxiways. Pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the 1820s, Macadam roads are prone to rutting and generating dust. Methods to stabilize macadam surfaces with tar date back to at least 1834 when John Henry Cassell, operating from Cassells Patent Lava Stone Works in Millwall, patented lava stone. This method involved spreading tar on the subgrade, placing a typical macadam layer, tar-grouted macadam was in use well before 1900, and involved scarifying the surface of an existing macadam pavement, spreading tar, and re-compacting. In 1901, Edgar Purnell Hooley was walking in Denby, Derbyshire when he noticed a smooth stretch of road close to an ironworks. He was informed that a barrel of tar had fallen onto the road, Hooley noticed this unintentional resurfacing had solidified the road, and there was no rutting and no dust. Hooleys 1902 patent for tarmac involved mechanically mixing tar and aggregate prior to lay-down, the tar was modified by adding small amounts of Portland cement, resin, and pitch. Nottinghams Radcliffe Road became the first tarmac road in the world, in 1903 Hooley formed Tar Macadam Syndicate Ltd and registered tarmac as a trademark. As petroleum production increased, the by-product bitumen became available in greater quantities, the Wick Airport at Wick in Caithness, Scotland, is one of the few airports that still have real tarmac runways. Similarly in the UK the word tarmac is much more used by the public when referring to asphalt concrete. Tarmac is a trademark although it is frequently written with a lower-case initial letter. History of road transport – covers the development of road-building techniques Asphalt concrete Pavement Tarmac Limited
Tarmac
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Types of road
27.
Special stage (rallying)
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A special stage is a section of closed road at a stage rally event. Racers attempt to complete the stage in the shortest time, a race on a special stage is coordinated such that each competing racer begins after a set interval, to reduce the chance of impedance by other competitors. Each special stage is a short section, usually up to about 30 miles in length. A rally usually comprises approximately 15–30 special stages, the driver with the lowest overall time for all special stages in an event is the winner. The roads on which stages are held vary from rally to rally. Surfaces such as ice and snow or desert sand are also common, with the aim of providing a challenge for the driver and crew as well as a test of the cars performance and reliability. While competing on a stage, the drivers and co-drivers can have no support from their teams. Typically, each car will be given a start time for a stage at five-minute intervals. In the minutes before setting off, a car will wait stationary at the point until his scheduled start time. He may begin immediately at that time, and usually an official, the timing of a stage for a particular car starts at its scheduled time, not when it passes the start point. At the end of the stage, there are two sets of markers, the first is usually referred to as the flying finish, and is the point at which timing for the stage ends. The name comes from the fact that a car will be traveling at full racing speeds when it passes this post. Several hundred meters further along the stage is the control point. Approximately 50 meters after the point is the end of the special stage restrictions. The cars must travel between special stages on public roads, often known as transport stages, while on public roads, all local traffic laws must be obeyed, so all cars must be roadworthy and taxed and insured. Drivers may be given a time to arrive at their destination to ensure they do not speed during the journey. It is common to see rallies containing a Super Special Stage or Spectator Stage and these are timed stages, like standard special stages, but are held on short purpose-built tracks, often in outdoor stadia, but occasionally in covered venues. Commonly two cars set off at the same time and at the halfway point of the stage will swap lanes
Special stage (rallying)
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Conrad Rautenbach during the
2007 Rally GB.
Special stage (rallying)
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A Super Special Stage held during the 2006 Rally Argentina
28.
Sospel
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Sospel is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France near the Italian border and not far from Monte Carlo. The town dates back to the 5th century, when it served as an important staging post on the road from Nice to Turin. The old toll bridge used by travellers to cross the Bévéra, built in the 13th century and it was bombed by the Germans during World War II to prevent contact between the French Resistance and the Italians. Much of the town was destroyed, renovated after World War II it now houses the tourist office. Ruins of a tower, part of a château belonging to the counts of Provence, are all that remain of the 14th century city walls and it is one of the most retired and quietest corners of France, the most dreaded by revenue officers and by the Alpine hunters. But the road leads to it is one of the most beautiful in the world. Sospel is a setting in the 1977 mystery novel All Roads to Sospel by George Bellairs, list of medieval bridges in France Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department INSEE
Sospel
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A view of Sospel, with the
River Bévéra flowing beneath the old bridge
29.
Hairpin turn
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The hairpin turns are commonly seen in mountaineous area, and often appear continuously. Such turns in ramps and trails may be called switchbacks in American English, in British English switchback is more likely to refer to a heavily undulating road—a use extended from the rollercoaster and the other type of switchback railway. Hairpin turns are often built when a route climbs up or down a slope, so that it can travel mostly across the slope with only moderate steepness. Highways of this style are generally less costly to build. On occasion, the road may loop completely, using a tunnel or bridge to cross itself at a different elevation, when this routing geometry is used for a rail line, it is called a spiral, or spiral loop. In trail building, an alternative to switchbacks is the stairway, the Geiranger road from Geirangerfjord to the mountain pass won the gold medal on the world exhibition, Paris 1900, the original design included a 270° spiral. Norwegian National Road 7 through Måbødalen has a spiral partly within tunnels, the road from Frangokastello to Kallikratis in Crete has 27 tight bends. Due to mountainous profile of the country are many streets in Greece having tight bends. US441 through Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the Tennessee/North Carolina border, US40 over Berthoud Pass in Colorado. It forms half of the Mount Evans Scenic Byway, pikes Peak Highway in Colorado Springs includes numerous hairpins and switchbacks which are known as Ws. Mexican Autopista 95D has a hairpin turn which is known as La Pera. The Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada east of Osoyoos has several hairpin turns, a sharp hairpin turn on British Columbia Highway 97 alongside Vaseux Lake near Oliver, British Columbia has been the scene of many accidents and deaths. Nova Scotia Highway 105, part of the Trans-Canada Highway in Cape Breton has a turn after peaking Kellys Mountain before descending to cross the Seal Island Bridge. The Duffy Lake Road in British Columbia descending into Pemberton from Lillooet, 50°184. 31N, 122°354. 50W The Paso Internacional Los Libertadores has several switchbacks on the Chilean side of the pass. 26 below the tunnel entrance alone, in Japan, there is the known Nikkō Irohazaka, a one-way switchback mountain road, located at Nikko, Tochigi. This road plays a significant role in Japanese history, The route was popular with Buddhist pilgrims on their way to Lake Chuzenji, iroha-Zaka ascends more than 1,300 feet. In Macau, a part of the Guia Circuit is a hairpin turn, in India, the Gata Loops, a part of the route from Manali to Leh. And the Agumbe Ghat road from Udupi to Teerthahalli in Karnataka have 13 hairpin turns, in fact, most of the Ghats include at least one hairpin turn
Hairpin turn
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Hairpin turn in Oregon (May 1973)
Hairpin turn
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Road D2204 ascends to the Col de Braus using hairpin bends in the
Alpes Maritimes in the French Alps (43°51′58.0″N 7°22′50″E / 43.866111°N 7.38056°E / 43.866111; 7.38056)
Hairpin turn
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The type of hair pin (
bobby pin) from which a 'hairpin turn' takes its name
Hairpin turn
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Some of the 48 hairpin turns near the top of the northern ramp of the
Stelvio Pass in
Italy.
