1.
New Zealand reggae
–
New Zealand reggae is the New Zealand variation of the musical genre reggae. It is a large and well established part of New Zealand music, Reggae in New Zealand the 1970s and 1980s included Herbs, Dread, Beat and Blood, Unity Pacific and the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The 1979 Bob Marley concert at Western Springs Stadium is credited with having an influence of the growth of reggae in the country. Reggae topped the charts in New Zealand in the early 1980s when Toots and the Maytals, the reggae scene is centred on the Waikato and the capital Wellington, with capital music having a more dub and jazz influenced sound. Most New Zealand reggae bands incorporate different stylistic influences, and the result is a combination of sounds. The scene is not without its detractors and is referred to derisively as BBQ reggae, the inference being that the music functions only as a boring, unchallenging backdrop for having a BBQ in the backyard. Sometimes this criticism is levelled at New Zealand reggae in particular, the most successful of recent acts is Fat Freddys Drop, who incorporate jazz, soul and dub influences and reflect the capital sound. They have won awards and sold over 90,000 copies of their debut album. One of the most important groups of the last decade was Trinity Roots, the Black Seeds are another group who have significant commercial success in recent times. Their albums On The Sun and Into the Dojo both sold double platinum and the group has toured extensively throughout Europe and their latest album, Solid Ground, reached #15 on the US Reggae Charts. Other major groups include Katchafire, Cornerstone Roots,1814, Kora, House of Shem, major dub/electronic groups include Pitch Black, Shapeshifter and Salmonella Dub. The scene is based, and large reggae festivals occur annually. A strong collection of soundsystems exist, groups putting on parties and events with DJs, one Love and Raggamuffin are popular annual reggae concerts celebrating Bob Marleys birthday, a date that coincides with New Zealand public holiday Waitangi Day
New Zealand reggae
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Genres
2.
Music of the United Kingdom
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In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States became most dominant in popular music. This led to the explosion of the British Invasion, while subsequent notable movements in British music include the new wave of British heavy metal, the United Kingdom has one of the worlds largest music industries today, with many British musicians having influenced modern music. English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period of the seventeenth century. In contrast, court music of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it developed into modern classical music. Musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited the European classical traditions of the eighteenth century, each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms. Folk music flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of music, including music hall. Realisation of this led to two folk revivals, one in the century and the other in the mid-20th century. England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the period and including many forms of music, song. Through two periods of revival from the nineteenth century much of the tradition has been preserved. Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions, the popularity of traditional instruments such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out. Perhaps the most famous musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van Morrison. Scottish folk music includes kinds of songs, including ballads and laments. Traditional dances include waltzes, reels, strathspeys and jigs, alongside the other areas of the United Kingdom, Scotland underwent a roots revival in the 1960s. Wales is a Celtic country that features music played at twmpathau. Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp, having long been subordinate to English culture, Welsh musicians in the late 20th century had to reconstruct traditional music when a roots revival began. This revival began in the late 1970s and achieved mainstream success in the UK in the 80s with performers like Robin Huw Bowen, Moniars. Further technological, economic and social changes led to new forms of music in the century, including the brass band. Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to popular songs
Music of the United Kingdom
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A
Promenade concert in the
Royal Albert Hall, 2004.
Music of the United Kingdom
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English Miniature from a manuscript of the
Roman de la Rose
Music of the United Kingdom
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Sir
Edward Elgar
Music of the United Kingdom
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Scottish traditional group
The Tannahill Weavers
3.
Music of Europe
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The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy that originated from the European cultural region. European culture is rooted in what is often referred to as its common cultural heritage. Because of the number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single. Nonetheless, there are elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of elements given by K. Berting says that these points fit with Europes most positive realisations. The concept of European culture is linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. If Asia were converted to Christianity tomorrow, it would not thereby become a part of Europe and it is in Christianity that our arts have developed, it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have--until recently--been rooted. It is against a background of Christianity that all our thought has significance, only a Christian culture could have produced a Voltaire or a Nietzsche. I do not believe that the culture of Europe could survive the complete disappearance of the Christian Faith, the oldest known cave paintings are at the El Castillo cave, older than 40,800 years. The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later, the earliest European sculpture to date portrays a female form, and has been estimated at dating from 35,000 years ago. See Classical sculpture, Ancient Greek sculpture, Gothic art, Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Modernism, Postminimalism, found art, Postmodern art, Classical music, Important classical composers from Europe include Hildegard von Bingen, J. S. Luciano Pavarotti was a popular opera singer. Folk music, Europe has a wide and diverse range of music, sharing common features in rural. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, aural tradition, but was transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk has influenced popular music in Europe. See the list of European folk musics, popular music, Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from the United States, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, RnB and Dance
Music of Europe
–
Leonardo da Vinci. Among his works are the
Mona Lisa and
The Last Supper, with their fame approached only by
Michelangelo 's
The Creation of Adam.
Music of Europe
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Music of Europe
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The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in the
history of music, with sales of over one billion units.
Music of Europe
–
Homer
4.
Australian music
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The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the heritage of a 40. Contemporary fusions of Indigenous and Western styles mark distinctly Australian contributions to world music, tastes have diversified along with post-World War II multicultural immigration to Australia. Indigenous Australian music refers to the music of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, Music forms an integral part of the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples, and has been so for over 60,000 years. Traditional Indigenous music is best characterised by the didgeridoo, the best-known instrument, archaeological studies of rock art in the Northern Territory suggest people of the Kakadu region were playing the instrument 15,000 years ago. Contemporary Indigenous Australian music has covered numerous styles, including rock and roll, country, hip hop, Jimmy Little is regarded as the first Aboriginal performer to achieve mainstream success, with his debut 1964 song The Royal Telephone highly popular and successful. In 2005, Little was presented with a doctorate in music by the University of Sydney. It would be Yothu Yindi that would bring Indigenous music to the mainstream, with their 1991 song Treaty, from the album Tribal Voice, would go on to reach No.11 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The bands performances were based on the traditional Yolngu dance, the success of Yothu Yindi—winners of eight ARIA Awards—was followed in by Kev Carmody, Tiddas, Christine Anu, and numerous other Indigenous Australian musicians. For much of its history, Australias bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, early Australian ballads sing of the harsh ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen and shearers. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny, Classic bush songs on such themes include, The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drovers Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay. Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways, isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as Australias unofficial National anthem, is a quintessential Australian folk song, Celtic, English, German and Scandinavian folk traditions predominated in this first wave of European immigrant music. The Australian tradition is, in sense, related to the traditions of other countries with similar ethnic, historical and political origins, such as New Zealand, Canada. The Australian indigenous tradition brought to this mix novel elements, including new instruments, some of which are now internationally familiar, such as the didgeridoo of Northern Australia. A number of British singers have spent periods in Australia and have included Australian material in their repertoires, e. g. A. L. Lloyd, Martin Wyndham-Read and Eric Bogle. Kellys lyrics capture the vastness of the culture and landscape of Australia by chronicling life about him for over 30 years, david Fricke from Rolling Stone calls Kelly one of the finest songwriters I have ever heard, Australian or otherwise. In the 1970s, Australian Folk Rock brought both familiar and less familiar traditional songs, as well as new compositions, to live venues, notable artists include The Bushwacker Band and Redgum
Australian music
–
Performance of Aboriginal song and dance in the
Australian National Maritime Museum in
Sydney with traditional instrument, the
Didgeridoo.
Australian music
–
Cover to
Banjo Paterson 's seminal 1905 collection of bush ballads, entitled The Old Bush Songs
Australian music
–
Eric Bogle.
5.
Music of the United States
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The music of the United States reflects the countrys multi-ethnic population through a diverse array of styles. It is a mixture of music influenced by West African, Irish, Scottish, the United States has the worlds largest music market with a total retail value of 4,898.3 million dollars in 2014, and its music is heard around the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century, some forms of American popular music have gained a global audience. Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is known as the United States. Beginning in the 17th century, immigrants from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Germany, African slaves brought musical traditions, and each subsequent wave of immigrants contributed to a melting pot. Much of modern music can trace its roots to the emergence in the late 19th century of African American blues. The African American basis for popular music used elements derived from European, there are also strong African roots in the music tradition of the original white settlers, such as country and bluegrass. Many American cities and towns have vibrant music scenes which, in turn, Modern day music is heavily influenced by previous and present African-American music genres. Some distinct aspects of American music, like the format, are derived from African techniques. Throughout the later part of American history, and into modern times, the Civil War, and the period following it, saw a general flowering of American art, literature and music. Amateur musical ensembles of this era can be seen as the birth of American popular music, Music author David Ewen describes these early amateur bands as combining the depth and drama of the classics with undemanding technique, eschewing complexity in favor of direct expression. If it was music, the words would be in English. In a way, it was part of the awakening of America that happened after the Civil War, a time in which American painters, writers. Music intertwines with aspects of American social and cultural identity, including through social class, race and ethnicity, geography, religion, language, gender, the relationship between music and race is perhaps the most potent determiner of musical meaning in the United States. The development of an African American musical identity, out of disparate sources from Africa, little documentation exists of colonial-era African American music, when styles, songs, and instruments from across West Africa commingled in the melting pot of slavery. In contrast, country music derives from both African and European, as well as Native American and Hawaiian, traditions and yet has long been perceived as a form of white music. Country music is also intertwined with identity, and is specifically rural in origin and function, other genres, like R&B. For much of American history, music-making has been a feminized activity, in the 19th century, amateur piano and singing were considered proper for middle- and upper-class women
Music of the United States
–
Philip Glass in Florence, 1993
Music of the United States
–
Sheet music for "
Dixie "
Music of the United States
–
19th-century song composer
Stephen Foster
Music of the United States
–
Blues singer
Bessie Smith
6.
Parachute music festival
–
It was previously held at Totara Springs in Matamata and El Rancho, Waikanae The festival was run by Parachute Music and usually lasted for three nights and four days. It was held the weekend before Auckland Anniversary Day, in late January, Parachute was one of the largest Christian music festivals outside of the United States and it was one of the largest multi-day festivals in the Southern Hemisphere. Primarily featuring musicians and guest speakers, the festival was also the longest running festival of any kind in New Zealand, the Parachute Music Festival attracted around 25,000 people each year. The largest crowd came in 2007, with 27,813 attendees, most people who attend stay on-site in tents and caravans, and a large village area supplies food, amenities and band merchandise. Each year artists apply to play at Parachute which gives an opportunity for musicians to have their music heard by an audience at a popular event. Bands applying must have a reference, that is a reference from a church leader. In some cases members of a band will not be Christian. While many local bands from New Zealand apply, Parachute receive applications from all over the world, Parachute Music also invite a number of headline artists each year to perform at the festival. Around 100 bands from different genres play at Parachute each year. The festival is aimed at a wide ranging from families to teenagers. It is classified as a non-denominational Christian event, with enforced bans on drugs or alcohol, however, a large percentage of non-Christian people do attend. Because Parachute is a non-denominational Christian festival, events such as Catholic Mass, the Festival is covered by most New Zealand media and is a well known event of the New Zealand summer. It has also supported by and has been in partnerships with a number of businesses and organisations - Some examples are Coca-Cola, Sanitarium, V, Pepsi, Vodafone. Parachute is often in partnerships with charities such as, World Vision, Parachute Music have been working with World Vision since 2006 to sponsor a village in Rwanda called Tubehoneza. Over the last six festivals, festival-goers have donated $303,000 to the area and this money has been used to build five water tanks, three classrooms, a maternity unit and a health centre for Tubehoneza. Also through the festival 1,900 children have been sponsored, in 1992, the first Parachute Music Festival was staged at El Rancho Christian Holiday Camp, Waikanae. In 1995, the festival moved north to a venue at Totara Springs Christian Centre. The most recent move was in 2004 to the Mystery Creek Events Centre, the festival has remained at Mystery Creek and in 2008, Parachute Music signed a contract with Mystery Creek Events Centre that kept the festival at the venue for five more years
Parachute music festival
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Parachute 2010 Mainstage in the late afternoon before headliners at night
Parachute music festival
–
The Lunch crowd in the Village food stall area.
Parachute music festival
–
Parachute Festival's Mainstage in 2007.
7.
Nambassa
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Nambassa was a series of hippie-conceived festivals held between 1976 and 1981 on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand. They were music, arts and alternatives festivals that focused on peace, love, in addition to popular entertainment, they featured workshops and displays advocating holistic health issues, alternative medicine, clean and sustainable energy, and unadulterated foods. Waikino music festival at Bicknels farm, Waitawheta Valley, between Waihi and Waikino, parade from Queen St, Auckland, to nearby Albert Park for a free concert. Nambassa three-day music, crafts and alternative lifestyles festival on Phil and Pat Hulses 400-acre farm in Golden Valley, Nambassa winter road show toured the North Island promoting the 1979 festival. Two-day gathering in Maritoto Valley for the Mother Centre and friends, Nambassa beach festival touring family roadshow – Whangamata, Waihi Beach, Mount Maunganui and Coromandel. Nambassa three-day music, crafts and alternative lifestyles festival on Phil and Pat Hulses 400-acre farm in Golden Valley, Nambassa five-day celebration of music, crafts and alternative lifestyles culture on a 250-acre farm at Waitawheta Valley between Waihi and Waikino. Attendance 15,000 - well down on the 1979 festival, while this event lost money, it dramatically changed its character away from rock music towards hippie and New Age culture. Some of the hundreds of performers and guests who took part in Nambassa activities included, Split Enz, Nambassa 1979, the Little River Band, Nambassa 1979, with Glenn Shorrock. Skyhooks, Nambassa 1978, like Split Enz, Australias early developers of theatre rock, pioneer of British blues in the 1960s and 1970s. Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Nambassa 1981, early black American blues exponents who influenced the 1960s music revolution. Famous for the 1960s international smash hit Eve of Destruction, New Zealander formerly of The La De Das and an Australian Blues Foundation Hall of Famer. Topp Twins, Nambassa 1979 and 1981, limbs Dance Company, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981. Acorns Theatrical Productions, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981, jonathon Acorn, dedicated to childrens entertainment in puppetry and comedy, produced the Woozlebub childrens stage at Nambassa 1981, featuring five days of non stop theatrical and music productions. Alan Clay, Nambassa 1979 and 1981, childrens entertainer, author and international arts coordinator. Living Force, Waikino and Nambassa,1977,1978 and 1979, featuring a youthful Dave Dobbyn, then nurtured by Charlie Gray from the Island of Real cafe. Rick Steele and the Hot Biscuit Band, Nambassa 79, the winter show, tribrations, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981. They were based in Coroglen Coromandel, midge Marsden, Nambassa 1978 and 1979. Main stage manager, international acts,1981, sam Fords Verandah Band, Nambassa 1979
Nambassa
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Chinese dragon dance, mainstage Nambassa Festival 1979
Nambassa
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Nambassa 1979 Main Stage, 'Negative Theatre'
Nambassa
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Nambassa Festival 1978, poster
Nambassa
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Nambassa 1979, The Plague on the Main Stage
8.
Tahora, Manawatu-Wanganui
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It was the location of an annual folk music festival for 30 years. Tahora 21st, a coming of age, Tahora, Tahora Folk Festival,1997 This is a 2-CD collection, featuring performers, ward, Julian, Tahora 25 years, Wellington, Espial Films. This is a video cassette chronicling the 2000–2001 Tahora Folk Festival, dedicated to the memory of Alan Muggeridge. RSA Memorial Arch, Ohawe Military Cemetery, Okaiawa Cemetery, Otakeho Cemetery, Tahora Cemetery, Te Namu Maori Cemetery, Waihi Cemetery, Whangamomona Cemetery, n. p. n. p. n. d. There is a series of interviews conducted with a local Tahora identity, the extent of these interviews can be ascertained at David Walter interviews. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008
Tahora, Manawatu-Wanganui
–
Tahora
9.
Radio Hauraki
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Radio Hauraki is a New Zealand rock music station that started in 1966. From its founding until 2012 Hauraki played a mix of classic, in 2013, it changed its music content, playing modern rock and alternative music from the last 25–30 years. In its modern form, Radio Haurakis head office and main studios are now located at 2 Graham Street in the Auckland CBD. Private commercial radio stations had operated from the earliest days of broadcasting, but the government began to close them down, private stations were able to apply for licences to operate, but the New Zealand Broadcasting Service stonewalled all applications. Gapes, Lowe, Parkinson and OCallaghan eventually broke the radio monopoly, the four men bought a boat and tried to make it seaworthy, however the Marine Department continuously rejected their application for a warrant of fitness for the ship. So in 1966 the crew set sail anyway without the WOF, however the ship got caught on a drawbridge in the Auckland Viaduct and the crew were arrested. The station broadcast on the frequency of 1480 kHz - well outside the range of frequencies used by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, during the next 2 years, the crew on the Tiri would endure adverse weather conditions, fatigue, and continued efforts to shut down the station. On 28 January 1968 disaster struck as the Tiri attempted to negotiate its way into Whangaparapara Harbour on Great Barrier Island in foul weather, the ship ran aground on rocks, with Radio Hauraki disc jockey Derek King keeping listeners up-to-date with running commentary. The final broadcast from the Tiri was Hauraki News, Hauraki crew is abandoning ship and this is Paul Lineham aboard the Tiri. The Tiri was later towed back to Auckland and the equipment was salvaged. However, the Tiri herself was beyond repair and was replaced four days later by the Kapuni, a month after the loss of the Tiri, Radio Hauraki was back in international waters and broadcasting again. In April of the same year Tiri II found herself beached again at Whangaparapara Harbour, after repairs she was back at sea in five days. Between this time and June 1968, Tiri II would end up beached at Uretiti Beach, just before Christmas 1968, Radio Hauraki became New Zealands first 24-hour broadcasting radio station. Radio Hauraki was not live radio, the studios were land-based and most programs were recorded on reel-to-reel tapes in 1/2 hour segments approximately one week prior to their broadcast. This meant that while contests, current top tunes, etc. could be accommodated, news, Tiri was owned by AG Frankham Ltd and was registered as a barge. After running aground at Whangaparapara on 28 January 1968, it was laid up at Limestone Island near Whangarei, the search and rescue boat Marauder was owned by Bill Gibbs and Tryphena. Kapuni, also owned by AG Frankham Ltd, became known as Tiri II only during Hauraki service from 1968 to 1970 and it was laid up on Rotoroa Island in the Hauraki Gulf. In mid-1970, the monopoly on radio frequencies was broken, with the New Zealand Broadcasting Authority finally allowing Radio Hauraki to broadcast on land
Radio Hauraki
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Radio Hauraki was originally broadcast offshore from New Zealand in the Hauraki Gulf.
Radio Hauraki
–
Radio Hauraki
Radio Hauraki
–
Mikey Havoc is Radio Hauraki's drive host.
Radio Hauraki
–
Phillip Schofield (right) began his broadcasting career at Radio Hauraki.
10.
Concert FM
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RNZ Concert or Radio New Zealand Concert, known as Concert FM until 2007, is a publicly funded non-commercial New Zealand FM fine music radio network. It is owned and operated by Radio New Zealand from its Wellington headquarters, the networks playlist of classical, jazz, contemporary and world music includes an extensive and growing collection of original recordings of mostly local musicians and composers. Around 15 percent of its airtime is given over to live concerts, orchestral performances, operas, interviews, features and specialty music programmes, many of which are locally recorded. The networks specialist production department also commissions work, initiates music programmes, Radio New Zealand Concert also draws content from its international counterparts, including ABC Classic FM, the European Broadcasting Union, the WFMT Radio Network and BBC Radio 3. New Zealand radio stations were streamlined in the 1950s into three distinct call signs, light popular entertainment stations came under ZB and mixed or middlebrow stations were identified as YA. There were also four highbrow YC stations taking on the model of the BBCs Third Programme - 1YC in Auckland, 2YC in Wellington, 3YC in Christchurch and 4YC in Dunedin. Both YA and YC stations began taking networked programming from Wellington that matched their particular format, the YA stations were rebranded as the National Programme in 1964, but it was not until 1975 that YC stations officially formed the Concert Programme. The growth of commercial radio and Radio New Zealands commercial assets by the fourth National government changed the environment in which the Concert Programme operates. Radio New Zealand became a Crown entity, with the Concert programme being one of the few services it continued to operate, until the launch of the AM Network in 1997, the network carried live coverage of the proceedings of the New Zealand Parliament. Since 2000, the network has aired a New Years Day countdown from a survey of New Zealands 65 most popular fine music tracks. First-placed pieces have included Handels Messiah and Schumanns Konzertstuck first movement, a print advertising campaign showing the musical scores of popular tracks depicted as battle scenes has been used to promote the countdown since 2012. On 22 January 2007 Concert FM was renamed Radio New Zealand Concert to associate it more clearly with the Radio New Zealand brand. Since 2008 it has been under the management of former radio documentary-maker and music educator Roger Smith, as part of its promotion of New Zealand Music Month, the network has produced a series of podcasts of New Zealand performances of classic works. Through the Soundz Centre for New Zealand Music Trusts Resound Project, the Concert network has been involved in several contests and performances commemorating Anzac Day and the centenary of World War I. The compositions were performed, recorded and broadcast on the Concert programme, RNZ is fully funded by the government through New Zealand on Air, but its funding has been nominally frozen since the election of the fifth National government in 2008. The Concert programme has drawn criticism for its Government funding and it has faced allegations of elitism, left-wing bias, and serving wealthy audiences and minority interests. Equally, it has accused of closely following commercial radio formats. Supporters of the network have said it performs well on a small budget, recorded performances of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra have been one of the cornerstones of the Concert programme since the orchestra was first formed
Concert FM
–
Radio New Zealand Concert is involved in several events commemorating the
ANZAC Gallipoli Campaign.
Concert FM
–
Radio New Zealand Concert Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa Concert
Concert FM
–
Several
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra performances of
Gareth Farr compositions have been broadcast on Radio New Zealand Concert.
Concert FM
–
Featured New Zealand pianist Read Gainsford is based at
Florida State University.
11.
God Defend New Zealand
–
God Defend New Zealand is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being God Save the Queen. Legally they have equal status, but God Defend New Zealand is more used and is widely referred to as the national anthem. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876, over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. The anthem has English and Māori lyrics, with different meanings. When performed in public, the practice is to sing the first verse in both Māori and English. God Defend New Zealand was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, a competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Tasmanian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, the song was first performed at the Queens Theatre, Princes Street, Dunedin, on Christmas Day,1876. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking God Defend New Zealand to be made the national anthem. With the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it was gazetted as the second national anthem on 21 November 1977. Up until then God Save The Queen was New Zealands national anthem, an alternative official arrangement for massed singing by Maxwell Fernie was announced by the Minister of Internal Affairs, Allan Highet on 1 June 1978. Woods original score was written in the key of A-flat major and was suited for solo and choral singing. It is interesting to observe that Woods autograph manuscript has an error in bar 3 of the tune itself, the second note is clearly written as a C but it is always sung as D-flat as indeed the accompaniment is a D-flat triad. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage has responsibility for the national anthems, God Defend New Zealand has five verses, each in English and Māori. The Māori version is not a translation of the English version. From as early as the late 1880s, some versions of the Māori translation of the National Anthem have been incorrect, a typescript of the translation by Thomas Smith uses ‘Whakarangona’ as one word. ‘Whaka’ is a prefix and can’t stand alone, and ‘rangona’ and ‘rongona’ mean the same thing, ‘Ihowā’ is the standard version of God and was the one used by Smith. The incorrect form, ‘Ihoa’, has used for so long as to seem correct
God Defend New Zealand
–
Woods' original manuscript setting Bracken's poem to music
God Defend New Zealand
–
New Zealand Historic Places Trust blue plaque at the site of the first performance in Dunedin
God Defend New Zealand
–
The original manuscript of words for God Defend New Zealand by Thomas Bracken
12.
God Save the Queen
–
God Save the Queen is the national and/or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant and it is also the royal anthem of all the aforementioned countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Barbados and Tuvalu. In countries not previously part of the British Empire, the tune of God Save the Queen has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, in the United States, the melody is used for the patriotic song My Country, Tis of Thee. The melody is used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein. Beyond its first verse, which is consistent, God Save the Queen/King has many historic, since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung, sometimes two verses are sung, and on rare occasions, three. The sovereign and her or his consort are saluted with the entire anthem, the first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK, as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories. He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell, one of which includes the notes of the modern tune. Nineteenth-century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol, the first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year and this manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points, one as early as the first bar, but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem. It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745, with, for example, Scholes analysis includes mention of untenable and doubtful claims, as well as an American misattribution. The surgical knife that was purpose-built for the occasion is on display in the Musée dhistoire de la médecine, lully set words by Marie de Brinon to music, and Créquy claims the tune was later plagiarised by Handel. Translated in Latin under the name Domine, Salvum Fac Regem, after the Battle of Culloden, the Hanover dynasty supposedly then adopted this melody as the British anthem. James Oswald, He is an author of the Thesaurus Musicus, so may have played a part in the history of the song. Dr Henry Carey, Scholes refutes this attribution, first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim, second, when the claim was made by Careys son, it was accompanied by a request for a pension from the British Government on that score. Third, the younger Carey claimed that his father had written parts of it in 1745, Scholes recommends the attribution traditional or traditional, earliest known version by John Bull. The English Hymnal gives no attribution, stating merely 17th or 18th cent, God Save the Queen is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Like many aspects of British constitutional life, its official status derives from custom and use, in general only one or two verses are sung, but on rare occasions three
God Save the Queen
–
The phrase "God Save the King" in use as a rallying cry to the support of the monarch and the nation's forces
God Save the Queen
–
Publication of an early version in
The Gentleman's Magazine, 15 October 1745. The title, on the contents page, is given as "God save our lord the king: A new song set for two voices".
13.
Slice of Heaven
–
Slice of Heaven is a single by New Zealand singer/songwriter Dave Dobbyn with the band Herbs, released in 1986 on the soundtrack of the animated motion picture, Footrot Flats, The Dogs Tail Tale. The single was No.1 on New Zealand music charts for eight weeks and it also appeared on Dobbyns 1988 album, Loyal. Dobbyn was writing in Sydney when he was given the opportunity to compose for the Footrot Flats film and he had previously used the line Slice of Heaven in the DD Smash album The Optimist, and chose to revisit it. He brought in Herbs to sing in the based on his childhood experiences of Pacific gospel choirs. The song incorporates a synthesised Japanese flute made with an E-mu Emulator II, the video features Dobbyn, Herbs and dancers recording the song, interspersed with clips from the Footrot Flats film. The music video was recorded in Wellingtons Marmalade Studios, notably, due to time constraints, the clips of the singers performing are from their live recording takes rather than being a recreation. The version featured in the credits of The Footrot Flats movie is of Dobbyns vocals only. The song gained exposure in Australasia through the Footrot Flats trailer being shown before the popular Crocodile Dundee film. According to Dobbyn, one New Zealand rock station producer refused to play the song as they considered it underproduced, the song spent 8 weeks at number one on the New Zealand charts, and 4 weeks at number one in Australia. The song has received praise for the combination of Dobbyns and Herbs vocals, Slice of Heaven was awarded Best Song at the 1986 New Zealand Music Awards. Slice of Heaven featured in Natures Best—New Zealands Top 30 Songs of All Time and it has also become synonymous with the Footrot Flats film
Slice of Heaven
–
"Slice of Heaven"
14.
Chris Knox
–
Chris Knox is a New Zealand rock and roll musician, cartoonist, and movie reviewer who emerged during the punk rock era with his bands The Enemy and Toy Love. After Toy Love disbanded in the early 1980s, he formed the group Tall Dwarfs with guitarist Alec Bathgate, the Tall Dwarfs were noted for their unpolished sound and intense live shows. His 4-track machine was used to record most of the early Flying Nun singles and he has also released a number of solo, self-produced albums which feature his Casiotone. Knox has also released an album under the pseudonym Friend, at the 2001 New Zealand Music Awards Knoxs ballad Not Given Lightly was announced as New Zealands thirteenth best song of all time, as voted by APRA members. Knox has played live in front of all around New Zealand, winning a reputation for his sometimes confrontational style. He has also toured internationally. His swing through the US in 1995 included, among others and his minimalist, DIY sound played well to ears then-focused on grunge, with its retro-punk stylings. A long-time resident of Auckland, Knox has spent time as a newspaper columnist and his satirical comic strip Max Media appeared in the NZ Herald every week for more than fifteen years. He has also been a television film reviewer, hosted a Television New Zealand season of classic movies. Knox launched his own label A Major Records in 2006 to release the album Chris Knox and this was the first album Knox recorded in a professional studio, rather than in his trademark DIY style, since his time with Toy Love. Knoxs Its Love, from the 2000 album Beat, has used in Share the Good. On 11 June 2009 Knox was admitted to Auckland hospital suffering from a stroke, the album Stroke, Songs for Chris Knox was released in New Zealand on 16 November 2009. It features 33 artists performing Knoxs songs, the album is a way for Knoxs fans to contribute to the costs of his rehabilitation. All artists contributed their time and talent without charge, the Greenwich Village arts venue Le Poisson Rouge hosted a benefit concert for Knox on 6 May 2010. Artists included Jeff Mangum and Yo La Tengo, who participated in the 2009 benefit album for Knox
Chris Knox
–
Chris Knox
15.
Six Months in a Leaky Boat
–
Six Months in a Leaky Boat is a single from New Zealand art rock group Split Enzs album Time and Tide. It was written by Tim Finn and released as a single in 1982, the song is a reference to the time it took pioneers to sail to Australia and New Zealand, and a metaphor that refers to lead singer Tim Finns nervous breakdown. This track is not present on the American release and this track also forms an introduction to Six Months in a Leaky Boat on its original album release. The song entered the RIANZ New Zealand singles charts at number 31 on 13 June 1982 and it spent a total of 16 weeks in the top 40. Canadian broadcaster and singer Liz Rigney covered the song for her 1999 album Chameleon and they also played the song during their set at the Sydney Sound Relief concert. Ted Leo and the Pharmacists covered the song as a performance on their album Tell Balgeary, Balgury Is Dead. Pop band Elle Rae covered Six Months In a Leaky Boat, the song was voted the 5th best New Zealand song of all time in 2001 by members of APRA. Six Months in a Leaky Boat on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Six Months in a Leaky Boat
–
"Six Months in a Leaky Boat"
16.
Loyal (Dave Dobbyn song)
–
Loyal is a single by New Zealand singer/songwriter Dave Dobbyn, released in 1988 from the album of the same name. The song reached number 19 on the New Zealand charts and has become a cult song for the nation. Dobbyn wrote the song in Sydney, with the harmonic progression coming about from playing with a newly bought guitar. He co-produced the single, and in retrospect is not entirely happy with the result, preferring live versions such as that from the Together in Concert, Live tour with Bic Runga and Tim Finn. The music video for Loyal was directed by Kerry Brown and is a video of Dobbyn. It was met with mixed reception and there is some argument about the appropriateness of the imagery for the song, dobbyns patterned jersey also received some derision. In 2001, Loyal was voted the 3rd best New Zealand song of the 20th century by APRA and it was also included on the live album Together in Concert, Live, which was performed with Bic Runga and Tim Finn. It was used in 2002 as the song for the defending New Zealand team in the 2003 Americas Cup yachting competition. There was some public unhappiness about the association with the campaign. However, in 2006, voters in an survey of 3000 voted it NZs best song. Dobbyn has noted the adoption of Loyal into the wider New Zealand psyche, Music Video The National Anthems, a commentary on top APRA New Zealand songs including Loyal
Loyal (Dave Dobbyn song)
–
"Loyal"
17.
Culture of New Zealand
–
Polynesian explorers reached the islands between 1250 and 1300 CE. Over the ensuing centuries of Polynesian expansion and settlement, Māori culture developed from its Polynesian roots, Māori established separate tribes, built fortified villages, hunted and fished, traded commodities, developed agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. Regular European contact began from 1800, and British immigration proceeded rapidly, especially from 1855, colonists had a dramatic effect on the Māori, bringing Christianity, advanced technology, the English language, numeracy and literacy. In 1840 Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, intended to enable the tribes to live peacefully with the colonists. However, after incidents, the New Zealand wars broke out from 1845, with Māori suffering a loss of land, partly through confiscation. Māori retained their identity, mostly choosing to live separately from settlers and continuing to speak, with mass migration from Britain, a high Māori death rate and low life expectancy for Māori women, the indigenous population figure dropped between 1850 and 1930, becoming a minority. European New Zealanders, despite their far from Europe, retained strong cultural ties to Mother England. These ties were weakened by the demise of the British Empire and loss of access to British meat. Pākehā began to forge a separate identity influenced by their pioneering history, more recently, New Zealand culture has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands, East Asia and South Asia. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are apparent, with Pasifika, the worlds largest Polynesian festival, New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day, and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province. New Zealand has two national anthems of equal status, God Save the Queen and God Defend New Zealand—the latter of which is sung with alternating Māori. Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions, simply calling themselves New Zealanders or Kiwis, the Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand who first arrived In New Zealand about 1280. They arrived from Eastern Polynesia, most likely the Society Islands, in 2014 demographers believe about 100-200 Polynesians migrants arrived at a similar time. Māori settled the islands and developed a culture over several hundred years. Oral history tells of a voyage from Hawaiki in large ocean-going canoes. Māori mythology is a corpus of gods and heroes, sharing some Polynesian motifs. Some notable figures are Rangi and Papa, Māui, and Kupe, central to many cultural events is the marae, where families and tribes gather for special occasions, such as pōwhiri or tangi. Māori often call themselves tāngata whenua, placing particular importance on a lifestyle connected to land, communal living, sharing, and living off the land are strong traditional values
Culture of New Zealand
–
The
Kiwi has become a New Zealand icon.
Culture of New Zealand
–
Māori woman wearing a
hei-tiki around her neck,
pounamu earring and shark tooth earring, and two
huia feathers in her hair. She wears a cloak with black fringe border, and has a
moko design on her chin.
Culture of New Zealand
–
Pakeha New Zealanders, c. 1906
18.
History of New Zealand
–
The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Abel Janszoon Tasman on 13 December 1642, captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire, there was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealands land passing from Māori to Pākehā ownership, from the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including womens suffrage and old age pensions. The country remained a member of the British Empire, and 110,000 men fought in World War I. After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles, joined the League of Nations, when World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealanders contributed to the defence of the British Empire, the country contributed some 120,000 troops. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and a welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers and this led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. In the 1980s the economy was deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies. Foreign policy involved support for Britain in the wars, and close relations after 1940 with the United States. Foreign policy after 1980 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear-free region, subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat. In 1984, the Fourth Labour government was elected amid a constitutional, the economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (finance minister, who enacted fundamental, radically neo-liberal and unexpectedly pro-free market reforms known as Rogernomics. New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia, the most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. The descendants of settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, as moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara and this was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land, in this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare
History of New Zealand
–
Māori whānau from Rotorua in the 1880s. Many aspects of Western life and culture, including European clothing and architecture, became incorporated into Māori society during the 19th century.
History of New Zealand
–
The Abel Tasman map 1644, also known as the Bonaparte Tasman map that is part of the collection of the
State Library of New South Wales, Australia.
History of New Zealand
–
First map of New Zealand, drawn by Captain
James Cook.
19.
Independence of New Zealand
–
The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence, instead, independence came about as a result of New Zealands evolving constitutional status, New Zealand evolved as one of the British Dominions, colonies within the British Empire which gradually established progressively greater degrees of self-rule. They were always anomalous in terms, and the attempt to define a date of independence in the sense that one can be given for most ex-colonies is not really meaningful. However, a consideration of possible dates can help understanding of the processes of change, the principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. The principles of government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colonys settlers the right to self-governance, only 12 years after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony, the first major step towards nationhood on the international stage came in 1919 when New Zealand was given a seat in the newly founded League of Nations. However, Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland were hostile towards this development, irrespective of any legal developments, some New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. Thus, New Zealand has no date of official independence. The concept of a national Independence Day does not exist in New Zealand, the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840 marked the beginning of organised British colonisation of New Zealand. New Zealand was originally a sub-colony of the Colony of New South Wales, Waitangi Day is thus celebrated as New Zealands national day. Others dispute this, pointing to the use of the term kawanatanga in the Treaty deducts from rangatiratanga, New Zealand became a self-governing colony in 1853 following the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established responsible government in the colony. New Zealand participated in the 1891 National Australian Convention in Sydney to consider the Federation of the Australian, the Convention agreed to four principles including the creation of a Federated army and navy. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand did not send a delegation to the 1897 National Australian Convention, in 1901 New Zealand did not ratify the Australian Constitution, and did not partake in the Federation of Australia. Prime Minister Joseph Ward determined that New Zealand should become a dominion, on 26 September 1907 the United Kingdom granted New Zealand Dominion status within the British Empire. New Zealand became known as the Dominion of New Zealand, the date was declared Dominion Day, but never reached any popularity as a day of independence. As a potential national day, Dominion Day never possessed any emotional appeal, the Dominion newspaper began on Dominion Day,1907. To regard it as an independence day is incorrect, the change to dominion status was seen as purely cosmetic
Independence of New Zealand
–
Captain
William Hobson was New Zealand's first British-appointed Governor (originally Lieutenant-Governor) 1840–1842.
Independence of New Zealand
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Lord Plunket declaring New Zealand a Dominion, 26 September 1907.
Independence of New Zealand
–
Zealandia rejecting
Australian Constitution in 1900.
Independence of New Zealand
–
King George V with his prime ministers at the
Imperial Conference of 1926
20.
Colony of New Zealand
–
The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally created as a Crown colony, the power of the British government was vested in a governor, the colony was granted self-government in 1852, after the first parliament was elected in 1853, the 1852 Constitution was inaugurated. The first responsible government of New Zealand was formed in 1856, the Colony of New Zealand had three capitals, Old Russell, Auckland and Wellington. In 1907, the became the Dominion of New Zealand. Following the proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same proclamation on 1 February 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840, in the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island. The basis for the claim over the North Island was the Treaty of Waitangi between the Māori and the British Crown, in the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protection of being a British subject. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island, initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson, answerable to his superior, was the Governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, the Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became Governor of New Zealand, the first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established. An Executive Council and a Legislative Council were created to assist the governor, the Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, the Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances, statutory instruments. The colony was divided into three provinces, New Ulster Province, New Munster Province, and New Leinster Province, as new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson had its own elected council, later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers Constitutional Association in 1848. The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide the country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, in the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. The latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Greys constitution, the second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly, which consisted of the Legislative Council, the first general election for the House of Representatives was held on between 14 July and 1 October 1853
Colony of New Zealand
–
First Lieutenant
Albert Hastings Markham, designer of the Flag of New Zealand.
Colony of New Zealand
–
Flag (1902–1907)
21.
Dominion of New Zealand
–
The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire. New Zealand became a separate British Crown colony in 1841 and received responsible government with the Constitution Act in 1852. New Zealand chose not to part in Australian Federation and became the Dominion of New Zealand on 26 September 1907, Dominion Day. Dominion status was a mark of the political independence that had evolved over half a century through responsible government. Just under one million lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland. The Dominion of New Zealand allowed the British government to shape its foreign policy, the 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. When the Second World War broke out in 1939 the New Zealand government made its own decision to enter the war, in the post-war period, the term ‘Dominion’ has fallen into disuse. Full independence was granted with the Statute of Westminster in 1931, after much debate over lexicon, the term ‘Dominion’ was decided upon. Dominion status was anticipated to be a house between colonial status and full independence. The adoption of the designation of ‘Dominion’ would, raise the status of New Zealand stated Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward, Ward also had regional imperial ambitions. He hoped the new designation would remind the world that New Zealand was not part of Australia and it would dignify New Zealand, a country he thought was the natural centre for the government of the South Pacific. A royal proclamation granting New Zealand the designation of ‘Dominion’ was issued on 9 September 1907, on 26 September the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, read the proclamation from the steps of Parliament, Edward R. & I. And We hereby give Our Commands to all Public Departments accordingly, given at Our Court at Buckingham Palace, this ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven, and in the seventh year of Our Reign. God save the King Letters patent were issued to confirm New Zealands change in status, declaring that, there shall be a Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Our Dominion of New Zealand. Control over defence, constitutional amendments, and foreign affairs remained with the British government until the Statute of Westminster was adopted in 1947, Ward had thought that New Zealanders would be much gratified with the new title. However, Dominion status was received with limited enthusiasm and indifference from the general public, the shift from colony to Dominion was viewed as a change of name only. The general public were unable to discern any practical difference, Dominion status was symbolic and recognised the countrys shift to self-governance, but this change had been accomplished with the first responsible government in the 1850s
Dominion of New Zealand
–
Lord Plunket declaring New Zealand a Dominion, 1907
Dominion of New Zealand
–
Flag
Dominion of New Zealand
–
The proclamation on 26 September 1907 announces the 'Colony of New Zealand to be styled Dominion of New Zealand'.
22.
Military history of New Zealand
–
The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the history of New Zealand that spans several hundred years. When first settled by Māori almost a millennium ago, there was land and resources. Initially being fought with close range weapons of wood and stone, colonisation by Britain led to the New Zealand land wars in the 19th century in which settler and imperial troops and their Māori allies fought against other Māori and a handful of Pākehā. In the first half of the 20th century, New Zealanders of all races fought alongside Britain in the Boer War, in the second half of the century and into this century the New Zealand Defence Force has provided token assistance to the United States in several conflicts. New Zealand has also contributed extensively to multilateral peacekeeping operations. The level of intertribal warfare amongst pre-European Māori is unknown, oral histories, legends and whakapapa include many stories of battles and wars but little research has been carried out into how often wars actually happened. Archaeological evidence suggests that population growth and the extinction of the moa, warfare increased as tribes. At some point, perhaps before this change, one group migrated to the Chatham Islands. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. In the classic Māori culture of 1550 CE onward, warriors were held in high esteem, Māori were unusual in having no distance weapons such as bows or slings, so all fighting took place at close range. Defence was based on hill forts, the remains of which can be all over New Zealand. The largest battle recorded was that of Hingakaka with several thousand combatants, the Musket Wars were a series of battles in the early 19th century, fought between various Māori tribal groups, mainly on the North Island. In time, all the tribes traded to obtain muskets and the conflict reached an uneasy stalemate. The wars gave Māori experience in fighting with and defending against guns – experience which would be vital in the New Zealand Wars. The expedition was sent by Governor Bourke from Sydney, but was criticised for use of excessive force by a British House of Commons report in 1835. The New Zealand or Land Wars were a series of wars fought between Māori on one side and a mixture of troops, imperial troops and other Māori on the other. The name Māori Wars has fallen into disuse, a Māori name for the conflict is Te Riri Pākehā. While the fighting began in 1843 and the last shots were fired in the early 20th century
Military history of New Zealand
–
New Zealand troops unloading at a French port in 1918.
Military history of New Zealand
–
Flag of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
–
Infantry from the 2nd Battalion, Auckland Regiment, New Zealand Division in the Switch Line near Flers, taken some time in September 1916, after the
Battle of Flers-Courcelette.
Military history of New Zealand
–
New Zealand soldiers and civilians in London at the end of World War I, 1918
23.
New Zealanders
–
New Zealanders, colloquially known as Kiwis, are citizens of New Zealand. New Zealand is a society, and home to people of many national origins. New Zealand had a resident population of around 4.47 million as of June 2013. While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora, of these,360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. This diaspora has reportedly surged as of 2010, with well over 650,000 New Zealanders living abroad, according to the Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection, an estimated 640,770 New Zealanders lived in Australia on 30 June 2013. The majority of New Zealanders or their ancestors immigrated within the past three centuries, with the exception of the Māori population who settled New Zealand from Eastern Polynesia and it also includes influences of Māori culture. Large-scale immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries from Asia such as Chinese, the Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150, over the following centuries the Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi and hapū which would cooperate, compete, at some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealands geographic isolation,500 years passed before the phase of settlement. Only then did the inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans and Americans to the vicinity of New Zealand, some settled—for economic, religious or personal reasons. People of European descent constitute the majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, the table above shows the broad ethnic composition of New Zealand population at the 1961 and the most recent 2013 census. Europeans include all persons of European - Maori — quarter castes, the residual others ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with percentages of other European ancestries such as Croatians, Germans, Poles, French, Dutch, Scandinavian. In the 1961 census, over 90% self-identified as people of European descent, the first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cooks voyage of 1768–71, Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships and they traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water
New Zealanders
–
Plaque commemorating the first meeting of the
Canterbury Association in
Charing Cross, London. The Association would go on to found
Canterbury, New Zealand in 1850.
New Zealanders
–
The
Māori settled New Zealand from Eastern
Polynesia, concluding a long chain of voyages.
New Zealanders
–
A statue of
Zealandia as a
First World War memorial in
Palmerston, New Zealand.
24.
Kiwi (people)
–
Kiwi is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference. The name derives from the kiwi, a bird, which is native to. Unlike many demographic labels, its usage is not considered offensive, it is viewed as a symbol of pride. In the early 1900s New Zealanders—including soldiers and the All Blacks—were referred to as En Zeds, Fernleaves and this usage was still in place near the end of World War I. However, although New Zealand soldiers were described as Diggers or Pig Islanders. The kiwi had appeared on military badges since the South Canterbury Battalion used it in 1886, Kiwi came to mean first the men of New Zealand regiments and then all New Zealanders. Many troops stayed in Europe for months or years until transport home could be arranged, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first use of the Kiwi to mean New Zealander in 1918, in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Chronicles. The nickname Kiwis for New Zealand servicemen eventually became common usage in all war theatres, following World War II the term was gradually attributed to all New Zealanders and today, throughout the world they are referred to as Kiwis, as well as often referring to themselves that way. Spelling of the word Kiwi, when used to describe the people, is often capitalised, the birds name is spelt with a lower-case k and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as kiwi when pluralised. Thus, two Kiwis refers to two people, whereas two kiwi refers to two birds and this linguistic nicety is well exemplified by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Conservation Trust, which uses the slogan Kiwis saving kiwi. kiwi, an internet domain name
Kiwi (people)
–
A can of Kiwi shoe polish
Kiwi (people)
–
RNZAF roundel
25.
New Zealand English
–
New Zealand English is the variant of the English language spoken by most English-speaking New Zealanders. Its language code in ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ, English is one of New Zealands three official languages and is the first language of the majority of the population. The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century and it is one of the newest native-speaker variet of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years. The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation, New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. The first comprehensive dictionary dedicated to New Zealand English was probably the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary, published in 1979. It includes a one-page list of the date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as haka, Boohai. A second edition was published in 1989 with the subtitle the first dictionary of New Zealand English. A third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie, was published as The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand English by Reed Publishing in 2001, Orsmans next dictionary achievement was The New Zealand Dictionary, published by New House Publishers in 1994. It was co-edited by Elizabeth Orsman, a second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman. This research started with Orsmans 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary, to assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997. It has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words, every edition has retained a New Zealander as advisor for the New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman and the most recent being noted New Zealand lexicographer Laurie Bauer. A more light-hearted look at English as spoken in New Zealand and this slim volume lists many of the potentially confusing and/or misleading terms for Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. A second edition was published in 1990, from the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods with the indigenous Māori, the first settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, many of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled, in 1788 the colony of New South Wales of Australia had been founded. The colony included most of New Zealand except for the half of the South Island. Formed two years prior in London, the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand, some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born, New Zealand ceased to be part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841
New Zealand English
–
Monophthongs of New Zealand English.
26.
New Zealand Sign Language
–
New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the Deaf community in New Zealand. It became a language of New Zealand in April 2006, alongside English. New Zealand Sign Language has its roots in British Sign Language, there are 62. 5% similarities found in British Sign Language and NZSL, compared with 33% of NZSL signs found in American Sign Language. Like other natural languages, it was devised by and for deaf people. It uses the same two-handed manual alphabet as BSL and Auslan and it uses more lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealands history of oralist education of deaf people. Its vocabulary includes Māori concepts such as marae and tangi, the first non-Polynesian immigrants to New Zealand were from Britain, and those who were deaf brought British Sign Language with them. The first known teacher of language was Dorcas Mitchell, who taught the children of one family in Charteris Bay, Lyttelton Harbour. By 1877 she had taught 42 pupils, when the first school for the deaf was opened at Sumner, south east of Christchurch in 1878, Mitchell applied unsuccessfully for the position of principal. Instead it went to Gerrit Van Asch, who agreed with the Milan congress of deaf educators of 1880 that teaching should be oral only, and this was the policy of the school until 1979. A documentary film about the school made in the 1950s makes no mention of sign language, similar policies were maintained at the schools at Titirangi and Kelston that opened in 1940 and 1958. Unsurprisingly, the children used sign language secretly and after leaving school, the main haven for NZSL was the Deaf Clubs in the main centres. In 1979, Total Communication was adopted at the Sumner School, as a result, younger signers use a number of Australasian signs in their NZSL, to such an extent that some call traditional NZSL Old Sign. NZSL was adopted for teaching in 1994, in 1985, Marianne Ahlgren proved in her PhD thesis at Victoria University of Wellington that NZSL is a fully-fledged language, with a large vocabulary of signs and a consistent grammar of space. The New Zealand Sign Language Teachers Association was set up in 1992, over the next few years adult education classes in NZSL began in several centres. Also in 1992 an interpreter training programme was established at the Auckland Institute of Technology and they had as early as 1984 sought support for more research to determine the need for sign language interpreters. Other than a one-off course run in 1985, this was the first time a professional training programme with a qualification was offered in New Zealand. Many of those who have gone on to work as professional NZSL interpreters began their journey in NZSL community classes taught by members of the NZSLTA. An important step toward the recognition of NZSL was the publication in 1998 of a comprehensive NZSL dictionary by Victoria University of Wellington and the Deaf Association of NZ
New Zealand Sign Language
–
New Zealand Sign Language
27.
New Zealand cuisine
–
New Zealand cuisine is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. An island nation with an agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean, historical influences came from Māori culture. New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian culinary traditions have become popular since the 1970s, in New Zealand households, dinner is the main meal of the day, when families gather and share their evening together. Restaurants and takeaways provide a proportion of the diet. When the indigenous Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia they had a number of plants, including kūmara, taro. The plants grew well only in the north of the North Island, native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird, the large flightless moa were soon hunted to extinction. Rāhui included forbidding the hunting of species in particular places or at certain times of year. Like other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngi, stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves are placed on top. The packs are further covered with foliage and cloth, or, wet sacks, other cooking methods included roasting and, in geothermal areas, boiling or steaming using natural hot springs and pools. Occasionally food would be boiled in non-geothermal areas by putting hot stones into a bowl with water and the food, some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage, in traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it coming into contact with places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, high chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no people were available to load the food supplies into the partys waka. When Europeans first arrived in New Zealand from the eighteenth century. Some of these, especially pork and potatoes, were adopted by Māori
New Zealand cuisine
–
Pavlova, one of the icons in Australian and New Zealand cuisine.
New Zealand cuisine
–
A
hāngi dinner as served to tourists.
New Zealand cuisine
–
Preparation of a modern hāngi for tourists at Mitai Maori Village, Rotorua.
28.
Alcohol in New Zealand
–
Alcohol has been consumed in New Zealand since the arrival of European settlers. The most popular alcoholic beverages are beer and wine, New Zealand has no minimum consumption age for alcohol, however the minimum purchase age is 18. There is no tradition or archaeological evidence of Māori brewing beer before the arrival of Europeans. Major ingredients of beer were not introduced to New Zealand until Europeans arrived in the late-18th century, captain James Cook brewed a beer flavoured with local spruce tree needles while visiting New Zealand in 1773 in order to combat scurvy aboard ship. He brewed the beer while anchored in Ship Cove in the reaches of Queen Charlotte Sound in January 1770. Here he experimented with the use of young rimu branches as a treatment against scurvy and it was brewed on Saturday 27 March 1773 on Resolution Island, in Dusky Sound, Fiordland. The beer was brewed using wort with addition of molasses and rimu bark, James Cook wrote, We also began to brew beer from the branches or leaves of a tree, which much resembles the American black-spruce. Wine making and vine growing go back to times in New Zealand. British Resident and keen oenologist James Busby was, as early as 1836, in 1851 New Zealands oldest existing vineyard was established by French Roman Catholic missionaries at Mission Estate in Hawkes Bay. Due to economic, legislative and cultural factors, wine was for years a marginal activity in terms of economic importance. Typically, their vineyards produced sherry and port for the palates of New Zealanders of the time, the three factors that held back the development of the industry simultaneously underwent subtle but historic changes in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community, which required the ending of historic trade terms for New Zealand meat and this led ultimately to a dramatic restructuring of the agricultural economy. Before this restructuring was implemented, diversification away from traditional protein products to products with potentially higher economic returns was explored. Vines, which produce best in low moisture and low soil fertility environments, were seen as suitable for areas that had previously been marginal pasture. The end of the 1960s saw the end of the New Zealand institution of the six oclock swill, the same legislative reform saw the introduction of BYO licences for restaurants. Finally the late 1960s and early 1970s noted the rise of the overseas experience, between 1836 and 1919, the New Zealand temperance movement became a powerful and popular lobby group, as similar movements did in the UK and the USA. In 1919 at a national poll, prohibition gained 49% of the vote and was only defeated when the votes of returned servicemen were counted. Well known temperance activists in New Zealand include William Fox, Frank Isitt, Leonard Isitt, Elizabeth McCombs, James McCombs, Kate Sheppard, Robert Stout, the first laws prohibiting Māori people from consuming alcohol in New Zealand were established between 1847 and 1878
Alcohol in New Zealand
–
Speight's brewery in Dunedin
29.
New Zealand music festivals
–
Music festivals have a long and chequered history in New Zealand. The first large rock music festival was The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival in 1973. The largest was the 1979 Nambassa festival, one of several Nambassa festivals held around that time, in Golden Valley, there are regular jazz, folk, ethnic and country music awards and festivals, some of which have been in existence for decades. Large music festivals, for example Sweetwaters Music Festivals, Nambassa and The Big Day Out have been staged periodically since the 1970s, says Te Ara, Parachute Music Festival is a Christian music festival held in New Zealand. It was one of New Zealands largest music festivals and it is the Southern Hemispheres largest Christian music festival, on March 27,2014 Parachute Music released a statement on its Facebook and its website announcing that Parachute Music Festival would no longer be running. Nambassa 1979 was the largest music event in New Zealand, nearly 60,000 came, making it, per capita, the world’s largest festival of its type. Nambassa will be remembered for many things and it was the largest campsite, the biggest and brightest party, and the best attended and most successful musical and cultural event ever in New Zealand. Festival One -2005 - Present - Christian Music Festival A Low Hum - 2006-2014 - Small music festival in Wellington each year over Waitangi Weekend,50 bands over 3 or 4 days. Queenstown Winter Festival - Queenstown Rhythm & Alps - unknown-present - in Cardrona Valley near Wanaka, Rhythm & Vines - 2003–present - vineyard near Gisborne. Soundscape - 2010–present - Hamilton CBD, soundSplash - Whaingaroa/ Raglan, New Zealand reggae festival. St Jeromes Laneway Festival - 2010–present - Auckland Swampfest - 2004–present - Palmerston Norths Globe Theatre, alpine Unity - 2001-2002, Southern Alps. Big Day Out - 1994-1997, 1999-2012,2014 - Mt Smart Stadium, Big Gay Out - Pt Chevalier, Auckland. Brown Trout Festival -1980,1983 - on a farm east of Dannevirke BW Summer Festival - 2004–2015- Lead-up to Rhythm & Vines in Gisborne, destination - 2001-2004, Cave Stream, Southern Alps. The Gathering - 1996-2002 - Canaan Downs, Takaka Hill, near Nelson and Cobb Valley, Golden Bay, g-TARanaki Guitar Festival - 2008-2010 - International guitar festival in New Plymouth, Taranaki. La De Da - 2010-2013 -held at Daisybank Farm, in Martinborough, mountain Rock Music Festival - 1992-1996 - Farm near Pahiatua. Nambassa -1978,1979,1981 - Music and alternatives festivals in Golden Valley, north of Waihi, Parachute Music Festival - 1995-2014 - contemporary Christian music attracting around 30,000 people each year to Mystery Creek, Waikato. Parihaka International Peace Festival - Parihaka - Taranaki, the farmland close to the three marae at Parihaka was turned into a festival site with camping for four days. Phat - Maitai Valley, near Nelson, and Inangahua, the 2007 event was called Phat07 Bass Camp Redwood music festivals - unknown - Farm/orchard at Redwood Park, West Auckland
New Zealand music festivals
–
Mountain Rock with Kevin Borich on stage
New Zealand music festivals
–
Nambassa 1979 aerial
New Zealand music festivals
–
Dave Dobbyn
New Zealand music festivals
–
Mountain Rock 3
30.
Religion in New Zealand
–
In New Zealand, Christianity is the most common religion with almost half of the population at the 2013 New Zealand Census declaring an affiliation. The majority of 19th century European migrants came from the British Isles, while 47.5 percent of New Zealanders affiliate with Christianity, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. The number of people affiliated with Christianity has declined since the 1990s, with increased immigration to New Zealand, especially from Asia, the number of people affiliating with non-Christian religions has also increased. New Zealands religious history after the arrival of Europeans saw substantial missionary activity, the Church Missionary Society sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society, officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, the CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decade established farms and schools in the area. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan mission in New Zealand, was established at Whangaroa, jean Baptiste Pompallier was the first Roman Catholic bishop in New Zealand and, with a number of Marist Brothers, he organised the Roman Catholic Church throughout the country. In 1892 the New Zealand Church Mission Society formed in a Nelson church hall, the religious climate of early New Zealand was influenced by voluntarism. Waves of new immigrants brought their particular faiths with them, Catholicism meanwhile was the dominant religion on the West Coast with its many mining concerns, and in Central Otago. Immigration since 1991 has resulted in religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism growing rapidly, however, a large portion of the growth of these religions has occurred in Auckland. New Zealand censuses have collected data on religious affiliation since 1851, one complication in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 respondents in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the number of responses. In the early 20th century New Zealand census data indicates that the vast majority of New Zealanders affiliated with Christianity. The total percentages in the 1921 non-Māori census were, 45% Anglicans,19. 9% Presbyterians,13. 6% Catholics,9. 5% Methodists and 11. 2% Others, the population increased 7. 8% between the 2006 and 2001 census. The most notable trend in religion over that time is the 26. 2% increase in the number of people indicating no religion, the table below is based on religious affiliation data recorded at the last three censuses for usually resident people. Note that figures and percentages may not add to 100 percent as it is possible for people to more than one religion. Hinduism emerged as the second largest religious group in New Zealand after Christianity in the 2006 census, mainstream Christian denominations, while still representing the largest categories of census religious affiliation, are not keeping pace with population increase. Anglicans fell by 95,154 to 459,771 and Presbyterians decreased by 69,936 to 330,903, Roman Catholic numbers decreased by 16,053 to 492,384. The only other religious groups above 100,000 members are Christian, compare this with numbers in 1901, where 42% of people identified with the Anglican denomination, 23% with Presbyterian, and 14% with Catholicism
Religion in New Zealand
–
The
Holy Trinity Cathedral (Anglican) in Parnell, Auckland.
Religion in New Zealand
–
Canterbury Mosque, New Zealand; June 2006. Built over 1984–85 it was the world's southern-most mosque until 1999.
Religion in New Zealand
–
Image of a Gurudwara, the Sikh place of worship, South Auckland.
31.
Christianity in New Zealand
–
Christianity in New Zealand dates to the arrival of missionaries in the early 19th century and is the countrys primary religion. Slightly less than half the population identify as Christian, Christian organisations are the leading non-government providers of social services in New Zealand. A number of denominations are present, with none having a dominant position, the first Christian missionaries came to New Zealand at the start of the 19th century. The Church Mission Society, an Anglican organisation, established a presence in New Zealand in 1814 and this expedition was led by Samuel Marsden. Later missionaries brought other religious denominations — Jean Baptiste Pompallier played an important role in establishing Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism was brought to New Zealand largely by Scottish settlers. The Maori people also created their own forms of Christianity, with Ratana, the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began work in health care and education. At the direction of Mary MacKillop, the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand, in 1892, Suzanne Aubert established the Sisters of Compassion - the first Catholic order established in New Zealand for women. Although there was hostility between Catholic and Protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this declined after the 1920s. Sectarian groups such as the Orange Order continue to exist in New Zealand but are now virtually invisible, New Zealands first Catholic Prime Minister, Joseph Ward, took office in 1906. The founding of the National Council of Churches in 1941 marked the positive relationships between New Zealand Christians, the NCC was an important voice of the churches in national affairs. The NCC was replaced in 1988 by a new body which included Roman Catholics -the Conference of Churches in Aotearoa New Zealand. In the 2006 census, around 55. 6% of those who answered the question on religion identified themselves as Christian and this gives a total of slightly more than two million Christians in the country. The largest denominations were Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians, and Methodists, around 5% of the population identified themselves as Christian without associating themselves with any particular denomination. The proportion of New Zealanders who identify as Christian is declining, different denominations are experiencing different trends. Anglicanism and Presbyterianism are both losing adherents, while the Catholic Church is gaining, the average proportion of Christians in the sixteen cities is 50. 2%. The three largest denominations are found in all parts of the country — the maps below show their distribution across the territorial authorities, no territorial authority has more than a third of its population belonging to a single denomination, although some parts of the lower South Island come close. Anglicanism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of English descent, is common in most parts of the country and it is the largest denomination in most parts of rural New Zealand, the main exception being the lower South Island. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Anglicans are Gisborne, Wairoa, the territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Anglicans are Invercargill, Manukau, and Clutha
Christianity in New Zealand
32.
Art of New Zealand
–
New Zealand art consists of the visual and plastic arts originating from the geographical location of New Zealand. It come from different traditions, indigenous Māori art, that of the early European settlers, because New Zealand is so isolated, in the past many artists had to go overseas to make a living. The visual arts flourished in the decades of the 20th century. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, Māori visual art consists primarily of four forms, carving, tattooing, weaving and painting. The creation of art was governed by the rules of tapu, most traditional Māori art was highly stylised and featured motifs such as the spiral, the chevron and the koru. The colours black, white and red dominated, carving was done in three media, wood, bone, and stone. Arguably ta moko was another form of carving, wood carvings were used to decorate houses, fencepoles, containers, taiaha and other objects. The most popular type of stone used in carving was pounamu, a form of jade, but other kinds were also used, especially in the North Island, both stone and bone were used to create jewellery such as the hei-tiki. Large scale stone face carvings were sometimes created. The introduction of tools by Europeans allowed more intricacy and delicacy. Carving is traditionally a tapu activity performed by men only, ta moko is the art of traditional Māori tattooing, done with a chisel. Men were tattooed on many parts of their bodies, including faces, buttocks, women were usually tattooed only on the lips and chin. The art declined in the 19th century following the introduction of Christianity, although modern moko are in traditional styles, most are carried out using modern equipment. Body parts such as the arms, legs and back are popular locations for modern moko, weaving was used to create numerous things, including wall panels in meeting houses and other important buildings, as well as clothing and bags. While many of these were functional, others were true works of art taking hundreds of hours to complete. Cloaks in particular could be decorated with feathers and were the mark of an important chief, in pre-European times the main medium for weaving was flax, but following the arrival of Europeans cotton, wool and other textiles were also used, especially in clothing
Art of New Zealand
–
Portrait of Hinepare of
Ngāti Kahungunu (1890) by
Gottfried Lindauer, showing chin
moko,
pounamu hei-tiki and woven cloak.
Art of New Zealand
–
Charcoal rock drawing at Carters rockpool on the Opihi River
Art of New Zealand
–
Late twentieth century carved house post depicting the navigator
Kupe. Although in an essentially traditional style, this carving was created using metal tools and uses modern paints, creating a form distinct from that of pre-European times.
Art of New Zealand
–
A view of the Murderers' Bay, as you are at anchor here in 15 fathom, Isaac Gilsemans, 1642
33.
Architecture of New Zealand
–
The architecture of New Zealand is influenced by various cultures but it is predominantly of a European style. Polynesian influence is seen in some areas. Many of the imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Central Otago Gold Rush. A common style for these landmarks is the use of basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone. Several more recent buildings have mimicked this style by using brick in place of basalt, notable among these buildings are Otago Girls High School and the Timaru Basilica. This region was able to call upon the talents of many fine architects during this period, among them Robert Lawson, Francis Petre, Benjamin Mountfort, and George Troup. Oamaru stone, despite its susceptibility to the elements, is used as a construction material on several fine buildings. The historic sector of town contains numerous fine buildings built in this creamy stone, among them the Forrester Gallery. Waitaki Boys High School is also an example of the use of Oamaru stone architecture. Napier and Christchurch have suffered damage to heritage buildings as a result of earthquakes. Napier was rebuilt after a 1931 earthquake in an art deco style, the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake damaged many buildings in Christchurch as well as in the Canterbury region. New Zealand Registered Architects Board is a board that assesses. New Zealand Institute of Architects is an organisation that promotes Architects. Not all New Zealand Architects are members of the NZIA, list of New Zealand architects Culture of New Zealand New Zealand Registered Architects Board Register of New Zealand Architects New Zealand Institute of Architects
Architecture of New Zealand
–
The
St Mary's Basilica in Invercargill was designed by
Francis Petre, a renowned New Zealand architect.
Architecture of New Zealand
–
Waitetoko Church, Lake Taupo
Architecture of New Zealand
–
Kemp House,
Kerikeri
Architecture of New Zealand
–
Katherine Mansfield birthplace
34.
Media in New Zealand
–
The media of New Zealand include television stations, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and websites. Most outlets are foreign-owned, with media conglomerates like New Zealand Media and Entertainment, Fairfax New Zealand, MediaWorks New Zealand, the media of New Zealand predominantly use New Zealand English, but Community Access and several local other outlets provide news and entertainment for linguistic minorities. NZ On Air funds public service programming on the publicly owned Television New Zealand and Radio New Zealand, there is limited censorship in New Zealand of political expression, violence or sexual content. Reporters Without Borders ranks New Zealand highly on press freedom, ranking it seventh-best worldwide in 2008, in the same 2010 study, for comparison, the UK placed 19th, and the US 20th). The country has strict laws that follow the English model. Internet censorship in Australia is more extensive, and New Zealand has refused to follow suit, Television in New Zealand was introduced in 1960. Provision was first made for the licensing of private radio and television stations in New Zealand by the Broadcasting Act 1976, there are currently 11 national free-to-air channels,22 regional free-to-air stations and several pay TV networks. Programming and scheduling is done in Auckland where all the networks are now headquartered. The Freeview terrestrial service, named Freeview|HD is a high definition digital television service launched on 14 April 2008. The service currently serves areas surrounding Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Palmerston North, Wellington, Christchurch, digital cable television currently operates in Wellington and Christchurch on TelstraClears cable TV system. High Definition programming is available from Freeview on terrestrial broadcast only, only a limited range of channels are available in High Definition. New Zealand radio is dominated by twenty-seven networks and station-groups, but also several local. Two companies have a rivalry in the commercial radio market. The Iwi Radio Network is funded by Te Māngai Pāho and the Pacific Media Network is predominantly funded by NZ On Air. The number of newspapers in New Zealand has dramatically reduced since the early 20th century as a consequence of radio, television and new media being introduced to the country. Aucklands New Zealand Herald serves the upper North Island, Wellingtons The Dominion Post serves the lower North Island and Canterburys The Press, provincial and community newspapers, such as the Waikato Times daily, serve particular regions, cities and suburbs. Ownership of New Zealand newspapers is dominated by Fairfax New Zealand, local and overseas tabloids and magazines cover food, current affairs, personal affairs, gardening and home decor, and business or appeal to gay, lesbian, ethnic and rural communities. The literature of New Zealand includes many works written in English and Maori by New Zealanders and migrants during the 20th, novelists include Patricia Grace, Albert Wendt and Maurice Gee, childrens authors include Margaret Mahy
Media in New Zealand
–
The first episode of
Coronation Street was the first programme to broadcast on New Zealand television.
Media in New Zealand
–
Radio New Zealand headquarters in Wellington.
Media in New Zealand
–
The New Zealand Herald in 2006.
35.
Radio in New Zealand
–
Radio in New Zealand began in 1922, and is now dominated by almost 30 radio networks and station groups. The Government has dominated broadcasting since 1925, but through privatisation and deregulation have allowed commercial talk, New Zealand also has several radio stations serving Māori tribes, Pacific Island communities, ethnic minorities, evangelical Christians and special interests. State-owned broadcaster Radio New Zealand reaches the broadest range of listeners with bilingual flagship broadcaster Radio New Zealand National, several previously state-owned radio brands like top-rating talk station Newstalk ZB are now owned by NZME Radio, which operates eight networks on terrestrial radio and iHeartRadio. Ten radio networks are operated by MediaWorks New Zealand, including top-rating music stations The Edge, independent stations like Ski FM Network, Port FM, 1XX and Coast FM continue to serve local communities, alongside low-powered and internet stations. New Zealand was also one of the first countries to introduce Christian radio, the Student Radio Network began with the start of bFM in 1969 and the first of the countrys community access broadcasters was founded in 1981. Te Māngai Pāho funds Māori iwi radio stations, and the Pacific Media Network continues to receive Government support, professor Robert Jack made the first broadcast in New Zealand from the University of Otago physics department on 17 November 1921. The first radio station, Radio Dunedin, began broadcasting on 4 October 1922, in 1932, its assets were acquired by the government, which established the New Zealand Broadcasting Board. This would later be replaced by the New Zealand National Broadcasting Service, in the 1950s, these merged to become the New Zealand Broadcasting Service, a government department. In 1962, this way to the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation. Until the 1980s, stations used a series of New Zealand call signs, consisting of a single digit, in addition to YA National programme stations, YC Concert programme stations and a limited number of privately owned X stations, several stations were operated commercially by the government. In each region, the largest city was assigned a ZB station, the Newstalk ZB and ZM brands continue to be used by The Radio Network. The second largest city was assigned a ZA station, 1ZA in Taupo, 2ZA in Palmerston North, 3ZA in Greymouth, in other towns and cities the final letter was assigned from the town or city name such as 4ZG in Gore and 1ZH in Hamilton. These ZA and other stations, also now owned by The Radio Network, have been rebranded as Classic Hits. 1YA, 2YK, 3AQ, 4YA were the first stations operating in the four main cities. The United Kingdom and New Zealand until recently shared an FM broadcasting allocation of 88.0 –105.0 MHz and this smaller allocation can be traced to the 405 line systems VHF allocation block. The UK adopted the 405 line system but NZ did not, nZs allocation for FM remained smaller as if NZ had adopted the 405 line system. New Zealand considered adopting the 405 line system in the late 1950s to early 1960s and this impacted the frequency allocation block for FM broadcasting making it smaller. New Zealands FM frequency allocation issue was not fixed until the late 1990s, both New Zealand and the United Kingdom have the standard global allocation of 88.0 –108.0 for FM now
Radio in New Zealand
–
The studio computer of Dunedin's Country Radio
Radio in New Zealand
Radio in New Zealand
–
The Wolf was based at
Lake Tekapo.
36.
Cinema of New Zealand
–
New Zealand cinema, can refer to films made by New Zealand-based production companies in New Zealand. However, it may refer to films made about New Zealand by filmmakers from other countries. In addition, due to the small size of its film industry. Film has a history in New Zealand. The first public screening of a picture was in 1896, a 1900 documentary is the oldest surviving New Zealand film -. However, although there was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s, in October 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission was formalised by Parliament under the Third National Government. Section 18 of the Act, entitled Content of Films, would serve to define which aspects a film had to have in order for it to be labelled as a New Zealand Film. The impact of the New Zealand Film Commission on the industry was in getting films made, coming to a definition of NZ Film, most New Zealand films are made by independent filmmakers, often on a low budget and with sponsorship from public funds. Relatively few New Zealand-made films have been commissioned for the international market by international film distributors. Private funding for New Zealand films has often been in short supply, although for a period in the early eighties resulted in a rush of money. The first public screening of a picture was on 13 October 1896 at the Opera House. The first screening of a film was on Christmas Eve in 1911. It was a showing at the Globe Picture Theatre, Queen Street. The first filmmaker in New Zealand was Alfred Whitehouse, who made ten films between 1898 and mid-1900, the oldest surviving New Zealand film is Whitehouses The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War. The first feature made in New Zealand is arguably Hinemoa. It premiered on 17 August 1914 at the Lyric Theatre, Auckland, New Zealands oldest surviving cinema is the Roxburgh cinema, located in Central Otago. It was opened on 11 December 1897 and is still open, New Zealand film was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s. During the 1920s and 1930s, director Rudall Hayward made a number of films on New Zealand themes
Cinema of New Zealand
–
The Skycity Village Cinemas next to
Aotea Square in
Auckland City, New Zealand.
37.
Sport in New Zealand
–
Other popular sports include netball, basketball, golf, tennis, rowing, and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing and surf sports. Winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding are popular as are indoor and outdoor bowls. Sport New Zealand is the government agency responsible for governing sport. It was established in 2003 by the Sport and Recreation New Zealand Act 2002, Sport New Zealand is accountable to the government through the Minister of Sport and Recreation. A subsidiary of Sport New Zealand, High Performance Sport New Zealand, is responsible for managing the high performance programme. Rugby union is the sport in New Zealand, and is popular across all sections of New Zealand society. It has the largest spectator following of all sports in New Zealand, New Zealands national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best winning record of any national team in the world, and is currently ranked first in the world. The All Blacks won the first Rugby World Cup in 1987. and they won their third World Cup in 2015 in England, becoming the first holders to successfully defend their title. The All Blacks traditionally perform a haka, a Māori challenge and this practice has been mimicked by several other national teams, notably the national rugby league team, and the basketball teams. Outside Test matches, there are three widely followed competitions, Super Rugby, the club competition in the southern hemisphere. It has involved teams from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa since its formation and it is played from summer right through until winter, with a 3-week break in June for international tests to take place. They have also won the Rugby World Cup Sevens twice, in 2001 and the most recent editiom in 2013, the country also hosts one round of the World Series each season at Westpac Stadium in Wellington. Sevens will make its first appearance in the Olympics in 2016 with both mens and womens tournaments, and womens sevens will make its Commonwealth Games debut in 2018, Cricket is the national summer sport in New Zealand, which is one of ten countries competing in Test match cricket. The provincial competition is not nearly as widely followed as the case with rugby and this parallels the global situation in cricket, whereby the international game is more widely followed than the domestic game in all major cricketing countries. Historically, the cricket team has not been as successful as the national rugby team. New Zealand played its first test in 1930 but had to wait until 1956 to win its first test, the national team began to have more success in the 1970s and 1980s. New Zealands most famous cricketer, the fast bowler Richard Hadlee who was the first bowler to take 400 wickets in test cricket, the semi-finals of the Commonwealth Games and the semi-finals of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 until 2015. In ICC Cricket World Cup 2015, New Zealand reached final for the first time, beating South Africa in semi-finals, however New Zealands Womens Team, the White Ferns have reached the Final of their World Cup four times, winning the 2000 edition of the tournament
Sport in New Zealand
–
All Blacks vs Australia at the
2011 Rugby World Cup
Sport in New Zealand
–
New Zealand batsman at a test match vs Australia
Sport in New Zealand
–
ANZ Championship match between the
Tactix and
Mystics
38.
Cricket in New Zealand
–
Cricket is the national and most popular summer sport in New Zealand, second only in total sporting popularity to rugby. New Zealand is one of the ten countries that take part in Test match cricket, darwin in The Voyage of the Beagle wrote, several young men redeemed by the missionaires from slavery were employed on the farm. In the evening I saw a party of them at cricket, the first recorded game of cricket in New Zealand took place in Wellington in December 1842. The Wellington Spectator reports a game on 28 December 1842 played by a Red team, the first fully recorded match was reported by the Examiner in Nelson between the Surveyors and Nelson in March 1844. The first team to tour New Zealand was Parrs all England XI in 1863–64, between 1864 and 1914,22 foreign teams toured NZ. England sent 6 teams, Australia 15 and Fiji 1, on 15–17 February 1894 the first team representing New Zealand played New South Wales at Lancaster Park in Christchurch. New South Wales returned again in 1895–96 and NZ won the game by 142 runs. The New Zealand Cricket Council was formed towards the end of 1894, New Zealand played its first two internationals in 1904–05 against a star-studded Australia team containing such players as Victor Trumper, Warwick Armstrong and Clem Hill. Rain saved NZ from a thrashing in the first match but not the second which NZ lost by an innings and 358 runs – currently the second largest defeat in NZ first-class cricket and they played 26 first class matches, mostly against county sides. They managed to beat Worcestershire, Glamorgan, Somerset, and Derbyshire, on the strength of the performances on this tour NZ was granted Test status. In 1929/30 the M. C. C toured NZ and played 4 Tests all of 3 days in duration, NZ lost its first Test match but drew the next 3. In the second Test Stewie Dempster and Jackie Mills put on 276 for the first wicket and this is still the highest partnership for New Zealand against England. NZ first played South Africa in 1931–32 but were unable to secure Test matches against any other than England before World War II ended all Test cricket for 7 years. NZs first Test after the war was against Australia in 1945/46 and this game was not considered a Test at the time but it was granted Test status retrospectively by the International Cricket Council in March 1948. The NZ players who appeared in this probably did not appreciate this move by the ICC as NZ were dismissed for 42 and 54. The New Zealand Cricket Councils unwillingness to pay Australian players a decent allowance to tour NZ ensured that this was the only Test Australia played against NZ between 1929 and 1972, in 1949 NZ sent one of its best ever sides to England. It contained Bert Sutcliffe, Martin Donnelly, John R. Reid, however, 3-day Test matches ensured that all 4 Tests were drawn. NZ played its first matches against the West Indies in 1951–52, in 1954/55 NZ recorded the lowest ever innings total,26 against England
Cricket in New Zealand
–
Cricket in New Zealand
Cricket in New Zealand
–
Chris Cairns starts a run-up at Eden Park in 2006
Cricket in New Zealand
–
New Zealand vs Pakistan, University Oval, Dunedin
Cricket in New Zealand
–
England's
Steve Harmison bowling against New Zealand at
Lord's.
39.
Cycling in New Zealand
–
Cycling in New Zealand, while relatively popular as a sport, bicycle use is a very marginal commuting mode, with the share hovering around 1-3% in most major cities. This is due to a number of factors, principally safety fears, the bicycle reached New Zealand in the 1860s in the form of the velocipede, also known as the boneshaker. As bicycle design improved, and production became mass-market, cycling became a mode of transport in many parts of New Zealand for half a century. New Zealand soon had, and still has, one of the highest rates of car dependence in the world. The oil shocks of the 1970s triggered the first of several bicycle resurgences, by 1990, a survey showed cycling to be the second most popular participation sport in New Zealand. Since then, cycle sales have remained high, averaging over 150,000 per annum, however, their everyday uses, such as for commuting or shopping, is still rare. In 1994, New Zealand introduced mandatory bicycle helmet wearing, a change some parts of academia and cycling advocacy credit with further reducing the incidence. Since the 1990s, a number of local Councils have developed cycling strategies to plan for the provision of cycle-friendly environments, however the current National-led Government has set aside this strategy and restricted funding for cycling facilities, citing the need for motorway investment instead. Cycling is increasingly becoming a touristic and economic factor in the 2010s, in the mid 2000s, Auckland Regional Transport Authority reported that “over half of Aucklanders believe it is usually unsafe, or always unsafe, to cycle”. This high perceived risk to users in New Zealands largest city is due to a number of factors. Motorists tend to exhibit hostile attitudes towards bicycle riders, bicycle infrastructure and the standards underpinning bicycle infrastructure planning are poor and bicycles receive relatively very low levels of funding by both central and local government. In recent decades a number of cycleways have been established through New Zealand, the Otago Central Rail Trail is a 150 kilometre walking, cycling or horse riding track in the South Island. It runs in an arc between Middlemarch and Clyde, along the route of the former Otago Central Railway, the Little River Rail Trail is a cycling and walking track established near Little River on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of the South Island. The first section opened in May 2006, the route of the defunct Dun Mountain Railway is regularly used for cycling. The Rimutaka Incline, replaced by the Rimutaka Tunnel in 1955, has now established as a cycling route. In Auckland, there are a number of urban cycleways through the city. The 2017 Kapiti Expressway SH1 has a new cycle path along 18km of the new highway. The cycle paths also crosslink the existing urban area to improve walking, cycle, the event raises money for the Lake Taupo community
Cycling in New Zealand
–
A cycle tourist at Island Saddle between the
Wairau Valley and
Hanmer Springs in New Zealand.
Cycling in New Zealand
–
Cyclists in
Thames in the late 19th Century.
40.
Association football in New Zealand
–
Association football, also known as football or soccer, is a popular recreation sport in New Zealand. The sport is administered in New Zealand by the governing body New Zealand Football and it is the third-most popular men’s team sport after rugby union and cricket. Football is one of the most popular sport for young people in New Zealand. Among New Zealand adults, it is the 12th most participated in sport, in 1982 the qualification was notable in that New Zealand played more matches and traveled further than any other team to qualify. Grouped with Brazil, Scotland and the USSR, New Zealand did not win any of their matches and they also qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. New Zealand drew all their matches and did not progress beyond the initial round and they were the only team to remain undefeated in the competition. New Zealand also participated in the 2009 Confederations Cup, also in South Africa and they were placed in Group A with Iraq, South Africa, and Spain. New Zealand lost their opening match 0-5 against Spain before losing 0-2 to South Africa, however the team earned New Zealands first competition point at a senior mens FIFA tournament after drawing 0-0 with Iraq. In the 2010 World Cup, they exited in the first round. The All Whites drew 1–1 with Slovakia and defending champion Italy, New Zealand hosted the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship, with matches played in North Shore City, Napier, Christchurch and Dunedin. New Zealand also hosted the inaugural FIFA U-17 Womens World Cup in 2008, with matches hosted in North Shore City, Hamilton, Wellington, New Zealands under-23 team, the Oly-Whites, qualified for their first Olympic Games appearance in 2008 for the Beijing Summer Olympics. The Oly-Whites drew against China and lost against Belgium and Brazil, the New Zealands womens team also qualified for their first Olympic appearance, where they drew against Japan and lost to Norway and USA. In addition to this, the Football Ferns have participated in the 1991 and, more recently, New Zealand won the 1975 AFC Womens Championship, defeating Thailand 3-1 in Hong Kong. Fully professional football began in 1999 with the induction of the Auckland-based Football Kingz F. C. into Australias National Soccer League, despite having a record of poor attendances, Auckland was included in the A-League competition when the NSL was scrapped in favour of an eight-franchise A-League. The Kingz were re-branded as New Zealand Knights FC but still managed to draw small crowds. In their final season, the attendance for the Knights was 3,014. After the resignation of the NZK board, the FFA transferred the licence to New Zealand Soccer for them to administrate the rest of the season before its subsequent dissolution. After these events, the FFA granted a provisional licence for New Zealand Soccer to sub-let to a suitable
Association football in New Zealand
–
Wellington Phoenix vs Melbourne Victory game at the Westpac Trust Stadium in August 2007.
41.
Netball in New Zealand
–
Netball is the most popular womens sport in New Zealand, in terms of player participation and public interest. With the national team, the Silver Ferns, currently ranked second in the world, as in other netball-playing countries, netball is considered primarily a womens sport, mens and mixed teams exist at different levels, but are ancillary to womens competition. In 2008,138,000 players were registered with Netball New Zealand, Netball was introduced to New Zealand as womens basketball in 1906 or 1907 by Rev. J. C. The game spread across New Zealand through primary and secondary schools, by 1923, the first representative match was played between the regions of Canterbury and Wellington. The New Zealand Basketball Association was formed the year, representing the first national governing body for netball. The first New Zealand National Tournament was held two years later in 1926, a New Zealand national team was named in 1938 to tour Australia, games were played with the Australian seven-a-side rules. Prior to this, New Zealand and Australia had worked out their own unified rules, New Zealand national teams played seven-a-side, while domestic teams continued to play nine-a-side. However, the new rules of netball were agreed upon in 1958. The first Netball World Championships took place in 1963 in England, in 1970, New Zealand became the last country to adopt the name netball, which until that time was still referred to as womens basketball. Eventually, the New Zealand Netball Association was formed from the New Zealand Basketball Association, the 1970s saw an increase in regular tours by the New Zealand national team to other countries, as well as other national teams touring New Zealand. Domestically, mid-week netball became popular amongst housewives, who brought their children with them to netball games, by 1977,6,058 senior teams and 2,816 primary school teams were registered with the New Zealand Netball Association. New Zealand hosted the fourth Netball World Championships in 1975, coming third behind England, in 1991, the New Zealand Netball Association changed its name to the current Netball New Zealand. In 1998, the Silver Ferns won a medal when netball became a medal sport at the Commonwealth Games for the first time in Kuala Lumpur. The success of the team, combined with a long-standing rivalry with Australia, has helped the sport to maintain a high profile in New Zealand. Netball has recently developed into a sport with the start of the ANZ Championship. Netball New Zealand is the body that oversees organised netball competition at school, club. It was founded from the New Zealand Basketball Association, which was established in 1924, in recent years, Netball New Zealand secured the 2007 Netball World Championships, after hosting rights were withdrawn from Fiji following the 2006 Fijian coup détat. Netball New Zealand recently helped to organise the ANZ Championship in conjunction with Netball Australia, Netball New Zealand oversees 12 regional netball associations in regional and regional-representative netball
Netball in New Zealand
–
Netball sculpture at
Invercargill Airport,
Southland.
Netball in New Zealand
–
A netball game at an unidentified school, ca. 1910
Netball in New Zealand
–
New Zealand Herald's netball team from the late 1920s
Netball in New Zealand
–
Junior netball competition in Wellington.
42.
Rugby union in New Zealand
–
Rugby union is the unofficial national sport of New Zealand. The national team, the All Blacks, ranks as the top team in the world. The sport has been known in New Zealand from 1870, the top domestic competitions are the semi-professional ITM Cup and amateur Heartland Championship, and above them Super Rugby, in which New Zealand has five franchises. The country co-hosted and won the first ever Rugby World Cup in 1987 and they are the current world champions for men. Before Europeans arrived in New Zealand, the Māori were playing a game called ki-o-rahi which greatly resembled Australian Rules Football. It has been suggested that this may have influenced New Zealand playing styles, various codes of football were played in New Zealand in the years following white settlement. Christchurch Football Club, which is now the oldest rugby club in the country, was founded in 1863 and it played by its own rules for many years. Rugby football was first introduced to New Zealand in 1870 by Charles John Monro, son of the then-Speaker of the House of Representatives, a visit to Wellington by Munro later that same year resulted in an organised match between Nelson and Wellington. By the following year, the game had been formalised in Wellington, in 1875 the first representative team was formed, being a combined-clubs Auckland team which toured the South. It is thought that by the mid-1870s, the game had taken up by the majority of the colony. The latter stages of the 1870s saw the emergence of a formal structure. In 1882, the first international rugby side toured New Zealand, Two years later, a New Zealand team visited New South Wales, wearing blue jerseys with a golden fern. The team won all their games, in 1888, the first ever British Isles rugby team tour took place, visiting New Zealand and Australia. The visitors won all their New Zealand games except for one, during 1888-89, the New Zealand Native team became the first from a colony to visit Britain. In 1892 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, now known as the New Zealand Rugby Union, was established, following the establishment of the national governing body, the first NZRFU national sanctioned tour was undertaken in 1893, when a ten-game tour of Australia was played. The team was captained by Thomas Ellison, in 1902, the governor of New Zealand, the fifth Earl of Ranfurly presented a trophy shield to the Auckland side, who were undefeated in provincial competition that year. The shield became known as the Ranfurly Shield, Three years later, a 1905 New Zealand team, who became known as the Originals, toured the British Isles and France winning all of their games apart from controversially losing the test against Wales. As the team swept through Britain, some of the players took note of how rugby was being played in the North of England
Rugby union in New Zealand
–
New Zealand playing
England.
Rugby union in New Zealand
–
The 1884 team that toured New South Wales, Australia.
Rugby union in New Zealand
–
The
1905 All Blacks, named The Originals.
Rugby union in New Zealand
–
The
2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.
43.
List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand
–
A World Heritage Site is a location that is listed by UNESCO as having outstanding cultural or natural value to the common heritage of humanity. The World Heritage Committee has designated 32 World Heritage Sites in Oceania and these are in 11 countries, with the majority of sites being located in Australia. The first three inscriptions from the region, the Great Barrier Reef, Kakadu National Park and the Willandra Lakes, were in 1981—three years after the lists creation, the region contains the worlds three largest sites, Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Papahānaumokuākea and the Great Barrier Reef. In addition, the Tasmanian Wilderness is one of two sites in the world that meet seven out of the ten criteria for World Heritage listing. Each year, the World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list, selection is based on ten criteria, six for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. Some sites, designated mixed sites, represent both cultural and natural heritage, in Oceania there are 7 cultural,19 natural and 5 mixed sites. UNESCO may also specify that a site is in danger, stating conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List. In 2013, the Committee added East Rennell to the List of World Heritage in Danger because of the threat of logging activities to the outstanding universal value. The list below includes all sites located geographically within Oceania, and is constructed without reference to UNESCOs statistical divisions, Site – named after the World Heritage Committees official designation. Location – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level, in the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically. Criteria – as defined by the World Heritage Committee, Area – in hectares and acres, excluding any buffer zones. A value of implies that no data has been published by UNESCO. Year – during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List, description – brief information about the site. None of the sites in this list have been classified as endangered, UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Official site List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites - Official site Worldheritage-Forum - Information and Weblog on World Heritage Issues
List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand
–
Kakadu National Park, one of the first sites in Oceania to be inscribed as a World Heritage Site.
List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand
–
Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (
Riversleigh /
Naracoorte)
List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand
–
Australian Convict Sites
List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand
–
Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site
44.
Flag of New Zealand
–
The flag of New Zealand is a defaced Blue Ensign with the Union Flag in the canton, and four red stars with white borders to the right. The stars pattern represents the asterism within the constellation of Crux, chosen by an assembly of Māori chiefs at Waitangi in 1834, the flag was of a St Georges Cross with another cross in the canton containing four stars on a blue field. After the formation of the colony in 1840, British ensigns began to be used, the current flag was designed and adopted for use on Colonial ships in 1869, was quickly adopted as New Zealands national flag, and given statutory recognition in 1902. For several decades there has been debate about changing the flag, in 2016, a two-stage binding referendum on a flag change took place with voting on the second final stage closing on 24 March. In this referendum, the country voted to keep the flag by 57% to 43%. The need for a flag of New Zealand first became clear when the trading ship Sir George Murray, the ship had been sailing without a flag, a violation of British navigation laws. New Zealand was not a colony at the time and had no flag, among the passengers on the ship were two high-ranking Māori chiefs, believed to be Patuone and Taonui. The ships detention was reported as arousing indignation among the Māori population, unless a flag was selected, ships could continue to be seized. The first flag of New Zealand was adopted 9 March 1834 by a made by the United Tribes of New Zealand. The United Tribes later made the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand at Waitangi in 1835, three flags were proposed, all designed by the missionary Henry Williams, who was to play a major role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The flag is flown on the flag pole at Waitangi. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the British Union Flag was used, although the former United Tribes flag was used by a number of ships from New Zealand. The New Zealand Company settlement at Wellington, for example, continued to use the United Tribes flag until ordered to replace it by Governor William Hobson in May 1840. New Zealand did not have a badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage. In 1869 the First Lieutenant of the Royal Navy vessel Blanche, Albert Hastings Markham, submitted a design to Sir George Bowen and his proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved. It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag, one of the first recorded accounts of the New Zealand national Blue Ensign flag being flown in battle was at Quinns Post, Gallipoli, in 1915. It was not, however, flown officially, the flag was brought back to New Zealand by Private John Taylor, Canterbury Battalion. The first time the Flag of New Zealand was flown in a naval battle, the national flag is defined in legislation as the symbol of the Realm, Government, and people of New Zealand and like most other laws, can be changed by a simple majority in Parliament
Flag of New Zealand
–
The flag of New Zealand outside the
Beehive in Wellington
Flag of New Zealand
–
New Zealand
Flag of New Zealand
–
The flag pole at
Waitangi, flying (left – right) the Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, the Ensign of the
Royal New Zealand Navy and the Union Flag, 5 February 2006.
Flag of New Zealand
–
First Lieutenant
Albert Hastings Markham, designer of the Flag of New Zealand.
45.
Coat of arms of New Zealand
–
The coat of arms of New Zealand is a national symbol of New Zealand. The initial coat of arms was granted by royal warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911, until 1911, New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom. When New Zealand became a Dominion in 1907, it was decided that a new coat of arms was required, the winning entry was a design by James McDonald, a draughtsman in the Department of Tourist and Health Resorts. Some adjustments were made to the design and the arms were granted by Royal Warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911, the warrant was published in the New Zealand Gazette of 11 January 1912. Since being granted its own arms in 1911, New Zealands arms have remained similar to the current design, over all this is a pale, a broad vertical strip, with three ships representing the importance of sea trade, and the immigrant nature of all New Zealanders. Before 1956, the shield was identical, but the features were different. The crest was a holding the British Union Flag. Early renditions of the coat of arms are featured with more stylised scrolling rather than fern leaves. The original supporters were also slightly different, the woman had reddish-brown hair, and both figures faced forward rather than towards the shield. Though there is no documentary evidence, it is likely that the original model for the woman was Wellington socialite Alice Spragg. The model for the Māori warrior is unknown, the woman is identified as Zealandia, the national personification of New Zealand. Crest, the Crown of Saint Edward proper, the Compartment which is what the Supporters stand on is not always part of the Blazon but in this case it is two New Zealand Ferns in their natural colour. Quarterly means that the shield is divided into quarters by a vertical and horizontal line, azure and Gules which is blue and red respectively is the colour of the quarters. The top left quarter is the first quarter and of the first colour, the colouring proceeds chequer-board fashion for the lower left and lower right quarters. A pale is a vertical stripe placed over the part of the shield. Argent means silver or white and is the colour of the pale, then the objects on the pale are described. A Lymphad is a ship and there are three of them and sable is black. In the First is in the first quarter and the objects thereon are described, a Mullet is a five pointed star and in cross means that the four stars are placed as in a Christian cross
Coat of arms of New Zealand
–
The coat of arms is displayed in public buildings such as the
Wellington District Court.
Coat of arms of New Zealand
–
Coat of arms of New Zealand
46.
National anthems of New Zealand
–
New Zealand has two official national anthems, God Defend New Zealand and God Save the Queen. Legally they have equal status, but God Defend New Zealand is more commonly used, some other Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia use God Save the Queen, but unlike New Zealand, it does not have co-official status as national anthem in those countries. It is regarded solely as an anthem, and is used only on monarchy-related occasions. However, its use in those countries are similar to that of New Zealand as New Zealand nowadays uses God Save the Queen almost exclusively on occasions associated with the monarchy and it was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, and at the Olympics from 1972. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem, in 1976 a petition was presented to Parliament asking God Defend New Zealand to be made the national anthem. With the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it was gazetted as the second national anthem on 21 November 1977. Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency form the Realm of New Zealand along with New Zealand proper, te Atua Mou E and Ko e Iki he Lagi are anthems of Cook Islands and Niue, respectively. Tokelau uses God Save the Queen as its national anthem. The Ross Dependency uses the national anthems of New Zealand
National anthems of New Zealand
–
The original sheet music for "
God Defend New Zealand "
47.
Blues
–
Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
Blues
–
John Lomax (left) shaking hands with musician "Uncle" Rich Brown in Sumterville,
Alabama
Blues
–
Charley Patton, one of the originators of the Delta blues style, playing with a
pick or a
bottleneck slide.
Blues
–
Sheet music from "
Saint Louis Blues " (1914)
Blues
–
Bessie Smith, an early blues singer, was known for her powerful voice.
48.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
–
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
–
Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
–
In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
49.
Country music
–
Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
Country music
–
Jimmie Rodgers
Country music
–
Vernon Dalhart
Country music
–
Roy Acuff
Country music
–
Publicity photo of Roy Rogers and Gail Davis, 1948
50.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
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Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
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Chuck Berry in 1957
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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
