1.
Culture of Peru
–
The culture of Peru was made by the relationship between European and Ameridian cultures. The ethnic diversity and rugged geography of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to co-exist. The coastal, European influenced Peru has passed through various intellectual stages - from colonial Hispanic culture to European Romanticism after independence, the early 20th century brought indigenismo, expressed in a new awareness of Indian culture. Since World War II, Peruvian writers, artists, and intellectuals such as César Vallejo and José María Arguedas have participated in worldwide intellectual, Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas, published in 1609. After independence, the monarchy wrote a book that spoke to all of the people, costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Priests. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, José Carlos Mariáteguis essays in the 1920s were a turning-point in the political and economic analysis of Peruvian history. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of such as Mario Vargas Llosa. Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery, two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the Cathedral of Cusco and the Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the Baroque, the Independence War left a creative emptiness that was filled by the Neoclassicism of the French. The 20th century was characterized by the architecture, which has been in stark opposition to constructive functionalism. Its considerable example is San Martin Plaza in Lima, Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean music roots and influenced by Quechua, Aymara and Spanish music. Popular celebrations are the product of every towns traditions and legends and these celebrations include music, meals and typical drinks. In addition to the religious celebrations like Christmas and Corpus Christi, an example is the Marinera which is one of the main dances found in Peru. Many families find it fascinating to watch a performance and they also have a guinea pig festival each year. Football is the most popular sport in Peru, Football in Peru is governed by the Peruvian Football Federation, which organizes the mens and womens national teams. Nolberto Solano Current renowned players include defender Carlos Zambrano, midfielder Juan Manuel Vargas and strikers Claudio Pizarro, José Paolo Guerrero, alianza Lima, Sporting Cristal, and Universitario de Deportes are the biggest teams in Peru. In 2003, Cienciano won the Copa Sudamericana beating Argentinian club River Plate, Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South Americas most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes but in 1972, achievements from the Peru national football team include competing at the FIFA World Cup, in 1930,1970,1978, and 1982. The national team won two Copa Américas in 1939 and 1975, achievements from the Peru womens national football team include finishing third place at the 1998 Sudamericano Femenino, and finishing fourth place at the 2003 Sudamericano Femenino
2.
History of Peru
–
The history of Peru spans 4 million millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire and it was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, which established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. The nation declared independence from Spain in 1821, but consolidated only after the Battle of Ayacucho, hunting tools dating back to more than 11,000 years ago have been found inside the caves of Pachacamac, Telarmachay, Junin and Lauricocha. Some of the oldest civilizations appeared circa 6000 BC in the provinces of Chilca and Paracas. Over the following three years, inhabitants switched from nomadic lifestyles to cultivating land, as evidence from sites such as Jiskairumoko, Kotosh. Cultivation of plants such as corn and cotton began, as well as the domestication of such as the wild ancestors of the llama, the alpaca. Inhabitants practiced spinning and knitting of cotton and wool, basketry and pottery, as these inhabitants became sedentary, farming allowed them to build settlements and new societies emerged along the coast and in the Andean mountains. The first known city in the Americas was Caral, located in the Supe Valley 200 km north of Lima and it was built in approximately 2500 BC. What is left from the civilization, also called Norte Chico, is about 30 pyramidal structures built up in receding terraces ending in a flat roof, Caral is one of the world centers of the rise of civilization. In the early 21st century, archeologists have discovered new evidence of ancient pre-Ceramic complex cultures, in 2006, Robert Benfer and a research team discovered a 4, 200-year-old observatory at Buena Vista, a site in the Andes several kilometers north of present-day Lima. They believe the observatory was related to the reliance on agriculture. The site includes the oldest three-dimensional sculptures found thus far in South America, in 2007 the archeologist Walter Alva and his team found a 4, 000-year-old temple with painted murals at Ventarrón, in the northwest Lambayeque region. The temple contained ceremonial offerings gained from exchange with Peruvian jungle societies, many other civilizations developed and were absorbed by the most powerful ones such as Kotosh, Chavin, Paracas, Lima, Nasca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari, Lambayeque, Chimu and Chincha, among others. The Paracas culture emerged on the southern coast around 300 BC and they are known for their use of vicuña fibers instead of just cotton to produce fine textiles—innovations that did not reach the northern coast of Peru until centuries later. These coastal cultures eventually began to decline as a result of recurring el Niño floods, in consequence, the Huari and Tiwanaku, who dwelt inland in the Andes became the predominant cultures of the region encompassing much of modern-day Peru and Bolivia. Around 700 BC, they appear to have developed systems of organization that were the precursors of the Inca civilization. Not all Andean cultures were willing to offer their loyalty to the Incas as the Incas expanded their empire, the people of the Chachapoyas culture were an example of this, but the Inca eventually conquered and integrated them into their empire. The Incas built the largest empire and dynasty of pre-Columbian America, the Tahuantinsuyo—which is derived from Quechua for The Four United Regions—reached its greatest extension at the beginning of the 16th century
3.
Languages of Peru
–
In the zones where they are predominant, Quechua, Aymara and other aboriginal languages also have official status. The most common languages are Spanish, to an extent, Quechua and Aymara languages, not to mention numerous minor Amazonian languages. The aboriginal languages of Peru are spoken mainly in the central Andes, the only aboriginal Andean languages in use in the highlands today are those of the Aymara families. The Amazon region, however, is home to a There are currently fourteen defined language families in Peruvian territory, in addition to more isolated and unclassified languages. It is known that the number of languages that were used in Peru easily surpasses 300, yet from the time of European conquest, epidemics and periods of forced work, fewer than 150 can be counted today. The following is an incomplete list of languages today. In the Peruvian Amazon over forty languages, which are grouped into 14 families. In addition to the above, in Peru there is a community of immigrants. Within those, there are the Japanese and the Chinese, for example and in numbers, the Germans, Italian, the Arabic speakers. The last two are products of the recent wave of immigrants from Palestine and Pakistan, lately, the influence of English has grown considerably due to the number of tourists and American and British residents. In Peru, the most common language is Spanish, which is spoken by the majority of Peruvians, Spanish is used in the media, in the government, etc. Peruvian Coast Spanish Andean Spanish Amazonic Spanish, Resonancias. org – Aboriginal languages of Peru Center of Peruvian Studies Mucha-suerte. com – ペルー トルヒージョ 2003年12月31日
4.
Lord of Miracles
–
Lord of Miracles is an image painted of Jesus Christ that is venerated in Lima, Peru. The image was painted during the 17th century by an unnamed African taken from what is now Angola to Peru as a slave and its feast is the main Catholic celebration in Peru and one of the largest processions in the world. Christ is shown enduring the pain of crucifixion, above the cross is the Holy Spirit and God the Father. Below and to the right of Jesus is his mother, the Virgin Mary with her heart pierced by a sword of sorrow. Kneeling and weeping at the foot of the cross is St. Mary Magdalene and its name originated in the 17th century during an earthquake, which destroyed most of the city leaving only that mural standing. This is considered a miraculous occurrence by many living there, every year in October, hundreds of thousands of devotees from all races and economic backgrounds participate in a religious procession honouring the image through the streets of Lima. Boulevards are decorated in purple on October 18,19, and 28 to celebrate the Lord of Miracles
5.
Peruvian cuisine
–
Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are corn, potatoes and other tubers, staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat and meats. Chef Gaston Acurio has become known for raising awareness of local ingredients. The US food critic Eric Asimov has described it as one of the worlds most important cuisines and as an exemplar of fusion cuisine, due to its long multicultural history. Peru is considered an important center for the diversity of the worlds crops, Potatoes. Over 99% of all cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a single subspecies and this subspecies has developed into thousands of varieties that vary by size, shape, color, and other sensory characteristics. The much lower molecular diversity found in Peru and Ecuador suggests that the potato was introduced there from Central America. Only two varieties of potato are commonly available for sale in Peru. One has dry orange flesh and light tan skin and tastes sweet, the other has purple skin, is white and brown inside, and is only moderately sweet. Occasionally another variety, characterized by small tubers and dark skin, is available, Potatoes are available in more variety. The two most common potatoes are a white flesh type and an expensive yellow flesh type. Yacon, although an underground tuber, is used as a fruit. None of the other fruits are commercially available. From Peru, the Spanish brought back to Europe several foods that would become staples for many peoples around the world, Potatoes, Potatoes were introduced to Europe from Latin America. They were considered livestock feed in Europe until French chemist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier began serving dishes made from the tubers at his lavish banquets and his guests were immediately convinced that potatoes were fit for human consumption. Parmentiers introduction of the potato is still discussed in Europe today, the varieties used in Europe and most of the world, however, derive from a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, namely Solanum tuberosum. Beans, Several varieties of the bean are native to Latin America including the lima bean. The varieties of chili peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and maize that the Spanish brought back to Europe, however, were not native to Peru, Peppers, the varieties most commonly used around the world, however, derive from Mexico and Central America
6.
Religion in Peru
–
Religion in Peru is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. The Spanish conquerors not only conquered Peru militarily, but also sought to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity, indigenous Andean religious beliefs and practices persisted, which the Catholic Church sought to suppress. Many churches were built in the period, the visible manifestation of Catholicism. The Peruvian government is closely allied with the Catholic Church, article 50 of the Constitution recognizes the Catholic Churchs role as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral development of the nation. Catholic clergy and laypersons receive state remuneration in addition to the stipends paid to them by the Church and this applies to the countrys 52 bishops, as well as to some priests whose ministries are located in towns and villages along the borders. In addition each diocese receives a monthly subsidy from the Government. An agreement signed with the Vatican in 1980 grants the Catholic Church special status in Peru, the Catholic Church receives preferential treatment in education, tax benefits, immigration of religious workers, and other areas, in accordance with the agreement. So Roman Catholicism could be considered the religion of Peru. See also the following, Roman Catholicism in Peru, Catholic university with Partial list of Catholic universities in Peru, Catholicism is the only religion taught in public schools. In addition, Catholic religious symbols are found in all government buildings, as of 2013 there were approximately 10 to 11% of the population identifying themselves as Protestants, mainly Evangelicals. They continue to grow faster than the growth rate. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims more than 568,000 members in Peru, there are currently 764 congregations that meet in Peru. This is down from 776 in 2012, there are currently two LDS temple in Peru, located at La Molina in Lima and a second temple in Trujillo. The LDS church also announced a third temple to be built in Arequipa, in the most recent General Conference for the LDS church on April 3,2016 it was announced that a fourth temple would be built in Peru in Los Olivos Lima. This second temple in Lima makes the city one of the few in the world with two temples, Peru is also home to more than 100 stakes of the LDS church. Buddhism was introduced to Peru in 1899 when the ship Sakura Maru arrived at Callao, Peru, while Mahayana remains the largest school of Buddhism in Peru, other schools such as the Diamond form have begun to spread so that Peru has more than 50,000 practicing Buddhists. The Baháí Faith in Peru begins with references to Peru in Baháí literature as early as 1916, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated some 41,000 Baháís in 2005. The statistics for Islam in Peru estimate a total Muslim population of 5,000, largely based in the capital of Lima, Peru, introduced in 2001, by Seax Gesith Ariel Phoenice, Witan of the Mimirs Well Seax Coven Perú
7.
Peruvian art
–
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish, decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver and ceramics to create a variety of sculpture and these civilizations were also known for their architecture and stone sculpture. Between the 8th century BCE and the 1st century CE, the Paracas Cavernas and Paracas Necropolis cultures developed on the south coast of Peru, Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns, the 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, Moche, in the Lambayeque region. The Mochica culture produced impressive architectural works, such as the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna and they were expert at cultivation in terraces and hydraulic engineering and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the Wari civilization, flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in Ayacucho and their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as Pachacamac, Cajamarquilla and Wari Willka. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban Tiwanaku empire rose by the borders of Lake Titicaca, centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanakus developing bronze, urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the Chimú Culture. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan in the valley of the Moche river, the Chimú were skilled goldsmiths and created remarkable works of hydraulic engineering. Peruvian sculpture and painting began to themselves from the ateliers founded by monks. In this context, the stalls of the Cathedral choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by Pedro de Noguera, and a part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the Cuzco School that taught Quechua artists European painting styles, diego Quispe Tito was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and Marcos Zapata was one of the last. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque Style also dominated the field of plastic arts, the image of Mary in Our Lady of Bethlehem hosts a lot of European styling and representations of the Western Mary. She is elevated from the ground, and is wearing a crown and has the faint image of a halo behind her head. She is being presented as cherubic figures pull back drapery, as if she is being showcased, surrounding her are small cherubic heads, often referred to as putis in Southern American culture. They represent the innocence of children and act as a nod to her maternity and she is dresses in obvious western, high-culture garments - highly adorned. Even the infant Christ is portrayed in western apparel, in the 19th century, French neoclassic and romantic currents found their best representatives in L. Montero, Ignacio Merino, Daniel Hernández Morillo and Francisco Masias
8.
Architecture of Peru
–
Peruvian architecture is the architecture carried out during any time in what is now Peru, and by Peruvian architects worldwide. Its diversity and long history spans from ancient Peru, the Inca Empire, Peruvian colonial architecture is the conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Renaissance period are the Cathedral, after this period, cultural mixture reached richer expression in the Baroque. The wars of independence left a creative emptiness that Neoclassicism of French inspiration could just fill, the 20th century is characterized by the eclecticism, to which the constructive functionalism has been against. The most considerable example is Plaza San Martín in Lima
9.
Peruvian literature
–
The artistic production of the pre-Hispanic period, especially art produced under the Incan Empire, is largely unknown. It consisted of two main forms, harawis --- a form of lyrical poetry---and hayllis--- a form of epic poetry. Both forms described the life and rituals of the time. Orally transmitted folktales expressed the cosmology of the Andean world, and their inclusion in the official canon was a slow process, as they were not viewed with seriousness. It was resurrected from obscurity in the 20th century, by a number of scholars and anthropologists who compiled and rescued Pre-Hispanic myths. Escritura y conflicto étnico-cultural en América Latina and he speaks of a great tradition of enormous textual mass which was marginalized and sidelined by the Western scriptural system. Luis Alberto Sánchez, on the hand, employed elements of the Pre-Hispanic tradition to illustrate his theory of a racially mixed Creole literature of both indigenous and Iberian parentage. To this end, he cited chronicles by authors such as Cieza, Betanzos, the literature of Perus discovery and conquest includes all works produced in the region during its discovery and conquest by Spain. It can also refer to literature produced roughly around this time, the period begins on November 15,1532 in Cajamarca with the capture of the last Inca lord, Atahualpa, it ends with the complete dismantling of the Incan Empire and the founding of the city of Lima. The principal literary manifestations of this period are in the form of chronicles of discovery, according to Francisco Carrillo, the early chroniclers could be divided into various groups. The first is the group of chroniclers detailing the conquest, the majority of these were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue. Both groups coexisted during the first period of the Peruvian conquest, for the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of the conqueror, whose mission was to civilize and reveal the true faith to the native peoples of Peru. Therefore, many of their descriptions and the motivations they ascribe to the peoples of the region are distorted. He is also responsible for Relación Sámano-Xerez of 1528, which details Pizarros first expeditions of 1525 and 1527 and his historical accounts are reiterated by Pedro Sancho de la Hoz, in his La Conquista de Peru, also of 1534. There were a number of indigenous and mestizo chroniclers in Peru, many of the indigenous chroniclers, such as Titu Cusi Yupanqui, were of royal Incan bloodlines. After familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, Yupanqui wrote Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió in 1570. In it, he presents a vision of his own history, juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti also writes a chronicle in which he crudely attempts to explain the Inca cosmogony in rudimentary Spanish
10.
Peruvian dances
–
Peruvian dances are primarily of native origin. There are also dances that are related to work, hunting. Some choreographies show certain Christian influence, the most internationally known dance in Peru is the Marinera Norteña. This dance represents a mans courting of a young woman, there are local variants of this dance in the Lima Region and the other regions of the country. Ancash is a performed in Piscobamba, on the occasion of the feast of the Virgin of Mercy. Waylas is a dance from the central part of Peru in the Mantaro Valley located in the department of Junin. Is a dance very lively and cheerful, characterized by the energy and it is a couples dance group whose origin is a mythical religious ritual. Tarkada is a dance performed during the festival in the Tacna Region in Peru. Huaconada is a dance that is represented in the town of Mito, Concepción Province, Junín Region. Tondero also known as Marinera of Alto Piura, Piura yunga or and it predates the zamacueca, and very gypsy influence in its beat, singing tragic and repetitive guitar tundete, or black African influence in its choir and rhythmic and Andean in its shrill or whiny. El Vals Criollo is a subgenre and musical adaptation of the original European waltz, wititi is a native Peruvian folk dance Tapay district, Province of Caylloma, Arequipa region in southern Peru. This dance has now spread and danced in the festivities of many villages the Colca Canyon, Witi Witi in Quechua means making love Zamacueca is an ancient colonial dance and music that originated in the Viceroyalty of Peru, taking its roots from African, Spanish, and Andean rhythms. La Chumaichada is the dance of Chachapoyas because it was born in this area, no holiday or celebration is complete if it is not danced. It has been said that he had so much influence that the city became Frenchified during his time, next to Chachapoyas, there is a small town called Huanca, where the homonym dance had its origin. It is also danced in several regions of the Amazonas department during agricultural activities and they wear a white shirt of wide and long sleeves, a black vest adorned with red ribbons and black trousers. They also wear a crown of showy peacocks feathers and their presence is important in all the big celebrations of the region. The Trapichillo, danced by four couples grabbed by the hands and turning around from right to left side The Quinsamana. The carnival music that is played in Amazonas presents notes of real euphoria and it is similar to the huayno
11.
Flag of Peru
–
The flag of Peru was adopted by the government of Peru in 1824. It is a triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band. Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, Flag day in Peru is celebrated on June 7, the anniversary of the Battle of Arica. The Peruvian coat of arms includes the vicuña, the tree. Red represents the blood that was spilled for the fight for independence, the National Ensign or the National Flag, used by state institutions, is marked with the Coat of Arms. It is used during ceremonies in which the National Flag is hoisted in the presence of spectators, a form of this flag, the national standard is used indoors by official and private institutions. It is used for the Government Palace, the United Nations, the civil flag or ensign is used by citizens. It has no additions to the common form, the Civil flag lacks Coat of Arms. The war flag, similar to the flag, is marked with the national shield. It is flown by the Peruvian military and national police, and is inscribed with the service, name. The naval jack is not based on the triband, it is a square flag and it is used on battleships, usually with the ensign of the highest-rank officer on board above it. During the Viceroyalty of Peru, the colonial-era Spanish flag flew over Peru, in 1820, during the struggle for independence, British-born General William Miller hoisted in Tacna the first flag that represented the emerging country. Though the original flag itself is now lost, it was described as navy blue, the first flag of the Republic of Peru was created by General José de San Martín, and officially decreed on 21 October 1820. It is diagonally quartered, with upper and lower fields. The flag was defaced with a laurel crown in the center. The flag proved difficult to due to its complex construction, without standardized measurements in place at the time. This consisted of a triband, with a white band between two red ones, and a golden Inti at the center, similar to the flag of Argentina. This modification was justified, according to Torre Tagle, by the inconvenience in the construction of the previous version, among other issues
12.
Coat of arms of Peru
–
The Coat of arms of Peru is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four variants are used, the Coat of arms per se, the National Coat of arms, or National Shield, the Great Seal of the State, and the Naval Coat of arms. The Coat of arms has a branch on its left. This variant is used on the ensign or state flag. Its use on its own is infrequent, except on currency, the National Coat of arms, or National Shield, consists of the shield plus a Peruvian flag and a standard on each side, and a Civic Crown as crest. It is used on the war flag and its use on its own is mandated for all public buildings, with the name of the entity under it. The Great Seal of the State, consisting of the National Shield and it is used for various naval purposes. The first version of the Coat of Arms of Peru was designed by General José de San Martín and it consisted of a landscape of Inti the sun rising from the Andes, seen from the sea, and escorted by laurel branches tied with a golden ribbon. In the shield, on a sky background, the suns yellow rays can be seen behind the dark brown mountains rising above the blue. The flags of the South American nations and a tree can be seen behind the shield. A condor on the left and a llama on the act as supporters. All this was on top of a base, with a scroll under it with the motto Renació el sol del Perú in capital letters. Some flowers, branches and ammunition were on the base, on 25 February 1825, Simón Bolívar and the Constituent Congress proclaimed a law defining the new national symbols. Establishing the new Coat of Arms, similar to the one used today and this was designed by Congressmen José Gregorio Paredes and Francisco Javier Cortés. El escudo tendrá por timbre una corona cívica vista de plano, e irá acompañada en cada lado de una bandera y un estandarte de los colores nacionales, señalado más adelante. The shield shall have as crest a Civic Crown seen flat and this is the coat of arms used today and is a modification of the second version. Until 1950, the coat of arms was a symbol of both the nation and the state, and presented difficulties in its design. The last modification was in March 1950, during General Manuel A. Odría’s administration, in this way, the coat of arms was split in halves, and the lower section became the largest, rather than the smallest
13.
Peru
–
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
14.
Andean music
–
Andean music is a group of styles of music from the Andes region in South America. Original chants and melodies come from the area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras. This early music then was fused with Spanish music elements and it includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas, the Nueva Canción movement of the 1970s revived the genre across Latin America and brought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten. The panpipes group include the sikú and antara and these are ancient indigenous instruments that vary in size, tuning and style. Instruments in this group are constructed from aquatic reeds found in lakes in the Andean Region of South America. The sikú has two rows of canes and are tuned in either pentatonic or diatonic scales, some modern single-rowed panpipes modeled after the native Antara are capable of playing full scales, while traditional Sikús are played using two rows of canes wrapped together. It is still commonplace for two performers to share a melody while playing the style of sikú called the toyo. This style of voicing interspersed notes between two musicians is called playing in hocket and is still in use today in many of the traditional songs. Quenas remain popular and are made out of the same aquatic canes as the Sikús, although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold. Generally, quenas only are played during the dry season, with flutes, either pinkillos or tarkas. Tarkas are constructed from local Andean hard wood sources, marching bands dominated by drums and panpipes are commonplace today and are used to celebrate weddings, carnivals and other holidays. The twentieth century saw changes in Andean society and culture. Bolivia, for example, saw a revolution in 1952, leading to increased rights. The new government established a department in the Bolivian Ministry of Education and radio stations began broadcasting in Aymara. By 1965, a group called Los Jairas formed in La Paz, Bolivia, the quartet fused native sounds into forms suitable for urban Europeans. One member of Los Jairas, Gilbert Favre had previously been an acquaintance of the Parras in Paris, the Parras eventually began promoting indigenous music in Santiago, Chile. The late 1960s released native groups such as Ruphay, Grupo Aymara, the 1970s was a decade in which Andean music saw its biggest growth
15.
Music of Spain
–
The music of Spain has a long history and has played an important role in the development of Western music and has greatly influenced Latin American music. Spanish music is associated with traditional styles such as flamenco. While these forms of music are common, there are many different traditional musical, for example, music from the north-west regions is heavily reliant on bagpipes, the jota is widespread in the centre and north of the country, and flamenco originated in the south. Spanish music played a part in the early developments of western classical music. The Iberian peninsula has had a history of receiving different musical influences from around the Mediterranean Sea, hence, there have been more than two thousand years of internal and external influences and developments that have produced a large number of unique musical traditions. Isidore of Seville wrote about the music in the 6th century. His influences were predominantly Greek, and yet he was an original thinker, as the Christian reconquista progressed, these chants were almost entirely replaced by the Gregorian standard, once Rome had regained control of the Iberian churches. In the royal Christian courts of the reconquistors, music like the Cantigas de Santa Maria, other important medieval sources include the Codex Calixtinus collection from Santiago de Compostela and the Codex Las Huelgas from Burgos. The so-called Llibre Vermell de Montserrat is an important devotional collection from the 14th century, in the early Renaissance, Mateo Flecha el Viejo and the Castilian dramatist Juan del Encina ranked among the main composers in the post-Ars Nova period. Renaissance song books included the Cancionero de Palacio, the Cancionero de Medinaceli, the Cancionero de Upsala, the Cancionero de la Colombina, the organist Antonio de Cabezón stands out for his keyboard compositions and mastery. An early 16th-century polyphonic vocal style developed in Spain was closely related to that of the Franco-Flemish composers, Music composed for the vihuela by Luis de Milán, Alonso Mudarra and Luis de Narváez was one of the main achievements of the period. The Aragonese Gaspar Sanz authored the first learning method for guitar, Spanish composers of the Renaissance included Francisco Guerrero, Cristóbal de Morales, and Tomás Luis de Victoria, all of whom spent a significant portion of their careers in Rome. The latter was said to have reached a level of perfection and expressive intensity equal or even superior to Palestrina. Most Spanish composers returned home from travels abroad late in their careers to spread their knowledge in their native land. By the end of the 17th century the musical culture of Spain was in decline. Classicism in Spain, when it arrived, was inspired by Italian models, some outstanding Italian composers such as Domenico Scarlatti and Luigi Boccherini were appointed to the Madrid royal court. The short-lived Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga is credited as the beginner of Romantic sinfonism in Spain. Although symphonic music was never too important in Spain, chamber, solo instrumental vocal, zarzuela, a native form of opera that includes spoken dialogue, is a secular musical genre which developed in the mid-17th century, flourishing most importantly in the century after 1850
16.
Music of Africa
–
The traditional music of Africa, given the vastness of the continent, is historically ancient, rich and diverse, with different regions and nations of Africa having many distinct musical traditions. Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down orally and is not written, the music and dance of the African diaspora, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include American music and many Caribbean genres, such as soca, calypso and zouk. Latin American music genres such as the rumba, conga, bomba, cumbia and samba were also founded on the music of enslaved Africans, and have in turn influenced African popular music. North Africa is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage, civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East, eventually, Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule, while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals. North Africa was later conquered by the Arabs, who established the region as the Maghreb of the Arab world, like the musical genres of the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa, its music has close ties with Middle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodic modes. North African music has a range, from the music of ancient Egypt to the Berber. The regions art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music, with these may be grouped the music of Sudan and of the Horn of Africa, including the music of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Somali music is pentatonic, using five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic scale such as the major scale. The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a fundamental modal system called qenet, of which there are four modes, tezeta, bati, ambassel. Three additional modes are variations on the above, tezeta minor, bati major, some songs take the name of their qenet, such as tizita, a song of reminiscence. The ethnomusicological pioneer Arthur Morris Jones observed that the shared rhythmic principles of Sub-Saharan African music traditions constitute one main system, similarly, master drummer and scholar C. K. Ladzekpo affirms the profound homogeneity of sub-Saharan African rhythmic principles. African traditional music is frequently functional in nature, performances may be long and often involve the participation of the audience. None of this is performed outside its intended context and much of it is associated with a particular dance. Some of it, performed by musicians, is sacral music or ceremonial. The southern region includes the music of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, the central region includes the music of Chad, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, including Pygmy music. Southern, Central and West Africa are similarly in the broad Sub-Saharan musical tradition, besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard melisma and yodel, a wide array of musical instruments are used. Additionally, string instruments are used, with the lute-like oud. Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers, such as the kosika, rain stick, bells, also, Africa has lots of other types of drums, and lots of flutes, and lots of stringed and wind instruments
17.
Pre-Columbian era
–
For this reason the alternative terms of Precontact Americas, Pre-Colonial Americas or Prehistoric Americas are also in use. In areas of Latin America the term used is Pre-Hispanic. Other civilizations were contemporary with the period and were described in European historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records, because many Christian Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical, men like Diego de Landa destroyed many texts in pyres, even while seeking to preserve native histories. Only a few documents have survived in their original languages, while others were transcribed or dictated into Spanish, giving modern historians glimpses of ancient culture. Indigenous American cultures continue to evolve after the pre-Columbian era, many of these peoples and their descendants continue traditional practices, while evolving and adapting new cultural practices and technologies into their lives. Now, the study of pre-Columbian cultures is most often based on scientific. Asian nomads are thought to have entered the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering Strait, genetic evidence found in Amerindians maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA supports the theory of multiple genetic populations migrating from Asia. Over the course of millennia, Paleo-Indians spread throughout North and South America, exactly when the first group of people migrated into the Americas is the subject of much debate. One of the earliest identifiable cultures was the Clovis culture, with sites dating from some 13,000 years ago, however, older sites dating back to 20,000 years ago have been claimed. Some genetic studies estimate the colonization of the Americas dates from between 40,000 and 13,000 years ago, the chronology of migration models is currently divided into two general approaches. The first is the short chronology theory with the first movement beyond Alaska into the New World occurring no earlier than 14, 000–17,000 years ago, followed by successive waves of immigrants. The second belief is the long chronology theory, which proposes that the first group of people entered the hemisphere at an earlier date, possibly 50. In that case, the Eskimo peoples would have arrived separately and at a later date, probably no more than 2,000 years ago. The North American climate was unstable as the ice age receded and it finally stabilized by about 10,000 years ago, climatic conditions were then very similar to todays. Within this timeframe, roughly pertaining to the Archaic Period, numerous archaeological cultures have been identified, the unstable climate led to widespread migration, with early Paleo-Indians soon spreading throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct tribes. The paleo-indians were hunter-gatherers, likely characterized by small, mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 50 members of an extended family and these groups moved from place to place as preferred resources were depleted and new supplies were sought. During much of the Paleo-Indian period, bands are thought to have subsisted primarily through hunting now-extinct giant land animals such as mastodon, Paleo-Indian groups carried a variety of tools
18.
Pipe and tabor
–
Pipe and tabor is a pair of instruments played by a single player, consisting of a three-hole pipe played with one hand, and a small drum played with the other. The pipe is made out of wood, metal or plastic, at the opposite end is a fipple or block, similar to that used in a recorder. Tabor pipes are widespread throughout the globe, found on most continents, each culture has developed a different style of pipe, so a different method of playing and a different range of notes. The smallest of the family is the Picco pipe, while the largest is the Fujara, in Europe there are many variations of instrument. The pipe and tabor is depicted in illuminated manuscripts, carvings on ecclesiastical buildings in stone and wood, stained glass windows, mersenne mentions a virtuoso, John Price, who could rise to the twenty-second on the galoubet. Praetorius mentions and illustrates three sizes of the Stamentienpfeiff, the treble 20 in, long, the tenor 26 in. and the bass 30, the last being played by means of a crook about 23 in. long. A specimen of the bass in the museum of the Brussels Conservatory has middle C for its lowest note, early descriptions Fife, drum, pipe, and tabor are both combinations of a wind instrument played in its upper register accompanied by a drums. The fife, however, is a flute, whereas the pipe is a fipple flute. The fife requires two hands, and thus the drummer must be a separate person, the fife and drum are associated with military marching. The pipe and tabor has a longer history and is associated with civilian music. It was used for dancing, ceremonies and processions, folk customs, three-hole pipes made from bone and dating to the early Middle Ages have been found in England. There are images of medieval taborers in buildings, for example York Minster, Lincoln and Gloucester cathedrals, in the plays of Shakespeares time clowns performed between acts, often dancing to the music of pipe and tabor. The pipe and tabor are also known as whittle and dub and whit, pipe and tabor playing survived into the 20th century. In the 20th century, the makers of Generation pennywhistles introduced an economical English tabor pipe made of metal, the English tabor has changed shape through its history and is now seen in a range of sizes and shapes according to the whim of the player. Traditionally it is played with a snare on the upper face, the pipe and tabor, in various local forms, is popular in the Basque region. The txirula and the txistu are the two Basque forms of the three-hole tabor pipes tuned to the dorian mode, the pipe and tabor is often played by groups of players in the Basque country. Aside from its importance in the Basque region, in the Iberian Peninsula the pipe, the flauta and tamboril are typically used in the regions of León and Castille, Extremadura and Andalucía. In Provence a form of tabor pipe called the galoubet is played and its scale begins a third below that of the English tabor pipe
19.
Yma Sumac
–
Yma Sumac, sometimes spelled Yma Súmac, was a Peruvian soprano. In the 1950s, she was one of the most famous proponents of exotica music, Sumac became an international success based on her extreme vocal range, which was said to be well over five octaves at the peak of her singing career. Sumac recorded a wide vocal range of 5 octaves,3 notes. In one live recording of Chuncho, she sings a range of over four and she was able to sing notes in the low baritone register as well as notes above the range of an ordinary soprano and notes in the whistle register. Both low and high extremes can be heard in the song Chuncho and she was also apparently able to sing in an eerie double voice. In 2012, audio recording restoration expert John H. Haley favorably compared Súmacs tone to opera singers Isabella Colbran, Maria Malibran, and Pauline Viardot. He described Súmacs voice as not having the bright penetrating peal of a coloratura soprano. She was born on either September 13,1922, or September 10,1923, most likely in Callao, a seacoast city in Peru, but, possibly, according to herself, in Ichocán and her parents were Sixto Chávarri and Emilia Castillo. Her father was born in Cajamarca and her mother was born in Pallasca, stories published in the 1950s claimed that she was an Incan princess, directly descended from Atahualpa. The government of Peru in 1946 formally supported her claim to be descended from Atahualpa, Chávarri adopted the stage name of Imma Sumack before she left South America to go to the United States. The stage name was based on her mothers name, which was derived from Ima Shumaq, although in interviews she claimed it meant beautiful flower or beautiful girl. Sumac first appeared on radio in 1942 and she recorded at least 18 tracks of Peruvian folk songs in Argentina in 1943. These early recordings for the Odeon label featured Moisés Vivancos group, Compañía Peruana de Arte, a group of 46 Indian dancers, singers and she married composer and best friend Moises Vivanco on June 6,1942. She had a son, Charles, in 1949, in 1946, Sumac and Vivanco moved to New York City, where they performed as the Inka Taky Trio, Sumac singing soprano, Vivanco on guitar, and her cousin Cholita Rivero singing contralto and dancing. She was signed by Capitol Records in 1950, at which time her name became Yma Súmac. Her first album, Voice of the Xtabay, launched a period of fame that included performances at the Hollywood Bowl and Carnegie Hall. In 1950, she made her first tour to Europe and Africa, and debuted at the Royal Albert Hall in London and she presented more than 80 concerts in London alone and 16 concerts in Paris. A second tour took her to the Far East, Persia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, the Philippines and her fame in countries like Greece, Israel and Russia made her change her two-week stay to six months, offering fabulous concerts
20.
Polyphony
–
Within the context of the Western musical tradition, the term polyphony is usually used to refer to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Baroque forms such as fugue, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as contrapuntal. In all cases the conception was probably what Margaret Bent calls dyadic counterpoint, with part being written generally against one other part. The term polyphony is also used more broadly, to describe any musical texture that is not monophonic. Such a perspective considers homophony as a sub-type of polyphony, traditional polyphony has a wide, if uneven, distribution among the peoples of the world. Most polyphonic regions of the world are in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and it is believed that the origins of polyphony in traditional music vastly predate the emergence of polyphony in European professional music. Currently there are two approaches to the problem of the origins of vocal polyphony, the Cultural Model. Although the exact origins of polyphony in the Western church traditions are unknown,900, are usually considered the oldest extant written examples of polyphony. These treatises provided examples of two-voice note-against-note embellishments of chants using parallel octaves, fifths, rather than being fixed works, they indicated ways of improvising polyphony during performance. 1000, is the oldest extant example of notated polyphony for chant performance, European polyphony rose out of melismatic organum, the earliest harmonization of the chant. Twelfth-century composers, such as Léonin and Pérotin developed the organum that was introduced centuries earlier, the lyrics of love poems might be sung above sacred texts in the form of a trope, or the sacred text might be placed within a familiar secular melody. The oldest surviving piece of music is the English rota Sumer is icumen in. These musical innovations appeared in a context of societal change. After the first millennium, European monks decided to start translating the works of Greek philosophers into the vernacular, Western Europeans were aware of Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates during the Middle Ages. However they had largely lost touch with the content of their surviving works because the use of Greek as a language was restricted to the lands of the Eastern Roman Empire. Once these ancient works started being translated thus becoming accessible, the philosophies had a impact on the mind of Western Europe. This sparked a number of innovations in medicine, science, art, European polyphony rose prior to, and during the period of the Western Schism. Avignon, the seat of the antipopes, was a center of secular music-making
21.
Hanacpachap cussicuinin
–
Hanacpachap cussicuinin is an anonymous hymn to the Virgin Mary in the Quechua language but in a largely European sacred music style. Composed before 1622, Franciscan friar Juan Pérez Bocanegra published it in 1631, the music is arranged in four parts. When published the work was on pages 708 and 709 with the first verse written underneath, while the remaining verses follow on pages 710–712. While Bocanegra claimed that he wrote the text, the author of the music remains anonymous, many sources presume it was Bocanegra himself, the piece has been recorded extensively since the early 1990s by groups all over the world. Many modern performances perform only a few of the verses to avoid excessive repetition, however, Ex Cathedra issued the first full version in 2007, divided into four sections and using varying arrangements. Bocanegra identifies the poetic form as verso sáfico, although what he meant by this is unclear, each verse is made up of five eight-syllable lines and a closing four-syllable phrase, which in the original printed appeared in italics. Often an epithet, this phrase sometimes links to the next verse, the twenty verses are set strophically. According to Bocanegra on p.707 of the Ritual, the song was sung as a hymn on Lady Days. Musically, it is set for four voices in a syllabic style. The rhythm, dividing neatly into 3+3+4+3+3+4, with lilting syncopations in mm.7,11 and its character is close to that of the cachua, a native dance, suggesting a slow procession. In this blend, it is the counterpart of the paintings of the Cuzco School. The lyrics are an ode to the Virgin Mary, containing many metaphors about love, the epithets given to Mary can be interpreted syncretistically both an orthodox Catholic way and as a continuation of traditional religious practices, with neither interpretation dominant. Surprisingly, two terms relating to the Pleiades are prominent, qullqa and qatachillay, while a third, since the Pleiades symbolized fecundity, a major theme of this song, unquy may have been deliberately avoided to distance the song from those of the Taki Unquy movement. Joel Cohen, Nueva Espana, Close Encounters in the New World, 1590–1690 Camerata Renacentista de Caracas, Baroque Music of Latin America La Capella Reial de Catalunya and Hespèrion XXI, dir. Jordi Savall, Villancicos y Danzas Criollas Convivium Musicum, Old and New Christmas Coro Exaudi de La Habana, maría Felicia Pérez, El Gran Barroco del Perú Cusco Polyphonic Chorus, Christmas in Cuzco Ensemble Elyma, dir. Gabriel Garrido, Hanacpachap, Latin-American Music at the Time of the Conquistadores Ensemble Villancico, the Jungle Book of the Baroque Ex Cathedra, dir. Jeffrey Skidmore, Fire burning in snow, Baroque Music from Latin America Savae, eric Casillas, Native Angels Leonardo García Alarcón/Cappella Mediterranea/Chœur de Chambre de Namur/Ensemble Clematis, Carmina Latina Juan Pérez Bocanegra. Online facsimile at the Internet Archive, free scores of Hanacpachap cussicuinin at the Choral Public Domain Library
22.
Musical instrument
–
A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
23.
Charango
–
About 66 cm long, the charango was traditionally made with the shell from the back of an armadillo, but also it can be made of wood, which some believe to be a better resonator. Wood is more used in modern instruments. Charangos for children may also be made from calabash, many contemporary charangos are now made with different types of wood. It typically has 10 strings in five courses of 2 strings each, the charango is primarily played in traditional Andean music, but is sometimes used by other Latin American musicians. A charango player is called a charanguista, when the Spanish conquistadores came to South America, they brought the vihuela with them. It is not clear whether the charango is a descendent of a particular Spanish stringed instrument, it may have evolved from the vihuela, bandurria. There are many stories of how the charango came to be made with its distinctive diminutive soundbox of armadillo, one story says that the native musicians liked the sound the vihuela made, but lacked the technology to shape the wood in that manner. Around here in the Andes of Bolivia they called them Charangos, Turino mentions that he found carved sirens representing playing charangos in some Colonial churches in the highlands of Bolivia. One of the churches to which Turino refers may well be that mentioned by Cavour, construction on the San Lorenzo edifice began in 1547, the origin of the term charango is not entirely clear. One source suggests that the instrument took its name from its players, Another traces the term to the alteration of a Spanish term, charanga, which could refer to either a type of military music played on wind instruments, or an out-of-tune orchestra. As support for this he points to the practice of the Conquistadors appropriating local terminology. Charanguista Ernesto Cavour disagrees, and tends to support the second origin, maintaining that the word comes from a mispronunciation of the Spanish word “charanga”. The tern charanga, for example, was used to refer to a small instrumental band. Charanguero, meanwhile, denoted something rough or rustic, nevertheless, the small Spanish-American guitar has been known by the name changango for more than one hundred years. In a footnote to his correspondence with Paulino Lucero regarding the Great War, Hilario Ascasubi explains this situation with indisputable clarity, Changango, research and debate on this topic continues in scholarly circles. Traditionally a charango was made with an armadillo shell for the back and wood for the soundbox top. While still common, this is no longer the norm, rather they are now made of wood. Unlike most wooden lutes, the body and neck are made of a single block of wood
24.
Lute
–
The European lute and the modern Near-Eastern oud descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths. The lute is used in a variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance. It is also an instrument, especially in vocal works. The player of a lute is called a lutenist, lutanist or lutist, the words lute and oud possibly derive from Arabic al-ʿud. Recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests ʿud may in turn be an Arabized version of the Persian name rud and it has equally been suggested the wood in the name may have distinguished the instrument by its wooden soundboard from skin-faced predecessors. Gianfranco Lotti suggests the wood appellation originally carried derogatory connotations because of proscriptions of all music in early Islam. Lutes are made almost entirely of wood, the soundboard is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood. In all lutes the soundboard has a single decorated sound hole under the strings called the rose. The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of a vine or a decorative knot. Robert Lundberg, in his book Historical Lute Construction, suggests ancient builders placed bars according to ratios of the scale length. He further suggests the inward bend of the soundboard is an adaptation by ancient builders to afford the lutenists right hand more space between the strings and soundboard. Soundboard thickness varies, but generally hovers between 1.5 and 2 mm, some luthiers tune the belly as they build, removing mass and adapting bracing to produce desirable sonic results. The lute belly is almost never finished, but in cases the luthier may size the top with a very thin coat of shellac or glair to help keep it clean. After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard, the half-binding is approximately half the thickness of the soundboard and is usually made of a contrasting color wood. The rebate for the half-binding must be precise to avoid compromising structural integrity. The back or the shell is assembled from strips of hardwood called ribs. There are braces inside on the soundboard to give it strength, the neck is made of light wood, with a veneer of hardwood to provide durability for the fretboard beneath the strings. Unlike most modern stringed instruments, the fretboard is mounted flush with the top
25.
Viceroyalty of Peru
–
The Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The Viceroyalty of Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal, eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. From September 2,1564 to November 26,1569 he was viceroy of Peru. In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile, in 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V named Blasco Núñez Vela Perus first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo. Toledo made a tour of inspection of the colony. He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges, still, Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón sent out the third expedition to explore the Amazon River, under Cristóbal de Acuña. Many Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the sixteenth century and these included New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands and the Marquesas Islands by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon, meanwhile, the Spanish were barred by their laws from slaving of indigenous people, leaving them without a commercial interest deep in the interior of the basin. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60,000 indigenous people, in fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. In 1617, Francisco de Borja y Aragón divided the government of Río de la Plata into two, Buenos Aires and Paraguay, both dependencies of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Viceroy Borja y Aragón also established the Tribunal del Consulado, a special court, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar reformed the fiscal system and stopped the interfamily rivalry that was bloodying the domain. Fernández de Cabrera suppressed an insurrection of the Uru and Mapuche Indians, viceroys had to protect the Pacific coast from French contraband and English and Dutch pirates. They expanded the naval forces, fortified the ports of Valdivia, Valparaíso, Arica and Callao and constructed city walls in Lima, nevertheless, the famous English privateer Henry Morgan took Chagres and captured and sacked the city of Panama in the early part of 1670. Also Peruvian forces repelled the attacks by Edward David, Charles Wager, the Peace of Utrecht allowed the British to send ships and merchandise to the fair at Portobello. In this period, revolts were common, around 1656, Pedro Bohórquez crowned himself Inca of the Calchaquí Indians, inciting the indigenous population to revolt. From 1665 until 1668, the rich mineowners José and Gaspar Salcedo revolted against the colonial government, the clergy were opposed to the nomination of prelates from Spain. Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara had to take measures against an uprising of slaves at the hacienda of Huachipa de Lima, there were terrible earthquakes and epidemics, too
26.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
27.
Vihuela
–
The vihuela is a guitar-shaped string instrument from 15th and 16th century Spain, Portugal and Italy, usually with five or six doubled strings. The vihuela, as it was known in Spanish, was called the viola de mà in Catalan, viola da mano in Italian, the two names are functionally synonymous and interchangeable. In its most developed form, the vihuela was an instrument with six double-strings made of gut. Vihuelas were tuned identically to their contemporary Renaissance lute, 4ths, plucked vihuelas, being essentially flat-backed lutes, evolved in the mid-15th century, in the Kingdom of Aragón, located in north-eastern Iberia. In Spain, Portugal, and Italy the vihuela was in use by the late 15th through to the late 16th centuries. In the second half of the 15th century some vihuela players began using a bow, the vihuelas descendants that are still played are the violas campaniças of Portugal. Much of the place, role, and function was taken up by the subsequent Baroque guitar. Today, the vihuela is in use primarily for the performance of early music, today, instruments like the tiple are descendants of vihuelas brought to America in the 16th century. Vihuela bodies were constructed from thin flat slabs or pieces of wood. This construction method distinguished them from some types of string instruments whose bodies were carved out from a solid single block of wood. The back and sides of common lutes were also made of pieces however, being curved or bent staves joined and glued together to form a bowl. Vihuela were built in different sizes, large and small, a family of instruments, duet music was published for vihuelas tuned one step, a minor third, a fourth, or a fifth apart, as well as unison tuned. The physical appearance of vihuelas was varied and diverse, there was little standardization, overall and in general, vihuelas looked very similar to modern guitars. The first generation of vihuela, from the century on, had sharp cuts to its waist. A second generation of vihuela, beginning sometime around 1490, took on the now familiar smooth-curved figure-eight shaped body contours, the sharp waist-cut models continued to be built into the early-to-mid-16th century, side by side with the later pattern. Many early vihuelas had extremely long necks, while others had the shorter variety, top decoration, the number, shape, and placement, of sound holes, ports, pierced rosettes, etc. also varied greatly. More than a few styles of peg-boxes were used as well, vihuelas were chromatically fretted in a manner similar to lutes, by means of movable, wrapped-around and tied-on gut frets. Vihuelas, however, usually had ten frets, whereas lutes had only seven, unlike modern guitars, which often use steel and bronze strings, vihuelas were gut strung, and usually in paired courses
28.
Lake Titicaca
–
Lake Titicaca is a large, deep lake in the Andes on the border of Bolivia and Peru. By volume of water and by area, it is the largest lake in South America. Lake Maracaibo has a surface area, but it is a tidal bay. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world, although this refers to navigation by large boats, it is generally considered to mean commercial craft. For many years the largest vessel afloat on the lake was the 2, 200-ton, today the largest vessel is most likely the similarly sized, but broader, train barge/float Manco Capac, operated by PeruRail. Numerous smaller bodies of water around the world are at higher elevations, the lake is located at the northern end of the endorheic Altiplano basin high in the Andes on the border of Peru and Bolivia. The western part of the lies within the Puno Region of Peru. The lake is composed of two nearly separate sub-basins connected by the Strait of Tiquina, which is 800 m across at the narrowest point, the larger sub-basin, Lago Grande, has a mean depth of 135 m and a maximum depth of 284 m. The smaller sub-basin, Wiñaymarka, has a depth of 9 m. The overall average depth of the lake is 107 m, five major river systems feed into Lake Titicaca. In order of their flow volumes these are Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Huancané. More than twenty other smaller streams empty into Titicaca, the lake has 41 islands, some of which are densely populated. This only accounts for about 10% of the water balance. Evapotranspiration, caused by winds and intense sunlight at high altitude. It is nearly a closed lake, since 2000 Lake Titicaca has experienced constantly receding water levels. Between April and November 2009 alone the water level dropped by 81 cm and this drop is caused by shortened rainy seasons and the melting of glaciers feeding the tributaries of the lake. Water pollution is also a concern because cities in the Titicaca watershed grow, sometimes outpacing solid waste. According to the Global Nature Fund, Titicacas biodiversity is threatened by water pollution, already in 2012, the GNF nominated the lake Threatened Lake of the Year
29.
Mermaid
–
A mermaid is a legendary aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of cultures worldwide, including the Near East, Europe, Africa. The first stories appeared in ancient Assyria, in which the goddess Atargatis transformed herself into an out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover. Mermaids are sometimes associated with events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks. In other folk traditions, they can be benevolent or beneficent, the male equivalent of the mermaid is the merman, also a familiar figure in folklore and heraldry. Although traditions about and sightings of mermen are less common than those of mermaids, some of the attributes of mermaids may have been influenced by the Sirens of Greek mythology. Historical accounts of mermaids, such as reported by Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the Caribbean, may have been inspired by manatees. While there is no evidence that mermaids exist outside of folklore, reports of mermaid sightings continue to the present day, including 21st century examples from Israel and Zimbabwe. Mermaids have been a subject of art and literature in recent centuries. They have subsequently been depicted in operas, paintings, books, films, the word mermaid is a compound of the Old English mere, and maid. The equivalent term in Old English was merewif and they are conventionally depicted as beautiful with long flowing hair. Sirenia is an order of aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps. They look ponderous and clumsy but are actually fusiform, hydrodynamic and highly muscular, sirenomelia, also called mermaid syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder in which a child is born with his or her legs fused together and small genitalia. This condition is about as rare as conjoined twins, affecting one out of every 100,000 live births and is fatal within a day or two of birth because of kidney and bladder complications. Four survivors were known as of July 2003, many folklorists and mythographers deem that the origin of the mythic mermaid is the dugong, posing a theory that mythicised tales have been constructed around early sightings of dugongs by sailors. The first known mermaid stories appeared in Assyria c.1000 BC, the goddess Atargatis, mother of Assyrian queen Semiramis, loved a mortal and unintentionally killed him. Ashamed, she jumped into a lake and took the form of a fish, the Greeks recognized Atargatis under the name Derketo. Sometime before 546 BC, Milesian philosopher Anaximander postulated that mankind had sprung from an animal species
30.
Walaychu
–
The walaychu is a small lute-like fretted stringed instrument, the smallest member of the charango family. It is the same or similar to the maulincho, the walaychu along with the charango and its variations are believed to have been born around Cerro Rico of Potosí located in Bolivia. The word is vt. meaning, a man lazy, someone always lays on the ground everywhere and its colloquial word in Bolivia, a smaller or similar to charango
31.
Chinlili
–
The Chinlili, also known as the Chinlilo, is a chordophone from Ayacucho, Peru. It is a variant of the Charango tuned to a lower tone, the frets are laid out diatonically, and it has 6 courses of 8 metal strings much like a dulcimer. The doubled courses on the instrument are tuned to an octave, the traditional tuning, known as the temple tuning of the courses is E - B - G - D - B - G. Current indigenous music in cities focuses on problems and partying. The music is still a forum for people to connect through common issues, but those issues have changed
32.
Guitar
–
The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
33.
Bandurria
–
The bandurria is a plucked chordophone from Spain, similar to the mandolin, primarily used in Spanish folk music, but also found in former Spanish colonies. Prior to the 18th century, the bandurria had a round back and it had become a flat-backed instrument by the 18th century, with five double courses of strings, tuned in fourths. The original bandurrias of the Medieval period had three strings, during the Renaissance they gained a fourth string. During the Baroque period the bandurria had 10 strings, the modern bandurria has 12 strings. The strings are tuned in pairs, going up in fourths from the low G#. The lowest four strings are a major-third above those of a guitar and the highest two strings are a fourth above a standard guitar, i. e. G♯, c♯, f♯, b, e. Juan Ruiz first mentioned the term mandurria in the 14th century in his Libro De Buen Amor, in the early 1870s, a childs wake was accompanied with the bandurria music in Jijona, Alicante Province. The zapateo, a derived from the Spanish zapateado and introduced by tobacco cultivators from the Canary Islands, is accompanied with bandurria. The Philippine harp bandurria is a 14-string bandurria used in many Philippine folkloric songs, with 16 frets and this instrument probably evolved in the Philippines during the Spanish period, from 1521 to 1898. The Filipino bandurria is used in an orchestra of plucked string instruments called rondalla and it is tuned a step lower than the Spanish version, that is, low to high, F# B E A D G. There are also different varieties of Bandurria in South America, especially Peru. They have 4 courses, unlike the traditional Spanish 6 courses, the 4 courses are double, triple or quadruple, and the tuning is guitar-like, rather than the fourths tuning used on the Spanish type. In Lima, Peru, harp and bandurria duos were common in the early 20th century, nowadays people there still play bandurria accompanying with the popular vals peruano, or vals criollo. Although generally little known in the UK, the bandurria was used by Roy Williamson of the Scottish folk-group The Corrie Folk Trio. When this group became the immensely popular Corries, Williamson incorporated a bandurria into one of the two multi-instrument combolins that he constructed for himself and his partner. Arnel Pineda Bandura Laúd Music in the Philippines Music of Peru Music of Spain Stringed instrument tunings Sparks, Paul
34.
Violin
–
The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
35.
Harp
–
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard, which are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are quite heavy, different harps may use strings of catgut or nylon, or of metal, or some combination. While all harps have a neck, resonator, and strings, frame harps have a pillar at their end to support the strings, while open harps, such as arch or bow harps. Modern harps also vary in techniques used to extend the range and chromaticity of the strings, the earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer,3500 BC, and several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur. The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of ancient Egyptian tombs in the Nile Valley. These murals show an instrument that resembles the hunters bow. The chang flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BC, around 1900 BC arched harps in the Iraq–Iran region were replaced by angular harps with vertical or horizontal sound boxes. By the start of the Common Era, robust, vertical, angular harps, in the last century of the Sasanian period, angular harps were redesigned to make them as light as possible, while they became more elegant, they lost their structural rigidity. At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book production, such light harps were still frequently depicted, the works of the Tamil Sangam literature describe the harp and its variants, as early as 200 BC. Variants were described ranging from 14 to 17 strings, and the instrument used by wandering minstrels for accompaniment, another early South Asian harp was the ancient veena, unlike the modern instrument of the same name, the ancient veena was a harp vice the modern lute-type instrument. Some Samudragupta gold coins show of the mid-4th century AD show the king Samudragupta himself playing the instrument, the ancient veena survives today in Burma, in the form of the saung harp still played there. The harp was popular in ancient China and neighboring regions, though harps are largely extinct in East Asia in the modern day, the Chinese konghou harp is documented as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and became extinct during the Ming Dynasty. A similar harp, the gonghu was played in ancient Korea, Harps are essentially triangular in shape, and are made primarily of wood. Harp strings are made of gut or metal, the top end of each string is secured on the crossbar or neck of the instrument, where each will have a tuning peg or similar device to adjust the pitch of that string. It is the distance between the tuning peg and the soundboard, as well as the tension and weight of the string, the body is hollow and when a taut string is plucked, the body resonates, projecting sound. The longest side of the harp is called the column or pillar, though some earlier harps, such as a bow harp, on most harps, the sole purpose of the pillar is to hold up the neck against the great strain of the strings. On harps which have pedals, the pillar is a column and encloses the rods which adjust the pitch of strings
36.
Cowbell (instrument)
–
The cowbell is an idiophone hand percussion instrument used in various styles of music including salsa and infrequently in popular music. It is named after the similar bell historically used by herdsmen to keep track of the whereabouts of cows, while the cowbell is commonly found in musical contexts, its origin can be traced to freely roaming animals. In order to identify the herd to which these animals belonged. As the animals moved about the bell would ring, thus making it easier to know of the animals whereabouts, though the bells were used on various types of animals, they are typically referred to as cowbells due to their extensive use with cattle. Since they are tuned differently, in order to distinguish individual animals, they can be collected from the pasture in random tunings, the metal clapper is retained, and they sound much more noisy than handbells, which are otherwise used similarly in ensembles. Composers who included Almglocken among their musical palette include Tōru Takemitsu, Jo Kondo, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Roy Harter, John Adams, Joseph Schwantner, and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Olivier Messiaen used multiple chromatic sets of cowbells in several of his compositions, notably Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum. Clapperless cowbells made of metal are an important element in Latin-American and these cowbells are struck with a stick – the tone being modulated by striking different parts of the bell and by damping with the hand holding the bell. In several parts of the pairs or trios of clapperless bells are joined in such a way that they can be struck separately or clashed together. The Brazilian name for these is agogo bells, cylindrical wood blocks played in the same way are also called Agogô. In Cuban music the cowbell is called cencerro and often played by the player as the bongos. In Caribbean music two or three are mounted together with a pair of timbales. This type of cowbell can also be played with the using a modified bass drum pedal or bowed with a double bass bow. Although cowbells first appeared in American hillbilly music in the 1920s, they have also been used as an instrument in more recent popular music. The intro and ending to the 1958 track Heartbeat by the American artist Buddy Holly, the Roland TR-808 drum machine was noted for its distinctive cowbell sound, which sounded almost nothing like an actual cowbell, the sound was highly electronic with a sharp, short decay. DFA Records are noted for using a lot of cowbell in their remixes, the cowbell gained popular attention as the subject of an April 8,2000 Saturday Night Live sketch popularly known as More Cowbell. The sketch--considered one of the best SNL sketches of all time--parodied Blue Öyster Cults The Reaper, the guitar riffs and cowbell drew from Born on the Bayou, by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Though Queens of the Stone Age have also used the cowbell in many songs, but when they performed it on Saturday Night Live, Will Ferrell, dressed like Gene Frenkle from the More Cowbell sketch, got up on stage and played the jam block part on the cowbell
37.
Bass drum
–
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul
38.
Ocarina
–
The ocarina /ɒkəˈriːnə/ or /oʊkəˈriːnə/ is an ancient wind musical instrument—a type of vessel flute. Variations exist, but a typical ocarina is a space with four to twelve finger holes. It is traditionally made from clay or ceramic, but other materials are also used—such as plastic, wood, glass, metal, an example of an ocarina made of an animal horn is the medieval German gemshorn. The ocarina belongs to an old family of instruments, believed to date back over 12,000 years. Ocarina-type instruments have been of importance in Chinese and Mesoamerican cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their history of song. The ocarina has similar features to the Xun, another important Chinese instrument, in Japan, the traditional ocarina is known as the tsuchibue. Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by Cortés, both the Mayans and Aztecs produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought Europe the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument, one of the oldest ocarinas found in Europe is from Runik, Kosovo. The ocarina is a Neolithic flute-like wind instrument and was named Runik Ocarina, the word ocarina in the Bolognese dialect of the Emiliano-Romagnolo language means little goose. The earlier form was known in Europe as a gemshorn, which was made from animal horns of the chamois, györgy Ligeti called for four ocarinas in his Violin Concerto. It was not the first time an ocarina was featured The Legend of Zelda series, with the first appearance being as the Magic Flute in 1991s The Legend of Zelda, A Link To The Past. There are many different styles of varying in shape and the number of holes. It has a shape and is held with two hands horizontally. Depending on the number of holes, the player one more hole than the previous note to ascend in pitch. The two most common transverse ocarinas are 10-hole and 12-hole, pendants English Pendant – These are usually very small and portable, and use an English fingering system. Peruvian Pendant Dating from the time of the Incas, used as instruments for festivals, rituals and they are often seen with designs of animals. Inline – These are often called a fusion of the pendant and this style is known for being very small and compact, with more holes than the pendant
.svg)
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
