1.
Mormonism and polygamy
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage
2.
Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy
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Polygamy, or plural marriage, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints probably originated with the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith, who taught that polygamy was a divine commandment. Smith practiced it personally, by some accounts marrying more than 30 women some of whom had existing marriages to other men. Smiths son Joseph Smith III, his widow Emma Smith, and they instead claimed that Brigham Young, the head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, introduced plural marriage after Smiths death. In 1852, leaders of the Utah-based LDS Church acknowledged that Smith taught, when polygamy was introduced into the Latter Day Saint movement is uncertain. Some scholars believe that Smith transcribed a revelation recommending polygamy on July 17,1831 and this alleged revelation is described in a letter to Brigham Young written in 1861 by an early Mormon convert, William W. Phelps, thirty years after the supposed revelation. This was during a period when LDS Church leaders were justifying the practice and origins of plural marriage, unlike the 1831 revelation, the 1830 version of the Book of Mormon does not specify that the Native Americans would become white and delightsome through plural marriage. Three authors assert that a record of the revelation exists, believed to be in the LDS Churchs historical department. The LDS Church never published Phelpss note or letter, nor has it been canonized as part of Mormon scripture, the church also never adopted a policy requiring or recommending that its members marry Native Americans. Though the 1831 revelation is cited by Mormon historians, non-Mormon historians, and critics, there are dissenting opinions, and no consensus has been reached. After Smiths death, many converts, including apostles Brigham Young, Orson Pratt. Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner, Smiths ninth wife claimed that Smith had a conversation with her in 1831 when she was twelve. Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831. Mosiah Hancock reported that his father Levi W. Hancock was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843, including unions between Smith and Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball, and Flora Woodworth. Mormons held two conferences at Saco, Maine, the center of Cochranism, on June 13,1834, at the latter conference, at least seven of the twelve newly-ordained Mormon apostles were in attendance, including Brigham Young. Others who spent time among the Cochranites were Orson Hyde and Smiths younger brother, among Cochrans marital innovations was spiritual wifery. Ridlon wrote in 1895, tradition assumes that received frequent consignments of spiritual consorts, some new Cochranites remained polygamists, and moved from the east coast to the Mormon community of Kirtland, Ohio. The revelation was dictated by Smith to his scribe William Clayton
3.
Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
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Possibly as early as the 1830s, followers of the Latter Day Saint movement, were practicing the doctrine of polygamy or plural marriage. In the years after the LDS Church began practicing polygamy, it drew intense scrutiny and this criticism led to the Utah Mormon War, and eventually the abandonment of the practice under the leadership of Wilford Woodruff, who issued the 1890 Manifesto. The announcement came nine years after the purported original revelation by Joseph Smith, Young was unable to produce the original document and declared that Smiths widow Emma Smith had burned it. Polygamy was roundly condemned by all sections of the American public. During the presidential election of 1856 a key plank of the newly formed Republican Partys platform was a pledge to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy, further tension grew due to the relationship between Gentile federal appointees and the Utah territorial leadership. This already tense situation was exacerbated by a period of intense religious revival starting in late 1856 dubbed the Mormon Reformation. In the midst of the American Civil War, Republican majorities in Congress were able to pass legislation meant to curb the Mormon practice of polygamy, one such act was the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which was signed into law on July 8,1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. The act banned plural marriage and limited church and non-profit ownership in any territory of the United States to $50,000, the act targeted the LDS Churchs control of Utah Territory. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement, and thus it was not rigorously enforced, the Mormons, believing that the law unconstitutionally deprived them of their First Amendment right to freely practice their religion, chose to ignore the law. In the following years, several bills aimed at strengthening the anti-bigamy laws failed to pass the United States Congress. These included the Wade, Cragin, and Cullom bills which had their origin in the territory of Utah and were initiated by men who were opposed to the Mormon establishment. The Wade Bill initiated in 1866 would have destroyed local government if it had passed, three years later, the Cragin Bill was proposed, but within a few days it was substituted by the Cullom Bill, which was more radical than the Wade or Cragin bills. Members of the church worked for the defeat of the bill, including women of the church, poland of Vermont, the Act redefined the jurisdiction of Utah courts by giving the United States district courts exclusive jurisdiction in Utah Territory over all civil and criminal cases. The Act also eliminated the territorial marshal and attorney, giving their duties to a U. S, the Act also altered petit and grand jury empaneling rules to keep polygamists off juries. By removing Latter-day Saints from positions of authority in the Utah justice system, immediately, under the act, the United States Attorney tried to bring leading church officials to trial. These efforts culminated in the sentencing of George Reynolds to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars for his practice of polygamy, in 1876, the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Reynolds was released from prison in January 1881, having served eighteen months of his original sentence, cannon, a prominent leader in the church, was denied a non-voting seat in the House of Representatives due to his multiple marriages. This revived the issue in national politics, electoral obstacles to prosecution were now removed, and the new territorial officials began criminal prosecutions in ernest
4.
Second Manifesto
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To be distinguished from the Second Manifesto of Surrealism The Second Manifesto was a 1904 declaration made by Joseph F. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff had issued the initial Manifesto, however, after the Manifesto, it became clear that a number of church members, including members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, were continuing to enter into or solemnize polygamous marriages. The Second Manifesto was announced at the conference of the church held on April 6,1904. At a public meeting, Smith announced that he would like to read a statement that he had prepared so that his words may not be misunderstood or misquoted. Joseph F. Smith, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, smiths official statement was later published in the Improvement Era, an official magazine of the church. A number of leaders were opposed to the enforcement of the Second Manifesto, including apostles John W. Taylor. As a result of their opposition, both resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, and in 1911 Taylor was excommunicated for continued opposition. In 1909, Francis M. Lyman chaired a committee to investigate plural marriages since the Second Manifesto that excommunicated people who had been involved in such practices. As the church began to excommunicate those who continued to enter into plural marriages, John Wickersham Woolley Short Creek raid Gospel Topics, The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage, lds. org, LDS Church, retrieved 2014-10-22
5.
Council of Friends (Woolley)
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The Council of Friends was one of the original expressions of Mormon fundamentalism, having its origins in the teachings of Lorin C. Woolley, a dairy farmer excommunicated from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1924, Woolley, to ensure that the practice of polygamy would continue into perpetuity even if abandoned by the church. To that end, Woolley extended the same authority to a seven-man Council of Friends between 1929 and 1933. Following the death of Woolley in September 1934 and of his Second Elder J. Leslie Broadbent six months later, the leadership of the Group fell to John Y. Barlow believed that the isolated Creek could provide a place of refuge for those engaging in the practice of polygamy, a felony, within a month. The UEP was incorporated on November 9,1942, the group was notorious for the practice of polygamy due to media coverage during the Short Creek raids of 1945 and 1953. Additions were made to Woolleys Council of Friends as time went on, leroy S. Johnson and Rulon Jeffs, future leaders of the FLDS Church, were ordained by John Y. Barlow in the 1940s, while Joseph Mussers ordination of Rulon C, allred in 1952 caused a division in the community and led to the creation of the Apostolic United Brethren. Today, the AUB continues to be led by a Priesthood Council, indeed, Woolley claimed to have been ordained to the Council for precisely that purpose by President John Taylor in 1886, along with his father John W. Woolley and four others. Barlow, Joseph White Musser, Charles Zitting, LeGrande Woolley, the following are the leaders of the Council of Friends prior to the 1954 split, John W. Woolley Lorin C. Woolley J. Leslie Broadbent John Y, barlow Joseph W. Musser Charles Zitting
6.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
7.
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
8.
Apostolic United Brethren
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The Apostolic United Brethren is a fundamentalist group that promotes polygamy. The title Apostolic United Brethren is not generally used by members and those outside the faith sometimes refer to it as the Allred Group because two of its presidents shared that surname. The AUB is unrelated to other similarly named groups such as Churches of the Brethren and this fundamentalist group recently came into the Hollywood spotlight with the release of the hit Reality TV Series Sister Wives aired in 2010. The AUB furnished a description of their beliefs and practices in August 2009 to the Utah Attorney Generals Polygamy Primer. This booklet is used to educate the law enforcement and social relief agencies involved with similar groups, as of 1998, there were approximately 10,000 members of the AUB, most of whom reside in Utah and Mexico. The headquarters of the AUB is in Bluffdale, Utah, where it has a chapel, a school, archives, and it operates at least three private schools, many families also home-school or send their children to public or public charter schools. This can largely be attributed to the AUBs former prophet, Owen A. Allred believed that transparency was key in helping the community see that the AUB, the AUB is headed by a President of the Priesthood. Next in authority is a Priesthood Council, on a local level there are Bishops, Priesthood Council representatives, and patriarchs. General Sacrament Meeting and Sunday School meetings take place on Sundays, relief Society, Young Womens, Primary, and Scouting take place throughout the week. Dances, firesides, musical events, plays, and classes are held at meetinghouses. The AUB regards the Book of Mormon as sacred scripture in addition to the Bible, the AUB teaches that the LDS Church is still fulfilling a divine role in spreading the Book of Mormon and other basic doctrines of Mormonism, and in facilitating genealogy. Members of the AUB are known for their belief in plural marriage, other key beliefs include the United Order, the Adam–God doctrine, and what is commonly called the 1886 Meeting. While not all take part in plural marriage, it is considered a crucial step in the quest for obtaining the highest glory of heaven. Allred, told a fundamentalist congregation in 1966, We are specifically instructed through John Taylor by Joseph Smith and Jesus Christ, with the function of the Church. God’s Church is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he further explained in 1975, We are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, no matter who may decry it or who may deny it. We are functioning within the confines of the Church, he commented. Under his leadership, the Allred group did no work or temple work. He predicted in 1975 that the time is at hand when God is going to intervene in the matter, and the temples will be opened to us, the following day, the Woolleys, as well as Taylors counselor, George Q
9.
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
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The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was a federal enactment of the United States Congress that was signed into law on July 8,1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. Sponsored by Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont, the act banned bigamy in federal territories such as Utah and limited church, the act targeted the Mormon practice of plural marriage and the property dominance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Utah Territory. The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was amended in 1882 by the Edmunds Act, enforcement of these acts start in July 1887. The issue went to the Supreme Court in the case Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States that upheld the Edmunds–Tucker Act on May 19,1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the 1890 Manifesto. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S, congressional Documents and Debates,1774 -1875
10.
Poland Act
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Poland of Vermont, the Act redefined the jurisdiction of Utah courts by giving the United States district courts exclusive jurisdiction in Utah Territory over all civil and criminal cases. The Act also eliminated the territorial marshal and attorney, giving their duties to a U. S, the Act also altered petit and grand jury empaneling rules to keep polygamists off juries. By removing Latter-day Saints from positions of authority in the Utah justice system, the Act was intended to allow for successful prosecutions of Mormon polygamists. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the bill known as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. In the following years, several bills aimed at strengthening the anti-bigamy laws failed to pass the United States Congress. These included the Wade, Cragin, and Cullom bills which had their origin in the Utah Territory and were initiated by men who were opposed to the Mormon curia. The Wade Bill initiated in 1866 would have destroyed local government if it had passed, three years later the Cragin Bill was proposed, but within a few days it was substituted by the Cullom Bill, which was more radical than the Wade or Cragin bills. Members of the church worked for the defeat of the bill, frank J. Cannon has this to say, Brigham had no trouble in organizing at home a resistance to the Cullom bill, in which Gentiles, Godbeites, and orthodox Mormons stood side by side. The women of Utah made a special and particular protest, the influence of railroad and telegraph friends was also called upon to resist the bill. At any rate, the Cullom bill died of neglect. Under the Poland Act, jury lists were to be drawn by the court clerk. Immediately the United States attorney tried to bring leading church officials to trial, many of the leaders of the church had married before the law was passed in 1862 and could not be tried ex post facto. Furthermore, the wives could not be required to testify against their husbands, and the records of plural marriages were kept privately in the Endowment House. After U. S. Reynolds agreed to serve, then provided the attorney numerous witnesses who could testify of his being married to two wives, and was indicted for bigamy by a jury on October 23,1874. When Carey did not keep his promise and arrested George Q, Cannon, church leaders decided that they would no longer cooperate with him. In 1875, Reynolds was convicted and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars, in 1876 the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Reynolds was released from prison in January 1881, having served eighteen months of his original sentence, professor Berrett first wrote this article Stephen Eliot Smith, “The ‘Mormon Question’ Revisited, Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause”. Poland Act of 1874 Relating to the Courts of Utah 43rd U. S. Congress, 1st Session, Volume 18, Part 3, a Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U. S
11.
Edmunds Act
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The Edmunds Act, also known as the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882, is a United States federal statute, signed into law on March 23,1882 by president Chester A. Arthur, declaring polygamy a felony. The act is named for U. S, senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont. The Edmunds Act also prohibited bigamous or unlawful cohabitation, thus removing the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred. A claim was made that the law violated the prohibition on ex post facto laws. A challenge to the statute was framed on these and other grounds. The Supreme Court ruled, in Murphy v. Ramsey,114 U. S.15, some modern scholars suggest the law may be unconstitutional for being in violation of the Free Exercise Clause. It also provided for a five-man Utah Commission appointed by the president to all aspects of the electoral process in Utah Territory. All elected offices throughout the territory were vacated, the board issued certificates to those who both denied a belief in polygamy and did not practice it, and new elections were held. Enforcement of the start in July 1887. The issue went to the Supreme Court in the case Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States that upheld the Edmunds–Tucker Act on May 19,1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the 1890 Manifesto. More than 1,300 men were imprisoned under the terms of the Edmunds Act, rudger Clawson — August 1882 — a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who was the first person convicted. He was pardoned by President Grover Cleveland mere months before his sentence was going to expire, william J. Flake —1883 — one of the founders of Snowflake, Arizona, who married his second wife in 1868. Was imprisoned in the Yuma Territorial Prison in 1883, after his release, when asked which of his wives he was going to give up, he replied, Neither. I married both in faith and intended to support both of them. As he had served his sentence, he could not be retried on the same charges. Angus M. Cannon —1885 — a Stake President, member of the Council of Fifty, Cannon was sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, cannons appeal was on the grounds that he had immediately ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized
12.
Reed Smoot hearings
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The Reed Smoot hearings were a series of Congressional hearings on whether the United States Senate should seat U. S. Senator Reed Smoot, who was elected by the Utah legislature in 1903, Smoot was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one of the top 15 leaders of the church. The hearings began in 1904 and continued until 1907, when the Senate voted, the vote fell short of a two-thirds majority needed to expel a member so he retained his seat. For example, the President of the LDS Church Joseph F. Smith cohabited with his many wives, new plural marriages did end by 1909, but the practice continued until the polygamists died off. Smoot himself only had one wife, earlier, when it was well known that Brigham Young was a polygamist, the U. S. President appointed him twice as territorial governor and the Senate ratified the appointment. Much of the American Protestant establishment viewed the LDS Church with distrust, prior to being called as an apostle of the LDS Church, Smoot had run for a Senate position, but withdrew before the election. After becoming an apostle in 1900, he received the approval of church president Joseph F. Smith to run again in 1902 as a Republican, in January 1903, the Utah legislature elected Smoot with 46 votes, compared to his Democratic competitor, who won 16. When Senator Smoot arrived in Washington, D. C. in late February 1903, he was met with protests and charges that he was a polygamist, charges he could easily disprove. Unlike B. H. Roberts, who upon election to the House of Representatives was not allowed to sit while hearings took place, among the public, old charges of Danites, the Mountain Meadows massacre, and Brigham Youngs plural wives were discussed. In January 1904, Senator Smoot prepared a rebuttal to these criticisms with the help of several non-Mormon lawyers, the actual hearings began in March. LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith took the stand and was interrogated for three days. Apostles Matthias F. Cowley and John W. Taylor did not show up after being subpoenaed, apostle Marriner W. Merrill ignored one subpoena and died soon after being subpoenaed a second time. The public participated actively in the proceedings, in the Capitol, spectators lined the halls, waiting for limited seats in the committee room, and filled the galleries to hear floor debates. For those who could not see for themselves, journalists and cartoonists depicted each days admission, at the height of the hearing, some senators were receiving a thousand letters a day from angry constituents. What remains of public petitions fills 11 feet of shelf space. After years of hearings, the charges of the opposition included. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley were still performing plural marriages in Mexico and Canada and that the church was exerting too much influence on Utah politics. That members were required to take oaths in the temples to seek revenge on the United States and that members believed revelation was higher than the laws of the land
13.
Reynolds v. United States
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Reynolds v. United States,98 U. S.145, was a Supreme Court of the United States case that held that religious duty was not a defense to a criminal indictment. Reynolds was the first Supreme Court opinion to address the Impartial Jury and he was secretary to Brigham Young and presented himself as a test of the federal governments attempt to outlaw polygamy. An earlier conviction was overturned on technical grounds, on the other hand, in subsequent years, efforts had been underway to strengthen the anti-bigamy laws. In 1875, Reynolds was convicted and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars, in 1876 the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. Previously, U. S. Attorney William Carey promised to stop his attempts to indict general authorities during the test case, however when Carey failed to keep his promise and arrested George Q. Cannon, LDS Church leaders decided that they would no longer cooperate with him, Reynolds was indicted in the District Court for the 3rd Judicial District of the Territory of Utah under sect. Reynolds tried to have the jury instructed that if they found he committed bigamy with the intention of following his religion. After being found guilty by the court, Reynolds appealed to the Utah Territorial Supreme Court. The Court affirmed Reynoldss conviction unanimously, chief Justice Morrison Waite wrote on behalf of himself and seven colleagues. Justice Field wrote a concurrence that dissented on one minor point, the Court considered whether Reynolds could use religious belief or duty as a defense. Reynolds had argued that as a Mormon, it was his religious duty as a member of the church to practice polygamy if possible. The Court recognized that under the First Amendment, the Congress cannot pass a law prohibits the free exercise of religion. However it held that the law prohibiting bigamy did not meet that standard, the principle that a person could only be married singly, not plurally, existed since the times of King James I of England in English law, upon which United States law was based. The former lies solely between man and his God, therefore the legislative powers of the government reach actions only, the Court believed the First Amendment forbade Congress from legislating against opinion, but allowed it to legislate against action. Reynolds argued that the jury that had indicted him was not legal. United States law at that time required that a grand jury consist of no fewer than 16 persons, the grand jury that indicted Reynolds had only 15 persons. The court rejected this argument because the Utah Territory had passed a law in 1870 under which a jury had to consist of only 15 persons. During his original trial, Reynolds had challenged two jurors, both of whom stated that they had formed an opinion on the guilt or innocence of Reynolds before the trial
14.
Angus M. Cannon
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Angus Munn Cannon was an early Latter Day Saint leader and Mormon pioneer. Cannon was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England and his Manx parents joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1840, being baptized by his uncle John Taylor. In 1842, the Cannon family went to Nauvoo, Illinois, by 1849, they were in Utah Territory. Cannon was the brother of George Q. Cannon and their lives followed very similar paths up until their arrival in Utah, in 1854, Cannon went on a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the Eastern United States, where he assisted John Taylor in publishing a periodical entitled The Mormon. He also preached and baptized in Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Cannon returned to Utah Territory due to the troubles connected with the Utah War. In 1864, Cannon helped establish Calls Landing on the Colorado River, later known as Callville, Callville was submerged when Lake Mead was filled. In 1869 and 1870, Cannon served a mission in the Eastern United States. In April 1876, Cannon became president of the Salt Lake Stake of the LDS Church and he served in this position until April 1,1904. After his time as president, Cannon served as a patriarch in the church. Cannon was the mayor of St. George, Utah Territory in 1861 and 1862, in 1896, after Utah had become a U. S. state, he stood for election as the Republican Party candidate for a state senate seat in Salt Lake County. He was defeated by one of his wives, Martha Hughes Cannon, like many early members of the LDS Church, Cannon practiced plural marriage. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, Cannon had been convicted under the Edmunds Act of unlawful cohabitation with more than one wife and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon appealed his conviction on the grounds that he had ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized. Cannon was pardoned in 1894 by U. S. President Grover Cleveland, Cannon died of apoplexy in Salt Lake City, Utah. Clara C. M. Cannon Cannon, Donald Q, angus M. Cannon, Pioneer, President, Patriarch. Supporting Saints, Life Stories of Nineteenth-Century Mormons, Religious Studies Center Specialized Monograph Series. Provo, Utah, Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University
15.
Clawson v. United States
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Clawson v. United States,113 U. S. The appeal was perfected and the certificate was filed in the proper office, the defendant thereupon applied to the court in which he was sentenced to be let to bail pending his appeal. The accused then sued out a writ of habeas corpus from the supreme court of the territory. In his petition therefor, he stated that he was then imprisoned, the supreme court of the territory overruled the application for bail, and remanded the petitioner to the custody of the marshal. From that order the present appeal was prosecuted, list of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113113143 Justia. com 114 U. S.477,5 S. Ct. 949, The RJ&L Religious Liberty Archive, The Religious Institutions Group
16.
Davis v. Beason
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Davis v. Beason,133 U. S. Congress had passed the Edmunds Act in 1882, which made polygamy a felony, over 1,300 Mormons were imprisoned. The Act also required test oaths requiring voters to swear they were not bigamists or polygamists, a statute of the Idaho Territory required a similar oath, in order to limit or eliminate Mormons participation in government and their control of local schools. Mormons initiated a challenge to Idahos oath test, davis, a resident of Idaho, was convicted in the territorial district court of swearing falsely after taking the voters oath. Davis appealed his conviction via a habeas corpus writ, claiming that the Idaho law requiring the oath violated his right to the exercise of his religion as a member of the LDS Church. Justice Field, writing for the Court, condemned polygamy, writing that Few crimes are more pernicious to the best interests of society and he went on to echo Reynolds v. those who have been convicted of certain offenses. Has the Court concluded that the social harm of polygamy is a legitimate concern of government
17.
Cleveland v. United States (1946)
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Cleveland v. United States,329 U. S. Individuals were members of a fundamentalist Mormon sect that practiced polygamy, the individuals were indicted for transporting women across state lines to enter into plural marriages. Following a bench trial, all of the individuals were convicted for violations of the Mann Act and they then appealed their convictions to the U. S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed the convictions, the U. S. Supreme Court then granted certiorari to hear the case. Justice William O. Douglas delivered the opinion of the court, in noting the historical unlawfulness of polygamy in the United States, the Court found polygamy to be an immoral act of the type contemplated by the Mann Acts prohibitions. Finally, the Court found that there is no defense to the Mann Act by virtue of the religious beliefs that motivate the practice of polygamy. Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge delivered a concurring opinion, cleveland v. United States,329 U. S.14. Caminetti v. United States,242 U. S.470
18.
Brown v. Buhman
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Brown v. Buhman is a legal case in the United States federal courts challenging the State of Utahs criminal polygamy law. The action was filed in 2011 by polygamous patriarch Kody Brown along with his wives Meri Brown, Janelle Brown, Christine Brown, the Brown family belongs to the Apostolic United Brethren faith, they are best known in connection with a reality television series featuring them, Sister Wives. The Tenth Circuit concluded that because local Utah prosecutors had a policy of not pursuing most polygamy cases, video footage of a marriage ceremony between Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan was potential evidence against them. Kody Brown has claimed the family is breaking no laws because only the first marriage is a legal marriage, while the others are simply commitments. However, experts claim that the history as a unit for 16 years. In anticipation of legal scrutiny, the producers of the show contacted the Utah Attorney Generals office months before the series was broadcast, prior to the Sister Wives premiere, it had been nine years since anyone in Utah had been prosecuted for practicing polygamy. Once the investigation concluded, the police turned their evidence over to the Utah County Attorneys office for review, despite Brown being only legally married to one woman, Lehi police have noted that state code identifies bigamy through cohabitation, not just legal marriage contracts. In response to the investigation, the Browns released a statement, We are disappointed in the announcement of an investigation, but for the sake of our family, and most importantly, our kids, we felt it was a risk worth taking. Additionally, Kody said the show negatively affected some of his advertising sales and we are one of those families. We only wish to live our lives according to our beliefs. We are indebted to Professor Turley and his team for their work, together we hope to secure equal treatment with other families in the United States. On June 1,2012, the case against the Browns was dropped. However, the suit filed by the Browns remained active after U. S. The hearing on the case occurred in January 2013, unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place, had been a major tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 Edmunds Act. The State of Utah appealed the ruling to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, oral argument was held on January 21,2016. The State of Utah was represented by Parker Douglas, the plaintiffs were represented by George Washington University Law School professor Jonathan Turley, acting pro bono. On April 11,2016, a panel of the Tenth Circuit unanimously ordered the district court to dismiss the case on standing grounds. Judge Scott Matheson Jr. wrote for the court, and was joined by Judge Bobby Ray Baldock and Judge Nancy Moritz
19.
Celestial marriage
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Celestial marriage is a doctrine of Mormonism, particularly The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and branches of Mormon fundamentalism. Within the LDS Church, celestial marriage is an associated with a covenant that usually takes place inside temples by those authorized to hold the sealing power. The only people allowed to enter the temple, be married there, obtaining a temple recommend requires one to abide by LDS Church doctrine and be interviewed and considered worthy by their bishop and stake president. A prerequisite to contracting a marriage, in addition to obtaining a temple recommend, involves undergoing the temple endowment. In the marriage ceremony a man and a woman make covenants to God and to other and are said to be sealed as husband and wife for time. In the 19th century, the celestial marriage usually referred to the practice of plural marriage. The term is used in this sense by Mormon fundamentalists not affiliated with the LDS Church. In the LDS Church today, both men and women may enter a marriage with only one living partner at a time. A man may be sealed to more than one woman, if his wife dies, he may enter another celestial marriage, and be sealed to both his living wife and deceased wife or wives. Many Mormons believe that all these marriages will be valid in the eternities, in 1998, the LDS Church changed the policy and now also allows women to be sealed to more than one man. A woman, however, may not be sealed to more than one man at a time while she is alive and she may only be sealed to subsequent partners after she has died. Proxy sealings, like proxy baptisms, are offered to the person in the afterlife. According to church teachings, the marriage covenant, as with other covenants. If only one remains righteous that person is promised a righteous eternal companion in eternity, Mormons do not interpret Jesus statement as meaning that marriages will not exist after the Resurrection, but that marriages will not be performed after the Resurrection. Thus, Mormons believe that only mortals can be the subject of an eternal marriage ordinance, celestial marriage is an instance of the LDS Church doctrine of sealing. Following a celestial marriage, not only are the couple sealed as husband and wife, Mormons believe that through this sealing, man, wife and children will live together forever, if obedient to Gods commandments. There is substantial doctrinal dispute between the LDS Church and its offshoots as to whether celestial marriage is plural or monogamous, sealings for time and eternity were being performed for monogamous couples long before 1890. Throughout all time periods of the LDS Churchs history, the majority of temple sealings were between one man and one wife
20.
Polygamy in North America
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Polygamy is the practice of taking more than one spouse. Polygyny is the practice of one man taking more than one wife. In North America polygamy has not been a culturally normative or legally recognized institution since the colonization by Europeans. It is now approved in Michigan, however, breakaway Mormon fundamentalist groups living mostly in the western United States, Canada, and Mexico still practice plural marriage. Some other Americans practice polygamy including some American Muslims, Polygamy is the act or condition of a person marrying another person while still being lawfully married to another spouse. It is illegal in the United States, the crime is punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both, according to the law of the individual state and the circumstances of the offense. As of 2008, there were no longer any federal laws against polygamy, but there are laws against the practice in all 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, known bigamists are inadmissible to the United States. Many US courts treat bigamy as a strict liability crime, in jurisdictions a person can be convicted of a felony even if he reasonably believed he had only one legal spouse. For example, if a person has the belief that their previous spouse is dead or that their divorce is final. In Canada the federal Criminal Code applies throughout the country and it extends the normal definition of polygamy to having any kind of conjugal union with more than one person at the same time. Also anyone who assists, celebrates, or is a part to a rite, ceremony, Polygamy is an offence punishable by up to five years in prison. Polygamy in the United States has a long history, many Native American tribes practiced polygamy and European mountain men often took native wives and adopted the practice. Some tribes seem to have continued the practice into the 20th century, scots-Irish settlers, and some Welsh emigrants, carried long-standing multiple partner traditions to the Americas from Europe. Utopian and communal groups established during the century had varying marriage systems, including group marriage. There is also evidence in the American South for multiple marriage partners. Polygamy has also practiced, discreetly, by some Muslims living in America. However, these marriages are not recognized by American law. Because polygamy has been throughout the United States since the mid-19th century
21.
Freedom of religion in the United States
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In the United States, freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. The United States Constitution addresses the issue of religion in two places, in the First Amendment, and the Article VI prohibition on religious tests as a condition for holding public office. The First Amendment prohibits the Congress from making a law respecting an establishment of religion and this provision was later expanded to state and local governments, through the Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers, on December 27,1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance. This contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, Freedom of religion was first applied as a principle in the founding of the colony of Maryland, also founded by the Catholic Lord Baltimore, in 1634. The Maryland Toleration Act was repealed with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, in 1657, Lord Baltimore regained control after making a deal with the colonys Protestants, and in 1658 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly. This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692, in addition in 1704, an Act was passed to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province, preventing Catholics from holding political office. Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution, as well as banning Quakers and Anabaptists. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, Catholics and Jews also had full citizenship and free exercise of their faiths. Williams, Hooker, Penn, and their friends were firmly convinced that democracy, williams gave the most profound theological reason, As faith is the free gift of the Holy Spirit, it cannot be forced upon a person. Therefore, strict separation of church and state has to be kept, Pennsylvania was the only colony that retained unlimited religious freedom until the foundation of the United States. The inseparable connection of democracy, freedom of religion, and the forms of freedom became the political and legal basis of the new nation. The Free Exercise Clause states that Congress cannot prohibit the exercise of religious practices. The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently held, however, the Court reasoned that to do otherwise would set precedent for a full range of religious beliefs including those as extreme as human sacrifice. The Court stated that Laws are made for the government of actions, for example, if one were part of a religion that believed in vampirism, the First Amendment would protect ones belief in vampirism, but not the practice. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the religious civil rights, Constitution also provides that No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification of any Office or public Trust under the United States. Several states have included in their constitutions that requires state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs. These include Arkansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, some of these beliefs were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court
22.
Mormon colonies in Mexico
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Many of the original colonists came to Mexico due to federal attempts to curb and prosecute polygamy in the United States. The towns making up the colonies were situated in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora. By the early 20th century, many of these were relatively prosperous, however, in the summer of 1912, the colonies were evacuated due to anti-American sentiment during the Mexican Revolution and many of their citizens left for the United States and never returned. Some colonists did eventually return to their settlements, but today only Colonia Juárez, the Colonia Juárez Chihuahua México Temple, built in 1999, is located in Colonia Juárez, and is currently the smallest temple the LDS Church operates. As early as 1874, Brigham Young, President of the LDS Church, in 1875, settlers set out with the dual purpose of proselytizing and finding prospective locations for Mormon settlements. The missionaries returned with positive reports the next year and another group was sent in October 1876, in 1877, Young discussed the idea of colonizing parts of northern Mexico, but it was considered unwise due to the considerable danger from Apache raiders in the area. Young died later that year and leadership of the fell to John Taylor as the president of the Quorum of the 12 Apostles. John Taylor was ordained as prophet in 1880, Taylor continued Youngs policy of missionary work in Mexico, and through the early 1880s colonization was considered on several occasions without effort to begin the process. However, in 1882 the Edmunds Act was passed by the United States Congress and this was part of the by then 20-year struggle by the US government to curb the LDS practice of plural marriage in Utah Territory and other locations in the American West. Among other things, the law felonized the practice of polygamy, as a result, over a thousand Latter-day Saint men and women were eventually fined and jailed. Some were sent as far away as Michigan to fulfill their terms, in 1885 President John Taylor purchased 100,000 acres of land in Mexico. This act allowed over 350 Latter-day Saint families who practiced polygamy from Utah and this was a very strenuous task, but it allowed the men the opportunity to keep their multiple wives without being fined and jailed. These people started their own farming colonies and established their settlements in Chihuahua and Sonora, where they focused their labors on sheep, cattle, wheat, row crops, and fruit orchards. The anti-foreign sentiment of The Mexican Revolution in 1910 made life there for the Latter-day Saint colonists difficult with many threats, the colonists returned to the United States. When it was decided it was safe, less than one-quarter of the previous population re-settled to Mexico, most of the returned to their Utah. The Mexican Latter-day Saints colonies did not return to their previous success due to the living conditions. Only two colonies remain, Colonia Dublán and Colonia Juárez, members of the Romney family have roots in these colonies, including Marion G. Romney and George W. Romney having been born there. Many Mormon settlements in the United States are in areas that at one time belonged to Mexico, Mormon Colonies in Mexico is also the title of a 1938 book by Thomas Cottam Romney
23.
Short Creek raid
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The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history. At the time, it was described as the largest mass arrest of men and women in modern American history, just before dawn on July 26,1953,102 Arizona officers of public safety and soldiers from the Arizona National Guard entered Short Creek. The entire community was taken into custody, with the exception of six individuals who were not to be fundamentalist Mormons. Among those taken into custody were 263 children, one hundred and fifty of the children who were taken into custody were not permitted to return to their parents for more than two years, and some parents never regained custody of their children. More than 100 reporters had been invited by Pyle to accompany the police to observe the raid, were those teenagers playing volleyball in a school yard inspiring a rebellion. Well, if so, an insurrection with diapers and volleyballs, one commentator has suggested that commentary on the raid was probably the first time in history that American polygamists had received media coverage that was largely sympathetic. Another has suggested that the raids only American parallel is the actions against Native Americans in the nineteenth century. When Pyle lost his bid for re-election in 1954 to Democratic candidate Ernest McFarland, one of the few media outlets to applaud the raid was the Salt Lake City-based Deseret News, which was owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The News applauded the action as a response to prevent the fundamentalists from becoming a cancer of a sort that is beyond hope of human repair. The Short Creek raid was the last action against polygamous Mormon fundamentalists that has been supported by the LDS Church. After the Short Creek raid, the fundamentalist Mormon polygamist colony at Short Creek eventually rejuvenated, Short Creek was renamed Colorado City in 1960. In 1991, the Mormon fundamentalists at Colorado City formally established the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the members of the sect did not face any prosecutions for its polygamous behavior until the late 1990s, when isolated individuals began to be prosecuted. In 2006, FLDS Church leader Warren Jeffs was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted List, he was arrested in 2007, as of 8 April, a total of 416 children had been removed from the compound by authorities. A former member of the FLDS Church, Carolyn Jessop, arrived on-site 6 April, others, however, have drawn direct connections between the two events. Photos From a Notorious 1953 Raid on a Polygamist Arizona Town - LIFE Magazine archive
24.
Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)
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They are alleged to be pressured to leave by adult men to reduce competition for wives within such sects, usually when they are between the ages of 13 and 21. Since birth rates for boys and girls are equal, and women do not enter the community in large numbers. While some boys leave by their own choice, many are ostensibly banished for conduct such as watching a movie, watching television, playing football, some boys are told not to return unless they can return with a wife. One estimate is that between 400 and 1,000 boys and young men have been pressured to leave for such reasons, there are also young women who have left or been pressured to leave because they did not want to be part of polygamous marriages. Boys in these sects are commonly raised not to trust the outside world, the families of banished boys are told that the boys are now dead to them. In the 2006-2011 HBO television series Big Love, the main protagonist is a former lost boy, the series portrays machinations of some senior men within a fundamentalist congregation to reserve young unmarried women for themselves. The 2010 documentary film Sons of Perdition depicts the struggles of three real-life lost boys, the 2013 Off-Broadway play Exit 27 dramatized the story of 4 lost boys struggling to survive in the desert out side Colorado city. Playwright Aleks Merilo based the script on interviews conducted with lost boys living in Hurricane, operational sex ratio Population dynamics YFZ Ranch Ex-Mormon Krakauer, Jon. Under the Banner of Heaven, A Story of Violent Faith, gods Brothel, The Extortion of Sex for Salvation in Contemporary Mormon and Christian Fundamentalist Polygamy and the Stories of 18 Women Who Escaped. Bistline, Benjamin G. Colorado City Polygamists, An Inside Look for the Outsider, a Colorado City historian presents the beginnings of the group and its original religious doctrine. The Polygamists, A History of Colorado City, Arizona Tracy, centered on the trial of John Daniel Kingston, who was tried for assault on his 16-year-old daughter. Llewellyn, John R. Polygamy Under Attack, From Tom Green to Brian David Mitchell Dan Simon & Amanda Townsend, warren Jeffs lost boys find themselves in strange world. A documentary film on the history and modern-day expressions of Mormon polygamy, including numerous testimonials. smilesfordiversity. org/cod. php
25.
YFZ Ranch
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As of April 2014, the State of Texas took physical and legal possession of the property. Under Texas law, authorities can seize property that was used to commit or facilitate certain criminal conduct, the YFZ Ranch was about 45 miles southwest of San Angelo and 4 miles northeast of Eldorado. The Ranch was settled by members of the FLDS Church who left Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona under increasing scrutiny from the media, anti-polygamy activists and law enforcement officials. Speaking in Sunday church services on August 10,2003, Warren Jeffs declared that the blessings of the priesthood had been removed from the community of Short Creek. Following the sermon, Jeffs suspended all further meetings but continued to allow his followers to pay their tithes. He then turned his focus to what he called lands of refuge, Jeffs referred to Yearning for Zion Ranch, one of the lands of refuge, by the code name R17. The YFZ Land LLC, through its president, David S. Allred, purchased the ranch in 2003 for $700,000, when he purchased the property, he declared that the buildings would be a corporate hunting retreat. Later, ranch officials disclosed that the hunting retreat description was inaccurate, the ranch was home to approximately 500 people who relocated from Arizona and Utah communities. It housed a temple, a treatment facility, a 29, 000-square-foot house for FLDS Church president Warren Jeffs, a meeting house. There were generators, gardens, a silo, and a large stone quarry that was cut for the temple. According to preliminary tax assessments, about $3 million worth of buildings had been built, the sect was fined over $34,000 for environmental violations in connection with buildings on the ranch, mainly due to its failure to obtain the required permits for its cement-mixing operations. The temple foundation was dedicated January 1,2005, by Warren Jeffs, on March 29,2008, a local domestic violence shelter hotline took a call from a female claiming to be a 16-year-old victim of physical and sexual abuse at the churchs YFZ Ranch. The call triggered a large-scale operation at YFZ Ranch by Texas law enforcement and child welfare officials, authorities believed the children had been abused or were at immediate risk of future abuse, a state spokesman said. Troopers and child welfare officials searched the ranch, including the temples safes, vaults, locked desk drawers and they found evidence leading them to believe that the beds were in a part of the temple where males over the age of 17 engage in sexual activity with underage girls. Interviews with the revealed that several underage girls were forced into spiritual marriage with much older men as soon as they reached puberty and were then made pregnant. The children were held by the Child Protective Services at Fort Concho, over a hundred adult women chose to leave the ranch to accompany the children. A former member of the FLDS Church, Carolyn Jessop, arrived on-site April 6 in hopes of reuniting two of her daughters with their half siblings and she stated that the actions in Texas were unlike the 1953 Short Creek raid in Arizona. Jessop had been in Texas the prior month at an engagement, where she said, n Eldorado
26.
Polygamy czar
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Polygamy czar is an informal title given to the Investigator of Crimes within Closed Societies for the Utah Attorney Generals Office. The position was established by the Utah State Legislature in 2000, a fictionalized czar was introduced in the HBO series Big Love in the episode Affair. Ron Barton Jim Hill Winslow, Ben, polygamy czar quits to take crime lab helm. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22
27.
Legal status of polygamy
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Polygamy is legal in 58 out of nearly 200 sovereign states, the vast majority of them being Muslim-majority countries situated in Africa and Asia. In most of states, polygyny is allowed and legally sanctioned. Polyandry is illegal in every state in the world. The rest of the states do not recognize polygamous marriages. Algeria Cameroon Chad Central African Republic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon, in practice, the right to multiple spouses is reserved for men only. The Gambia Guinea Libya Kenya, Polygyny legal under legislation passed in 2014, india Malaysia Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Benin Côte dIvoire, Polygamy may be punishable by six months to three years imprisonment, or a fine of CFA50,000 to CFA500,000. Eritrea, Illegal since 1977, after 2015 polygamy is punishable with a term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months. However, pre-existing Muslim marriages are still valid. Mozambique Rwanda All countries in the American continent forbid polygamy, antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada, All forms of polygamy, and some informal multiple sexual relationships, are illegal under section 293 of the Criminal Code. Bigamy is banned by section 290, however, for a long time, the law banning polygamy has not been efficient. As of January 2009, no person had been prosecuted, i. e. convicted. He wrote, I have concluded that case is essentially about harm. More specifically, Parliaments reasoned apprehension of harm arising out of the practice of polygamy and this includes harm to women, to children, to society and to the institution of monogamous marriage. Bauman argued that there are cases where the wives are abducted and abused and he reasons that these offences sometimes may be stopped by applying anti-polygamy legislation. The decision was welcomed by the Attorney General of British Columbia, womens rights were central to decision. From about 1847 to 1857, in what is now the state of Utah, many Mormons practiced polygamy, the US federal government threatened The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and made polygamy illegal through the enforcement of Acts of Congress such as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. The LDS Church formally outlawed the practice in 1890, in a document labeled The Manifesto, among American Muslims, a small minority of around 50,000 to 100,000 people are estimated to live in families with a husband maintaining an informal polygamous relationship. Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Armenia Azerbaijan China and this replaced a similar 1950 prohibition
28.
Mormonism
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Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity. Joseph Smith founded the movement in Western New York in the 1820s, during the 1830s and 1840s, it distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism. Mormonism represents the non-Protestant faith taught by Smith in the 1840s, other sects include Mormon fundamentalism, which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy, and various other small independent denominations. The word Mormon originally derived from the Book of Mormon, a text published by Smith. The book describes itself as a chronicle of early peoples of the Americas. Based on the name of book, early followers of Smith were more widely known as Mormons. The term was considered pejorative, but Mormons no longer consider it so. It also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its canon, and has a history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression. Cultural Mormonism, a lifestyle promoted by Mormon institutions, includes cultural Mormons who identify with the culture, Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening. After praying about which denomination he should join, Joseph Smith, called the First Vision, Smith claimed God the Father instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other followers, began baptizing new converts in 1829. Formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ, Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet. Joseph Smith claimed The Book of Mormon was translated from writing on plates in a reformed Egyptian language, translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim. Both the special spectacles and the stone were at times referred to as the Urim and Thummim. He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby hill, Smith began dictating the text of The Book of Mormon around the fall of 1827 until the summer of 1828 when 116 pages were lost. Translation began again in April 1829 and finished in June 1829, saying that he translated it by the gift, after the translation was completed, Smith said the plates were returned to the angel. During Smiths supposed possession, very few people were allowed to witness the plates, the book described itself as a chronicle of an early Israelite diaspora, becoming the indigenous peoples of the Americas, written by a people called the Nephites. According to The Book of Mormon, Lehis family left Jerusalem at the urging of God c.600 BC, the Nephites are described as descendants of Nephi, the fourth son of the prophet Lehi
29.
President of the Church
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the movement, and the office assumed by many of Smiths claimed successors, such as Brigham Young, Joseph Smith III, Sidney Rigdon. Joseph Smith was known by all of these titles in his lifetime, Smith died in 1844 without having indisputably established who was to be his successor. Therefore, his death was followed by a crisis in which various groups followed leaders with succession claims. Some smaller denominations, such as the Church of Christ, reject the office as an unscriptural creation, the concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831. Initially, after the formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as merely an apostle of Jesus Christ. However, there was one other apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, as high priests, these men were higher in the priesthood hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smith and Cowderys calling as apostles gave them superior authority than that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, which had since been added to the church hierarchy. The only president of the church brought before the Common Council was Joseph Smith, the Council determined that Joseph Smith had acted in every respect in an honorable and proper manner with all monies and properties entrusted to his charge. The President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. In the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Prophet-President is the highest priesthood leader of the church
30.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
31.
Polygyny
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Polygyny is the most common and accepted form of polygamy, entailing the marriage of a man with several women. Most countries that permit polygamy are Muslim-majority countries in which polygyny is the only form permitted, polyandry is illegal in virtually every state of the world. In some countries where polygamy is illegal, and sometimes even when legal, at times it is known for men to have one or more mistresses, whom they do not marry. The status of a mistress is not that of a wife, throughout the polygyny belt stretching from Senegal in the west to Tanzania in the east, as many as a third to a half of married women are in polygynous unions. Historically, polygyny was partly accepted in ancient Hebrew society, in classical China, in India it was known to have been practiced during ancient times. It was accepted in ancient Greece, until the Roman Empire, Boserup was the first to propose that the high incidence of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa is rooted in the sexual division of labor in hoe-farming and the large economic contribution of women. In the regions of shifting cultivation where polygyny is most frequently recorded, the task of felling trees in preparation of new plots is usually done by older boys and very young men. An elderly cultivator, with wives and likely several young male children. By the combined efforts of his sons and young wives, he may gradually expand his cultivation. A man with a wife has less help in cultivation and is likely to have little or no help for felling trees. According to Boserups historical data, women living in such a structure also welcome one or more co-wives to share them the burden of daily labor. However, the wife will usually do the most tiresome work, almost as if she were a servant to the first wife. Polygyny is considered an advantage in many rural areas. In some cases, the role of the additional wife enables the husband to enjoy more leisure. Drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that in some of the populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa. This favoured polygamous marriages in which men sought to monopolize the production of women who are valued both as workers and as child bearers, Goody, however, observes that the correlation is imperfect. Most research into the determinants of polygyny has focused on macro-level factors, widespread polygyny is linked to the kinship groups that share descent from a common ancestor. Scholars have argued that in farming systems where men do most of the agriculture work, in order to feed an additional wife, the husband must either work harder himself or he must hire laborers to do part of the work
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Latter Day Saint movement
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The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
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Sect
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A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group. A sect, in an Indian context, refers to an organized tradition, the present gamut of meanings of sect has been influenced by confusion with the homonymous Latin word secta, as though sects were scissionsWiktionary entry cast aside from the mainstream religion. There are several different sociological definitions and descriptions for the term, among the first to define them were Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch. In the church-sect typology they are described as newly formed groups that form to protest elements of their parent religion. The American sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge assert that claim to be authentic purged, refurbished version of the faith from which they split. They further assert that sects have, in contrast to churches, other sociologists of religion such as Fred Kniss have asserted that sectarianism is best described with regard to what a sect is in tension with. Some religious groups exist in only with co-religious groups of different ethnicities. The English sociologist Roy Wallis argues that a sect is characterized by “epistemological authoritarianism”, in France, since the 1970s, secte has a specific meaning which is very different from the English word. The term remains valid for this purpose, according to Michaels, Indian sects do not focus on heresy, since the lack of a center or a compulsory center makes this impossible – instead, the focus is on adherents and followers. The ancient schools of fiqh or sharia in Islam are known as madhhabs, in the beginning Islam was classically divided into three major sects. These political divisions are known as Sunni Islam, Shia Islam. Each sect developed several distinct jurisprudence systems reflecting their own understanding of the Islamic law during the course of the history of Islam, for instance, Sunnis are separated into five sub-sects, namely, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii, Hanbali and Ẓāhirī. The Shia, on the hand, first developed Kaysanism. The non-Zaydis are initially called as Rafida Groups and these Rafidis were later divided into two sub-groups known as Imamiyyah and Batiniyyah. The Imami-Shia later brought into existence Jafari jurisprudence, Batiniyya groups, on the other hand, were divided into two sub-groups known as Seveners and Ismāīlīs. Qarmatians who did not follow the Fatimid Caliphate were branched from the Seveners and those groups of Batiniyya who followed the Fatimids are the ancestors of todays Ismāīlīs. Druze was emerged as an offshoot of Ismāʿīlism at the beginning of the 11th Century, ismailism at the end of the 11th Century split into two major branches known as Nizārī Ismāīlī and Musta’li Ismaili. The Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali Sunnis, the Twelver groups, the Ismāīlī groups, the Zaydis, the Ibadis, in addition, new sects like Ahmadiyya movement, Black Muslim movements, Quranists, Salafis, Wahhabis, and Zikris have been emerged independently
34.
Western United States
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The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
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Western Canada
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The capital cities of the four western provinces, from West to East, are, Victoria, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg. Except for Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, Manitoba established as a province of Canada in 1870, following the enacting of the Manitoba Act. Saskatchewan, Established as province in 1905, with the implementation of the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta, In 1905, the same year as Saskatchewan, Alberta also was established as province. Just like Saskatchewan had the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta had the Alberta Act and this represents 31. 5% of Canadas population. While Vancouver serves as the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada, the following is a list of these areas and their populations as of 2011. Western Canada consists of the four westernmost provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan. It covers 2.9 million square kilometres – almost 29% of Canada’s land area, British Columbia adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, while Manitoba has a coastline on Hudson Bay in its northeast of the province. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan are landlocked between British Columbia and Manitoba, the Canadian Prairies are part of a vast sedimentary plain covering much of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. The prairies form a significant portion of the area of Western Canada. The plains generally describes the expanses of flat, arable agricultural land which sustain extensive grain farming operations in the southern part of the provinces. Despite this, some such as the Cypress Hills and Alberta Badlands are quite hilly. In Alberta and British Columbia, the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America. The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia, the Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second- and third-largest rivers, respectively, to drain to the west coast of North America. To the west of their headwaters, across the Rocky Mountain Trench, is a belt of mountains. The coast of British Columbia enjoys an oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry and these areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the chinook wind, wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily
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Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
37.
Lorin C. Woolley
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Lorin Calvin Woolley was an American proponent of plural marriage and one of the founders of the Mormon fundamentalist movement. Woolleys distinctive teachings on authority, morality, and doctrine are thought to provide the foundation for nearly ninety percent of Mormon fundamentalist groups. Woolley was the child of Mormon pioneer John W. Woolley and his first wife. His paternal grandfather was Bishop Edwin D. Woolley, a friend of Brigham Young. According to LDS Church records, Woolley was baptized a member of the church by his father on October 18,1868, aged eleven, nicknamed Noisy, the boisterous young Woolley frequently dominated Elders Quorum discussions. Late in life, he would claim to have received his endowment and been ordained an apostle by Young on March 20,1870, on January 5,1883, Woolley married Sarah Ann Roberts in the Endowment House on Temple Square. They had nine children together between 1883 and 1905, seven sons and two daughters, Woolley served as a Mormon missionary in the Southern United States from October 1887, to October 1889. Shortly thereafter, he was called to the Seventieth Quorum of the Seventy in Centerville, Utah, between October 1886 and February 1887, Woolley served as a mail carrier for LDS Church leaders hiding from state authorities during the crackdown on Mormon polygamy. During this time, church authorities frequently stayed at the Woolley home in Centerville, on October 6,1912, Woolley wrote the first known account of the reception of the 1886 Revelation, an enigmatic document in the handwriting of church president John Taylor. This revelation declared firmly that the Lord had not revoked the New and Everlasting Covenant, nor will I, according to Woolley, Taylor had written the document after being visited by the resurrected Joseph Smith, founder of the church, at Woolleys fathers home in September 1886. Woolley frequently reiterated this account over the remainder of his life, the version which has assumed canonical status among Mormon fundamentalists was compiled by Joseph W. According to Woolley, these five men, together with Taylor himself and later Joseph F. Smith and this doctrinal claim gave hierarchical structure to the nascent fundamentalist movement, previously an informal association of LDS Church dissidents. Woolleys father, the aged John W. Woolley, a Salt Lake Temple sealer, was considered head of the organization. The elder Woolley was excommunicated from the LDS Church for performing plural marriages in April 1914, Woolley was excommunicated from the LDS Church in January 1924 for alleging that church president Heber J. Grant and apostle James E. Talmage had taken plural wives in the recent past. Woolley claimed that he had learned of such behavior because he was employed by the United States Secret Service to spy on LDS Church leaders, the official reason for his excommunication was that he was found guilty of pernicious falsehood. Grant publicly denied Woolleys claims in a conference of the church in April 1931. Most Mormon fundamentalists believe that, upon his fathers death in December 1928, Woolley succeeded him as member of the Council of Friends. Between March 1929 and January 1933, Woolley ordained six new members to the council, designating them apostles and patriarchs, J. Leslie Broadbent, Barlow, Joseph White Musser, Charles Zitting, LeGrand Woolley, and Louis A. Kelsch
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John Y. Barlow
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John Yeates Barlow was a Mormon fundamentalist leader in Short Creek, Arizona. Barlow was born in Panaca, Lincoln County, Nevada, to Israel Barlow and he grew up on his fathers farm in Davis County, Utah. Barlow married for the first time in 1897 and he took his first plural wife in 1902, the second in 1918, and the third in 1923 making a total of four wives. While serving as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as a member of the Council of Friends, Barlow was involved in the succession conflict following J. Leslie Broadbentss death. Elden Kingston claimed that Broadbent had ordained him as Second Elder of the Council of Friends, Kingston, along with his father, Charles W. Kingston, would separate from the main Short Creek Community and create the Davis County Cooperative Society and the Latter Day Church of Christ. Due to Barlows seniority in the Council of Friends and his assertion that he was Second Elder under Broadbent and he led the community until his death. List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders Official website of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Barlow at the Wayback Machine John Y
39.
Joseph White Musser
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Joseph White Musser was a Mormon fundamentalist leader. Musser was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Amos Milton Musser and he is known for his Mormon fundamentalist books, pamphlets and magazines, as well as being considered a prophet by many Mormon fundamentalists. This likely suggested to Musser that living plural marriage was a qualification for the blessings of the Second Anointing. In November 1901, Musser was made president of the 105th Quorum of Seventy, on 16 February 1903 Patriarch John M. Murdock ordained Musser to the office of High Priest. He was then the husband to two women, both marriages were post-Manifesto, Musser was also the Duchesne Uintah branch president beginning in 1906. Musser married his first wife, Rose S. Borquist in the Logan Temple in June 1892, and his second wife, Mary C. But upon marrying his wife, Ellis R. Shipp Jr. in July 1907, he caught the attention of the Salt Lake Tribune. Instead, he was appointed president to India. According to Musser, in 1915 he was given authority to perform plural marriages by an apostle and he was excommunicated from the LDS Church by the high council of the Salt Lake City-based Granite Stake on March 21,1921 for attempting to take Marion Bringhurst as his fourth wife. The President of the Granite Stake, Frank Y, Taylor, son of John Taylor, his counselor John M. Cannon, and half of the stakes twelve high councilors had also entered into plural marriages after the Manifesto of 1890. Nevertheless, once the Salt Lake Tribune had run an article exposing Musser as a new polygamist, in the 1930s and 1940s, Musser was responsible for editing the Mormon fundamentalist publication, Truth Magazine. His promotion and practice of marriage led to his incarceration by the U. S. federal government between May and December 1945. A concessionary document he and some of his fellow polygamist inmates signed during their time in prison led to dissension between those who would sign and those who would not. In late December 1949, with the death of John Yeates Barlow, however, upon his May 1951 decision to select Rulon C. Allred as an apostle, some members of the presiding Priesthood Council felt they were being bypassed. Other leaders also took issue at Mussers condemnation of the practices of underage and arranged marriages that were going on in the Short Creek, Musser was the leader of the Short Creek community during the Short Creek raid. Some of those who supported neither group became independent Mormon fundamentalists
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Leroy S. Johnson
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Leroy Sunderland Johnson, known as Uncle Roy, was a leader of the Mormon fundamentalist group at Colorado City, Arizona, during the latter part of the twentieth century. Johnson was baptized into the LDS Church at the age of eight and his father, upon reading the Manifesto, addressed To Whom It May Concern, simply stated that it did not concern him. Roy Johnson took issue with the Manifesto, being outspoken about his belief in the Celestial Law even before learning about the formal fundamentalist movement within Mormonism. Barlow and became one of the groups Council of the Priesthood, Johnson became a leader of the polygamous movement after Barlows death in 1949. While acting as Prophet, Johnson dismissed J. Marion Hammon, Hammon and Timpson went on to form the Centennial Park group of polygamists. Following Johnsons death in Hildale, Utah, on November 25,1986, in recent years, Johnsons tenure as Prophet has become a focal point for Mormon fundamentalists disaffected with the modern FLDS Church. For instance, one of Warren Jeffss brothers noted that Uncle Roy was a warm, loving prophet who taught polygamy for the right reasons, Johnsons birthday was celebrated as a holiday within the FLDS Church until the practice was discontinued by Warren Jeffs in 2003
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