Mu'awiya I
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Mu'awiya I was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and immed
Sasanian-style silver dirham minted in Mu'awiya's name, c. 674The obverse side shows the portrait of the Sasanian shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and his name in the Pahlavi script.
A statue representing Uqba ibn Nafi, the Arab commander who conquered Ifriqiya and founded Kairouan in 670, during Mu'awiya's reign. Uqba served as Mu'awiya's lieutenant governor over North Africa until the caliph dismissed him in 673.
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
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Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca in opposition to the Umayyads during the Second Fitna from 683 until his death in 692.
Sasanian-style silver dirham minted in the name of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in Fars in 690/91
The Kaaba in 1882. Throughout his revolt, Ibn al-Zubayr used the sanctuary as his base of operations and it was twice besieged, in 683 and 692. He rebuilt it following severe damage during the first siege, but his changes were later reversed.