1.
Culture of Peru
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The culture of Peru was made by the relationship between European and Ameridian cultures. The ethnic diversity and rugged geography of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to co-exist. The coastal, European influenced Peru has passed through various intellectual stages - from colonial Hispanic culture to European Romanticism after independence, the early 20th century brought indigenismo, expressed in a new awareness of Indian culture. Since World War II, Peruvian writers, artists, and intellectuals such as César Vallejo and José María Arguedas have participated in worldwide intellectual, Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas, published in 1609. After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people, costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Priests. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, José Carlos Mariáteguis essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of such as Mario Vargas Llosa. Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery, two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the Cathedral of Cusco and the Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the Baroque, the Independence War left a creative emptiness that was filled by the Neoclassicism of the French. The 20th century was characterized by the architecture, which has been in stark opposition to constructive functionalism. Its considerable example is San Martin Plaza in Lima, Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean music roots and influenced by Quechua, Aymara and Spanish music. Popular celebrations are the product of every towns traditions and legends and these celebrations include music, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like Christmas and Corpus Christi, an example is the Marinera which is one of the main dances found in Peru. Many families find it fascinating to watch a performance and they also have a guinea pig festival each year. Football is the most popular sport in Peru, Football in Peru is governed by the Peruvian Football Federation, which organizes the mens and womens national teams. Nolberto Solano Current renowned players include defender Carlos Zambrano, midfielder Juan Manuel Vargas and strikers Claudio Pizarro, José Paolo Guerrero, alianza Lima, Sporting Cristal, and Universitario de Deportes are the biggest teams in Peru. In 2003, Cienciano won the Copa Sudamericana beating Argentinian club River Plate, Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South Americas most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes but in 1972, achievements from the Peru national football team include competing at the FIFA World Cup, in 1930,1970,1978, and 1982. The national team won two Copa Américas in 1939 and 1975, achievements from the Peru womens national football team include finishing third place at the 1998 Sudamericano Femenino, and finishing fourth place at the 2003 Sudamericano Femenino
2.
History of Peru
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The history of Peru spans 4 million millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire and it was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, which established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. The nation declared independence from Spain in 1821, but consolidated only after the Battle of Ayacucho, hunting tools dating back to more than 11,000 years ago have been found inside the caves of Pachacamac, Telarmachay, Junin and Lauricocha. Some of the oldest civilizations appeared circa 6000 BC in the provinces of Chilca and Paracas. Over the following three years, inhabitants switched from nomadic lifestyles to cultivating land, as evidence from sites such as Jiskairumoko, Kotosh. Cultivation of plants such as corn and cotton began, as well as the domestication of such as the wild ancestors of the llama, the alpaca. Inhabitants practiced spinning and knitting of cotton and wool, basketry and pottery, as these inhabitants became sedentary, farming allowed them to build settlements and new societies emerged along the coast and in the Andean mountains. The first known city in the Americas was Caral, located in the Supe Valley 200 km north of Lima and it was built in approximately 2500 BC. What is left from the civilization, also called Norte Chico, is about 30 pyramidal structures built up in receding terraces ending in a flat roof, Caral is one of the world centers of the rise of civilization. In the early 21st century, archeologists have discovered new evidence of ancient pre-Ceramic complex cultures, in 2006, Robert Benfer and a research team discovered a 4, 200-year-old observatory at Buena Vista, a site in the Andes several kilometers north of present-day Lima. They believe the observatory was related to the reliance on agriculture. The site includes the oldest three-dimensional sculptures found thus far in South America, in 2007 the archeologist Walter Alva and his team found a 4, 000-year-old temple with painted murals at Ventarrón, in the northwest Lambayeque region. The temple contained ceremonial offerings gained from exchange with Peruvian jungle societies, many other civilizations developed and were absorbed by the most powerful ones such as Kotosh, Chavin, Paracas, Lima, Nasca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari, Lambayeque, Chimu and Chincha, among others. The Paracas culture emerged on the southern coast around 300 BC and they are known for their use of vicuña fibers instead of just cotton to produce fine textiles—innovations that did not reach the northern coast of Peru until centuries later. These coastal cultures eventually began to decline as a result of recurring el Niño floods, in consequence, the Huari and Tiwanaku, who dwelt inland in the Andes became the predominant cultures of the region encompassing much of modern-day Peru and Bolivia. Around 700 BC, they appear to have developed systems of organization that were the precursors of the Inca civilization. Not all Andean cultures were willing to offer their loyalty to the Incas as the Incas expanded their empire, the people of the Chachapoyas culture were an example of this, but the Inca eventually conquered and integrated them into their empire. The Incas built the largest empire and dynasty of pre-Columbian America, the Tahuantinsuyo—which is derived from Quechua for The Four United Regions—reached its greatest extension at the beginning of the 16th century
3.
Languages of Peru
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In the zones where they are predominant, Quechua, Aymara and other aboriginal languages also have official status. The most common languages are Spanish, to an extent, Quechua and Aymara languages, not to mention numerous minor Amazonian languages. The aboriginal languages of Peru are spoken mainly in the central Andes, the only aboriginal Andean languages in use in the highlands today are those of the Aymara families. The Amazon region, however, is home to a There are currently fourteen defined language families in Peruvian territory, in addition to more isolated and unclassified languages. It is known that the number of languages that were used in Peru easily surpasses 300, yet from the time of European conquest, epidemics and periods of forced work, fewer than 150 can be counted today. The following is an incomplete list of languages today. In the Peruvian Amazon over forty languages, which are grouped into 14 families. In addition to the above, in Peru there is a community of immigrants. Within those, there are the Japanese and the Chinese, for example and in numbers, the Germans, Italian, the Arabic speakers. The last two are products of the recent wave of immigrants from Palestine and Pakistan, lately, the influence of English has grown considerably due to the number of tourists and American and British residents. In Peru, the most common language is Spanish, which is spoken by the majority of Peruvians, Spanish is used in the media, in the government, etc. Peruvian Coast Spanish Andean Spanish Amazonic Spanish, Resonancias. org – Aboriginal languages of Peru Center of Peruvian Studies Mucha-suerte. com – ペルー トルヒージョ 2003年12月31日
4.
Lord of Miracles
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Lord of Miracles is an image painted of Jesus Christ that is venerated in Lima, Peru. The image was painted during the 17th century by an unnamed African taken from what is now Angola to Peru as a slave and its feast is the main Catholic celebration in Peru and one of the largest processions in the world. Christ is shown enduring the pain of crucifixion, above the cross is the Holy Spirit and God the Father. Below and to the right of Jesus is his mother, the Virgin Mary with her heart pierced by a sword of sorrow. Kneeling and weeping at the foot of the cross is St. Mary Magdalene and its name originated in the 17th century during an earthquake, which destroyed most of the city leaving only that mural standing. This is considered a miraculous occurrence by many living there, every year in October, hundreds of thousands of devotees from all races and economic backgrounds participate in a religious procession honouring the image through the streets of Lima. Boulevards are decorated in purple on October 18,19, and 28 to celebrate the Lord of Miracles
5.
Peruvian cuisine
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Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are corn, potatoes and other tubers, staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat and meats. Chef Gaston Acurio has become known for raising awareness of local ingredients. The US food critic Eric Asimov has described it as one of the worlds most important cuisines and as an exemplar of fusion cuisine, due to its long multicultural history. Peru is considered an important center for the diversity of the worlds crops, Potatoes. Over 99% of all cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a single subspecies and this subspecies has developed into thousands of varieties that vary by size, shape, color, and other sensory characteristics. The much lower molecular diversity found in Peru and Ecuador suggests that the potato was introduced there from Central America. Only two varieties of potato are commonly available for sale in Peru. One has dry orange flesh and light tan skin and tastes sweet, the other has purple skin, is white and brown inside, and is only moderately sweet. Occasionally another variety, characterized by small tubers and dark skin, is available, Potatoes are available in more variety. The two most common potatoes are a white flesh type and an expensive yellow flesh type. Yacon, although an underground tuber, is used as a fruit. None of the other fruits are commercially available. From Peru, the Spanish brought back to Europe several foods that would become staples for many peoples around the world, Potatoes, Potatoes were introduced to Europe from Latin America. They were considered livestock feed in Europe until French chemist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier began serving dishes made from the tubers at his lavish banquets and his guests were immediately convinced that potatoes were fit for human consumption. Parmentiers introduction of the potato is still discussed in Europe today, the varieties used in Europe and most of the world, however, derive from a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, namely Solanum tuberosum. Beans, Several varieties of the bean are native to Latin America including the lima bean. The varieties of chili peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and maize that the Spanish brought back to Europe, however, were not native to Peru, Peppers, the varieties most commonly used around the world, however, derive from Mexico and Central America
6.
Religion in Peru
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Religion in Peru is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. The Spanish conquerors not only conquered Peru militarily, but also sought to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity, indigenous Andean religious beliefs and practices persisted, which the Catholic Church sought to suppress. Many churches were built in the period, the visible manifestation of Catholicism. The Peruvian government is closely allied with the Catholic Church, article 50 of the Constitution recognizes the Catholic Churchs role as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral development of the nation. Catholic clergy and laypersons receive state remuneration in addition to the stipends paid to them by the Church and this applies to the countrys 52 bishops, as well as to some priests whose ministries are located in towns and villages along the borders. In addition each diocese receives a monthly subsidy from the Government. An agreement signed with the Vatican in 1980 grants the Catholic Church special status in Peru, the Catholic Church receives preferential treatment in education, tax benefits, immigration of religious workers, and other areas, in accordance with the agreement. So Roman Catholicism could be considered the religion of Peru. See also the following, Roman Catholicism in Peru, Catholic university with Partial list of Catholic universities in Peru, Catholicism is the only religion taught in public schools. In addition, Catholic religious symbols are found in all government buildings, as of 2013 there were approximately 10 to 11% of the population identifying themselves as Protestants, mainly Evangelicals. They continue to grow faster than the growth rate. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims more than 568,000 members in Peru, there are currently 764 congregations that meet in Peru. This is down from 776 in 2012, there are currently two LDS temple in Peru, located at La Molina in Lima and a second temple in Trujillo. The LDS church also announced a third temple to be built in Arequipa, in the most recent General Conference for the LDS church on April 3,2016 it was announced that a fourth temple would be built in Peru in Los Olivos Lima. This second temple in Lima makes the city one of the few in the world with two temples, Peru is also home to more than 100 stakes of the LDS church. Buddhism was introduced to Peru in 1899 when the ship Sakura Maru arrived at Callao, Peru, while Mahayana remains the largest school of Buddhism in Peru, other schools such as the Diamond form have begun to spread so that Peru has more than 50,000 practicing Buddhists. The Baháí Faith in Peru begins with references to Peru in Baháí literature as early as 1916, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated some 41,000 Baháís in 2005. The statistics for Islam in Peru estimate a total Muslim population of 5,000, largely based in the capital of Lima, Peru, introduced in 2001, by Seax Gesith Ariel Phoenice, Witan of the Mimirs Well Seax Coven Perú
7.
Peruvian art
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Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish, decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver and ceramics to create a variety of sculpture and these civilizations were also known for their architecture and stone sculpture. Between the 8th century BCE and the 1st century CE, the Paracas Cavernas and Paracas Necropolis cultures developed on the south coast of Peru, Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns, the 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, Moche, in the Lambayeque region. The Mochica culture produced impressive architectural works, such as the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna and they were expert at cultivation in terraces and hydraulic engineering and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the Wari civilization, flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in Ayacucho and their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as Pachacamac, Cajamarquilla and Wari Willka. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban Tiwanaku empire rose by the borders of Lake Titicaca, centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanakus developing bronze, urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the Chimú Culture. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan in the valley of the Moche river, the Chimú were skilled goldsmiths and created remarkable works of hydraulic engineering. Peruvian sculpture and painting began to themselves from the ateliers founded by monks. In this context, the stalls of the Cathedral choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by Pedro de Noguera, and a part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the Cuzco School that taught Quechua artists European painting styles, diego Quispe Tito was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and Marcos Zapata was one of the last. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque Style also dominated the field of plastic arts, the image of Mary in Our Lady of Bethlehem hosts a lot of European styling and representations of the Western Mary. She is elevated from the ground, and is wearing a crown and has the faint image of a halo behind her head. She is being presented as cherubic figures pull back drapery, as if she is being showcased, surrounding her are small cherubic heads, often referred to as putis in Southern American culture. They represent the innocence of children and act as a nod to her maternity and she is dresses in obvious western, high-culture garments - highly adorned. Even the infant Christ is portrayed in western apparel, in the 19th century, French neoclassic and romantic currents found their best representatives in L. Montero, Ignacio Merino, Daniel Hernández Morillo and Francisco Masias
8.
Architecture of Peru
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Peruvian architecture is the architecture carried out during any time in what is now Peru, and by Peruvian architects worldwide. Its diversity and long history spans from ancient Peru, the Inca Empire, Peruvian colonial architecture is the conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Renaissance period are the Cathedral, after this period, cultural mixture reached richer expression in the Baroque. The wars of independence left a creative emptiness that Neoclassicism of French inspiration could just fill, the 20th century is characterized by the eclecticism, to which the constructive functionalism has been against. The most considerable example is Plaza San Martín in Lima
9.
Peruvian literature
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The artistic production of the pre-Hispanic period, especially art produced under the Incan Empire, is largely unknown. It consisted of two main forms, harawis --- a form of lyrical poetry---and hayllis--- a form of epic poetry. Both forms described the life and rituals of the time. Orally transmitted folktales expressed the cosmology of the Andean world, and their inclusion in the official canon was a slow process, as they were not viewed with seriousness. It was resurrected from obscurity in the 20th century, by a number of scholars and anthropologists who compiled and rescued Pre-Hispanic myths. Escritura y conflicto étnico-cultural en América Latina and he speaks of a great tradition of enormous textual mass which was marginalized and sidelined by the Western scriptural system. Luis Alberto Sánchez, on the hand, employed elements of the Pre-Hispanic tradition to illustrate his theory of a racially mixed Creole literature of both indigenous and Iberian parentage. To this end, he cited chronicles by authors such as Cieza, Betanzos, the literature of Perus discovery and conquest includes all works produced in the region during its discovery and conquest by Spain. It can also refer to literature produced roughly around this time, the period begins on November 15,1532 in Cajamarca with the capture of the last Inca lord, Atahualpa, it ends with the complete dismantling of the Incan Empire and the founding of the city of Lima. The principal literary manifestations of this period are in the form of chronicles of discovery, according to Francisco Carrillo, the early chroniclers could be divided into various groups. The first is the group of chroniclers detailing the conquest, the majority of these were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue. Both groups coexisted during the first period of the Peruvian conquest, for the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of the conqueror, whose mission was to civilize and reveal the true faith to the native peoples of Peru. Therefore, many of their descriptions and the motivations they ascribe to the peoples of the region are distorted. He is also responsible for Relación Sámano-Xerez of 1528, which details Pizarros first expeditions of 1525 and 1527 and his historical accounts are reiterated by Pedro Sancho de la Hoz, in his La Conquista de Peru, also of 1534. There were a number of indigenous and mestizo chroniclers in Peru, many of the indigenous chroniclers, such as Titu Cusi Yupanqui, were of royal Incan bloodlines. After familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, Yupanqui wrote Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió in 1570. In it, he presents a vision of his own history, juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti also writes a chronicle in which he crudely attempts to explain the Inca cosmogony in rudimentary Spanish
10.
Peruvian dances
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Peruvian dances are primarily of native origin. There are also dances that are related to work, hunting. Some choreographies show certain Christian influence, the most internationally known dance in Peru is the Marinera Norteña. This dance represents a mans courting of a young woman, there are local variants of this dance in the Lima Region and the other regions of the country. Ancash is a performed in Piscobamba, on the occasion of the feast of the Virgin of Mercy. Waylas is a dance from the central part of Peru in the Mantaro Valley located in the department of Junin. Is a dance very lively and cheerful, characterized by the energy and it is a couples dance group whose origin is a mythical religious ritual. Tarkada is a dance performed during the festival in the Tacna Region in Peru. Huaconada is a dance that is represented in the town of Mito, Concepción Province, Junín Region. Tondero also known as Marinera of Alto Piura, Piura yunga or and it predates the zamacueca, and very gypsy influence in its beat, singing tragic and repetitive guitar tundete, or black African influence in its choir and rhythmic and Andean in its shrill or whiny. El Vals Criollo is a subgenre and musical adaptation of the original European waltz, wititi is a native Peruvian folk dance Tapay district, Province of Caylloma, Arequipa region in southern Peru. This dance has now spread and danced in the festivities of many villages the Colca Canyon, Witi Witi in Quechua means making love Zamacueca is an ancient colonial dance and music that originated in the Viceroyalty of Peru, taking its roots from African, Spanish, and Andean rhythms. La Chumaichada is the dance of Chachapoyas because it was born in this area, no holiday or celebration is complete if it is not danced. It has been said that he had so much influence that the city became Frenchified during his time, next to Chachapoyas, there is a small town called Huanca, where the homonym dance had its origin. It is also danced in several regions of the Amazonas department during agricultural activities and they wear a white shirt of wide and long sleeves, a black vest adorned with red ribbons and black trousers. They also wear a crown of showy peacocks feathers and their presence is important in all the big celebrations of the region. The Trapichillo, danced by four couples grabbed by the hands and turning around from right to left side The Quinsamana. The carnival music that is played in Amazonas presents notes of real euphoria and it is similar to the huayno
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