1.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
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The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
–
Regions where French is the main language
French language
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Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
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An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
2.
French language in the Maghreb
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This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the French language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. French-based creoles are considered separate languages for the purpose of this article, French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the language of European courts, the following figures are from a 2014 report of the Francophonie. No distinctions are made between native speakers of French and those who learnt it as a language, between different levels of mastery or how often the language is used in daily life. For African countries where French is the language of education. It is estimated that 75 million people worldwide speak French as a main or first language, from the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide, second only to the United States. Between 1857 and 1946 Argentina received 239,503 French immigrants - out of which 105,537 permanently settled in the country, in 1976116,032 were settled in Argentina. France was the source of immigration to Argentina before 1890, constituting over 10% of immigrants, only surpassed by Italians. Today more than 6 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry, French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. French is the official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either a first or second language, New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also a language of all of the territories. Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, comprising just under 4% of the population, about 6,827,860 Canadians speak French as their first language, or around 20% of the country, with 2,065,300 constituting secondary speakers. Bilingualism with French has been declining in English Canada in recent years, French is one of two official languages of Haiti, together with Haitian Creole, which is French-based. French is the language of culture and business in Haiti, French is used most by the elite and the middle class. Attempts to increase the legitimacy of Creole as a language and in the media, on radio and television in particular. Most teachers of French suffer from a low level of skills in the language, according to the U. S. French remains the second most-spoken language in the states of Louisiana, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. Louisiana is home to many dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French
French language in the Maghreb
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Bilingual sign in Algiers
French language in the Maghreb
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0–19% Francophone
3.
Arabic language
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
Arabic language
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The Galland Manuscript of
One Thousand and One Nights, 14th century
Arabic language
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al-ʿArabiyyah in written Arabic (
Naskh script)
Arabic language
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Bilingual traffic sign in
Qatar.
Arabic language
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Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works.
4.
Moroccan Arabic
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Moroccan Darija or Moroccan Arabic is a language derived from a variety of Arabic spoken in Morocco. It belongs to the Maghrebi Arabic language continuum and is intelligible, to some extent, with Algerian Arabic. It shows a strong historical and linguistic Berber, French. The Standard Arabic language, not spoken in daily life, is used for official communications by the government, however, Moroccan Darija has a strong presence in Moroccan television entertainment, cinema and commercial advertising and is the most spoken language in daily life. Moroccan Darija is a term for several distinct dialects of Arabic several belonging to two genetically different groups, pre-Hilalian and Hilalian dialects. The dialects are classified in three types, urban, village and mountain sedentary and Jewish dialects. In Morocco, several dialects are spoken, urban dialects of Fes, Rabat, Salé, Taza, Tetouan, Ouezzane, Chefchaouen, Tangiers, Asilah, Larache, Ksar el-Kebir, Meknes. Mountain dialects of the southern and western Rif can be classified in two subdialects, northern dialects and southern dialects, sedentary dialects of Zerhoun and Sefrou and their neighboring tribes, remnants of pre-Hilalian dialects that were more widely spoken before the 12th century. Judeo-Moroccan, nearly extinct but with an extensive remnant literature, Hilalian, or Bedouin, dialects were introduced to Morocco following the settlement of several Hilalian and Mâqilian tribes in western Morocco brought by the Berber Almohad king Yaqub Mansur. Among the dialects, Hassaniya is often considered as distinct from Moroccan Darija, Modern urban koines are also based on the Hilalian dialects and have mainly Hilalian features. According to Elimams studies, the origin of language would go back to over 3,000 years. This Semitic language would be strongly Arabized after the Arab invasion to be assimilated into the language of the conquerors. Moroccan Darija is characterized by a strong Amazigh stratum, following the Arab conquest, Amazigh languages remained widely spoken. More recently, the influx of Andalusi Muslims and Spanish-speaking–Moriscos influenced Urban dialects with Spanish substrate, most vocabulary of Moroccan Darija is derived from Old Arabic and Amazigh, supplemented by French and Spanish loanwords. There are noticeable differences between Moroccan Darija and most other languages. Some words are unique to Moroccan Darija, daba now. Others are shared with Algerian Arabic such as talk, from Classical hadhar babble. There are a number of Moroccan Darija dictionaries in existence, A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan-English, washington, DC, Georgetown University Press,1963 Mujam al-fuṣḥā fil-āmmiyyah al-maghribiyyah معجم الفصحى في العامية المغربية, Muhammad Hulwi, Rabat, al-Madaris 1988
Moroccan Arabic
–
Ethno-linguistic map of northern Morocco; Pre-Hilalian speaking areas in purple (Mountain Arabic) and blue (Old Urban, Village)
5.
Berber languages
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Berber or the Berber languages or the Amazigh language are a family of similar and closely related languages and dialects indigenous to North Africa. Large Berber-speaking migrant communities, numbering today about 4 million, have been living in Western Europe, about half of this population was born in Europe. Berber constitutes a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, and has been attested since ancient times, the number of Berbers is much higher than the number of Berber speakers. The bulk of the populations of the Maghreb countries are considered to have Berber ancestors, in Algeria, for example, a majority of the population consists of Arabized Berbers. There is a cultural and political movement among speakers of the closely related varieties of Northern Berber to promote and unify them under a standard language, called. The name Tamaziɣt is the current native name of the Berber language in the Moroccan Middle-Atlas region, the Rif regions, in other Berber-speaking area this name was lost. There is historical evidence, from medieval Berber manusctipts, that all native North Africans from Libya to Morocco have called their language, Tamaziɣt. The name Tamaziɣt is currently being used by educated Berbers to refer to the written Berber language. Around 90 percent of the Berber-speaking population speak one of six major varieties of Berber and they are, in the order of demographic weight, Tashelhit, Kabyle, Atlas Tamazight, Riffian, Shawi and Tuareg. The Berber languages and dialects have had a tradition, on and off, for about 2,500 years, although the tradition has been frequently disrupted by cultural shifts. They were first written in the Libyco-Berber and Tifinagh abjad, still used by the Tuareg, the oldest dated inscription is from about 200 BCE. The Berber Latin alphabet was used by most European and Berber linguists during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 19th and 20th century European and native Berber linguists, a modernized form of the Tifinagh alphabet, called Neo-Tifinagh, was adopted in Morocco in 2003 for writing Berber, but many Moroccan Berber publications still use the Berber Latin alphabet. Algerians mostly use the Berber Latin alphabet in Berber language education at public schools, Mali and Niger recognize a Tuareg-Berber Latin alphabet customized to the Tuareg phonological system. However, traditional Tifinagh is still used in those countries, the term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century, and is still used today. It was borrowed from Latin Barbari, the Latin word is also found in the Arabic designation for these populations, البربر, al-Barbar, see names of the Berber people. Etymologically, the Berber root Mazigh means free man, noble man, the feminine Tamazight traditionally referred specifically to the Riffian and Central Atlas Tamazight languages. European languages distinguish between the words Berber and barbaric, while Arabic has the same word al-barbari for both meanings, some other Berber writers, especially in Morocco, prefer to refer to Berber with Amazigh when writing about it in French or English
Berber languages
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Berber language poetry in Arabic script with its translation in French
Berber languages
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Tarifit (Riffian)
Berber languages
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Kabylian manuscript on the 18th century
6.
Tashlhit
–
Shilha or Sussian /ˈʃɪlhə/ is a Berber language native to Sussians. It is spoken by around 4 million people in western Morocco, the endonym is Tašussit or Tašlḥiyt /taʃlʜijt/, and in recent English publications the language is often rendered Tasussit or Tashelhit. In Moroccan Arabic the language is called Šussia or Šəlḥa, from which the alternative English name Shilha is derived, in French sources the language is called Soussi, Tasussit, tachelhit or chelha. Sussian is spoken in an area covering c, the largest urban centres in the area are the coastal city of Agadir and the towns of Guelmim, Taroudannt, Oulad Teima, Tiznit and Ouarzazate. In the north and to the south, Sussian borders on Arabic-speaking areas, in the northeast, roughly along the line Marrakesh-Zagora, there is a dialect continuum with Central Atlas Tamazight. Within the Sussian area, there are several Arabic-speaking enclaves, notably around the town of Taroudannt, Sussian possesses a distinct and substantial literary tradition that can be traced back several centuries before the colonial era. Many texts, written in Arabic script and dating from the late 16th century to the present, are preserved in manuscripts, a modern printed literature in Sussian has developed since the 1970s. Sussian speakers usually refer to their language as Tasussit or Tašlḥiyt and this name is morphologically a feminine noun, derived from masculine Ašussi or Ašlḥiy male speaker of Sussian. Sussian names of languages are formed in the same way, for example Aɛṛab an Arab. The noun Ašussi, though now used as an endonym among Sussian speakers, is exonymic in origin. The initial A- in Ašlḥiy is the Sussian nominal prefix, the ending -iy forms denominal nouns and adjectives. There are also variant forms Ašlḥay and Tašlḥayt, with -ay instead of -iy under the influence of the preceding consonant ḥ, the plural of Ašlḥiy is Išlḥiyn, a single female speaker is a Tašlḥiyt, plural Tišlḥiyin. In Moroccan colloquial Arabic, a speaker is called a Šəlḥ, plural Šluḥ, and the language is Šəlḥa. The Moroccan Arabic names have been borrowed into English as a Sussi, the Sussian, and Sussi, and into French as un Soussi, les Soussis, and Sussia or, more commonly, le Soussi. The now usual names Tašlḥiyt and Išlḥiyn seem to have gained the upper hand relatively recently, in older texts, the language is still referred to as Tamaziɣt or Tamazixt Tamazight. For example, the author Awzal speaks of nnaḍm n Tmazixt ann ifulkin a composition in that beautiful Tamazight, because Sous is the most heavily populated part of the language area, the name Tasussit is often used as a pars pro toto for the entire language. The number of around 4 million speakers mentioned in Ethnologue is based on the data of the census of 2004. There is no reason to assume that the number of speakers is substantially higher
Tashlhit
–
Percent of Tashlhit speakers in Morocco by census 2004
7.
Tarifit
–
Riffian is spoken mainly in the Moroccan Rif on the Mediterranean coast and in the Rif mountains, with a large minority in the Spanish autonomous city of Melilla. There are also speakers of Riffian in Morocco outside the Rif region, the neighbour state of Algeria is also home to Rif minorities. A Riffian-speaking community exists in the Netherlands and Belgium as well as to a lesser extent other European countries and its own speakers simply call it Tamazight, a term also often applied in a broader sense to the Berber language across North Africa in general. Dialects include Arzew, Urrighel, and Igzennaian, Iznasen is counted as a dialect in Kossman, but Blench classifies it as one of the closely related Mzab–Wargla languages. Majority of them are spoken in Northern Morocco, this includes the varieties of Al Hoceima, Temsamane, Nador, Ikbadene, besides Riffian, two other unrelated and smaller Berber languages are spoken in North Morocco, the Sanhaja de Srair and the Ghomara languages. Riffians most noticeable differences from other Berber dialects are that, /l/ in other dialects corresponds to ⟨ř⟩ in Riffian /ll/ in other dialects corresponds to ⟨ǧǧ⟩ in Riffian, /lt/ in other dialects corresponds to ⟨č⟩ in Riffian. These variations dont occur in the Riffian dialects of Ikebdanen and Iznasen, postvocalic /r/ preceding a consonantal coda is dropped, as in taddart → taddaat. Thus in tamara the /r/ is conserved because it precedes a vowel, /k/ usually becomes /ʃ/, while in some local sub-accents it is merely softened. Additionally, the initial masculine a- prefix is dropped in words, e. g. afus becomes fus. This change, characteristic of Zenati Berber varieties, further distances Riffian from neighbouring dialects such as Atlas-Tamazight, Tarifit or Tarifiyt is often pronounced as. Like other Berber languages, Riffian has been written several different systems over the years. Most recently, Tifinagh has become official throughout Morocco, the Arabic script is not used anymore for writing Riffian Berber. The Berber Latin alphabet continues to be used unofficially online and in most publications in Morocco, however, unlike the nearby Tashelhit, Riffian Berber has little written literature before the twentieth century. Etude sur le dialecte des Bettioua du Vieil-Arzeu, etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif. Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif, the Interrelations of Syntax, Narrative Structure, and Prosody in a Berber Language. Lewiston, NY, Edwin Mellen Press,2000, etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Tarifiyt Berber Vocabulary List INALCO report on Tarifit Site 100% in Tarifit
Tarifit
–
Riffian
8.
Central Atlas Tamazight
–
Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the most-spoken Berber languages, along with Kabyle, Shilha, Riff, and Shawiya, and in Morocco it rivals Shilha as the most-spoken. All five languages may be referred to as Tamazight, but Central Atlas speakers are the ones who use the term exclusively. As is typical of Afro-Asiatic languages, Tamazight has a series of consonants, uvulars, pharyngeals. Tamazight has a phonemic system, but also has numerous words without vowels. Central Atlas Tamazight had no significant writing tradition until the 20th century. The standard word order is verb–subject–object but sometimes subject–verb–object, words inflect for gender, number, and state, using prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes. Verbs are heavily inflected, being marked for tense, aspect, mode, voice, person of the subject, pervasive borrowing from Arabic extends to all major word classes, including verbs, borrowed verbs, however, are conjugated according to native patterns, including ablaut. Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages, in addition to Kabyle, Shilha, and Riff, differentiating these dialects is complicated by the fact that speakers of other languages may also refer to their language as Tamazight. The differences between all three groups are largely phonological and lexical, rather than syntactic, Tamazight itself has a relatively large degree of internal diversity, including whether spirantization occurs. Central Atlas Tamazight speakers refer to themselves as Amazigh, an endonymic ethnonym whose etymology is uncertain, the term Tamazight, the feminine form of Amazigh, refers to the language. Both words are also used self-referentially by other Berber groups to replace local terms such as ašəlḥi or rifi, in older studies, Central Atlas Tamazight is sometimes referred to as Braber / Beraber, a dialetical Arabic term, or its Tamazight equivalent Taberbrit. This is related to the Standard Arabic and English term Berber, used to refer to all Berber dialects/languages, Tamazight is in the middle of a dialect continuum between Riff to its north-east and Shilha to its south-west. The basic lexicon of Tamazight differs markedly from Shilha, and its system is more similar to Riff or Kabyle. Moreover, Tamazight has an amount of internal diversity than Shilha. Southern dialects may also be differentiated syntactically, while other dialects predicate with the auxiliary /d/, the differences between each of the three groups are primarily phonological. There is some ambiguity as to the boundary of Central Atlas Tamazight. The Berbers have lived in North Africa between western Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean since before recorded history began in the region about 33 centuries ago. By the 5th century BC, the city of Carthage, founded by Phoenicians, had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa, in the wake of the Punic Wars, Rome replaced it as regional hegemon
Central Atlas Tamazight
–
The
IRCAM (Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe) in
Rabat
Central Atlas Tamazight
–
Location of Central Atlas Tamazight speakers
9.
Sunni Islam
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Sunni Islam is the largest group of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Sunni tradition, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and this contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad intended his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and they have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts, as of 2009, Sunni Muslims constituted 87–90% of the worlds Muslim population. Sunni Islam is the worlds largest religious denomination, followed by Catholicism and its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism, while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites, Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam. The Quran, together with hadith and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, sunnī, also commonly referred to as Sunnīism, is a term derived from sunnah meaning habit, usual practice, custom, tradition. The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad, in Arabic, this branch of Islam is referred to as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah, the people of the sunnah and the community, which is commonly shortened to ahl as-sunnah. One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammads death, and that Sufism and Shiism developed out of Sunni Islam. This perception is due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines, the first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the Rashidun or Rightly-Guided Ones. Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned Abu Bakr as the first, Umar who established the Islamic calendar as the second, Uthman as the third, Sunnis believe that the companions of Muhammad were the best of Muslims. Support for this view is found in the Quran, according to Sunnis. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran, furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are considered by Sunnis to be a second source of knowledge of the Muslim faith. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, Islam does not have a formal hierarchy or clergy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law, according to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a person to lead the service
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam
–
Malaysian Sunni Muslims in a
Mawlid procession in capital
Putrajaya, 2013.
Sunni Islam
–
The
Great Mosque of Kairouan (also known as the Mosque of Uqba) was, in particular during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries, an important center of Islamic learning with an emphasis on the
Maliki Madh'hab. It is located in the city of
Kairouan in
Tunisia
10.
Judaism
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Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
Judaism
–
Judaica (clockwise from top):
Shabbat candlesticks,
handwashing cup,
Chumash and
Tanakh,
Torah pointer,
shofar and
etrog box
Judaism
–
Silver case containing a handwritten
Torah (
Museum of Jewish Art and History, Paris)
Judaism
–
Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu – remember us
Judaism
–
A 19th-century silver
Macedonian Hanukkah menorah
11.
Roman Catholicism
–
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
–
Saint Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
Pope Francis, elected in the
papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
–
Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of
Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
12.
Tunisians in France
–
Tunisians in France are people of Tunisian descent living in France. People of Tunisian origin account for a sector of the total population in France. The early 1980s saw a boom of the Tunisian community in France because of adjustments, the 2011 census recorded 150,109 Tunisian-born people. France–Tunisia relations Immigration to France Arabs in France Berbers in France
Tunisians in France
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DJ Mehdi
13.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
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Flag
France
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The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
14.
French Morocco
–
The French Protectorate in Morocco, Arabic, حماية فرنسا في المغرب Ḥimāyat Faransā fi-l-Maḡrib) was established by the Treaty of Fez. It existed from 1912, when a protectorate was established, until independence. However, in the part of the 19th century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments. The first years of the 20th century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers, French activity in Morocco began during the end of the 19th century. France and Spain secretly partitioned the territory of the sultanate, with Spain receiving concessions in the far north and south of the country. The First Moroccan Crisis grew out of the rivalries of the great powers, in this case. Germany took immediate action to block the new accord from going into effect. Although the Algeciras Conference temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis it only worsened international tensions between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, in 1911, a rebellion broke out in Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. By early April 1911, the Sultan was besieged in his palace in Fez, the French dispatched a flying column at the end of April 1911 and Germany gave approval for the occupation of the city. Moroccan forces besieged the French-occupied city, approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 5 June 1911 the Spanish occupied Larache and Ksar-el-Kebir, on 1 July 1911 the German gunboat Panther arrived at the port of Agadir. There was a reaction from the French, supported by the British. France officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the Treaty of Fez, from a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. The Sultan reigned but did not rule, Sultan Abdelhafid abdicated in favor of his brother Yusef after signing the treaty. On April 17,1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez, in late May 1912, Moroccan forces again unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez. First, the protectorate was established two years before the outbreak of World War I, which brought with it a new attitude toward colonial rule. Second, Morocco had a tradition of independence, though it had been strongly influenced by the civilization of Muslim Iberia. These circumstances and the proximity of Morocco to Spain created a relationship between the two countries
French Morocco
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Map of Atlantic coast of Morocco (1830)
French Morocco
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Flag
French Morocco
–
The French
artillery at
Rabat in 1911
French Morocco
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French Moroccan medal
15.
Morocco
–
Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a mountainous interior, large tracts of desert. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 and its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, a historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, the Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1666. In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with a zone in Tangier. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975, leading to a war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991. Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy, the king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister, Moroccos predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight. The Moroccan dialect, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken, Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa, the full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to Kingdom of the West, although the West in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb. The basis of Moroccos English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty, the origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most likely from the Berber words amur akush or Land of God. The modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc, in Turkish, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish Marruecos, the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian Mechta-Afalou burials and European Cro-Magnon remains, the Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco
Morocco
–
Berber Roman King
Ptolemy of Mauretania.
Morocco
–
Flag
Morocco
–
Roman mosaic of Diana in
Volubilis.
Morocco
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Morocco, Safi ceramic vessel Jobbana
16.
Jamel Debbouze
–
Jamel Debbouze is a French-Moroccan actor, comedian, producer, director, and screenwriter. Debbouze was born in Paris, France and his family, from Taza, moved back to Morocco the following year. They returned in 1979 and settled in Trappes in 1983, in the Paris region and he is the eldest of six siblings, Jamel, Mohamed, Hayat, Karim, Rachid and Nawel Debbouze. On 17 January 1990, at the station in Trappes. He lost the use of his arm in the accident, which killed another young man, Jean-Paul Admette. Debbouze was sued by the family for manslaughter but the case was dismissed for lack of proof. In 1995, he was spotted by the bosses of Radio Nova, Jacques Massadian and Jean-François Bizot, who made him famous. He debuted on Radio Nova, with a review show, Le Cinéma de Jamel and on television around 1996-1997 on cable channel Paris Première, in a TV show co-produced by Radio Nova. He took Le Cinéma de Jamel to television on Canal+ in 1998, on the same channel, he contributed to another show, H, along with Éric Judor and Ramzy Bedia. He acted in the movies Zonzon, international box-office hit Amélie, domestic hit Asterix & Obelix, Mission Cleopatra, in 2006, he acted in the historical movie Days of Glory, paying tribute to the North-African soldiers who fought for France during WW2. For this movie, he got the prize for best male actor at the 59th edition of the Cannes Film Festival with Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila and Bernard Blancan. In April 2008, Debbouze opened a club, called Le Comedy Club. On 29 March 2008, Debbouze became engaged to French journalist and news anchor Mélissa Theuriau, in 2009, Debbouze collaborated with the rap band 113 and Awa Imani for the project Maghreb United of RimK. His show, Jamel improvise, debuted in January 2011, before playing every evenings Tout sur Jamel from 1 to 20 January at the Casino de Paris and he was the chairman of the 2013 César Awards. In 1990, Debbouze met Alain Degois, an educator who organized theater improvisation workshops, with this troupe, he took part in the French Championship of Improvisation in 1991 and toured Quebec and Morocco. In 1992, he got his first part in a film called Les Pierres Bleues du Désert, after this film, Debbouze wanted to work as an actor and create his own show. This happened in 1995 with the show Cest Tout Neuf which had enjoyed a lot. Then he had a role on the radio program Radio Nova
Jamel Debbouze
–
Debbouze at the
2010 Cannes Film Festival
Jamel Debbouze
–
Debbouze at the 2001
César Awards
17.
Adil Rami
–
Adil Rami is a French professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC and the France national team. Rami began his career playing for amateur club Étoile Fréjus Saint-Raphaël. Due only playing the sport as a hobby, he spent three seasons at the playing in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth division of French football. In 2006, Rami ascended three divisions after signing with Ligue 1 club Lille OSC, at Lille, Rami developed in a starter making his professional debut in May 2007. He is nicknamed Shrek by teammates and Lille supporters, in January 2011, Rami joined Spanish club Valencia agreeing to a four-year contract. He was immediately loaned back to his previous club and was, subsequently, despite constant early inquiries from Morocco prior to his first selection, Rami is a French international. He was pre-selected to play for France at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Rami made his senior debut on 11 August 2010 in a friendly match against Norway. Rami was born in the city of Bastia on the island of Corsica to Moroccan parents, as a youth, his family moved to the mainland, eventually settling in the southern coast city of Fréjus, where his mother worked as a member of the city council. Rami is the third of four children and has two sisters and one brother, while training to become a professional football player, Rami worked for the city after his family grew concerned for his future. He often did odd-jobs such as taking care of the maintenance, Rami registered as a youth player for Étoile Fréjus Saint-Raphaël, then known as ES Fréjus, in 1994 at the age of nine. Despite harboring ambitions of playing professionally, Rami only played the sport as a hobby. He made his debut for the club during the 2003–04 season while Fréjus were playing in the Championnat de France amateur. He appeared in four matches in his first season, in the 2004–05 season, Rami appeared in 24 matches as Fréjus finished mid-table. Ahead of the 2005–06 season, Rami switched to playing in central defence and he initially played as an offensive player often in the midfield, but following an injury to a teammate, whom Rami described as his best friend, his coaches inserted him into defence. The transition was a success with Rami appearing in 30 matches with Fréjus finishing mid-table for the consecutive season. Midway through the campaign, Rami was offered a trial by professional club Lille OSC and he appeared in 27 matches as the team finished in third spot, which was best among professional clubs reserve teams playing in the group. With two months remaining in the 2006–07 Ligue 1 season, Rami was called up to the team by manager Claude Puel. He made his debut on 19 May 2007 in a league match against Auxerre starting in the centre back position
Adil Rami
–
Rami with
France in
UEFA Euro 2012.
Adil Rami
–
Rami challenging
Spain 's
Fernando Torres at
UEFA Euro 2012.
18.
Abdelhamid El Kaoutari
–
Abdelhamid El Kaoutari is a Moroccan footballer. He currently plays for Bastia in the French Ligue 1 on loan from Italian club Palermo, El Kaoutari was born in Montpellier and has been with his hometown club since childhood joining as a youth player. While in the youth academy, known as Centre de Formation de La Paillade. After successfully passing through La Paillade, El Kaoutari was allowed to train with the team alongside fellow youth teammate Mickaël Nelson. He made his debut on 12 May 2008 in a Ligue 2 match against Gueugnon. El Kaoutari appeared as a substitute in the 65th minute, for the 2008–09 season, El Kaoutari featured regularly in the Coupe Gambardella and the Coupe de France. He started both Montpelliers Coupe de France victories over amateur club Saint-Flour and third-tier club Cannes, both matches went into extra time. El Kaoutari also appeared in four matches, which included three straight matches late in the season, while Montpellier were in the midst of a promotion battle. Montpellier did, indeed, achieve promotion to Ligue 1, El Kaoutari was given a more prominent role in the squad for the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season. After appearing early on as a substitute, by November, El Kaoutari became a staple in the starting eleven, in July 2015, he moved to Italian Serie A club Palermo, when he by signed a four-year contract. On 1 February 2016, El Kaoutari signed a loan deal with Ligue 1 club Reims. El Kaoutari has featured with the France under-19 team and he was a late participant to the team making his debut during the Elite Round portion of qualification for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. El Kaoutari was later selected to play in the tournament and featured in all four matches with France suffering elimination in the semi-finals losing 3–1 to England, El Kaoutari played his first match for Morocco on 4 June 2011 against Algeria. El Kaoutari was named in Pim Verbeek 18-man squad for the Morocco U-23 football team to compete at the London 2012 Olympics Montpellier Ligue 1, 2011–12
Abdelhamid El Kaoutari
–
Abdelhamid El Kaoutari
19.
Medhi Benatia
–
Medhi Amine El Mouttaqi Benatia is a footballer who plays for Italian club Juventus on loan from German club Bayern Munich, and for the Morocco national team, as a centre back. He began his career at Marseille, spending his time loaned out to Tours, two years later he joined Udinese, spending three seasons there before transferring to Roma. After helping them finish as Serie A runners-up in his campaign there, he was signed by Bayern for €26 million. Born and raised in France, Benatia represents his fathers Morocco at international level and he made his international debut for them in 2008 and represented the nation at two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. Benatia was born in Courcouronnes, France, to a Moroccan father, Benatia joined Marseille in 2003, and signed his first professional contract with them two years later. After loan spells at Tours and Lorient, he left for Ligue 2 club Clermont on 1 July 2008 on a free transfer, on 1 July 2010, Benatia signed for Serie A club Udinese Calcio, again on a free transfer. He made 80 league appearances for Udinese, scoring six goals, on 13 July 2013, Benatia signed for Roma on a five-year contract in a €13.5 million transfer, with Nico López and Valerio Verre going the other way on co-ownership as part of the same deal. On 26 September, Benatia scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 victory against Sampdoria, after further goals against Bologna, Catania. and Chievo Verona in the second half of the season, he ended the season with five goals from 33 games. On 27 August 2014, Bayern Munich announced that they had signed Benatia on a deal for a fee of €26 million. Bayern Munich beat Manchester City, Chelsea, Barcelona and Real Madrid and he admitted he was disappointed to leave Roma but was told he had to go because the club needed the money. Upon hearing this, Roma President James Pallotta was furious and responded by saying he was sold for being a poisonous liar. Benatia scored his first goal for Bayern on 13 December, opening the scoring in a 4–0 win at FC Augsburg with a header and he started the 2015–16 season in the German Super Cup, which Bayern lost in a penalty shootout after a 1–1 draw at VfL Wolfsburg. On 14 August, he headed Xabi Alonsos free kick for the first goal of the new Bundesliga season in a 5–0 thrashing of Hamburger SV. On 15 July 2016, Italian champions Juventus signed Benatia on a loan for €3 million. He made his debut on 27 August, in a 1–0 away win over Lazio in Serie A. On 10 March 2017, Benatia scored his first goal for Juventus in a 2–1 win over A. C. Milan in Serie A, at the Juventus Stadium. In the following tournament in South Africa, he played the entirety of all three matches as they again were defeated at the first stage. As of matches played on 14 March 2017,1. ^ Includes Coupe de France, Coppa Italia, and DFB-Pokal
Medhi Benatia
–
Benatia in action for
Bayern Munich in 2014
20.
Marouane Chamakh
–
Marouane Chamakh is a professional footballer who is currently a free agent and plays as a forward for the Morocco national team. He is described as a target man and is noted for his link-up play, tall stature. He is the first and only player in UEFA Champions League history to score in six consecutive matches, Chamakh started his career training throughout various clubs in the Aquitaine region. In 2000, he signed with Bordeaux, Chamakh made his professional debut for the club in the 2002–03 season. He spent nine years at the club and helped Bordeaux win the Coupe de la Ligue in 2007, in the 2008–09 season, Chamakh won his first league title as Bordeaux were crowned champions for the first time since the 1998–99 season. The club also won the Coupe de la Ligue completing the league and league cup double, although born and raised in France, Chamakh chose to play international football for Morocco, because he had Moroccan parents. He made his team debut in July 2003 and has played at three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, including the 2004 tournament in which Morocco finished runner-up. In August 2010, he captained the team for the first time. Chamakh began his career at the age of four playing for local club Nérac FC in the nearby commune of Nérac. After six years at Nérac, Chamakh joined FC Marmandais, while in Marmande, he developed his physical skills and traits, growing as tall as 6 ft and also earning his first regional selection to play for the Aquitaine regional team in the Coupe Nationale. In 2000, Chamakh was pursued by several clubs that wanted to obtain his services. He drew interest from Lens, Toulouse, Lorient, and Bordeaux, Chamakh eventually decided to sign with Bordeaux due to the clubs infrastructure and training facilities and also because of the close proximity to his family. Upon his arrival, Chamakh was placed into the youth academy. For the 2001–02 season, he was promoted to the clubs Championnat de France amateur 2 team in the fifth division, Chamakh was involved heavily in the campaign of the team, coached by Jean-Louis Garcia. He appeared in 17 matches and scored six goals as the finished first in their group. Following the season, Chamakh turned professional and signed a contract with Bordeaux. He spent the first half of the 2002–03 campaign playing in the fourth division, Chamakh made his professional debut on 19 January 2003 in the teams Coupe de la Ligue match against Metz. He appeared as a substitute and played 15 minutes in a 1–0 defeat, Chamakh made his league debut three weeks later in a 2–0 home defeat to Bastia again appearing as a substitute
Marouane Chamakh
–
Chamakh playing for
Arsenal in 2010
Marouane Chamakh
–
Chamakh with
Bordeaux.
Marouane Chamakh
–
Chamakh playing with Arsenal at the
Emirates Cup
21.
Najoua Belyzel
–
Najoua Belyzel is a French pop rock/electronic singer of Moroccan-Egyptian descent. Najoua was born in Nancy, and grew up in a family with three sisters and two brothers. Her father is Moroccan and her mother is Egyptian, since childhood, she had shown an interest in music, and by age 14, had begun writing her own songs. Najoua originally studied law beginning in 2001 at the University of Nancy and she met some success after a casting call when she joined the group Benoît, who had a successful single called Tourne-toi Benoît, which touched on the subject of homosexuality. The later singles from the group, however, only met moderate success and she kept on working with the groups songwriter Christophe Casanave, whose work had already been performed by popular French acts Steeve Estatof and Marc Lavoine. The two worked together on a song called Stella, which would appear on her debut album. The song Née de lamour et de la haine was Belyzels first demo in 2002, in 2005, Najoua released her first single, titled Gabriel, an electro-pop dance track which has become her signature song. A video was released to accompany it telling the story behind the song, showing Najoua wearing angel wings and she has recently adopted the sitting Angel profile portrait of herself used on the album as her motif. Gabriel became a hit in France, Belgium and Quebec. Najoua developed a dramatic stage routine to encapsulate the song and its highly charged emotional content. Najoua has said herself that the song has nothing to do with gay issues, as has been suggested, so its about Angelsexuality - not homosexuality. The video thus ends enigmatically and ambiguously, with Gabriel being awakened from stone with a kiss, in late 2006 and early 2007, she embarked on a tour with other artists across France and Francophone Europe to promote her album. Two other singles were released, Je Ferme les Yeux in June 2006, the theme was a prayer to God to make this world better. The third single was Comme Toi a song about duality and schizophrenia, the video clip featured two Najoua, a warrior-like blond and a trapped brunette. The album is mainly electro-pop with some ballads, during the Summer 2008 she released on the Iinternet a cover song of Marie Laforêt Viens, Viens, but it was not meant to be a single. Najoua returned with the new single La Bienvenue, some excerpts of the video clip were shown to the fans in December and the final clip was shown on TV in February. The single became available on legal downloading platforms on 13 February, the song is about a girl who feels rejected in this world and who does not see the good in her. The video features a mannequin becoming alive but who is disappointed by the cruelty of the world
Najoua Belyzel
–
Najoua Belyzel
22.
Najat Vallaud-Belkacem
–
Previously she was Minister of Womens Affairs, Minister of City Affairs, Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, and Government spokesperson. She was the spokesperson of Ségolène Royals campaign during the 2007 French presidential election, since 2008, she has been a councillor of the city of Lyon, responsible for major events, youth and community life. Second in a family of seven children, Najat Belkacem was born in the Moroccan countryside in 1977 in Bni Chiker and her grandmothers were respectively Spanish and Algerian. In 1982 she joined her father, a worker, with her mother and elder sister Fatiha. She graduated from the Institut détudes politiques de Paris in 2002, at the Institut she met Boris Vallaud, whom she married on 27 August 2005. Elected to the Regional Council of Rhone-Alpes in 2004, she chaired the Culture Commission, in 2005, she became adviser to the Socialist Party. In 2005 and 2006 she was a columnist for the cultural programme Cest tout vu on Télé Lyon Municipale alongside Stéphane Cayrol, in February 2007 she joined Ségolène Royals campaign team as a spokeswoman, alongside Vincent Peillon and Arnaud Montebourg. On 16 May 2012, she was appointed to French President François Hollandes cabinet as Minister of Womens Rights and she supports having the French government force Twitter to filter out hate speech that is illegal under French law, such as speech that is homophobic. Regarding same-sex marriage in France, she has stated that its legalisation is a matter of historic progress and she describes herself as a non-practicing Muslim. Media related to Najat Vallaud-Belkacem at Wikimedia Commons
Najat Vallaud-Belkacem
–
Najat Vallaud-Belkacem
23.
Amel Bent
–
Amel Bent is a French singer who gained fame after reaching the semi-finals of season 2 of French TV series Nouvelle Star. She is Nouvelle Star best selling artist, amel Bent grew up in the French commune of La Courneuve with her Algerian father and a Moroccan mother. She has a brother and a sister and her career jump started after making it to the semi-finals of the reality TV show Nouvelle Star 2, Frances version of Pop Idol.1 slot, in France, for more than six weeks during and after sales. In 2012, She was one of the contetant during the Third season of Danse avec les stars and she finished in second place with her partner, Christophe Licata
Amel Bent
–
Amel Bent at the
NRJ Music Awards 2014
Amel Bent
–
Amel Bent in 2008.
Amel Bent
–
Amel Bent during a
Olympia (Paris) concert in 2011.
24.
Rachida Dati
–
Rachida Dati is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament, representing Île-de-France. Prior to her election, she held the cabinet post of Keeper of the Seals and she was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential election of 2007. After his victory, Sarkozy appointed her to his Government on 18 May 2007 and she was elected mayor of the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 29 March 2008. Rachida Dati was born on 27 November 1965 in Saint-Rémy, Saône-et-Loire, to a Moroccan father, a bricklayer named Mbarek, and she is the second child of twelve children in an impoverished family, and she spent her childhood in Chalon-sur-Saône in Burgundy. Even though Dati was raised in a devout Muslim environment, she attended Roman Catholic schools and she studied at the University of Burgundy, where she received a masters degree in Economics, and at Panthéon-Assas University, where she received a Law degree. At the age of sixteen, she started working as a paramedical assistant and she then worked for three years as an accountant at Elf Aquitaine while at university. After meeting Jean-Luc Lagardère in 1990, she entered the management team of Matra Nortel communication. She later spent a year in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in the records management, in 1994, she was an auditing supervisor and secretary-general of the bureau of urban development studies at Suez. From 1995 to 1997, she worked as an advisor at the legal management division of the Ministry of Education. In 1997, she was admitted to the École nationale de la magistrature, upon leaving in 1999, she became a legal auditor at the Bobigny tribunal de grande instance. She went on to judge for collective procedures at the tribunal de grande instance in Péronne. In 2002, she became Nicolas Sarkozys advisor, working for him on an anti-delinquency project, in 2006, she joined the Union for a Popular Movement party. On 14 January 2007, she was named spokesperson for Sarkozy on the day he was chosen as UMP candidate for the elections of April 2007. After Sarkozys victory on 6 May 2007, she was appointed Minister of Justice and her rationalization of the court system was publicly opposed by judicial professionals. She left her post as minister after being elected as a European deputy and she sits on the editorial board of the French version of the Huffington Post, where she will write a weekly column about womens issues. On 9 February 2013, Rachida Dati announced she was a candidate for mayor of Paris in the 2014 local elections, in September 2008, Dati announced that she was pregnant and would be a single mother. She revealed her pregnancy to a group of reporters who questioned her about mounting rumours, I want to remain careful, because. I am still in the risky stage, I am 42, she was quoted as saying
Rachida Dati
–
Rachida Dati
25.
La Fouine
–
Laouni Mouhid, commonly known by his stage name La Fouine or Fouiny Baby, is a French rapper, singer, songwriter and actor of Moroccan origin. He owns his own label, Banlieue Sale Music. He is a figure in French rap. Born in Trappes in a family of seven children to Moroccan parents from Casablanca and he stopped his studies at the age of fifteen to devote himself to rap and took his first music lessons. La Fouine, who was called Forcené was an member of the collective GSP. It was part of the short-lived group FORS with DJ RV, Le Griffon And LaylaD, created mainly to participate at 2 R puissance ART in La Verrière, where he won the second prize. Since then, Laouni married, then divorced after becoming the father of a girl, born in 2002, named Fatima. The death of his mother in 2005 inspired his song Je regarde là-haut He also experienced periods in foster homes. I was only fifteen when I was expelled from school and placed in foster homes, I became an insomniac for most of the time. But it did not take me to sleep with me, if the cops were looking for me directly, I slept with people in cars, premises, etc. It was misery, he said to the magazine Planète Rap, after releasing his first street-tape Planète Trappes that made him earn an early legitimacy in rap, he released his first album in 2005 called Bourré au Son strongly marked by the California style. The singles Lunité and Quelque chose de spécial meet critical acclaim, after putting out Planète Trappes Volume 2 on the market launching especially his brother Canardo through three titles, La Fouine released his second album entitled Aller-Retour on March 12,2007. The first single from album was Reste en Chien with Booba. The second single was titled Qui peut me stopper followed by On sen bas les couilles, Banlieue Sale with Gued1 & Kennedy, Today, this album is certified gold. The disk Capitale du Crime Volume 2 released on January 18,2010, on this album are collaborations with Canardo, Green Money, Kennedy, Vincenzo, Chabodo, A2P Rickwell, Gued1. Nowadays, this mixtape is certified gold, the first single from her double album La Fouine vs Laouni is Passe-leur le salam featuring Rohff. Veni, vidi, vici is the single and the third extract Caillera for Life is a collaboration with California rapper The Game in which The Game tried performing in French. And the fourth from the album entitled Papa is a track where La Fouine speaks about his father, the fifth single was released on 21 January 2011 called Les Soleils de Minuits
La Fouine
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La Fouine in March 2011
La Fouine
–
La Fouine in September 2011
La Fouine
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La Fouine in Besançon in 2011
26.
Immigration to France
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France received immigrants in successive waves during the 19th and 20th centuries. Of the total of 229,000 new foreigners coming to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, and 3% Belgians. Among them, about 5.5 million are of European origin,4 million of Maghrebi origin,1 million of Sub-saharan African origin and 400,000 of Turkish origin, the region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France, where 40% of immigrants live. Other regions with important immigrant populations are Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010,27. 3% had one or both parents foreign-born, and about one quarter had one parent or both born outside of Europe. Including grandparents, about 40% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent, successive waves of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries were rapidly assimilated into French culture. Frances population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, the pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from Poland, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. In the wake of the First World War, in which France suffered six million casualties, by 1930, the Paris region alone had a North African Muslim population of 70,000. Right after the Second World War, immigration to France significantly increased, during the period of reconstruction, France lacked labor, and as a result, the French government was eager to recruit immigrants coming from all over Europe, Latin America, and Africa. These migrants consisted of those who were loyal to the colonial government, following the partition of Vietnam, students and professionals from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. Although many initially returned to the country after a few years, as the Vietnam War situation worsened and this period also saw a significant wave of immigrants from Algeria. As the Algerian War started in 1954, there were already 200,000 Algerian immigrants in France, however, because of the tension between the Algerians and the French, these immigrants were no longer welcome. This conflict between the two led to the Paris Massacre of 17 October 1961, when the police used force against an Algerian demonstration on the streets of Paris. After the war, after Algeria gained its independence, the free circulation between France and Algeria was once allowed, and the number of Algerian immigrants started to increase drastically. From 1962 to 1975, the Algerian immigrant population increased from 350,000 to 700,000, many of these immigrants were known as the harkis, and the others were known as the pieds-noirs. The harkis were Algerians who supported the French during the Algerian War, once the war was over, they were deeply resented by other Algerians, the pieds-noirs were Europeans settlers who moved to Algeria, but migrated back to France. Additionally, the number of Pakistani and Japanese immigrants also increased during this period, there was also a great number of students and workers from former French colonies in Africa. With this massive influx of immigrants, France became an asylum for refugees, according to the convention in Geneva, refugee status was granted to four out of five immigrant applicants. Many of these came from countries in Eastern Europe and Latin America
Immigration to France
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A French biometric residence permit issued to non-EU citizens
27.
Arabs in France
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Arabs in France are people of Arab descent living in France. French people of Arab origin in France forms the second largest ethnic group after French people of French origin, there are no official figures concerning the demographics of French people of Arab descent because ethnic statistics are forbidden in France. Most immigration was in the 1960s and the early 1970s, a period of economic growth and they have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially the Paris region, but also in Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur, Languedoc-Roussillon, Alsace, Rhône-Alpes and Corsica. Many notable French people have Maghrebi ancestry since Arabs in France are predominantly Maghrebis. g. C
Arabs in France
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Africa
28.
Ethnic group
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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
Ethnic group
–
Before the 1970s, the
Korowai people of
Papua were an
uncontacted people. Their population numbers no more than 3,000.
Ethnic group
–
The
Assyrians are the indigenous peoples of
Northern Iraq.
Ethnic group
–
Some European ethnic groups, such as
Basque people, do not constitute a majority in any one country.
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