1.
Van Gogh Museum
–
The Van Gogh Museum is an art museum dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, close to the Stedelijk Museum, the Rijksmuseum, the museum opened on 2 June 1973. It is located in buildings designed by Gerrit Rietveld and Kisho Kurokawa, the museums collection is the largest collection of Van Goghs paintings and drawings in the world. In 2015, the museum had 1.9 million visitors, and was the 2nd most visited museum in the Netherlands, upon Vincent van Goghs death in 1890, his work not sold fell into the possession of his brother Theo. Theo died six months after Vincent, leaving the work in the possession of his widow, selling many of Vincents paintings with the ambition of spreading knowledge of his artwork, Johanna maintained a private collection of his works. Design for a Van Gogh Museum was commissioned by the Dutch government in 1963 to Dutch architect, Rietveld died a year later, and the building was not completed until 1973, when the museum opened its doors. In 1998 and 1999, the building was renovated by the Dutch architect Martien van Goor, starting in late 2012, the museum was closed for renovations for six months. During this period,75 works from the collection were shown in the Hermitage Amsterdam, on 9 September 2013, the museum unveiled a long-lost Van Gogh painting that spent years in a Norwegian attic believed to be by another painter. It is the first full-size canvas by him discovered since 1928, sunset at Montmajour depicts trees, bushes and sky, painted with Van Goghs familiar thick brush strokes. It can be dated to the day it was painted because he described it in a letter to his brother, Theo. In 1991, twenty paintings were stolen from the museum, among them Van Goghs early painting The Potato Eaters, although the thieves escaped from the building,35 minutes later all stolen paintings were recovered from an abandoned car. Three paintings – Wheatfield with Crows, Still Life with Bible, four men, including two museum guards, were convicted for the theft and given six or seven-year sentences. It is considered to be the largest art theft in the Netherlands since the Second World War, in 2002, two paintings were stolen from the museum, Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen and View of the Sea at Scheveningen. Two Dutchmen were convicted for the theft to four-and-a-half-year sentences, the museum offered a reward of €100,000 for information leading to the recovery of the paintings. The FBI Art Crime Team listed the robbery on their Top Ten Art Crimes list, in September 2016, both paintings were discovered by the Guardia di Finanza in Naples, Italy. The two artworks were found in a good state, according to the Van Gogh Museum. The museum is situated at the Museumplein in Amsterdam-Zuid, on the Paulus Potterstraat 7, the museum consists of two buildings, the Rietveld building, designed by Gerrit Rietveld, and the Kurokawa wing, designed by Kisho Kurokawa. The museum offices are housed on Stadhouderskade 55 in Amsterdam-Zuid, the Rietveld building is the main structure of the museum and exhibits the permanent collection
Van Gogh Museum
–
Museum at the
Museumplein in 2008
Van Gogh Museum
–
Location within the city center of Amsterdam
Van Gogh Museum
–
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger (1925) by
Isaac Israëls
Van Gogh Museum
–
Vincent van Gogh - Self-portrait with pipe, 1886, Van Gogh Museum
2.
Ferris wheel
–
Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These wheels are sometimes referred to as wheels and their cars referred to as capsules. The original Ferris Wheel was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. as a landmark for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The generic term Ferris wheel is now used for all such structures, since the original 1893 Chicago Ferris wheel there have been nine worlds tallest-ever Ferris wheels. The current record holder is the 167. 6-metre High Roller in Las Vegas, US, pleasure wheels, whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century Bulgaria. A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, a much earlier description of a Ferris-type wheel can be seen in The Death of Arthur, a volume of the Vulgate Cycle dating from around 1220. The text describes King Arthur in a dream being approached by Fortuna, the following year he was granted the first U. S. patent for a Roundabout. George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. rode on Somers wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the Worlds Columbian Exposition, the original Ferris Wheel, sometimes also referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. With a height of 80.4 metres it was the largest attraction at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois and it was intended to rival the 324-metre Eiffel Tower, the centerpiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition. Ferris was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for steel and founded G. W. G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads, the wheel rotated on a 71-ton,45. There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, the Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicagos North Side, near Lincoln Park and this prompted William D. Boyce, then a local resident, to file a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. The Wiener Riesenrad is an example of nineteenth-century Ferris wheels. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, following the demolition of the 100-metre Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the worlds tallest extant Ferris wheel. Still in operation today, it is one of Viennas most popular tourist attractions, chronology of worlds tallest-ever wheels 1893, the original Ferris Wheel was 80.4 metres tall. Built for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and demolished there in 1906
Ferris wheel
–
High Roller, in
Las Vegas, Nevada, the world's tallest ferris wheel since 2014.
Ferris wheel
Ferris wheel
Ferris wheel
3.
Amsterdam
–
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Pierre Cuypers
–
Petrus Josephus Hubertus Cuypers was a Dutch architect. His name is most frequently associated with the Amsterdam Central Station, more representative for his oeuvre, however, are numerous churches, of which he designed more than 100. Moreover, he restored a number of monuments. Cuypers was born in Roermond, the son of a church painter, after he studied at the urban college in Roermond, he moved to Antwerp in 1844 to study architecture at the Royal art academy. He was taught by Frans Andries Durlet, Frans Stoop and Ferdinand Berckmans, Cuypers was a good student, in 1849, he gained the Prix dExcellence of the academy. From 1875 he led the restoration of the front of the Mainz Cathedral. In doing so, he created as a pole to the western tower group the high, gothic likely eastern tower helmet, replacing a bell floor. After a tour in the German Rheinland, he returned to Roermond, in 1852, he opened a workshop where ecclesiastical art was manufactured. Cuypers ecclesiastical work was strongly influenced by 13th century French architecture and by the writings of his friends Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Cuypers built a number of churches all across the Netherlands. Highlights from these first period are the Lamberts Church in Veghel, from 1870 onwards Cuypers style became more influenced by the native Gothic styles of the Netherlands as well as Gothic styles from other countries like Norway and Italy. He also experimented with centralizing ground-plans and other non-conventional layouts, in this second part of his career he built some of his best work. After 1883 he was assisted by his son Joseph Cuypers in much of his work, Cuypers led a large number of restorations. An early example of this is the restoration of the Munster Church in Roermond. Pierre Cuypers was the uncle of Eduard Cuypers who trained in his practice as a young man, other relatives who became architect are his grandsons Pierre Cuypers jr. and Theo Taen. Cuypers was a practising Roman Catholic and a member of the Lay Dominicans, as such, he was buried in the Dominican habit. He died in his town of Roermond, aged 93. A. J. C. van Leeuwen, Pierre Cuypers architect, het complete werk, Rotterdam, Nederlands Architectuurinstituut,2007
Pierre Cuypers
–
Pierre Cuypers
Pierre Cuypers
–
The
Rijksmuseum was designed by Cuypers in a combination of both Renaissance and Gothic styles in the late 1870s. The result is similar to the
Hôtel de Ville in Paris in what is considered to be "French Neo-Renaissance" style. However, at the Rijksmuseum the Gothic elements seem to outweigh the Renaissance and the building, despite the English Renaissance
quoins, and
chateauesque roofs, is often considered to be Gothic.
Pierre Cuypers
–
Pierre Cuypers statue (by
August Falise),
Munsterplein,
Roermond (NL)
Pierre Cuypers
–
Saint Lambert's Church,
Veghel (NL)
6.
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
–
The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, colloquially known as the Stedelijk, is a museum for modern art, contemporary art, and design located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The 19th century building was designed by Adriaan Willem Weissman and the 21st century wing with the current entrance was designed by Benthem Crouwel Architects. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the Van Gogh Museum, the Rijksmuseum, the collection comprises modern and contemporary art and design from the early 20th century up to the 21st century. In 2015, the museum had an estimated 675,000 visitors, the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, opened on 14 September 1895 as an initiative of the local authority and private individuals. The Dutch Neo-Renaissance style museum building was designed by Dutch architect Adriaan Willem Weissman as part of a project spearheaded by local citizens starting in 1850. The construction of the building was funded in 1890 by Sophia Adriana de Bruyn. The Van Eeghen family also contributed to the costs and donated paintings from the collection of Christiaan Pieter van Eeghen. The building was constructed between 1891 and 1895 at Paulus Potterstraat, a walking distance from the Rijksmuseum. The museums original collection included militaria of the Amsterdam militia, Asiatic art, and artifacts from the Museum of Chronometry, in 1905, Cornelis Baard was appointed curator of the Stedelijk and promoted to museum director in 1920. During his time as curator, the local authority began building its own collection of modern art, the Great Depression in the Netherlands led to municipal cutbacks and an increased need for policy reviews in the first half of the 1930s. In 1932, a committee was established with two members from the VVHK and two from the local authority. These four figures oversaw all art purchases for the museum, notably works of Hague and Amsterdam Impressionism, the museum began actively acquiring art in 1930. Nijkerks collection of books came to the Stedelijk, which was expanded to include aesthetic book design. The Museum of Applied Art opened on the floor of the west wing on 15 December 1934. In 1936, David Röell, who had worked at the Rijksmuseum and was secretary of the VVHK. Röell appointed Willem Sandberg as the new curator in January 1938, Sandberg eventually took over as director of the museum in 1945. By 1962, the VVHK handed over most of its collection, including works by George Hendrik Breitner, Paul Cézanne, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet, Vincent van Gogh, and Johan Jongkind. Under the direction of Sandberg, the Stedelijk started a department of applied art in 1945, at the start of 1950, the Stedelijk also began to present modern music and films
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
–
The entrance side of the museum in 2012
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
–
The old building of the Stedelijk Museum was opened in 1895
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
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Temporary location of the Stedelijk Museum in the building Post CS
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
–
Still life with bottles and apples by
Paul Cézanne was stolen in 1988
7.
Concertgebouw
–
The Royal Concertgebouw is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term concertgebouw literally translates into English as concert building, on 11 April 2013, on occasion of the buildings 125th anniversary, Queen Beatrix bestowed the Royal Title Koninklijk upon the building, as she did previously to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Because of its highly regarded acoustics, the Concertgebouw is considered one of the finest concert halls in the world, along with such as Bostons Symphony Hall. The architect of the building was Adolf Leonard van Gendt, who was inspired by the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, construction began in 1883 in a pasture that was then outside the city, in Nieuwer-Amstel, a municipality that in 1964 became Amstelveen. A total of 2,186 piles of length twelve to thirteen metres were sunk into the soil. The hall opened on 11 April 1888 with a concert, in which an orchestra of 120 musicians and a chorus of 500 singers participated, performing works of Wagner, Handel, Bach. The resident orchestra of the Concertgebouw is the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, for many decades the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra and the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest have also been regular performers in the Concertgebouw. The Main Hall seats 1,974, and is 44 metres long,28 metres wide and its reverberation time is 2.8 seconds without audience,2.2 seconds with, making it ideal for the late Romantic repertoire such as Mahler. Though this characteristic makes it unsuited for amplified music, groups such as Led Zeppelin, The Who. It hosts not only orchestral and operatic performances, but also jazz, a smaller, oval-shaped venue, the Recital Hall, is located behind the Main Hall. The Recital Hall is 20 metres long and 15 metres wide and its more intimate space is well-suited for chamber music and Lieder. The Recital Hall has 437 seats, when the Concertgebouw was built, acoustics were something of a black art. As in shipbuilding, designers drew upon what had worked in the past without entirely understanding the underlying science, when the building was completed, the acoustics were not perfect, and a lot of effort went into fine-tuning the aural ambience. During later restorations, particular care has been not to alter the materials used for interior decoration with this in mind. In the 1980s, the hall embarked on extensive fund-raising for renovations after the hall was found to be sinking into the ground. Pi de Bruijn was the architect for the annex to the original hall. Today, some nine hundred concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, as of February 2014, the managing director of the Concertgebouw is Simon Reinink and the artistic director is Anneke Hogenstijn. The organ was built in 1890 by the organ builder Michael Maarschalkerweerd from Utrecht and it has 60 registers on three divisions and pedal
Concertgebouw
–
Concertgebouw in 2011
Concertgebouw
–
The organ in the Main Hall of the Concertgebouw
Concertgebouw
–
Architectural drawings of the design, dated 1888.
Concertgebouw
–
The Concertgebouw in 1902.
8.
Public space
–
A public space is a social space that is generally open and accessible to people. Roads, public squares, parks and beaches are considered public space. To a limited extent, government buildings which are open to the public, such as libraries are public spaces, although they tend to have restricted areas. Recently, the concept of Shared space has been advanced to enhance the experience of pedestrians in public space used by automobiles. Public space has become something of a touchstone for critical theory in relation to philosophy, geography, visual art, cultural studies, social studies. The term public space is often misconstrued to mean other things such as gathering place. One of the earliest examples of spaces are commons. For example, no fees or paid tickets are required for entry, non-government-owned malls are examples of private space with the appearance of being public space. In Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden and Finland, all areas are considered public space, due to a law. In the United States the right of the people to engage in speech, the government cannot usually limit ones speech beyond what is reasonable in a public space, which is considered to be a public forum. This is not to say that the government can control what one says in their own home or to others, parks, malls, beaches, waiting rooms, etc. may be closed at night. As this does not exclude any specific group, it is not considered a restriction on public use. Entry to public parks cannot be restricted based upon a users residence, in some cultures, there is no expectation of privacy in a public space, however civil inattention is a process whereby individuals are able to maintain their privacy within a crowd. Public space is shared and created for open usage throughout the community. The area is built for a range of types of recreation. The physical setting is socially constructed, which creates a behavior influence, limitations are imposed in the space to prevent certain actions from occurring--public behavior that is considered obnoxious or out of character --and are supported by law or ordinance. Police forces are involved in moving unwanted members of the public from public spaces. In fact, by not being provided suitable access, disabled people are excluded from some spaces
Public space
–
Urban space (
Florence)
Public space
–
Public shore marker,
Burlingame, California
Public space
–
Leyton Marshes,
London, an example of land with long established rights of access, and equally long-standing restrictions
9.
Museumkwartier (Amsterdam)
–
Museumkwartier is a neighbourhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands, located in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuid. It is bordered by the Stadhouderskade, Vondelpark, Emmastraat, Reinier Vinkeleskade, the area was developed following the construction of the Rijksmuseum. The neighbourhood gets its name from the museums at Museumplein, the Rijksmuseum. Other attractions in the include the Concertgebouw and the Vondelpark. The tram lines 2,3,5,12,16 and 24 pass through the neighbourhood
Museumkwartier (Amsterdam)
–
Concertgebouw,
Museumplein.
10.
Amsterdam-Zuid
–
Amsterdam-Zuid is a borough of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The borough was formed in 2010 as a merger of the former boroughs Oud-Zuid, the borough has almost 138,000 inhabitants. With 8,500 homes per square kilometer, it is one of the most densely populated boroughs of Amsterdam and it has the highest income per household of all boroughs in Amsterdam. Amsterdam-Zuid is the borough of Amsterdam situated to the south and southwest of the Singelgracht canal, the Singelgracht canal had been Amsterdams city border since the 17th century, when the Amsterdam canal belt was constructed. The taking down of the surrounding the Singelgracht, the outer canal. South of the wall, the first neighborhoods to develop were the Oude Pijp neighborhood, the neighborhood surrounding the Rijksmuseum. This area is now known as Oud Zuid. In 1917, the area was further developed southwards on the basis of Plan Zuid, berlages plan included wide streets lined with four-story apartment blocks for the middle class. The plan also included public art to be installed in the new residential areas, between 1920 and 1940, the Plan Zuid neighborhoods of Nieuwe Pijp, Diamantbuurt, Rivierenbuurt, Stadionbuurt and Apollobuurt were constructed, with many buildings designed in Amsterdam School style. This area is known as Nieuw Zuid. Another neighborhood built in the 1920s is the Hoofddorppleinbuurt, west of the Schinkel river and this neighborhood is part of Plan West, another urban expansion plan by Berlage which was designed for the western area of the city on the territory of the former municipality of Sloten. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Buitenveldert neighborhood and the smaller Prinses Irenebuurt became the last major developments in the southern part of the city. In 1961, the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre opened, the A10 motorway, which runs through the southern borough, was constructed in 1962. In 1978, the first section of the Weesp–Leiden railway and the Amsterdam Zuid railway station opened along the part of the A10 motorway. In the 1990s and 2000s, the surrounding the railway station became the rapidly developing business district of Zuidas. Since the 2014 municipal elections, the councils have been abolished and replaced by smaller. The district committees are elected every four years, on the day as the citys central municipal council. Each district committee elects three of its members to form an executive committee, the district committees jurisdiction is determined by the central municipal council
Amsterdam-Zuid
–
The
Concertgebouw in the
Museumkwartier.
Amsterdam-Zuid
–
Amsterdam-Zuid
Amsterdam-Zuid
–
Zuidas business district.
Amsterdam-Zuid
–
Minervaplein,
Stadionbuurt.
11.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 5500 BC
Netherlands
–
Flag
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 500 BC
Netherlands
–
An oak figurine found in
Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).
12.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
Sweden
–
A
Vendel-era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities.
Sweden
–
Flag
Sweden
–
A
romantic nationalist interpretation of
Valdemar IV taking control over
Gotland. The final battle outside the walls of Visby in 1361 ended with a massacre of 1,800 defenders of the city.
Sweden
–
Stockholm in mid-17th century
13.
Denmark
–
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
–
The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
–
Flag
Denmark
–
The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
–
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
14.
Landscape architecture
–
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape. A practitioner in the profession of architecture is called a landscape architect. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work, other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. e. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture, Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of species in a given area. Landscape planners are concerned with planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning, green roof designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation. An example is the work by André Le Nôtre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712, the term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening, the practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe, later, in 1978, IFLAs Headquarters were established in Versailles. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point, the combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have an influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point
Landscape architecture
–
Stourhead in
Wiltshire, England, designed by
Henry Hoare (1705–1785), "the first landscape gardener, who showed in a single work, genius of the highest order"
Landscape architecture
–
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, established 1759 The Palm House built 1844–1848 by
Richard Turner to
Decimus Burton 's designs
Landscape architecture
–
Urban design in city squares. Water feature in London, by
Tadao Ando who also works with landscapes and gardens
Landscape architecture
–
Orangery at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris
15.
Ice skating
–
Ice skating is the act of moving on ice by using ice skates. It can be done for a variety of reasons, including exercise, leisure, traveling, ice skating occurs both on specially prepared ice surfaces, both indoors and outdoors, as well as on naturally occurring bodies of frozen water, such as ponds, lakes and rivers. A study by Federico Formenti of the University of Oxford suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Finland more than 3,000 years ago, originally, skates were merely sharpened, flattened bone strapped to the bottom of the foot. Skaters did not actually skate on the ice, but rather glided on top of it, true skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it, adding edges to ice skates was invented by the Dutch in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement, the construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then. In the Netherlands, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, ice skating was also practised in China during the Song dynasty, and became popular among the ruling family of the Qing dynasty. Ice skating was brought to Britain from the Netherlands, where James II was briefly exiled in the 17th century, when he returned to England, this new sport was introduced to the British aristocracy, and was soon enjoyed by people from all walks of life. The first organised skating club was the Edinburgh Skating Club, formed in the 1740s, from this description and others, it is apparent that the form of skating practiced by club members was indeed an early form of figure skating rather than speed skating. On the Continent, participation in ice skating was limited to members of the upper classes, emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King Louis XVI of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign, madame de Pompadour, Napoleon I, Napoleon III and the House of Stuart were, among others, royal and upper class fans of ice skating. The next skating club to be established was in London and was not founded until 1830, as the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hogs lard and various salts. The area of ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful. Skating became popular as a recreation, a means of transport, racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the nineteenth century racing was well established. Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of the Netherlands, in the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured. When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns, in these local matches men would compete for prizes of money, clothing or food. The winners of matches were invited to take part in the grand or championship matches in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands
Ice skating
–
Outdoor ice skating in
Austria.
Ice skating
–
'Skating fun' by 17th century Dutch painter
Hendrick Avercamp
Ice skating
–
The Skating Minister by
Henry Raeburn, depicts a member of the
Edinburgh Skating Club in the 1790s.
Ice skating
–
Interior of the
Glaciarium in 1876
16.
Festival
–
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or traditions. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere, Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanksgiving. The celebrations offer a sense of belonging for religious, social, or geographical groups and they may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. In Ancient Greece and Rome, festivals such as the Saturnalia were closely associated with social organisation, in modern times, festivals may be attended by strangers such as tourists, who are attracted to some of the more eccentric or historical ones. The word festival was used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century. In Middle English, a festival dai was a religious holiday and its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589. Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200, the term feast is also used in common secular parlance as a synonym for any large or elaborate meal. When used as in the meaning of a festival, most often refers to a religious rather than a film or art festival. In the Philippines and many other former Spanish colonies, the Spanish word fiesta is used to denote a religious feast to honor a patron saint. Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities, the most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change, events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Rameses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans. In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests, there are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food and they bring people together, Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier, among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of Gods or God. A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable, the Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaohs rule and then every three years after that
Festival
–
Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by
Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1902)
Festival
–
Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant, facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)
Festival
–
A Festival at
Antwerp, 17th century
Festival
–
Country Festival in
Swabia
17.
Party
–
A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration of a special occasion. A party will typically feature food and beverages, and often music, in many Western countries, parties for teens and adults are associated with drinking alcohol such as beer, wine or distilled spirits. Some parties are held in honor of a person, day, or event, such as a birthday party. Parties of this kind are often called celebrations, a party is not necessarily a private occasion. Public parties are held in restaurants, pubs, beer gardens, nightclubs or bars. Large parties in public streets may celebrate events such as Mardi Gras or the signing of a treaty ending a long war. A birthday party is a celebration of the anniversary of the birth of the person who is being honored, the tradition started in the mid-nineteenth century but did not become popular until the mid-twentieth century. Birthday parties are now a feature of many cultures, in Western cultures, birthday parties include a number of common rituals. The guests may be asked to bring a gift for the honored person, party locations are often decorated with colorful decorations, such as balloons and streamers. A birthday cake is served with lit candles that are to be blown out after a birthday wish has been made. The person being honored will be given the first piece of cake, while the birthday cake is being brought to the table, the song Happy Birthday to You or some other birthday song is sung by the guests. At parties for children, time is taken for the gift opening wherein the individual whose birthday is celebrated opens each of the gifts brought. It is also common at childrens parties for the host to give parting gifts to the attendees in the form of goodie bags, children and even adults sometimes wear colorful cone-shaped party hats. Birthday parties are often larger and more extravagant if they celebrate someone who has reached what is regarded in the culture as a milestone age, examples of traditional coming of age celebrations include the North American sweet sixteen party and the Latin American quinceañera. A surprise party is a party that is not made known beforehand to the person in whose honor it is being held, Birthday surprise parties are the most common kind of surprise party. At most such parties, the guests arrive a hour or so before the honored person arrives. Often, a friend in on the surprise will lead the honored person to the location of the party without letting on anything, the guests might even conceal themselves from view, and when the honored person enters the room, they leap from hiding and all shout, Surprise. For some surprise birthday parties, it is considered to be a tactic to shock the honored person
Party
–
Hip, Hip, Hurrah! (1888) by
Peder Severin Krøyer, a painting portraying an artists' party in 19th century Denmark
Party
–
A September 1945
street party in Selborne Road,
Kent, celebrating victory in the
Second World War
Party
–
A
birthday cake with lit novelty candles
Party
–
Children at a birthday party
18.
Demonstration (people)
–
Actions such as blockades and sit-ins may also be referred to as demonstrations. Demonstrations can be nonviolent or violent, or can begin as nonviolent, sometimes riot police or other forms of law enforcement become involved. In some cases this may be in order to try to prevent the protest from taking place at all, in other cases it may be to prevent clashes between rival groups, or to prevent a demonstration from spreading and turning into a riot. Demonstrations are a form of activism, usually taking the form of a gathering of people in a rally or walking in a march. Thus, the opinion is demonstrated to be significant by gathering in a associated with that opinion. Demonstrations can be used to show a viewpoint regarding a public issue, a demonstration is usually considered more successful if more people participate. There are many types of demonstrations, including a variety of elements and these may include, Marches, in which a parade demonstrate while moving along a set route. Rallies, in which people gather to listen to speakers or musicians, picketing, in which people surround an area. Nudity, in which they protest naked - here the antagonist may give in before the demonstration happens to avoid embarrassment, Demonstrations are sometimes spontaneous gatherings, but are also utilized as a tactical choice by movements. They often form part of a campaign of nonviolent resistance. Demonstrations are usually physical gatherings, but virtual or online demonstrations are certainly possible, topics of demonstrations often deal with political, economic, and social issues. Clashes between demonstrators and counter-demonstrators may turn violent, government-organized demonstrations are demonstrations which are organized by a government. The Islamic Republic of Iran, the Peoples Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, sometimes the date or location chosen for the demonstration is of historical or cultural significance, such as the anniversary of some event that is relevant to the topic of the demonstration. Locations are also chosen because of some relevance to the issue at hand. Protest marches and demonstrations are a nonviolent tactic. They are thus one tactic available to proponents of strategic nonviolence, some demonstrations and protests can turn, at least partially, into riots or mob violence against objects such as automobiles and businesses, bystanders and the police. Police and military authorities often use force or less-lethal weapons, such as tasers, rubber bullets, pepper spray. Sometimes violent situations are caused by the preemptive or offensive use of weapons which can provoke, destabilize
Demonstration (people)
–
Monday demonstrations in East Germany helped to bring down the
Berlin Wall.
Demonstration (people)
–
Demonstration in Canada against oil tankers, 1970
Demonstration (people)
–
Greece, 2013: a
working class political
protest calling for the
boycott of a
bookshop after an employee was fired, allegedly for her
labor rights political
activism
Demonstration (people)
–
American Civil Rights March on Washington, leaders marching from the
Washington Monument to the
Lincoln Memorial, August 28, 1963.
19.
Armin Van Buuren
–
Armin van Buuren is a Dutch DJ, record producer and remixer. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a radio show called A State of Trance. According to Djs And Festivals, the radio show propelled him to stardom, Van Buuren has won a number of accolades. He has been ranked the No.1 DJ by DJ Mag a record of five times and he is currently ranked No.4 on DJ Mag list for 2016. In the United States, he holds the record for most entries, twenty-one and his 2008 studio album, Imagine, entered the Dutch album chart at No. 1, a first for a trance artist in Dutch music history, Armin van Buuren was born in Leiden, Netherlands, on 25 December 1976, but grew up in Koudekerk aan den Rijn. Van Buuren started making music when he was 14 and he was inspired by French electronic music composer Jean-Michel Jarre. Van Buuren graduated from the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden in 1995, and he began working as a DJ in Club Nexus, playing multiple sets a week, most of which lasted six or more hours. In 1999, he met Dave Lewis who introduced him as a DJ in England, as his musical career began to take off he put his law degree on hold, although he returned to graduate from law school in 2003. On 18 September 2009, Van Buuren married Erika van Thiel and their daughter Fenna was born in July 2011. Van Buuren announced just hours before he was due to headline the main stage at Tomorrowland that his wife had given birth to a son, in 2011, Van Buuren was appointed Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau for his services to music. In 1996, Armin released EP and Push on Timeless Records, Van Buuren had his first major success with a track called Blue Fear, which was released under the Cyber Records label in 1997. Another successful track, Communication, was released under the label and became popular in Ibiza. After being signed to AM PM Records, this track entered the UK Singles Chart at No.18 in 2000, in the beginning of 1999, Van Buuren started his label Armind together with United Recordings. The first release, Gig – One, was well received, the second release, Touch Me under the name Rising Star, was signed to Ministry of Sound in the UK, before the record was released. By the time of his release, Gimmick – Free was signed to R&S Records. During this year, he remixed the first two singles of Gouryella and, under the guise of Rising Star, produced a remix of LEsperanza, in 2000, Van Buuren started his own Armin van Buuren compilation series. He found a balance between proper progressive house, and vocal trance music styles and his first compilation album, A State of Trance, sold 10,000 copies and contains Van Buurens remix of Moogwai, Viola
Armin Van Buuren
–
Van Buuren performing at
TomorrowWorld 2013
Armin Van Buuren
–
Van Buuren at
Sensation White, 2005.
Armin Van Buuren
–
Van Buuren at Epic Event Center,
Minneapolis, in 2009
Armin Van Buuren
–
Van Buuren broadcasting the milestone 500th episode of his
A State of Trance show at the official pre-party, live from Club Trinity in
Cape Town on 17 March 2011.
20.
Netherlands national football team
–
The Netherlands national football team represents the Netherlands in international football. It is controlled by the Royal Netherlands Football Association, the body for football in the Netherlands. The team is referred to as Het Nederlands Elftal and Oranje. Like the country itself, the team is sometimes referred to as Holland. The Dutch hold the record for playing the most World Cup finals without winning the tournament. They finished second in the 1974,1978 and 2010 World Cups, losing to West Germany, Argentina and Spain respectively, the Netherlands played their first international match in Antwerp against Belgium on 30 April 1905. The players were selected by a commission from the Dutch football association. After 90 minutes, the score was 1–1, but because the match was for a trophy, the Netherlands made their first appearance at the World Cup final tournament in 1934. After a second appearance in 1938 they did not appear in another World Cup until 1974, the 1970s saw the invention of Total Football, pioneered by Ajax and led by playmaker Johan Cruyff and national team coach Rinus Michels. The Dutch made significant strides, qualifying for two World Cup finals in the decade. The captain of the Brazilian team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Carlos Alberto, went on to say, since then everything looks more or less the same to me. Their carousel style of play was amazing to watch and marvellous for the game, in 1974, the Netherlands beat both Brazil and Argentina in the second group stage, reaching the final for the first time in their history. However, the team lost to West Germany in the final in Munich, however, a converted penalty by Paul Breitner and the winner from Gerd Müller led to a victory for the Germans. By comparison, Euro 76 was a disappointment, the Netherlands lost in the semi-finals to Czechoslovakia, as much because of infighting within the squad and the coach George Knobel, as well as the skill of the eventual winners. In 1978, the Netherlands again reached the final of a World Cup, only to be beaten by the hosts and this side played without Johan Cruijff, Willem van Hanegem, and Jan van Beveren, who refused to participate in the World Cup. It still contained Johan Neeskens, Johnny Rep, Arie Haan, Ruud Krol, Wim Jansen, Jan Jongbloed, Wim Suurbier, the Netherlands were less impressive in the group stages. They qualified as runners-up, after a draw with Peru and a loss to Scotland, in the second group phase, however, the Netherlands topped a group including Italy and West Germany, setting up a final with Argentina. However, the Dutch finished as runners up for the second World Cup in a row as they ultimately lost 3–1 after two extra time goals from Argentina, Rensenbrink hit the Argentinian post in the last minute of normal time, with the score 1–1
Netherlands national football team
–
The Netherlands in 1905
Netherlands national football team
–
Netherlands
Netherlands national football team
–
The Dutch team before their 1–2 loss against
West Germany in the final of the
1974 World Cup
Netherlands national football team
–
The 1988 trophy on display in
Amsterdam
21.
Swedish House Mafia
–
Swedish House Mafia was a Swedish electronic music supergroup consisting of Axwell, Steve Angello and Sebastian Ingrosso. The group officially formed in late 2008, the supergroup placed at number ten on the DJ Magazine Top 100 DJ Poll 2011 and have been called the faces of mainstream progressive house music. In the DJ Magazine Top 100 Poll 2012 they were ranked at number twelve, on June 24,2012, the group announced via their website that they would split up after embarking on One Last Tour, which ended at Ultra Miami 2013 on March 24,2013. Before the official formation in late 2008, the trio would play shows together with fellow Swedish DJ Eric Prydz joining them for some shows. The name Swedish House Mafia came about after friends and fans began labelling the four as they played shows together. Eventually the group adopted the name, Prydz decided not to join the group, describing himself as a control freak in the studio who cant abide collaboration, even with close friends. The first production that was released by Axwell, Angello and Ingrosso was Get Dumb and it was produced with Laidback Luke and released in 2007. In 2009, they released Leave the World Behind with Laidback Luke, in 2010, Swedish House Mafia signed a record deal with UMGs Polydor Records after a falling-out with previous record label EMI, due to differing ideas. They released One, their first official single under the name Swedish House Mafia, on Beatport on May 2,2010, the group followed this with an equally well received vocal version featuring Pharrell, retitled One. The next single, Miami 2 Ibiza, with Tinie Tempah, both tracks were taken from the album Until One, a collection of productions and remixes from both Swedish House Mafia as a group and as individuals. It has achieved a BPI Gold Sales award in the United Kingdom, in May 2011, Swedish House Mafia released a new single, Save the World, featuring John Martin on vocals, which charted at number 10 in the UK Chart. Later that year on December 16, they released the track Antidote with Knife Party, on March 12,2012, Swedish House Mafia released their next single titled Greyhound. Their final and most commercially successful track Dont You Worry Child and that same month on September 17, the group announced the release of a second compilation album titled Until Now, forming the official soundtrack to One Last Tour. The album was released on October 22,2012, exactly two years after the release of their first compilation album Until One, Axwell and Ingrosso also wrote and performed Roar for the 2013 Pixar movie Monsters University and its soundtrack. On November 29,2010, Swedish House Mafia released their first DVD documentary called Take One, the movie was filmed over the course of 2 years,253 gigs and 15 countries by two Swedish directors Christian Larson and Henrik Hanson. They commented on Take One by saying Its not narrated at all and its just sequences of them and its made into a story. Its just us following them around and they become characters in their own film and it was pretty easy because they are all such strong characters, all three of them. The documentary starts with Swedish House Mafia in the studio with Laidback Luke working on Leave the World Behind and concludes at Ultra Music Festival in 2010 premiering their hit One
Swedish House Mafia
–
From left to right: Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello
22.
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
–
This is a list of diplomatic missions of the United States of America. It is said that Morocco, in December 1777, became the first nation to seek relations with the United States. However the claim goes to the Netherlands, as they were the first to recognize the United States as an independent government. Benjamin Franklin established the first overseas mission of the United States in Paris in 1779. Adams then became the first U. S. ambassador to the Netherlands, much of the first fifty years of the Department of State concerned negotiating with imperial European powers over the territorial integrity of the borders of the United States as known today. The first overseas consulate of the fledgling United States was founded in 1790 at Liverpool, England, Maury held the post from 1790 to 1829. Liverpool was at the time Britains leading port for transatlantic commerce, president George Washington, on November 19,1792, nominated Benjamin Joy of Newbury Port as the first American Consul to Kolkata, India. Joy was not recognized as Consul by the British East India Company but was permitted to “reside here as a Commercial Agent subject to the Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction of this Country…”. The first overseas property owned, and the longest continuously owned, by the United States is the American Legation in Tangier, in general during the nineteenth century, the United States diplomatic activities were done on a minimal budget. The U. S. S. only achieved towards the end of the nineteenth century, the wave of overseas construction began with the creation of the State Department’s Foreign Service Buildings Commission in 1926. Addis Ababa Brussels Geneva Jakarta Manila Montréal New York City Paris Rome Vienna Washington, D. C
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
–
U.S. Embassy in
Amman
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
–
U.S. Consulate-General in
Amsterdam
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
–
U.S. Embassy in
Athens
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
–
U.S. Embassy in
Beijing
23.
Diamond Museum Amsterdam
–
The Diamond Museum Amsterdam is a museum located at the Museumplein in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The museum was founded in 2007 by Ben Meier of Coster Diamonds, the permanent collection consists of diamond jewelry and gives background information about diamonds. The museum is a member of the Dutch Museum Association and the Official Museums of Amsterdam, media related to Diamant Museum in Amsterdam at Wikimedia Commons Diamond Museum Amsterdam
Diamond Museum Amsterdam
–
Museum in 2011
24.
Coster Diamonds
–
Coster Diamonds is one of the oldest still operating diamond polishing factories in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1840, Moses Elias Coster, diamond cutter in Amsterdam, founds Coster Diamonds in a building at the Waterlooplein in Amsterdam. 1848, Son Meijer Moses Coster succeeds his father and he leaves for Paris for new business. 1910, Felix Theodoor Manus purchases Coster Diamonds from one of Coster’s inheritors and it becomes a company and remains so until the German occupation in 1940. 1945, After World War II, Wim Biallosterski, owner of a diamond sawing company,1962, Ben Meier purchases the Coster premises together with partner Max Meents, Joop Schoos and Simon Cohen. 1970, The old diamond factory has to make way for the construction of the town hall,1995, The well-known Van Moppes Diamonds was purchased by Coster Diamonds. 2005, Coster Diamonds was obliged to close the Van Moppes Diamonds factory due to events in the world like terrorism, there were hardly any visitors left. 2007, The opening of the Diamond Museum Amsterdam 2008, The introduction of a new diamond round cut with 201 facets, Voorzanger, both diamond polishers at Coster Diamonds in Amsterdam, left to London to re-polish the famous Koh-i Noor. Louis Benjamin Voorzanger won the medal for his achievements at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1855. He also polished the “Star of the South”, the family of the deceased diamond polisher still owns the silver plates with the inscription of this price for the diamond polishers, who polished the Koh-i Noor. Ben Meier polished in 1959 the many diamonds which were set in a gold watch. Between 1991 and 1994 Pauline Willemse, a diamond polisher at Coster Diamonds polished the smallest diamond in the world,0. 16–0.17 mm in diameter and with a height of 0.11 mm. This event was published in the Guinness Book of Records
Coster Diamonds
–
Aerial Photo of Coster Diamonds
Coster Diamonds
–
The watch of Queen Juliana
25.
Amstelpark
–
The Amstelpark is a park in Amsterdam-Zuid. The park includes a labyrinth, a café, a restaurant, the Amstelpark attracts between 800000 and one million visitors a year. The Amstelpark was built and opened for the 1972 Floriade gardening exhibition, the park has its own train line, the Amstel train, which runs through the Rosarium, the rhododendron valley and the Riekermolen. The park contains a variety of plant species from around the world, including a valley with about 139 species of rhododendrons, blooming in April. At one point, the park lost about 30 percent of its larger trees due to disease, the park contains a Japanese Garden, which was renovated in 2001 at the time of the celebration of the 400-year relationship between the Netherlands and Japan. The Riekermolen windmill lies south of the Amstelpark, the windmill was situated here in 1636, was active until 1932, and was removed in 1956. The city council decided to rebuild the mill on the west side of the Amstel in 1961
Amstelpark
–
Amstelpark, 2007
Amstelpark
–
Rhodondendron garden in the Amstelpark
26.
Amsterdamse Bos
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The Amsterdamse Bos is an English park or landscape park in the municipalities Amstelveen and Amsterdam. And although most of the park is located in Amstelveen, the owner of the park is the City of Amsterdam, the park was mainly build in the early thirties, mostly by the forced labour of the unemployed, who risked to lose their benefits. Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the park, in it, one can find animal parks, several sporting clubs, a rowing course, gardens and remembrance monuments. Throughout the decades, the location has seen different gatherings, political manifestations and these often took place on the so-called Vietnam Meadow. Despite extensive protests, this part was turned into a venue in 1994. Bosbaan An important part of the park is the course called de Bosbaan. The course was an alternative for rowing on the Amstel river, or on the surrounding the polder of the Haarlemmermeer. It is the world’s oldest artificial rowing course, in 1977 it hosted the World Rowing championships. In order to meet international competition regulation, the Bosbaan was widened to 118 meters, in 2014 the Bosbaan hosted the World Rowing Championship for a second time. The area of the park called Zonneweide is a designated for naturist recreation. Official website Live weather in Amsterdamse Bos
Amsterdamse Bos
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Amsterdamse Bos in the summer of 2006
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Flevopark
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Flevopark is a park located in the Indische Buurt, in the eastern portion of the city of Amsterdam, in the Dutch province of North Holland. The park contains a playground, tennis courts, the youth centre Jeugdland, an swimming pool, large lawns, barbecue areas. On the banks of the Nieuwe Diep is a distillery and tasting room and this park was given concrete form in 1908. P. Thijsse envisioned a park between the Jewish Cemetery and the Nieuwe Diep, the expropriation procedure began in 1914, and from 1921 there was money available to obtain the land suitable for building the park. In 1928, the construction of the park began, the park officially opened in 1931. In 1956 a large part of the adjacent Jewish Cemetery Zeeburg was relocated to the Jewish Cemetery of Diemen because of the construction of a road, the other part was sold to the Amsterdam municipality and added to the park
Flevopark
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Grote Plas
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Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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Hortus Botanicus is a botanical garden in the Plantage district of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One of the oldest in the world, it is one of Amsterdams major tourist attractions, Hortus Botanicus was founded in 1638 by the city to serve as an herb garden for doctors and apothecaries. It contains more than six thousand tropical and indigenous trees and plants, the monumental Palm House dates from 1912 and is renowned for its collection of cycads. The hexagonal pavilion dates from the late 1600s, the entrance gate was built in the early 1700s. The Orangery dates from 1875, and the Palm House and Hugo de Vries Laboratory - both created in Amsterdam School expressionist architecture - date from 1912 and 1915. The garden was almost bankrupt in 1987 when the University of Amsterdam stopped paying its expenses, now the Hortus Botanicus is supported by the Amsterdam City Council as well. There are also two halls at the garden which are now used for conferences and ceremonies, and a cafe serves as meeting point for locals, Hortus Botanicus is now a popular attraction for both Dutch and international visitors. The collection is famous for some of its trees and plants, well-known plants and trees can be found there, like the Persian ironwood tree which is known in Dutch as Perzische Parrotia. A single coffee plant, Coffea arabica, in Hortuss collection served as the parent for the coffee culture in Central. Hugo de Vries was the director of the garden during 1885–1918, recent additions to Hortus include a huge hothouse, which incorporates three different tropical climates. Media related to Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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Hortus Botanicus entrance
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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Persian ironwood tree (Parottia persica) at the Hortus Botanicus
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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A flowering
Victoria in the Hortus Botanicus
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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A rare kind of transparent butterfly inside a greenhouse at the Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)
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Hortus Botanicus Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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The Hortus Botanicus Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam is a botanical garden belonging to Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was established in 1967 for the purpose of education and research for the Biology faculty and it is situated behind the University Medical Centre, and includes a garden area of about 1 hectare of which about 1,000 square metres is occupied by glass-houses. Since 1988, the Hortus no longer has an educational function, the collection includes about 10,000 species, such as varieties of hardy ferns, cacti and succulents. There is also a collection of plants and orchids. The garden also accommodates a collection of trees and shrubs, tub plants, there is international collaboration with over 500 botanical gardens and numerous Biblical gardens worldwide. The Hortuss existence was threatened in 2009, when plans for an expansion of the university called for it to be removed. In 2010, after widespread popular protest, the VU announced the Hortus could remain
Hortus Botanicus Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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Entrance at the Van de Boechorststraat (Van de Boechorststreet)
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Oosterpark (Amsterdam)
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The Oosterpark in Amsterdam is the first large park laid out by the municipality of Amsterdam. The park is located in the Oost/Watergraafsmeer borough and forms a component of the Oosterpark area, the park, an English garden, was designed by Dutch landscape architect Leonard Anthony Springer and was laid out in 1891. In order to create the Oosterpark, a cemetery behind the Tropical Museum had to be relocated. There were a lot of protests at the time when the municipality of Amsterdam suggested the new plans, in the end the protesters gave in and agreed with the new location for their cemetery which is now known as the New Ooster Begraafplaats. In the park is a pond with a small island, the park also contains a part of the former cemetery. The park contains The National Slavery Monument, which commemorates the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands in 1863, the monument was unveiled on July 1,2002 in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Beatrix. The dynamic dimension of the monument, the National Institute for Dutch Slavery, every year on July 1, NiNsee commemorates the abolition of Dutch Slavery in the Oosterpark with the Keti Koti festival. The Oosterpark also contains a memorial to Theo van Gogh, a film maker, along the park towards Linnaeusstraat there are a number of grey heron nests. The streets lining the southern and western borders of the park are also called Oosterpark, originally these streets were called Eerste Parkstraat
Oosterpark (Amsterdam)
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A field of grass in the Oosterpark
Oosterpark (Amsterdam)
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Oosterpark (Amsterdam)
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De Schreeuw (The Scream) Memorial commemorating Theo van Gogh and a symbol of
freedom of speech
Oosterpark (Amsterdam)
