Muhammad Ali's rise to power
Muhammad Ali rose to power in Egypt came following a long, three-way civil war between the Ottoman Empire, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans. The conflict ended in victory for the Albanians led by Ali.
The massacre of the Mamluks at Cairo, Egypt, painted by Horace Vernet
Massacre of the Mamluks at the Cairo citadel, painted by Horace Vernet.
One of the last Mamluks, painted by William Page in 1816-1824
Muhammad Ali was the Ottoman Albanian governor and de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule, he controlled Egypt, Sudan, Hejaz, Najd, the Levant, Crete and parts of Greece.
Portrait by Auguste Couder, 1840
Muhammad Ali's birthplace in Kavala, now in northeastern Greece.
Massacre of the Mamelukes at the Cairo citadel by Horace Vernet.
Muhammad Ali by Jean-François Portaels, 1847