1.
New Zealand reggae
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New Zealand reggae is the New Zealand variation of the musical genre reggae. It is a large and well established part of New Zealand music, Reggae in New Zealand the 1970s and 1980s included Herbs, Dread, Beat and Blood, Unity Pacific and the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The 1979 Bob Marley concert at Western Springs Stadium is credited with having an influence of the growth of reggae in the country. Reggae topped the charts in New Zealand in the early 1980s when Toots and the Maytals, the reggae scene is centred on the Waikato and the capital Wellington, with capital music having a more dub and jazz influenced sound. Most New Zealand reggae bands incorporate different stylistic influences, and the result is a combination of sounds. The scene is not without its detractors and is referred to derisively as BBQ reggae, the inference being that the music functions only as a boring, unchallenging backdrop for having a BBQ in the backyard. Sometimes this criticism is levelled at New Zealand reggae in particular, the most successful of recent acts is Fat Freddys Drop, who incorporate jazz, soul and dub influences and reflect the capital sound. They have won awards and sold over 90,000 copies of their debut album. One of the most important groups of the last decade was Trinity Roots, the Black Seeds are another group who have significant commercial success in recent times. Their albums On The Sun and Into the Dojo both sold double platinum and the group has toured extensively throughout Europe and their latest album, Solid Ground, reached #15 on the US Reggae Charts. Other major groups include Katchafire, Cornerstone Roots,1814, Kora, House of Shem, major dub/electronic groups include Pitch Black, Shapeshifter and Salmonella Dub. The scene is based, and large reggae festivals occur annually. A strong collection of soundsystems exist, groups putting on parties and events with DJs, one Love and Raggamuffin are popular annual reggae concerts celebrating Bob Marleys birthday, a date that coincides with New Zealand public holiday Waitangi Day
2.
Music of the United Kingdom
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In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States became most dominant in popular music. This led to the explosion of the British Invasion, while subsequent notable movements in British music include the new wave of British heavy metal, the United Kingdom has one of the worlds largest music industries today, with many British musicians having influenced modern music. English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period of the seventeenth century. In contrast, court music of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it developed into modern classical music. Musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited the European classical traditions of the eighteenth century, each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms. Folk music flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of music, including music hall. Realisation of this led to two folk revivals, one in the century and the other in the mid-20th century. England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the period and including many forms of music, song. Through two periods of revival from the nineteenth century much of the tradition has been preserved. Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions, the popularity of traditional instruments such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out. Perhaps the most famous musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van Morrison. Scottish folk music includes kinds of songs, including ballads and laments. Traditional dances include waltzes, reels, strathspeys and jigs, alongside the other areas of the United Kingdom, Scotland underwent a roots revival in the 1960s. Wales is a Celtic country that features music played at twmpathau. Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp, having long been subordinate to English culture, Welsh musicians in the late 20th century had to reconstruct traditional music when a roots revival began. This revival began in the late 1970s and achieved mainstream success in the UK in the 80s with performers like Robin Huw Bowen, Moniars. Further technological, economic and social changes led to new forms of music in the century, including the brass band. Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to popular songs
3.
Culture of Europe
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The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy that originated from the European cultural region. European culture is rooted in what is often referred to as its common cultural heritage. Because of the number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single. Nonetheless, there are elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of elements given by K. Berting says that these points fit with Europes most positive realisations. The concept of European culture is linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. If Asia were converted to Christianity tomorrow, it would not thereby become a part of Europe and it is in Christianity that our arts have developed, it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have--until recently--been rooted. It is against a background of Christianity that all our thought has significance, only a Christian culture could have produced a Voltaire or a Nietzsche. I do not believe that the culture of Europe could survive the complete disappearance of the Christian Faith, the oldest known cave paintings are at the El Castillo cave, older than 40,800 years. The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later, the earliest European sculpture to date portrays a female form, and has been estimated at dating from 35,000 years ago. See Classical sculpture, Ancient Greek sculpture, Gothic art, Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Modernism, Postminimalism, found art, Postmodern art, Classical music, Important classical composers from Europe include Hildegard von Bingen, J. S. Luciano Pavarotti was a popular opera singer. Folk music, Europe has a wide and diverse range of music, sharing common features in rural. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, aural tradition, but was transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk has influenced popular music in Europe. See the list of European folk musics, popular music, Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from the United States, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, RnB and Dance
4.
Australian music
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The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the heritage of a 40. Contemporary fusions of Indigenous and Western styles mark distinctly Australian contributions to world music, tastes have diversified along with post-World War II multicultural immigration to Australia. Indigenous Australian music refers to the music of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, Music forms an integral part of the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples, and has been so for over 60,000 years. Traditional Indigenous music is best characterised by the didgeridoo, the best-known instrument, archaeological studies of rock art in the Northern Territory suggest people of the Kakadu region were playing the instrument 15,000 years ago. Contemporary Indigenous Australian music has covered numerous styles, including rock and roll, country, hip hop, Jimmy Little is regarded as the first Aboriginal performer to achieve mainstream success, with his debut 1964 song The Royal Telephone highly popular and successful. In 2005, Little was presented with a doctorate in music by the University of Sydney. It would be Yothu Yindi that would bring Indigenous music to the mainstream, with their 1991 song Treaty, from the album Tribal Voice, would go on to reach No.11 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The bands performances were based on the traditional Yolngu dance, the success of Yothu Yindi—winners of eight ARIA Awards—was followed in by Kev Carmody, Tiddas, Christine Anu, and numerous other Indigenous Australian musicians. For much of its history, Australias bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, early Australian ballads sing of the harsh ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen and shearers. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny, Classic bush songs on such themes include, The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drovers Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay. Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways, isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as Australias unofficial National anthem, is a quintessential Australian folk song, Celtic, English, German and Scandinavian folk traditions predominated in this first wave of European immigrant music. The Australian tradition is, in sense, related to the traditions of other countries with similar ethnic, historical and political origins, such as New Zealand, Canada. The Australian indigenous tradition brought to this mix novel elements, including new instruments, some of which are now internationally familiar, such as the didgeridoo of Northern Australia. A number of British singers have spent periods in Australia and have included Australian material in their repertoires, e. g. A. L. Lloyd, Martin Wyndham-Read and Eric Bogle. Kellys lyrics capture the vastness of the culture and landscape of Australia by chronicling life about him for over 30 years, david Fricke from Rolling Stone calls Kelly one of the finest songwriters I have ever heard, Australian or otherwise. In the 1970s, Australian Folk Rock brought both familiar and less familiar traditional songs, as well as new compositions, to live venues, notable artists include The Bushwacker Band and Redgum
5.
Music of the United States
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The music of the United States reflects the countrys multi-ethnic population through a diverse array of styles. It is a mixture of music influenced by West African, Irish, Scottish, the United States has the worlds largest music market with a total retail value of 4,898.3 million dollars in 2014, and its music is heard around the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century, some forms of American popular music have gained a global audience. Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is known as the United States. Beginning in the 17th century, immigrants from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Germany, African slaves brought musical traditions, and each subsequent wave of immigrants contributed to a melting pot. Much of modern music can trace its roots to the emergence in the late 19th century of African American blues. The African American basis for popular music used elements derived from European, there are also strong African roots in the music tradition of the original white settlers, such as country and bluegrass. Many American cities and towns have vibrant music scenes which, in turn, Modern day music is heavily influenced by previous and present African-American music genres. Some distinct aspects of American music, like the format, are derived from African techniques. Throughout the later part of American history, and into modern times, the Civil War, and the period following it, saw a general flowering of American art, literature and music. Amateur musical ensembles of this era can be seen as the birth of American popular music, Music author David Ewen describes these early amateur bands as combining the depth and drama of the classics with undemanding technique, eschewing complexity in favor of direct expression. If it was music, the words would be in English. In a way, it was part of the awakening of America that happened after the Civil War, a time in which American painters, writers. Music intertwines with aspects of American social and cultural identity, including through social class, race and ethnicity, geography, religion, language, gender, the relationship between music and race is perhaps the most potent determiner of musical meaning in the United States. The development of an African American musical identity, out of disparate sources from Africa, little documentation exists of colonial-era African American music, when styles, songs, and instruments from across West Africa commingled in the melting pot of slavery. In contrast, country music derives from both African and European, as well as Native American and Hawaiian, traditions and yet has long been perceived as a form of white music. Country music is also intertwined with identity, and is specifically rural in origin and function, other genres, like R&B. For much of American history, music-making has been a feminized activity, in the 19th century, amateur piano and singing were considered proper for middle- and upper-class women
6.
Parachute music festival
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It was previously held at Totara Springs in Matamata and El Rancho, Waikanae The festival was run by Parachute Music and usually lasted for three nights and four days. It was held the weekend before Auckland Anniversary Day, in late January, Parachute was one of the largest Christian music festivals outside of the United States and it was one of the largest multi-day festivals in the Southern Hemisphere. Primarily featuring musicians and guest speakers, the festival was also the longest running festival of any kind in New Zealand, the Parachute Music Festival attracted around 25,000 people each year. The largest crowd came in 2007, with 27,813 attendees, most people who attend stay on-site in tents and caravans, and a large village area supplies food, amenities and band merchandise. Each year artists apply to play at Parachute which gives an opportunity for musicians to have their music heard by an audience at a popular event. Bands applying must have a reference, that is a reference from a church leader. In some cases members of a band will not be Christian. While many local bands from New Zealand apply, Parachute receive applications from all over the world, Parachute Music also invite a number of headline artists each year to perform at the festival. Around 100 bands from different genres play at Parachute each year. The festival is aimed at a wide ranging from families to teenagers. It is classified as a non-denominational Christian event, with enforced bans on drugs or alcohol, however, a large percentage of non-Christian people do attend. Because Parachute is a non-denominational Christian festival, events such as Catholic Mass, the Festival is covered by most New Zealand media and is a well known event of the New Zealand summer. It has also supported by and has been in partnerships with a number of businesses and organisations - Some examples are Coca-Cola, Sanitarium, V, Pepsi, Vodafone. Parachute is often in partnerships with charities such as, World Vision, Parachute Music have been working with World Vision since 2006 to sponsor a village in Rwanda called Tubehoneza. Over the last six festivals, festival-goers have donated $303,000 to the area and this money has been used to build five water tanks, three classrooms, a maternity unit and a health centre for Tubehoneza. Also through the festival 1,900 children have been sponsored, in 1992, the first Parachute Music Festival was staged at El Rancho Christian Holiday Camp, Waikanae. In 1995, the festival moved north to a venue at Totara Springs Christian Centre. The most recent move was in 2004 to the Mystery Creek Events Centre, the festival has remained at Mystery Creek and in 2008, Parachute Music signed a contract with Mystery Creek Events Centre that kept the festival at the venue for five more years
7.
Nambassa
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Nambassa was a series of hippie-conceived festivals held between 1976 and 1981 on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand. They were music, arts and alternatives festivals that focused on peace, love, in addition to popular entertainment, they featured workshops and displays advocating holistic health issues, alternative medicine, clean and sustainable energy, and unadulterated foods. Waikino music festival at Bicknels farm, Waitawheta Valley, between Waihi and Waikino, parade from Queen St, Auckland, to nearby Albert Park for a free concert. Nambassa three-day music, crafts and alternative lifestyles festival on Phil and Pat Hulses 400-acre farm in Golden Valley, Nambassa winter road show toured the North Island promoting the 1979 festival. Two-day gathering in Maritoto Valley for the Mother Centre and friends, Nambassa beach festival touring family roadshow – Whangamata, Waihi Beach, Mount Maunganui and Coromandel. Nambassa three-day music, crafts and alternative lifestyles festival on Phil and Pat Hulses 400-acre farm in Golden Valley, Nambassa five-day celebration of music, crafts and alternative lifestyles culture on a 250-acre farm at Waitawheta Valley between Waihi and Waikino. Attendance 15,000 - well down on the 1979 festival, while this event lost money, it dramatically changed its character away from rock music towards hippie and New Age culture. Some of the hundreds of performers and guests who took part in Nambassa activities included, Split Enz, Nambassa 1979, the Little River Band, Nambassa 1979, with Glenn Shorrock. Skyhooks, Nambassa 1978, like Split Enz, Australias early developers of theatre rock, pioneer of British blues in the 1960s and 1970s. Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Nambassa 1981, early black American blues exponents who influenced the 1960s music revolution. Famous for the 1960s international smash hit Eve of Destruction, New Zealander formerly of The La De Das and an Australian Blues Foundation Hall of Famer. Topp Twins, Nambassa 1979 and 1981, limbs Dance Company, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981. Acorns Theatrical Productions, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981, jonathon Acorn, dedicated to childrens entertainment in puppetry and comedy, produced the Woozlebub childrens stage at Nambassa 1981, featuring five days of non stop theatrical and music productions. Alan Clay, Nambassa 1979 and 1981, childrens entertainer, author and international arts coordinator. Living Force, Waikino and Nambassa,1977,1978 and 1979, featuring a youthful Dave Dobbyn, then nurtured by Charlie Gray from the Island of Real cafe. Rick Steele and the Hot Biscuit Band, Nambassa 79, the winter show, tribrations, Nambassa 1978,1979 and 1981. They were based in Coroglen Coromandel, midge Marsden, Nambassa 1978 and 1979. Main stage manager, international acts,1981, sam Fords Verandah Band, Nambassa 1979
8.
Tahora, Manawatu-Wanganui
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It was the location of an annual folk music festival for 30 years. Tahora 21st, a coming of age, Tahora, Tahora Folk Festival,1997 This is a 2-CD collection, featuring performers, ward, Julian, Tahora 25 years, Wellington, Espial Films. This is a video cassette chronicling the 2000–2001 Tahora Folk Festival, dedicated to the memory of Alan Muggeridge. RSA Memorial Arch, Ohawe Military Cemetery, Okaiawa Cemetery, Otakeho Cemetery, Tahora Cemetery, Te Namu Maori Cemetery, Waihi Cemetery, Whangamomona Cemetery, n. p. n. p. n. d. There is a series of interviews conducted with a local Tahora identity, the extent of these interviews can be ascertained at David Walter interviews. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008
9.
Radio Hauraki
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Radio Hauraki is a New Zealand rock music station that started in 1966. From its founding until 2012 Hauraki played a mix of classic, in 2013, it changed its music content, playing modern rock and alternative music from the last 25–30 years. In its modern form, Radio Haurakis head office and main studios are now located at 2 Graham Street in the Auckland CBD. Private commercial radio stations had operated from the earliest days of broadcasting, but the government began to close them down, private stations were able to apply for licences to operate, but the New Zealand Broadcasting Service stonewalled all applications. Gapes, Lowe, Parkinson and OCallaghan eventually broke the radio monopoly, the four men bought a boat and tried to make it seaworthy, however the Marine Department continuously rejected their application for a warrant of fitness for the ship. So in 1966 the crew set sail anyway without the WOF, however the ship got caught on a drawbridge in the Auckland Viaduct and the crew were arrested. The station broadcast on the frequency of 1480 kHz - well outside the range of frequencies used by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, during the next 2 years, the crew on the Tiri would endure adverse weather conditions, fatigue, and continued efforts to shut down the station. On 28 January 1968 disaster struck as the Tiri attempted to negotiate its way into Whangaparapara Harbour on Great Barrier Island in foul weather, the ship ran aground on rocks, with Radio Hauraki disc jockey Derek King keeping listeners up-to-date with running commentary. The final broadcast from the Tiri was Hauraki News, Hauraki crew is abandoning ship and this is Paul Lineham aboard the Tiri. The Tiri was later towed back to Auckland and the equipment was salvaged. However, the Tiri herself was beyond repair and was replaced four days later by the Kapuni, a month after the loss of the Tiri, Radio Hauraki was back in international waters and broadcasting again. In April of the same year Tiri II found herself beached again at Whangaparapara Harbour, after repairs she was back at sea in five days. Between this time and June 1968, Tiri II would end up beached at Uretiti Beach, just before Christmas 1968, Radio Hauraki became New Zealands first 24-hour broadcasting radio station. Radio Hauraki was not live radio, the studios were land-based and most programs were recorded on reel-to-reel tapes in 1/2 hour segments approximately one week prior to their broadcast. This meant that while contests, current top tunes, etc. could be accommodated, news, Tiri was owned by AG Frankham Ltd and was registered as a barge. After running aground at Whangaparapara on 28 January 1968, it was laid up at Limestone Island near Whangarei, the search and rescue boat Marauder was owned by Bill Gibbs and Tryphena. Kapuni, also owned by AG Frankham Ltd, became known as Tiri II only during Hauraki service from 1968 to 1970 and it was laid up on Rotoroa Island in the Hauraki Gulf. In mid-1970, the monopoly on radio frequencies was broken, with the New Zealand Broadcasting Authority finally allowing Radio Hauraki to broadcast on land
10.
RNZ Concert
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RNZ Concert or Radio New Zealand Concert, known as Concert FM until 2007, is a publicly funded non-commercial New Zealand FM fine music radio network. It is owned and operated by Radio New Zealand from its Wellington headquarters, the networks playlist of classical, jazz, contemporary and world music includes an extensive and growing collection of original recordings of mostly local musicians and composers. Around 15 percent of its airtime is given over to live concerts, orchestral performances, operas, interviews, features and specialty music programmes, many of which are locally recorded. The networks specialist production department also commissions work, initiates music programmes, Radio New Zealand Concert also draws content from its international counterparts, including ABC Classic FM, the European Broadcasting Union, the WFMT Radio Network and BBC Radio 3. New Zealand radio stations were streamlined in the 1950s into three distinct call signs, light popular entertainment stations came under ZB and mixed or middlebrow stations were identified as YA. There were also four highbrow YC stations taking on the model of the BBCs Third Programme - 1YC in Auckland, 2YC in Wellington, 3YC in Christchurch and 4YC in Dunedin. Both YA and YC stations began taking networked programming from Wellington that matched their particular format, the YA stations were rebranded as the National Programme in 1964, but it was not until 1975 that YC stations officially formed the Concert Programme. The growth of commercial radio and Radio New Zealands commercial assets by the fourth National government changed the environment in which the Concert Programme operates. Radio New Zealand became a Crown entity, with the Concert programme being one of the few services it continued to operate, until the launch of the AM Network in 1997, the network carried live coverage of the proceedings of the New Zealand Parliament. Since 2000, the network has aired a New Years Day countdown from a survey of New Zealands 65 most popular fine music tracks. First-placed pieces have included Handels Messiah and Schumanns Konzertstuck first movement, a print advertising campaign showing the musical scores of popular tracks depicted as battle scenes has been used to promote the countdown since 2012. On 22 January 2007 Concert FM was renamed Radio New Zealand Concert to associate it more clearly with the Radio New Zealand brand. Since 2008 it has been under the management of former radio documentary-maker and music educator Roger Smith, as part of its promotion of New Zealand Music Month, the network has produced a series of podcasts of New Zealand performances of classic works. Through the Soundz Centre for New Zealand Music Trusts Resound Project, the Concert network has been involved in several contests and performances commemorating Anzac Day and the centenary of World War I. The compositions were performed, recorded and broadcast on the Concert programme, RNZ is fully funded by the government through New Zealand on Air, but its funding has been nominally frozen since the election of the fifth National government in 2008. The Concert programme has drawn criticism for its Government funding and it has faced allegations of elitism, left-wing bias, and serving wealthy audiences and minority interests. Equally, it has accused of closely following commercial radio formats. Supporters of the network have said it performs well on a small budget, recorded performances of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra have been one of the cornerstones of the Concert programme since the orchestra was first formed
11.
God Defend New Zealand
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God Defend New Zealand is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being God Save the Queen. Legally they have equal status, but God Defend New Zealand is more used and is widely referred to as the national anthem. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876, over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. The anthem has English and Māori lyrics, with different meanings. When performed in public, the practice is to sing the first verse in both Māori and English. God Defend New Zealand was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, a competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Tasmanian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, the song was first performed at the Queens Theatre, Princes Street, Dunedin, on Christmas Day,1876. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking God Defend New Zealand to be made the national anthem. With the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it was gazetted as the second national anthem on 21 November 1977. Up until then God Save The Queen was New Zealands national anthem, an alternative official arrangement for massed singing by Maxwell Fernie was announced by the Minister of Internal Affairs, Allan Highet on 1 June 1978. Woods original score was written in the key of A-flat major and was suited for solo and choral singing. It is interesting to observe that Woods autograph manuscript has an error in bar 3 of the tune itself, the second note is clearly written as a C but it is always sung as D-flat as indeed the accompaniment is a D-flat triad. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage has responsibility for the national anthems, God Defend New Zealand has five verses, each in English and Māori. The Māori version is not a translation of the English version. From as early as the late 1880s, some versions of the Māori translation of the National Anthem have been incorrect, a typescript of the translation by Thomas Smith uses ‘Whakarangona’ as one word. ‘Whaka’ is a prefix and can’t stand alone, and ‘rangona’ and ‘rongona’ mean the same thing, ‘Ihowā’ is the standard version of God and was the one used by Smith. The incorrect form, ‘Ihoa’, has used for so long as to seem correct
12.
God Save the Queen
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God Save the Queen is the national and/or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant and it is also the royal anthem of all the aforementioned countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Barbados and Tuvalu. In countries not previously part of the British Empire, the tune of God Save the Queen has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, in the United States, the melody is used for the patriotic song My Country, Tis of Thee. The melody is used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein. Beyond its first verse, which is consistent, God Save the Queen/King has many historic, since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung, sometimes two verses are sung, and on rare occasions, three. The sovereign and her or his consort are saluted with the entire anthem, the first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK, as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories. He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell, one of which includes the notes of the modern tune. Nineteenth-century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol, the first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year and this manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points, one as early as the first bar, but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem. It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745, with, for example, Scholes analysis includes mention of untenable and doubtful claims, as well as an American misattribution. The surgical knife that was purpose-built for the occasion is on display in the Musée dhistoire de la médecine, lully set words by Marie de Brinon to music, and Créquy claims the tune was later plagiarised by Handel. Translated in Latin under the name Domine, Salvum Fac Regem, after the Battle of Culloden, the Hanover dynasty supposedly then adopted this melody as the British anthem. James Oswald, He is an author of the Thesaurus Musicus, so may have played a part in the history of the song. Dr Henry Carey, Scholes refutes this attribution, first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim, second, when the claim was made by Careys son, it was accompanied by a request for a pension from the British Government on that score. Third, the younger Carey claimed that his father had written parts of it in 1745, Scholes recommends the attribution traditional or traditional, earliest known version by John Bull. The English Hymnal gives no attribution, stating merely 17th or 18th cent, God Save the Queen is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Like many aspects of British constitutional life, its official status derives from custom and use, in general only one or two verses are sung, but on rare occasions three
13.
Slice of Heaven
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Slice of Heaven is a single by New Zealand singer/songwriter Dave Dobbyn with the band Herbs, released in 1986 on the soundtrack of the animated motion picture, Footrot Flats, The Dogs Tail Tale. The single was No.1 on New Zealand music charts for eight weeks and it also appeared on Dobbyns 1988 album, Loyal. Dobbyn was writing in Sydney when he was given the opportunity to compose for the Footrot Flats film and he had previously used the line Slice of Heaven in the DD Smash album The Optimist, and chose to revisit it. He brought in Herbs to sing in the based on his childhood experiences of Pacific gospel choirs. The song incorporates a synthesised Japanese flute made with an E-mu Emulator II, the video features Dobbyn, Herbs and dancers recording the song, interspersed with clips from the Footrot Flats film. The music video was recorded in Wellingtons Marmalade Studios, notably, due to time constraints, the clips of the singers performing are from their live recording takes rather than being a recreation. The version featured in the credits of The Footrot Flats movie is of Dobbyns vocals only. The song gained exposure in Australasia through the Footrot Flats trailer being shown before the popular Crocodile Dundee film. According to Dobbyn, one New Zealand rock station producer refused to play the song as they considered it underproduced, the song spent 8 weeks at number one on the New Zealand charts, and 4 weeks at number one in Australia. The song has received praise for the combination of Dobbyns and Herbs vocals, Slice of Heaven was awarded Best Song at the 1986 New Zealand Music Awards. Slice of Heaven featured in Natures Best—New Zealands Top 30 Songs of All Time and it has also become synonymous with the Footrot Flats film
14.
Chris Knox
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Chris Knox is a New Zealand rock and roll musician, cartoonist, and movie reviewer who emerged during the punk rock era with his bands The Enemy and Toy Love. After Toy Love disbanded in the early 1980s, he formed the group Tall Dwarfs with guitarist Alec Bathgate, the Tall Dwarfs were noted for their unpolished sound and intense live shows. His 4-track machine was used to record most of the early Flying Nun singles and he has also released a number of solo, self-produced albums which feature his Casiotone. Knox has also released an album under the pseudonym Friend, at the 2001 New Zealand Music Awards Knoxs ballad Not Given Lightly was announced as New Zealands thirteenth best song of all time, as voted by APRA members. Knox has played live in front of all around New Zealand, winning a reputation for his sometimes confrontational style. He has also toured internationally. His swing through the US in 1995 included, among others and his minimalist, DIY sound played well to ears then-focused on grunge, with its retro-punk stylings. A long-time resident of Auckland, Knox has spent time as a newspaper columnist and his satirical comic strip Max Media appeared in the NZ Herald every week for more than fifteen years. He has also been a television film reviewer, hosted a Television New Zealand season of classic movies. Knox launched his own label A Major Records in 2006 to release the album Chris Knox and this was the first album Knox recorded in a professional studio, rather than in his trademark DIY style, since his time with Toy Love. Knoxs Its Love, from the 2000 album Beat, has used in Share the Good. On 11 June 2009 Knox was admitted to Auckland hospital suffering from a stroke, the album Stroke, Songs for Chris Knox was released in New Zealand on 16 November 2009. It features 33 artists performing Knoxs songs, the album is a way for Knoxs fans to contribute to the costs of his rehabilitation. All artists contributed their time and talent without charge, the Greenwich Village arts venue Le Poisson Rouge hosted a benefit concert for Knox on 6 May 2010. Artists included Jeff Mangum and Yo La Tengo, who participated in the 2009 benefit album for Knox
15.
Six Months in a Leaky Boat
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Six Months in a Leaky Boat is a single from New Zealand art rock group Split Enzs album Time and Tide. It was written by Tim Finn and released as a single in 1982, the song is a reference to the time it took pioneers to sail to Australia and New Zealand, and a metaphor that refers to lead singer Tim Finns nervous breakdown. This track is not present on the American release and this track also forms an introduction to Six Months in a Leaky Boat on its original album release. The song entered the RIANZ New Zealand singles charts at number 31 on 13 June 1982 and it spent a total of 16 weeks in the top 40. Canadian broadcaster and singer Liz Rigney covered the song for her 1999 album Chameleon and they also played the song during their set at the Sydney Sound Relief concert. Ted Leo and the Pharmacists covered the song as a performance on their album Tell Balgeary, Balgury Is Dead. Pop band Elle Rae covered Six Months In a Leaky Boat, the song was voted the 5th best New Zealand song of all time in 2001 by members of APRA. Six Months in a Leaky Boat on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
16.
Don't Dream It's Over
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Dont Dream Its Over is a song by the New Zealand rock band Crowded House, recorded for their 1986 self-titled debut studio album. The song was written by band member Neil Finn, and released in October 1986 as the single from the album. The song, described by AllMusic as a ballad, became the bands biggest international hit. Dont Dream Its Over was also a success in Neil Finns native country New Zealand where it peaked at No. 1, it topped the charts in Canada, while in Australia it peaked at No.8. In Continental Europe, it reached No.6 in Norway, No.7 in the Netherlands, in America the single was topped only by I Knew You Were Waiting by Aretha Franklin and George Michael. Dont Dream Its Over was ranked second on the New Zealand list and it was nominated for Best Group Video, and Best Direction at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and earned the group a Best New Artist award. Dont Dream Its Over written by Neil Finn, thats What I Call Love written by Neil Finn and Paul Hester. Dont Dream Its Over –3,56 I Need Somebody –4,00 Dont Dream Its Over was the radio single released in promotion of the album Divine Discontent by Sixpence None the Richer. The commercial single features the B-side Dont Pass Me By. Their version was included in the 2003 compilation album Smallville. Rapper Classified sampled the riff on the song It Aint Over, italian singer Antonello Venditti recorded a re-written version of the song – Alta Marea – in 1991, with a then-unknown Angelina Jolie playing a seductress in the video
17.
Loyal (Dave Dobbyn song)
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Loyal is a single by New Zealand singer/songwriter Dave Dobbyn, released in 1988 from the album of the same name. The song reached number 19 on the New Zealand charts and has become a cult song for the nation. Dobbyn wrote the song in Sydney, with the harmonic progression coming about from playing with a newly bought guitar. He co-produced the single, and in retrospect is not entirely happy with the result, preferring live versions such as that from the Together in Concert, Live tour with Bic Runga and Tim Finn. The music video for Loyal was directed by Kerry Brown and is a video of Dobbyn. It was met with mixed reception and there is some argument about the appropriateness of the imagery for the song, dobbyns patterned jersey also received some derision. In 2001, Loyal was voted the 3rd best New Zealand song of the 20th century by APRA and it was also included on the live album Together in Concert, Live, which was performed with Bic Runga and Tim Finn. It was used in 2002 as the song for the defending New Zealand team in the 2003 Americas Cup yachting competition. There was some public unhappiness about the association with the campaign. However, in 2006, voters in an survey of 3000 voted it NZs best song. Dobbyn has noted the adoption of Loyal into the wider New Zealand psyche, Music Video The National Anthems, a commentary on top APRA New Zealand songs including Loyal
18.
Culture of New Zealand
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Polynesian explorers reached the islands between 1250 and 1300 CE. Over the ensuing centuries of Polynesian expansion and settlement, Māori culture developed from its Polynesian roots, Māori established separate tribes, built fortified villages, hunted and fished, traded commodities, developed agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. Regular European contact began from 1800, and British immigration proceeded rapidly, especially from 1855, colonists had a dramatic effect on the Māori, bringing Christianity, advanced technology, the English language, numeracy and literacy. In 1840 Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, intended to enable the tribes to live peacefully with the colonists. However, after incidents, the New Zealand wars broke out from 1845, with Māori suffering a loss of land, partly through confiscation. Māori retained their identity, mostly choosing to live separately from settlers and continuing to speak, with mass migration from Britain, a high Māori death rate and low life expectancy for Māori women, the indigenous population figure dropped between 1850 and 1930, becoming a minority. European New Zealanders, despite their far from Europe, retained strong cultural ties to Mother England. These ties were weakened by the demise of the British Empire and loss of access to British meat. Pākehā began to forge a separate identity influenced by their pioneering history, more recently, New Zealand culture has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands, East Asia and South Asia. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are apparent, with Pasifika, the worlds largest Polynesian festival, New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day, and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province. New Zealand has two national anthems of equal status, God Save the Queen and God Defend New Zealand—the latter of which is sung with alternating Māori. Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions, simply calling themselves New Zealanders or Kiwis, the Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand who first arrived In New Zealand about 1280. They arrived from Eastern Polynesia, most likely the Society Islands, in 2014 demographers believe about 100-200 Polynesians migrants arrived at a similar time. Māori settled the islands and developed a culture over several hundred years. Oral history tells of a voyage from Hawaiki in large ocean-going canoes. Māori mythology is a corpus of gods and heroes, sharing some Polynesian motifs. Some notable figures are Rangi and Papa, Māui, and Kupe, central to many cultural events is the marae, where families and tribes gather for special occasions, such as pōwhiri or tangi. Māori often call themselves tāngata whenua, placing particular importance on a lifestyle connected to land, communal living, sharing, and living off the land are strong traditional values
19.
History of New Zealand
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The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Abel Janszoon Tasman on 13 December 1642, captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire, there was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealands land passing from Māori to Pākehā ownership, from the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including womens suffrage and old age pensions. The country remained a member of the British Empire, and 110,000 men fought in World War I. After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles, joined the League of Nations, when World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealanders contributed to the defence of the British Empire, the country contributed some 120,000 troops. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and a welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers and this led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. In the 1980s the economy was deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies. Foreign policy involved support for Britain in the wars, and close relations after 1940 with the United States. Foreign policy after 1980 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear-free region, subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat. In 1984, the Fourth Labour government was elected amid a constitutional, the economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (finance minister, who enacted fundamental, radically neo-liberal and unexpectedly pro-free market reforms known as Rogernomics. New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia, the most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. The descendants of settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, as moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara and this was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land, in this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare
20.
Independence of New Zealand
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The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence, instead, independence came about as a result of New Zealands evolving constitutional status, New Zealand evolved as one of the British Dominions, colonies within the British Empire which gradually established progressively greater degrees of self-rule. They were always anomalous in terms, and the attempt to define a date of independence in the sense that one can be given for most ex-colonies is not really meaningful. However, a consideration of possible dates can help understanding of the processes of change, the principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. The principles of government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colonys settlers the right to self-governance, only 12 years after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony, the first major step towards nationhood on the international stage came in 1919 when New Zealand was given a seat in the newly founded League of Nations. However, Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland were hostile towards this development, irrespective of any legal developments, some New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. Thus, New Zealand has no date of official independence. The concept of a national Independence Day does not exist in New Zealand, the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840 marked the beginning of organised British colonisation of New Zealand. New Zealand was originally a sub-colony of the Colony of New South Wales, Waitangi Day is thus celebrated as New Zealands national day. Others dispute this, pointing to the use of the term kawanatanga in the Treaty deducts from rangatiratanga, New Zealand became a self-governing colony in 1853 following the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established responsible government in the colony. New Zealand participated in the 1891 National Australian Convention in Sydney to consider the Federation of the Australian, the Convention agreed to four principles including the creation of a Federated army and navy. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand did not send a delegation to the 1897 National Australian Convention, in 1901 New Zealand did not ratify the Australian Constitution, and did not partake in the Federation of Australia. Prime Minister Joseph Ward determined that New Zealand should become a dominion, on 26 September 1907 the United Kingdom granted New Zealand Dominion status within the British Empire. New Zealand became known as the Dominion of New Zealand, the date was declared Dominion Day, but never reached any popularity as a day of independence. As a potential national day, Dominion Day never possessed any emotional appeal, the Dominion newspaper began on Dominion Day,1907. To regard it as an independence day is incorrect, the change to dominion status was seen as purely cosmetic
21.
Colony of New Zealand
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The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally created as a Crown colony, the power of the British government was vested in a governor, the colony was granted self-government in 1852, after the first parliament was elected in 1853, the 1852 Constitution was inaugurated. The first responsible government of New Zealand was formed in 1856, the Colony of New Zealand had three capitals, Old Russell, Auckland and Wellington. In 1907, the became the Dominion of New Zealand. Following the proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same proclamation on 1 February 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840, in the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island. The basis for the claim over the North Island was the Treaty of Waitangi between the Māori and the British Crown, in the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protection of being a British subject. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island, initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson, answerable to his superior, was the Governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, the Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became Governor of New Zealand, the first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established. An Executive Council and a Legislative Council were created to assist the governor, the Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, the Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances, statutory instruments. The colony was divided into three provinces, New Ulster Province, New Munster Province, and New Leinster Province, as new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson had its own elected council, later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers Constitutional Association in 1848. The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide the country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, in the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. The latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Greys constitution, the second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly, which consisted of the Legislative Council, the first general election for the House of Representatives was held on between 14 July and 1 October 1853
22.
Dominion of New Zealand
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The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire. New Zealand became a separate British Crown colony in 1841 and received responsible government with the Constitution Act in 1852. New Zealand chose not to part in Australian Federation and became the Dominion of New Zealand on 26 September 1907, Dominion Day. Dominion status was a mark of the political independence that had evolved over half a century through responsible government. Just under one million lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland. The Dominion of New Zealand allowed the British government to shape its foreign policy, the 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. When the Second World War broke out in 1939 the New Zealand government made its own decision to enter the war, in the post-war period, the term ‘Dominion’ has fallen into disuse. Full independence was granted with the Statute of Westminster in 1931, after much debate over lexicon, the term ‘Dominion’ was decided upon. Dominion status was anticipated to be a house between colonial status and full independence. The adoption of the designation of ‘Dominion’ would, raise the status of New Zealand stated Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward, Ward also had regional imperial ambitions. He hoped the new designation would remind the world that New Zealand was not part of Australia and it would dignify New Zealand, a country he thought was the natural centre for the government of the South Pacific. A royal proclamation granting New Zealand the designation of ‘Dominion’ was issued on 9 September 1907, on 26 September the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, read the proclamation from the steps of Parliament, Edward R. & I. And We hereby give Our Commands to all Public Departments accordingly, given at Our Court at Buckingham Palace, this ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven, and in the seventh year of Our Reign. God save the King Letters patent were issued to confirm New Zealands change in status, declaring that, there shall be a Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Our Dominion of New Zealand. Control over defence, constitutional amendments, and foreign affairs remained with the British government until the Statute of Westminster was adopted in 1947, Ward had thought that New Zealanders would be much gratified with the new title. However, Dominion status was received with limited enthusiasm and indifference from the general public, the shift from colony to Dominion was viewed as a change of name only. The general public were unable to discern any practical difference, Dominion status was symbolic and recognised the countrys shift to self-governance, but this change had been accomplished with the first responsible government in the 1850s
23.
Military history of New Zealand
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The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the history of New Zealand that spans several hundred years. When first settled by Māori almost a millennium ago, there was land and resources. Initially being fought with close range weapons of wood and stone, colonisation by Britain led to the New Zealand land wars in the 19th century in which settler and imperial troops and their Māori allies fought against other Māori and a handful of Pākehā. In the first half of the 20th century, New Zealanders of all races fought alongside Britain in the Boer War, in the second half of the century and into this century the New Zealand Defence Force has provided token assistance to the United States in several conflicts. New Zealand has also contributed extensively to multilateral peacekeeping operations. The level of intertribal warfare amongst pre-European Māori is unknown, oral histories, legends and whakapapa include many stories of battles and wars but little research has been carried out into how often wars actually happened. Archaeological evidence suggests that population growth and the extinction of the moa, warfare increased as tribes. At some point, perhaps before this change, one group migrated to the Chatham Islands. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. In the classic Māori culture of 1550 CE onward, warriors were held in high esteem, Māori were unusual in having no distance weapons such as bows or slings, so all fighting took place at close range. Defence was based on hill forts, the remains of which can be all over New Zealand. The largest battle recorded was that of Hingakaka with several thousand combatants, the Musket Wars were a series of battles in the early 19th century, fought between various Māori tribal groups, mainly on the North Island. In time, all the tribes traded to obtain muskets and the conflict reached an uneasy stalemate. The wars gave Māori experience in fighting with and defending against guns – experience which would be vital in the New Zealand Wars. The expedition was sent by Governor Bourke from Sydney, but was criticised for use of excessive force by a British House of Commons report in 1835. The New Zealand or Land Wars were a series of wars fought between Māori on one side and a mixture of troops, imperial troops and other Māori on the other. The name Māori Wars has fallen into disuse, a Māori name for the conflict is Te Riri Pākehā. While the fighting began in 1843 and the last shots were fired in the early 20th century
24.
New Zealanders
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New Zealanders, colloquially known as Kiwis, are citizens of New Zealand. New Zealand is a society, and home to people of many national origins. New Zealand had a resident population of around 4.47 million as of June 2013. While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora, of these,360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. This diaspora has reportedly surged as of 2010, with well over 650,000 New Zealanders living abroad, according to the Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection, an estimated 640,770 New Zealanders lived in Australia on 30 June 2013. The majority of New Zealanders or their ancestors immigrated within the past three centuries, with the exception of the Māori population who settled New Zealand from Eastern Polynesia and it also includes influences of Māori culture. Large-scale immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries from Asia such as Chinese, the Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150, over the following centuries the Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi and hapū which would cooperate, compete, at some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealands geographic isolation,500 years passed before the phase of settlement. Only then did the inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans and Americans to the vicinity of New Zealand, some settled—for economic, religious or personal reasons. People of European descent constitute the majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, the table above shows the broad ethnic composition of New Zealand population at the 1961 and the most recent 2013 census. Europeans include all persons of European - Maori — quarter castes, the residual others ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with percentages of other European ancestries such as Croatians, Germans, Poles, French, Dutch, Scandinavian. In the 1961 census, over 90% self-identified as people of European descent, the first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cooks voyage of 1768–71, Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships and they traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water
25.
Kiwi (people)
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Kiwi is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference. The name derives from the kiwi, a bird, which is native to. Unlike many demographic labels, its usage is not considered offensive, it is viewed as a symbol of pride. In the early 1900s New Zealanders—including soldiers and the All Blacks—were referred to as En Zeds, Fernleaves and this usage was still in place near the end of World War I. However, although New Zealand soldiers were described as Diggers or Pig Islanders. The kiwi had appeared on military badges since the South Canterbury Battalion used it in 1886, Kiwi came to mean first the men of New Zealand regiments and then all New Zealanders. Many troops stayed in Europe for months or years until transport home could be arranged, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first use of the Kiwi to mean New Zealander in 1918, in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Chronicles. The nickname Kiwis for New Zealand servicemen eventually became common usage in all war theatres, following World War II the term was gradually attributed to all New Zealanders and today, throughout the world they are referred to as Kiwis, as well as often referring to themselves that way. Spelling of the word Kiwi, when used to describe the people, is often capitalised, the birds name is spelt with a lower-case k and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as kiwi when pluralised. Thus, two Kiwis refers to two people, whereas two kiwi refers to two birds and this linguistic nicety is well exemplified by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Conservation Trust, which uses the slogan Kiwis saving kiwi. kiwi, an internet domain name
26.
New Zealand English
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New Zealand English is the variant of the English language spoken by most English-speaking New Zealanders. Its language code in ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ, English is one of New Zealands three official languages and is the first language of the majority of the population. The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century and it is one of the newest native-speaker variet of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years. The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation, New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. The first comprehensive dictionary dedicated to New Zealand English was probably the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary, published in 1979. It includes a one-page list of the date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as haka, Boohai. A second edition was published in 1989 with the subtitle the first dictionary of New Zealand English. A third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie, was published as The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand English by Reed Publishing in 2001, Orsmans next dictionary achievement was The New Zealand Dictionary, published by New House Publishers in 1994. It was co-edited by Elizabeth Orsman, a second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman. This research started with Orsmans 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary, to assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997. It has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words, every edition has retained a New Zealander as advisor for the New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman and the most recent being noted New Zealand lexicographer Laurie Bauer. A more light-hearted look at English as spoken in New Zealand and this slim volume lists many of the potentially confusing and/or misleading terms for Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. A second edition was published in 1990, from the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods with the indigenous Māori, the first settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, many of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled, in 1788 the colony of New South Wales of Australia had been founded. The colony included most of New Zealand except for the half of the South Island. Formed two years prior in London, the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand, some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born, New Zealand ceased to be part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841
27.
New Zealand Sign Language
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New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the Deaf community in New Zealand. It became a language of New Zealand in April 2006, alongside English. New Zealand Sign Language has its roots in British Sign Language, there are 62. 5% similarities found in British Sign Language and NZSL, compared with 33% of NZSL signs found in American Sign Language. Like other natural languages, it was devised by and for deaf people. It uses the same two-handed manual alphabet as BSL and Auslan and it uses more lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealands history of oralist education of deaf people. Its vocabulary includes Māori concepts such as marae and tangi, the first non-Polynesian immigrants to New Zealand were from Britain, and those who were deaf brought British Sign Language with them. The first known teacher of language was Dorcas Mitchell, who taught the children of one family in Charteris Bay, Lyttelton Harbour. By 1877 she had taught 42 pupils, when the first school for the deaf was opened at Sumner, south east of Christchurch in 1878, Mitchell applied unsuccessfully for the position of principal. Instead it went to Gerrit Van Asch, who agreed with the Milan congress of deaf educators of 1880 that teaching should be oral only, and this was the policy of the school until 1979. A documentary film about the school made in the 1950s makes no mention of sign language, similar policies were maintained at the schools at Titirangi and Kelston that opened in 1940 and 1958. Unsurprisingly, the children used sign language secretly and after leaving school, the main haven for NZSL was the Deaf Clubs in the main centres. In 1979, Total Communication was adopted at the Sumner School, as a result, younger signers use a number of Australasian signs in their NZSL, to such an extent that some call traditional NZSL Old Sign. NZSL was adopted for teaching in 1994, in 1985, Marianne Ahlgren proved in her PhD thesis at Victoria University of Wellington that NZSL is a fully-fledged language, with a large vocabulary of signs and a consistent grammar of space. The New Zealand Sign Language Teachers Association was set up in 1992, over the next few years adult education classes in NZSL began in several centres. Also in 1992 an interpreter training programme was established at the Auckland Institute of Technology and they had as early as 1984 sought support for more research to determine the need for sign language interpreters. Other than a one-off course run in 1985, this was the first time a professional training programme with a qualification was offered in New Zealand. Many of those who have gone on to work as professional NZSL interpreters began their journey in NZSL community classes taught by members of the NZSLTA. An important step toward the recognition of NZSL was the publication in 1998 of a comprehensive NZSL dictionary by Victoria University of Wellington and the Deaf Association of NZ
28.
New Zealand cuisine
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New Zealand cuisine is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. An island nation with an agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean, historical influences came from Māori culture. New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian culinary traditions have become popular since the 1970s, in New Zealand households, dinner is the main meal of the day, when families gather and share their evening together. Restaurants and takeaways provide a proportion of the diet. When the indigenous Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia they had a number of plants, including kūmara, taro. The plants grew well only in the north of the North Island, native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird, the large flightless moa were soon hunted to extinction. Rāhui included forbidding the hunting of species in particular places or at certain times of year. Like other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngi, stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves are placed on top. The packs are further covered with foliage and cloth, or, wet sacks, other cooking methods included roasting and, in geothermal areas, boiling or steaming using natural hot springs and pools. Occasionally food would be boiled in non-geothermal areas by putting hot stones into a bowl with water and the food, some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage, in traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it coming into contact with places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, high chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no people were available to load the food supplies into the partys waka. When Europeans first arrived in New Zealand from the eighteenth century. Some of these, especially pork and potatoes, were adopted by Māori
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Alcohol in New Zealand
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Alcohol has been consumed in New Zealand since the arrival of European settlers. The most popular alcoholic beverages are beer and wine, New Zealand has no minimum consumption age for alcohol, however the minimum purchase age is 18. There is no tradition or archaeological evidence of Māori brewing beer before the arrival of Europeans. Major ingredients of beer were not introduced to New Zealand until Europeans arrived in the late-18th century, captain James Cook brewed a beer flavoured with local spruce tree needles while visiting New Zealand in 1773 in order to combat scurvy aboard ship. He brewed the beer while anchored in Ship Cove in the reaches of Queen Charlotte Sound in January 1770. Here he experimented with the use of young rimu branches as a treatment against scurvy and it was brewed on Saturday 27 March 1773 on Resolution Island, in Dusky Sound, Fiordland. The beer was brewed using wort with addition of molasses and rimu bark, James Cook wrote, We also began to brew beer from the branches or leaves of a tree, which much resembles the American black-spruce. Wine making and vine growing go back to times in New Zealand. British Resident and keen oenologist James Busby was, as early as 1836, in 1851 New Zealands oldest existing vineyard was established by French Roman Catholic missionaries at Mission Estate in Hawkes Bay. Due to economic, legislative and cultural factors, wine was for years a marginal activity in terms of economic importance. Typically, their vineyards produced sherry and port for the palates of New Zealanders of the time, the three factors that held back the development of the industry simultaneously underwent subtle but historic changes in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community, which required the ending of historic trade terms for New Zealand meat and this led ultimately to a dramatic restructuring of the agricultural economy. Before this restructuring was implemented, diversification away from traditional protein products to products with potentially higher economic returns was explored. Vines, which produce best in low moisture and low soil fertility environments, were seen as suitable for areas that had previously been marginal pasture. The end of the 1960s saw the end of the New Zealand institution of the six oclock swill, the same legislative reform saw the introduction of BYO licences for restaurants. Finally the late 1960s and early 1970s noted the rise of the overseas experience, between 1836 and 1919, the New Zealand temperance movement became a powerful and popular lobby group, as similar movements did in the UK and the USA. In 1919 at a national poll, prohibition gained 49% of the vote and was only defeated when the votes of returned servicemen were counted. Well known temperance activists in New Zealand include William Fox, Frank Isitt, Leonard Isitt, Elizabeth McCombs, James McCombs, Kate Sheppard, Robert Stout, the first laws prohibiting Māori people from consuming alcohol in New Zealand were established between 1847 and 1878
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New Zealand music festivals
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Music festivals have a long and chequered history in New Zealand. The first large rock music festival was The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival in 1973. The largest was the 1979 Nambassa festival, one of several Nambassa festivals held around that time, in Golden Valley, there are regular jazz, folk, ethnic and country music awards and festivals, some of which have been in existence for decades. Large music festivals, for example Sweetwaters Music Festivals, Nambassa and The Big Day Out have been staged periodically since the 1970s, says Te Ara, Parachute Music Festival is a Christian music festival held in New Zealand. It was one of New Zealands largest music festivals and it is the Southern Hemispheres largest Christian music festival, on March 27,2014 Parachute Music released a statement on its Facebook and its website announcing that Parachute Music Festival would no longer be running. Nambassa 1979 was the largest music event in New Zealand, nearly 60,000 came, making it, per capita, the world’s largest festival of its type. Nambassa will be remembered for many things and it was the largest campsite, the biggest and brightest party, and the best attended and most successful musical and cultural event ever in New Zealand. Festival One -2005 - Present - Christian Music Festival A Low Hum - 2006-2014 - Small music festival in Wellington each year over Waitangi Weekend,50 bands over 3 or 4 days. Queenstown Winter Festival - Queenstown Rhythm & Alps - unknown-present - in Cardrona Valley near Wanaka, Rhythm & Vines - 2003–present - vineyard near Gisborne. Soundscape - 2010–present - Hamilton CBD, soundSplash - Whaingaroa/ Raglan, New Zealand reggae festival. St Jeromes Laneway Festival - 2010–present - Auckland Swampfest - 2004–present - Palmerston Norths Globe Theatre, alpine Unity - 2001-2002, Southern Alps. Big Day Out - 1994-1997, 1999-2012,2014 - Mt Smart Stadium, Big Gay Out - Pt Chevalier, Auckland. Brown Trout Festival -1980,1983 - on a farm east of Dannevirke BW Summer Festival - 2004–2015- Lead-up to Rhythm & Vines in Gisborne, destination - 2001-2004, Cave Stream, Southern Alps. The Gathering - 1996-2002 - Canaan Downs, Takaka Hill, near Nelson and Cobb Valley, Golden Bay, g-TARanaki Guitar Festival - 2008-2010 - International guitar festival in New Plymouth, Taranaki. La De Da - 2010-2013 -held at Daisybank Farm, in Martinborough, mountain Rock Music Festival - 1992-1996 - Farm near Pahiatua. Nambassa -1978,1979,1981 - Music and alternatives festivals in Golden Valley, north of Waihi, Parachute Music Festival - 1995-2014 - contemporary Christian music attracting around 30,000 people each year to Mystery Creek, Waikato. Parihaka International Peace Festival - Parihaka - Taranaki, the farmland close to the three marae at Parihaka was turned into a festival site with camping for four days. Phat - Maitai Valley, near Nelson, and Inangahua, the 2007 event was called Phat07 Bass Camp Redwood music festivals - unknown - Farm/orchard at Redwood Park, West Auckland
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Religion in New Zealand
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In New Zealand, Christianity is the most common religion with almost half of the population at the 2013 New Zealand Census declaring an affiliation. The majority of 19th century European migrants came from the British Isles, while 47.5 percent of New Zealanders affiliate with Christianity, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. The number of people affiliated with Christianity has declined since the 1990s, with increased immigration to New Zealand, especially from Asia, the number of people affiliating with non-Christian religions has also increased. New Zealands religious history after the arrival of Europeans saw substantial missionary activity, the Church Missionary Society sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society, officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, the CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decade established farms and schools in the area. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan mission in New Zealand, was established at Whangaroa, jean Baptiste Pompallier was the first Roman Catholic bishop in New Zealand and, with a number of Marist Brothers, he organised the Roman Catholic Church throughout the country. In 1892 the New Zealand Church Mission Society formed in a Nelson church hall, the religious climate of early New Zealand was influenced by voluntarism. Waves of new immigrants brought their particular faiths with them, Catholicism meanwhile was the dominant religion on the West Coast with its many mining concerns, and in Central Otago. Immigration since 1991 has resulted in religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism growing rapidly, however, a large portion of the growth of these religions has occurred in Auckland. New Zealand censuses have collected data on religious affiliation since 1851, one complication in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 respondents in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the number of responses. In the early 20th century New Zealand census data indicates that the vast majority of New Zealanders affiliated with Christianity. The total percentages in the 1921 non-Māori census were, 45% Anglicans,19. 9% Presbyterians,13. 6% Catholics,9. 5% Methodists and 11. 2% Others, the population increased 7. 8% between the 2006 and 2001 census. The most notable trend in religion over that time is the 26. 2% increase in the number of people indicating no religion, the table below is based on religious affiliation data recorded at the last three censuses for usually resident people. Note that figures and percentages may not add to 100 percent as it is possible for people to more than one religion. Hinduism emerged as the second largest religious group in New Zealand after Christianity in the 2006 census, mainstream Christian denominations, while still representing the largest categories of census religious affiliation, are not keeping pace with population increase. Anglicans fell by 95,154 to 459,771 and Presbyterians decreased by 69,936 to 330,903, Roman Catholic numbers decreased by 16,053 to 492,384. The only other religious groups above 100,000 members are Christian, compare this with numbers in 1901, where 42% of people identified with the Anglican denomination, 23% with Presbyterian, and 14% with Catholicism
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Christianity in New Zealand
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Christianity in New Zealand dates to the arrival of missionaries in the early 19th century and is the countrys primary religion. Slightly less than half the population identify as Christian, Christian organisations are the leading non-government providers of social services in New Zealand. A number of denominations are present, with none having a dominant position, the first Christian missionaries came to New Zealand at the start of the 19th century. The Church Mission Society, an Anglican organisation, established a presence in New Zealand in 1814 and this expedition was led by Samuel Marsden. Later missionaries brought other religious denominations — Jean Baptiste Pompallier played an important role in establishing Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism was brought to New Zealand largely by Scottish settlers. The Maori people also created their own forms of Christianity, with Ratana, the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began work in health care and education. At the direction of Mary MacKillop, the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand, in 1892, Suzanne Aubert established the Sisters of Compassion - the first Catholic order established in New Zealand for women. Although there was hostility between Catholic and Protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this declined after the 1920s. Sectarian groups such as the Orange Order continue to exist in New Zealand but are now virtually invisible, New Zealands first Catholic Prime Minister, Joseph Ward, took office in 1906. The founding of the National Council of Churches in 1941 marked the positive relationships between New Zealand Christians, the NCC was an important voice of the churches in national affairs. The NCC was replaced in 1988 by a new body which included Roman Catholics -the Conference of Churches in Aotearoa New Zealand. In the 2006 census, around 55. 6% of those who answered the question on religion identified themselves as Christian and this gives a total of slightly more than two million Christians in the country. The largest denominations were Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians, and Methodists, around 5% of the population identified themselves as Christian without associating themselves with any particular denomination. The proportion of New Zealanders who identify as Christian is declining, different denominations are experiencing different trends. Anglicanism and Presbyterianism are both losing adherents, while the Catholic Church is gaining, the average proportion of Christians in the sixteen cities is 50. 2%. The three largest denominations are found in all parts of the country — the maps below show their distribution across the territorial authorities, no territorial authority has more than a third of its population belonging to a single denomination, although some parts of the lower South Island come close. Anglicanism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of English descent, is common in most parts of the country and it is the largest denomination in most parts of rural New Zealand, the main exception being the lower South Island. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Anglicans are Gisborne, Wairoa, the territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Anglicans are Invercargill, Manukau, and Clutha
