Mu'awiya I was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and immed
Sasanian-style silver dirham minted in Mu'awiya's name, c. 674The obverse side shows the portrait of the Sasanian shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and his name in the Pahlavi script.
A statue representing Uqba ibn Nafi, the Arab commander who conquered Ifriqiya and founded Kairouan in 670, during Mu'awiya's reign. Uqba served as Mu'awiya's lieutenant governor over North Africa until the caliph dismissed him in 673.
Hasan ibn Ali was the eldest son of Ali and Fatima, the elder brother of Husayn, and the eldest grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He briefly ruled as caliph from January to August 661 and is r
Mu'awiya I
…Amr ibn al-As, who conquered Egypt from Ali's governor in 658. Following the assassination of Ali in 661, Mu'awiya compelled Ali's son and successor Hasan to abdicate and Mu'awiya's suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Caliphate. Domestically, Mu'awiya relied on Syria's loyalist Arab tribes and…
Depiction of Hasan ibn Ali in the Shia tradition by Abolfazl Mirzabeygi, 1978
Calligraphic seal featuring Hasan's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia
A view of Kufa, the headquarters of Hasan, and its Great Mosque, where he gave his inaugural speech
Iranian Qajar dynasty tapestry, probably a Shia talisman, depicting Ali with Hasan and Husayn (Library of Congress)