1.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
4.
Arrow Lakes
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The Arrow Lakes in British Columbia, Canada, divided into Upper Arrow Lake and Lower Arrow Lake, are widenings of the Columbia River. The lakes are situated between the Selkirk Mountains to the east and the Monashee Mountains to the west, beachland is fairly rare, and is interspersed with rocky headlands and steep cliffs. Mountain sides are heavily forested, and rise sharply to elevations around 2,600 metres, damming the Lower Arrow Lake resulted in water rising 12 metres above natural levels. As a result of water, the valley lost 2/3 of its arable land. The lake stretches from just north of Castlegar in the south to Revelstoke in the north, another hydroelectric development Whatshan Dam, diverted Whatshan Lake from the Whatshan River directly into the Arrow Lakes, just north of the Needles-Fauquier Ferry. There is also the Arrow Park Ferry, a ferry connecting East Arrow Park. The Arrow Lakes are part of the traditional claims of the Sinixt, Okanagan and Ktunaxa peoples, though at the time of contact. Source, included with note On our passage up the Columbia to the Boat Encampment, the Brigade had a spell and a smoke at this place. I recollect the boats were right under a high & perpendicular wall of rock, mr. Duncan Finlayson asked me in chinook if I wanted the arrows. I told him yes, he took up his shot gun & fired, I recollect there was something said of a large war party of Lake Indians or Upper Columbia River Indians invading the Kutanays or Mountaneirs. They had defeated the Mountaneirs and had captured a quantity of arrows & having no further need of them expended them in those holes to commemorate the action. I am sure the spot is at the Lower Lake, I have made several enquiries of miners, boat-men and others, and strange to say not one of them ever saw. I then began to think that I was mistaken, however questioned Big head Edward the chief of the Lake Indians and he told me there was such a place, but not speaking language I could get no further information. Source, included with note In the days before Columbus was born and it was customary for the west Kootenay Indians to winter along the southern Columbia and to ascend the stream every summer, to the lakes where hunting was good. As the tribes in the Slocan were always on the alert for war, one summer the scouts returned from the Lakes with news that a particularly large force of warriors were going up the river. So the Slocan tribes prepared for war and crossed the mountains in force to Nakusp, on embarking from their canoes at Nakusp they noticed signs of a great storm having passed. On proceeding up the lake for some distance they came upon the force of the enemy, there were none to resist them, for the great storm had apparently come suddenly upon them and there was nothing left but a heaving mass of canoe wreckage and dead bodies. Because of the vast wealth of arrow heads that fell to the bottom of the lake that day, source, BC place name cards, or correspondence to/from BCs Chief Geographer or BC Geographical Names Office
5.
Kootenays
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The Kootenay region comprises the southeastern portion of British Columbia. It takes its name from the Kootenay River, which in turn was named for the Ktunaxa First Nation first encountered by explorer David Thompson. The Kootenays are more or less defined by the Kootenay Land District, the strictest definition of the region is the drainage basin of the lower Kootenay River from its re-entry into Canada near Creston, through to its confluence with the Columbia at Castlegar. S. A. This region also includes part of the Flathead River drainage basin. an area to the southwest encompassing the Columbias drainage from the Kootenay confluence south to the U. S, border plus the Salmo River basin. The Columbia drainage between the Rogers Pass and the Eagle Pass, in and around the town of Revelstoke. In actuality, the settlement of the Boundary Country predates development in either of the regions it is now attached to, in some descriptions, the Boundary Country includes Osoyoos and Oliver in the South Okanagan. The Boundary Country is In the event of its inclusion, the Kootenays could be described as the complete Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin minus lands drained by the Okanagan River. Contingent on the boundaries, the Kootenays are commonly split either into East and West, or East, Central. The usual East-West separator is the leg of the Kootenay River with the Duncan River as a northern extension. This places Creston and points east in the East Kootenay and Kaslo, the usual East-Central-West separators are the Purcell Mountains splitting East from Central and the Selkirk Mountains splitting Central from West. It remains unclear why both Kootenay and Kootenays are used interchangeably to describe the area. The plural form is in reference to The Kootenays, both East and West, the singular is in reference to the Kootenay Region, a number of Community Radio stations have developed in the region, most notably CJLY-FM in Nelson and CIDO-FM in Creston. These stations usually operate either as Cooperatives or as a non-profit Societies, Kootenay National Park Kootenay Kootenay Rockies Tourism Board website West Kootenay EcoSociety website
6.
Regional District of Central Kootenay
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The Regional District of Central Kootenay is a regional district in the province of British Columbia, Canada. As of the 2006 census, the population was 55,883, the area is 22,130.72 square kilometres. The administrative centre is located in the city of Nelson, statistics Canada 2006 Community Profile, Central Kootenay RDCK website
7.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
8.
Sinixt
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The Sinixt are a First Nations People. The Sinixt are of Salishan linguistic extraction, and speak their own dialect of the Colville-Okanagan language, other tribes used the Columbia as a trade route, passing through Sinixt territory to trade with the Sinixt and to trade further south. Parts of the territory of the Sinixt are being claimed by the Westbank Band of the Okanagan people and as shared use. There is controversy over their claims to the area. According to Lawney Reyes, the Sinixt numbered about 3,000 in the early 19th century, the latter constituted at least eight large bands. Once they obtained horses, they ranged farther east to hunt on the Great Plains, in prehistoric times, the Sinixt were a semi-sedentary people, living in warm, semi-subterranean houses for the winter months. Summers were spent fishing, hunting, and gathering other food resources in their mountain, Reyes says that they wintered in the more wind-sheltered valleys, but summered by the Columbia. Scholars have classified the Sinixt as complex collectors, sharon Montgomery of the Nakusp Museum, and tribal legend documented by Nancy Perkins Wynecoop and Nettie Wynecoop Clark describe the Sinixt as the Mother Tribe of the Pacific Northwest Salish. In a recent interview with the journalist Rex Weyler, Bob Campbell, Headman of the Sinixt in British Columbia, notes that, As the mother nation, contributors to the articles forum refuted the claims as being without ethnographic or historical foundation. Sinixt mitochondrial DNA can be found at the base of Native American Haplogroup B2, early white explorers reported the Sinixt to be of average height and size, with hazel eyes. They were adept in making suspended bridges over the narrow, swift-flowing Columbia and their staples included huckleberry, salmon, and roots, but they also ate black moss, other berries, hazelnuts, wild carrots, peppermint, and various game meats. They chewed pine pitch like gum, and had a range of herbal medicines, starting in June, mature salmon arrived at Kettle Falls, the farthest downriver that the Sinixt territory extended. The Sinixt caught only the salmon that were not strong enough to clear the falls, both bands traveled to Red Mountain near Rossland, B. C. to harvest huckleberries in August. These seasonal events figured prominently in their culture and they hunted in late autumn, but still often were short of food by late winter. The Upper Sin Aikst trained dogs to drive deer toward the Columbia River, Reyes says that they often intermarried with the Swhy-ayl-puh, who had a very similar language. The territory of the latter was largely in the Colville Valley, Reyes gives an account of various Sinixt customs, especially related to pregnancy, birth, and education, as well as some descriptions of funerary customs. Children were closely monitored by elders, children were sent on short excursions to search for protective spirits, they were usually required to bring back an object to prove that they had made the journey. As they grew older, until puberty, these journeys became longer, each person was expected to acquire multiple spirits, because each had different powers
9.
Columbia River
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The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada and it flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River and its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. By volume, the Columbia is the fourth-largest river in the United States, the rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and they have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of fish, which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route, steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade, the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have developed the river. The development, commonly referred to as taming or harnessing of the river, has been massive, to aid ship and barge navigation, locks have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and dredging has opened, maintained, and enlarged shipping channels. Since the early 20th century, dams have been built across the river for the purposes of power generation, navigation, irrigation, and flood control. Today, a reservoir lies along nearly every US mile of the once free-flowing river. Production of nuclear power has taken place at two sites along the river, plutonium for nuclear weapons was produced for decades at the Hanford Site, which is now the most contaminated nuclear site in the US. All these developments have had a impact on river environments, mainly through industrial pollution. The Columbia begins its 1, 243-mile journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia, Columbia Lake –2,690 feet above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the rivers headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbias confluence with the Kootenay River, the Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about 2 miles north of the US–Canada border
10.
Hot spring
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A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earths crust. There are geothermal hot springs in many locations all over the crust of the earth, while some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can result in injury or death. The water temperature of a hot spring is usually 6.5 °C or more above mean air temperature, note that by this definition, thermal spring is not synonymous with the term hot spring a spring whose hot water is brought to the surface. The water temperature of the spring is usually 8.3 °C or more above the air temperature. A spring with water above the human body temperature –36.7 °C. suggest that the phrase warm spring is not useful. In general, the temperature of rocks within the earth increases with depth, the rate of temperature increase with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rocks, the water from hot springs in non-volcanic areas is heated in this manner. In active volcanic zones such as Yellowstone National Park, water may be heated by coming into contact with magma, the high temperature gradient near magma may cause water to be heated enough that it boils or becomes superheated. If the water becomes so hot that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, if the water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called a fumarole. If the water is mixed with mud and clay, it is called a mud pot, note that hot springs in volcanic areas are often at or near the boiling point. People have been seriously scalded and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs, Warm springs are sometimes the result of hot and cold springs mixing. They may occur within an area or outside of one. One example of a warm spring is Warm Springs, Georgia. Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest seeps to veritable rivers of hot water, sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser, or fountain. There are many claims in the literature about the rates of hot springs. It should be noted there are many more high flow non-thermal springs than geothermal springs. For example, there are 33 recognized magnitude one springs (having a flow in excess of 2,800 L/s in Florida alone, silver Springs, Florida has a flow of more than 21,000 L/s. Springs with high flow rates include, The Excelsior Geyser Crater in Yellowstone National Park yields about 4,000 U. S. gal/min
11.
Ktunaxa
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Four bands form the Ktunaxa Nation and the kindred Shuswap Indian Band in British Columbia. The Kootenai were allied with the Shuswap historically and through intermarriage, another group has federal recognition as the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho. Small populations of Kootenai living in eastern Washington are part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Kutenai language is an isolate, unrelated to the languages of neighboring peoples. Canada - British Columbia Ktunaxa Nation Council Lower Kootenay First Nation St. Marys First Nation Tobacco Plains First Nation, in Montana they are known as Ksanka. Ktunaxa is the autonym or what the people call themselves and it is pronounced Ta-na-ha, with a barely perceptible ‘k’ sound at the beginning of the word. British and American traders adopted and anglicised a term used by the Blackfoot in their language, in some of their tribal organizations and activities, the Ktunaxa identify as Kootenay, or as spelled in Montana, Kootenai. This history focuses on the Creston Band of the Lower Kootenay, scholars have numerous ideas about the origins of the Ktunaxa. One theory is that originally lived on the prairies, and were driven across the Rockies by the competing Blackfoot people or by famine. Some Upper Kootenay participated in a Plains Native lifestyle for part of the year and they were relatively well known to the Blackfoot, and sometimes their relations with them were in the form of violent confrontation over food competition. Some Ktunaxa remained on or returned to the year round, they had a settlement near Fort Macleod. This group of Ktunaxa suffered high mortality rates, partly because of the depredations of the Blackfoot, with numbers sharply reduced, these Plains Ktunaxa returned to the Kootenay region of British Columbia. Some of the Ktunaxa say that their ancestors came originally from the Great Lakes region of Michigan, to date, scholars have not found either archeological or historic evidence to support this account. The Ktunaxa territory in British Columbia has archeological sites with some of the oldest man-made artifacts in Canada and it has not been proven that these artifacts were left by ancestors of the Ktunaxa or by another, possibly Salishan, group. Human occupation of the Kootenay Rockies by 11,500 before the present has been demonstrated by dated sites with evidence of quarrying and flint-knapping, especially of quartzite and tourmaline. This oldest assemblage of artifacts is known as the Goatfell Complex, named after the Goatfell region about 40 km east of Creston, British Columbia on Highway 3. These artifacts have been found at quarries in Goatfell, Harvey Mountain, Idaho, Negro Lake and Kiakho Lake, North Star Mountain just west of Creston on Highway 3, and at Blue Ridge. All these sites are within 50 km of Creston, with the exception of Blue Ridge, in addition, it appears that the technology was local. No evidence supports conjecture that the regions first inhabitants emigrated from this area, choquette concludes that the Ktunaxa today are the descendants of those first people to inhabit the land
12.
David Thompson (explorer)
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David Thompson was a British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and map-maker, known to some native peoples as Koo-Koo-Sint or the Stargazer. Over Thompsons career, he travelled some 90,000 kilometres across North America, for this historic feat, Thompson has been described as the greatest land geographer who ever lived. Thompson was born in Westminster to recent Welsh migrants, David and he eventually graduated to the Grey Coat mathematical school and was introduced to basic navigation skills which would form the basis of his future career. In 1784, at the age of 14, he entered an apprenticeship with the Hudsons Bay Company. He set sail on 28 May of that year, and left England and he arrived in Churchill and was put to work copying the personal papers of the governor of Fort Churchill, Samuel Hearne. On 23 December 1788, Thompson seriously fractured his leg, forcing him to spend the two winters at Cumberland House convalescing. It was during this time he refined and expanded his mathematical, astronomical. It was also during this time that he lost sight in his right eye and he then entered the employ of the Hudsons Bay Company as a fur trader and in 1792 completed his first significant survey, mapping a route to Lake Athabasca. In recognition of his skills, the company promoted him to surveyor in 1794. Thompsons decision to defect to the North West Company in 1797 without providing the customary one-year notice was not well received by his former employers. However, joining the North West Company allowed Thompson to pursue his interest in surveying and work on mapping the interior of what was to become Canada. By 1798 Thompson had completed a survey of 6,750 km from Grand Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, in 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake to establish a trading post. The English translation of Lac la Biche-Red Deer Lake-first appeared on the Mackenzie map of 1793, Thompson spent the next few seasons trading based in Fort George, and during this time led several expeditions into the Rocky Mountains. However, a decision was made at the 1806 company meeting to send Thompson back out into the interior, after the general meeting in 1806, Thompson travelled to Rocky Mountain House and prepared for an expedition to follow the Columbia River to the Pacific. In June 1807 Thompson crossed the Rocky Mountains and spent the summer surveying the Columbia basin, Thompson mapped and established trading posts in Northwestern Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Western Canada. Trading posts he founded included Kootenae House, Kullyspell House and Saleesh House and these posts established by Thompson extended North West Company fur trading territory into the Columbia Basin drainage area. The maps he made of the Columbia River basin east of the Cascade Mountains were of high quality. In early 1810, Thompson was returning eastward towards Montreal but while on route at Rainy Lake, received orders to return to the Rocky Mountains and establish a route to the mouth of the Columbia
13.
Revelstoke, British Columbia
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Revelstoke is a city in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located 641 kilometres east of Vancouver, and 415 kilometres west of Calgary, the city is situated on the banks of the Columbia River just south of the Revelstoke Dam and near its confluence with the Illecillewaet River. East of Revelstoke are the Selkirk Mountains and Glacier National Park, penetrated by Rogers Pass used by the Trans-Canada Highway, south of the community down the Columbia River are the Arrow Lakes and the Kootenays. West of the city is Eagle Pass through the Monashee Mountains, Revelstoke was founded in the 1880s when the Canadian Pacific Railway was built through the area, mining was an important early industry. The name was originally Farwell, after a land owner. In yet earlier days, the spot was called the Second Crossing, Mount Revelstoke National Park is just north of the town. The construction of Revelstoke Mountain Resort, a new ski resort on Mount MacKenzie, just outside town, has been underway since late 2005. Revelstoke is also the site of a railway museum, Revelstoke BC is situated in prime black bear and grizzly bear habitat. In 1994 the Revelstoke garbage dump was fenced with an electric fence excluding bears from feeding on the garbage, the population of bears that had been feeding at the dump turned to town to forage for food and many were destroyed as nuisance bears. The destruction of so many bears led to the creation of a program meant to keep bears wild. Revelstoke holds the Canadian record for snowiest single winter,2447 cm of snow fell on Mt. Copeland outside town during the winter of 1971-72. That works out to just over 80 feet of snow, the townsite received 779 cm and snow levels were higher than many roofs around town by more than a few metres. Revelstokes economy has traditionally been tied to the Canadian Pacific Railway, however forestry, construction, tourism and retail have increased over the past decades. Today, telecommuters, freelancers, tech workers and entrepreneurs play an important role in Revelstokes success. The city is served by Revelstoke Airport and was one of the first Canadian cities to have fibre internet installed, Revelstoke is also the location of the Revelstoke Dam which was constructed on the Columbia River, and completed in 1984. A small ski resort featuring a short lift has operated on Mount MacKenzie since the 1960s. A strong movement pushed to expand the mountain into a single resort. Revelstoke Mountain Resort opened in the winter of 2007/8 and boasts North Americas greatest vertical at 1,713 metres, the resort also offers 3,121 acres of fall line skiing, high alpine bowls,13 areas of gladed terrain and more groomed terrain
14.
Minto (sternwheeler)
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Minto was a sternwheel steamboat that ran on the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia from 1898 to 1954. In those years of service, Minto had steamed over 3.2 million kilometers serving the communities on Arrow Lakes. Minto and her sister Moyie were the last sternwheelers to run in regularly scheduled service in the Pacific Northwest. The Minto class of sailing dinghies is named after this vessel, Minto was one of three steamboats built of steel and wood that were intended for service on the Stikine River during the Klondike gold rush. The other vessels were Moyie and Tyrrell, michael on the Bering Sea all the way up the long Yukon River. All the parts for these steamers were manufactured in Toronto, Ontario, C. P. R. decided to assemble Tyrrell in Vancouver, Moyie on Kootenay Lake, and Minto at the Bulger shipyard on upper Arrow Lake at Nakusp. Minto was needed on the Arrow Lakes because the C. P. R. s big new steamer Nakusp had been destroyed by fire in 1897. It is possible that some assembly work was done on Moyie. C. P. R. decided to assemble Moyie first, the assembly crew then moved over to Nakusp on upper Arrow Lake and on and then on July 26,1898, began work on the Minto. Reportedly there were literally 1,000 pieces for each sternwheeler, the hulls of Minto, Moyie and Tyrrell hull were built on steel frames, with a wood bottom and steel sheets on the side. In addition, the composite hulls gave these vessels a much greater working life than all the boats on both the Arrow Lakes and Kootenay Lakes. Wooden hulls quickly became waterlogged and lost their strength, Minto and these involved extended the texas which the name for the cabin placed on the topmost or hurricane or texas deck. Similar work was done the year before on the Rossland and the Kootenay, in Mintos case, the additional cabins cost $2,953 to construct. Winter months imposed sharp restrictions on operations on the Arrow Lakes. Minto was the best of the fleet for dealing with these conditions, in some winters, Minto was unable to travel to lower Arrow Lake, and C. P. R. Used the steam propeller passenger and tug boat Columbia to take her place, in the very cold winter of 1916, Kootenay became icebound at the southern end of the Narrows between upper and lower Arrow Lakes. Minto with her hull, was sent down from Nakusp to take her passengers. Minto could not reach Koontenay but was able to get close enough so the passengers could walk over the ice or on shore to get to Minto, Kootenay was eventually able to work free, but her hull was permanently damaged
15.
Keenleyside Dam
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Hugh Keenleyside Dam (originally known as the High Arrow Dam is a flood control dam spanning the Columbia River,12 km upstream of the city of Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada. The dam is operated by BC Hydro and it was commissioned on October 10,1968, six months ahead of schedule. Immediately downstream of the dam a 185 megawatt hydroelectric powerhouse, the Arrow Lakes Generating Station, was begun in 1999, the station is owned by the Columbia Power Corporation. Lower Arrow Lake was raised 12 metres above the levels, resulting in several towns being dismantled and relocated before their sites were flooded. The dam was named after Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, the Canadian ambassador to Mexico, Hugh Keenleyside served as the chairman of the British Columbia Power Commission and co-chairman at the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority from 1962 to 1969. The Arrow Lakes reservoir is described by BC Hydro as a waterway for boating. The dam is equipped with a lock, which is available at no charge to boaters. However, commercial traffic and floating logs have priority over leisure crafts, hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River List of dams in the Columbia River watershed Mica Dam Revelstoke Dam List of generating stations in BC
16.
Castlegar, British Columbia
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Castlegar is the second largest city in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada. It is located within the Selkirk Mountains at the confluence of the Kootenay and it is a regional trade and transportation centre, with a local economy fueled by forestry, mining and tourism. It was recently cited as one of the Top 8 Places in British Columbia for most promising growth and it is home to Selkirk College, a regional airport, a pulp mill, and several sawmills. The population of 7,259 people includes a number of Doukhobors. A sizeable Portuguese community grew as workers, mainly from the Azores islands, the area which was to become Castlegar was an important centre for the Sinixt Peoples. Outside the city limits are the surrounding communities of Ootischenia, Brilliant, Robson, Robson West, Raspberry, Tarrys, Thrums, Glade, Shoreacres, Fairview, Genelle, Pass Creek. There are also the smaller communities of Deer Park, Renata. Taken together, these areas comprise an approximate population of a further 8,000 people. On September 5,1811, David Thompson arrived at the location where Castlegar now sits, a plaque dedicated to David Thompson can be found on the east bank of the Columbia River overlooking the present day site of Castlegar. The first settlement in the area was West Waterloo, now known as South Castlegar, there was widespread provincial interest in gold prospecting in the late 19th century, and by 1895 there were forty houses in Waterloo. The town boomed until the end of the century when interest in the mines declined. Castlegar takes its name from Castlegar, County Galway in Ireland, the city was planned in 1897. Around 1902, the Canadian Pacific Railway built the bridge at Castlegar and they put in a box car station at the old Waterloo trail crossing and called it Kinnaird Station in honour of Lord Kinnaird who was a shareholder in the CPR. There was little in Castlegar until after the completion of the CPR bridge, a Mr. Farmer built the first store in town, housing both the post office and the town hall. William Gage built the Castlegar Hotel in 1908, standing until 1982 when it was destroyed by fire, also in 1908, the first schoolhouse was built by a few local residents who bought the lumber and erected the building. A dance pavilion, garage, tourist cabins and a slaughterhouse had all established by 1925. On October 30,1946, Castlegar was incorporated into a village and it amalgamated with the neighbouring town of Kinnaird into a city on January 1,1974, effectively doubling the population. On May 20,2004, the Citys boundary was extended to include the Blueberry Creek Irrigation District, Castlegar is located in the border area between the Sinixt and the Ktunaxa Indian bands
17.
Community radio
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Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest and they broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local, specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Community radio stations are operated, owned, and influenced by the communities they serve, there is legally defined community radio in many countries, such as France, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and Ireland. Much of the legislation has included such as social benefit, social objectives. Modern community radio stations serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that is not necessarily provided by the commercial radio stations. Community radio outlets may carry news and information programming geared toward the local area, specialized musical shows are also often a feature of many community radio stations. Community and pirate stations can be valuable assets for a region, Community radio stations typically avoid content found on commercial outlets such as Top 40 music, sports and drive-time personalities. A meme used by members of the movement is that community radio should be 10 percent radio and 90 percent community. This means that community radio stations should focus on getting the community talking and not solely on radio, there is also a distinction drawn in contrast to mainstream stations, which are viewed as pandering to commercial concerns or the personalities of presenters. Communities are complex entities, and what constitutes the community in community radio is subject to debate which varies by country, Community may be replaced by terms such as alternative, radical or citizen radio. In sociology, a community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location, Community radio has been built around the ideals of access and participation. Stations have been run by locals, typically to serve a local audience, however, the internets availability and popularity has encouraged many stations to podcast and/or stream and audio and make it available globally. Two philosophical approaches to community radio exist, although the models are not mutually exclusive, one emphasizes service and community-mindedness, focusing on what the station can do for the community. The other stresses involvement and participation by the listener, in the service model locality is valued, community radio, as a third tier, can provide content focused on a more local or particular community than a larger operation. Sometimes, though, providing syndicated content not already available within the service area is viewed as public service. Within the United States, for example, many stations syndicate content from such as Pacifica Radio on the basis that it provides content not otherwise available. In the access model, the participation of community members in producing content is viewed as a good in itself, while this model does not necessarily exclude a service approach, there is some disagreement between the two. Community broadcasting is Australia’s third media sector, formally represented by the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, in January 2012, there were 359 licensed community radio stations
18.
CJHQ-FM
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CJHQ-FM is a community radio station in Nakusp, British Columbia, broadcasting on 107.1 FM. Owned by the Columbia Basin Alliance for Literacy, the station was licensed on April 15,2005, the station is one of several new community radio stations launched in the Kootenay region in the 2000s. Others include CJLY-FM in Nelson, CHLI-FM in Rossland, CFAD-FM in Salmo, cJHQ-FM|NCRA Columbia Basin Alliance for Literacy Query the RECs Canadian station database for CJHQ-FM
19.
Nakusp Music Fest
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The Nakusp Music Fest was an annual music festival held in Nakusp, British Columbia, which is situated in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada. Held every summer usually in July, it was touted as the British Columbia Interiors largest classic rock festival, the inaugural event was held in 2004 with more than ten acts, including of Dr. Hook, Randy Bachman, Trooper and Wide Mouth Mason. Since then, Nakusp Music Festival has featured Smash Mouth, Collective Soul, 54-40, Steppenwolf, Aaron Pritchett and this years line-up will include The Doobie Brothers, Kevin Costner & Modern West, The Sheepdogs Soul Asylum, Spirit of the West. Canned Heat, Savoy Brown, Honeymoon Suite
20.
Brad Larsen
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Brad Larsen is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Avalanche and the Atlanta Thrashers. He is currently an assistant coach of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League and he is the former head coach of the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Brad Larsen was born in Nakusp, British Columbia, but grew up in Vernon and he played junior ice hockey for the Swift Current Broncos where he attracted NHL scouts attention. Larsen was drafted in round 3, 53rd overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft and his rights were traded to the Colorado Avalanche in 1996. He was not signed by the Avalanche by 1997 NHL Entry Draft day and his first four professional years were spent almost entirely with Colorados AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears, before securing a full-time role as a member of the Avalanche in 2001–02. Blighted by persistent Back and Groin injuries in 2002–03, Larsen was unable to establish himself in the NHL, brad returned in 2003–04 and spent time with both Hershey and Colorado before he was claimed off waivers by the Atlanta Thrashers on February 25,2004. During the 2004 NHL Lockout, Larsen made a return to full health playing in a career high 75 games with the Thrashers AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves. Upon resumption of the NHL in the 2005–06 season, Larsen established a checking role with the Thrashers. A mainstay on the Thrashers fourth line, Larsens offensive contributions dipped in the 2007–08 season, scoring just 1 goal, on September 26,2008, he was traded by Atlanta, along with Ken Klee and Chad Painchaud, to the Anaheim Ducks for Mathieu Schneider. A free agent, Larsen was invited to the Buffalo Sabres training camp for the 2009–10 season before signing with AHL affiliate, as a part of the leadership group with the Pirates, Larsen made his return to the ice and posted 13 goals for 27 points in 55 games. Helping the Pirates reach the Quarterfinals in the Calder Cup playoffs, originally selected by the Ottawa Senators in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft as a 3rd round choice, 53rd overall, in 1995. Selected by the Colorado Avalanche in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft as a 4th round choice, claimed on waivers by the Thrashers from Colorado, February 25,2004. Traded along with Ken Klee and Chad Painchaud, to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Mathieu Schneider, September 26,2008, brad Larsens career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
21.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
23.
Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
24.
Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
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The Arrow Lakes are formed by the Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia. Tributaries of the Columbia include the Kootenay River which rises in Canada, then south into the United States, then bends north again back into Canada. As with the Arrow Lakes, steamboats operated on the Kootenay River. The Arrow Lakes route was accessible from the north, by a connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Revelstoke. The Arrow Lakes Route was also accessible from the south, at Northport, Washington, also on the Columbia River, the Columbia River crossed the border near Boundary, Washington, which was about 749 miles from the mouth of the Columbia, if traced along the rivers route. Revelstoke was 937 miles from the mouth of the Columbia, so the distance of the Arrow Lakes route was 182 miles from Revelstoke to Boundary. Towns along the route, from north to south were Northport, Washington, Fort Colvile, Washington, after Trail, the Columbia widened into Lower Arrow Lake. Towns and landings along Lower Arrow Lake were Robson, Edgewood, Needles, Fauquier, Burton, north of Grand Landing, the lake narrowed and became more like a river. After this stretch, it widened into Upper Arrow Lake, towns and landings along Upper Arrow Lake included Nakusp, Arrowhead and on a short northeasterly branch of the lake, Comaplix and Beaton. North of Arrowhead, the lake narrowed and became the Columbia River again, up to the major town. The first steamboat on the route was the Forty-Nine, built to service a gold rush on the Big Bend of the Columbia River, attempting the run from Marcus. Another major goldfield, Downie Creek, joined the Columbia just below the rapids and was the site of the boomtown Downie Creek, British Columbia, another port-of-call on the run. When the gold rush ended, Forty-Nine was withdrawn for lack of clientele, after that, the small steam launch Alpha ran supplies up to Revelstoke where the Canadian Pacific Railway was building a crossing over the Columbia River for its transcontinental line. After that, three formed the Columbia Transportation Company, and put Dispatch on the Arrow Lakes route. The Dispatch was a catamaran, which first ran on August 9,1888. Her owners made enough money from her operations to buy the Marion and she was shipped over and launched at Revelstoke. A. Mara, Frank S. Barnard, and Captain John Irving, in 1889 through 1890, the new firm purchased the idle Kootenai for $10,000 and built and launched the Lytton at Revelstoke, which was ready for service in July,1890. The trip was 150 miles each way, and Lytton averaged 12 1⁄3 miles an hour downstream and 11 miles an hour upstream, including stops for wooding up and minor repairs
25.
Microsoft Excel
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Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, in addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives, Excel was not designed to be used as a database. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts, the Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications, which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques, programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor, which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder, the Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro, the macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE, advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions, some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, from its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros and user defined functions.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default, after version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet and these displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change
26.
Abbotsford, British Columbia
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Abbotsford is a city located in the Fraser Valley region of British Columbia, adjacent to Greater Vancouver. The Abbotsford–Mission metropolitan area of around 170,191 inhabitants as of the 2011 census is the 23rd largest census metropolitan area in Canada, Abbotsford has the third highest proportion of visible minorities among census metropolitan areas in Canada, after the Greater Toronto Area and the Greater Vancouver CMA. It has also named by Statistics Canada as Canada’s most generous city in terms of charitable donations for nine straight years. The community of 375.55 square kilometres is the largest city by area in British Columbia and it is home to the University of the Fraser Valley, Tradex and Abbotsford International Airport, which hosts the Abbotsford International Airshow. The municipalitys southern boundary is the Canada–United States border, across which is Sumas, in Canada, it is bordered by the Township of Langley to the west, the Fraser River and the District of Mission to the north, and the City of Chilliwack to the east. Much of Abbotsford enjoys views of Mount Baker and the Coast Mountains, Abbotsfords colonial development began when the Royal Engineers surveyed the area in response to the gold rush along the Fraser River in 1858. This led to the building of Yale Road, the first transportation route to link the Fraser Valley, the settlement grew and the production of butter, milk and tobacco began by the late 1860s. In 1889, former Royal Engineer John Cunningham Maclure applied for a Crown grant to obtain the 160 acres that would become Abbotsford, there is some controversy over the origin of the Abbotsford name. The most commonly cited origin is that Maclure named the land Abbotsford after family friend Henry Braithwaite Abbott, until 1922 the name was spelled Abottsford. The title passed hands to Robert Ward, who filed a subdivision on July 9,1891. Also in 1891, the CPR built a line through the area that connected Mission with the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway at Sumas. This route was the rail connection between Vancouver and Seattle until 1904. The Village of Abbotsford was incorporated in 1892, the British Columbia Electric Railway arrived in 1910. Service to Vancouver runs from neighbouring Mission by way of the West Coast Express, the most notable natural disaster to hit Abbotsford was a major flood of the Fraser River in 1948. In September 1984 Pope John Paul II held a mass for over 200,000 people at the Abbotsford International Airport. The amalgamation of the Village of Abbotsford and the District of Sumas into the District of Abbotsford occurred in 1972, the District of Abbotsford amalgamated with the District of Matsqui in 1995 to become the City of Abbotsford, raising the population significantly. In June 2013, the City of Abbotsford spread chicken manure on a camp located in the city. Abbotsford Mayor Bruce Banman publicly apologized for the incident, a lawsuit was launched on behalf of some of the homeless, stating that a bylaw which prevents overnight camping in Abbotsford parks is against their right to shelter
27.
Mission, British Columbia
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Mission, the core of which was formerly a separate municipality known as Mission City, is a district municipality in the Lower Mainland region of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is situated on the bank of the Fraser River where it backs onto mountains. Mission is the 6th largest district municipality in British Columbia, with a population of 38,833, unlike the other Fraser Valley municipalities, Mission is mostly forested upland with only small floodplains lining the shore of the Fraser River. Some benches of farmland rise in succession northwards above the developed area of the city. Mission was once the heart of the industry in the Fraser Valley, with Home of the Big Red Strawberry as Missions slogan in the 1930s. Over 40% of Mission is actually tree farm, making it one of two communities with municipal tree farms. Missions tree farm celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2008 and it was incorporated in 1892 and is 225.78 km2 in size. The District of Mission uses the current Council-Manager system of local government, the present Mayor and Council, was elected on November 15,2014. The current mayor is Randy Hawes, a notable past mayor is James Atebe. The Town of Mission City began as a land promotion, soon afterwards, Harry Brown French, an American from New York, came to the city and founded the Mission Regional Chamber of Commerce on June 19,1893. It was the first Board of Trade in B. C, some of the early houses and commercial buildings were, in fact, specifically designed to be reminiscent of small towns in southern Ontario in order to encourage buyers. The name Mission City was chosen due to the proximity to the historic St. Marys Mission of the Oblate order just east of town. The rail bridge at Mission doubled duty as a one-way alternating vehicular bridge until 1973, Mission Citys original retail core was in the small area of lowland between the CPR mainline and the river. Following the great flood of 1894 a few years after the towns founding, following the 1894 flood, abandoned buildings and lots in the old downtown were taken over by Chinese merchants and workers, creating a Chinatown which lasted until the 1920s. It was built by the British Columbia Electric Railway to provide power to the street railway. The Stave Falls Power Co. operated a railway for passenger. During the construction of the Ruskin Dam the railway was rebuilt at a higher elevation so as to skirt the new Hayward Lake reservoir, the rail line has long been discontinued, but the old grade and its trestles are now part of a recreation trail circling the reservoir. Population in the Stave Falls area is now away from the dams, west along the Dewdney Trunk towards Maple Ridge, in a rural farm-and-wilderness area south of Rolley Lake Provincial Park
28.
Kelowna
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Kelowna is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley, in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It serves as the office of the Regional District of Central Okanagan. Its name derives from an Okanagan language term for grizzly bear, Kelowna is the third largest metropolitan area in the province and ranks as the 22nd largest in Canada, with a population of 194,882 in 2016. So far exact dates of first settlement are unknown, but a northern migration led to the peopling of this area some 9000 years ago, the Indigenous Syilx people were the first inhabitants of the region, and continue to live in the region. Father Charles M. Pandosy, a French Roman Catholic Oblate missionary, arriving in 1859 was the first European to settle at Kelowna, Kelowna was officially incorporated on 4 May 1905. In May 2005, Kelowna celebrated its Centennial, in the same year, new five lane William R. Bennett Bridge began construction to replace the three lane Okanagan Lake Bridge. It was part of a plan to alleviate traffic problems experienced during the summer tourist season, the new bridge was completed in 2008. The bridge has done little to alleviate traffic problems, on July 3,1877, George Mercer Dawson was the first geologist to visit Kelowna. On 6 August 1969 a sonic boom from an air show produced an expensive broken glass bill of a quarter million dollars while at least 6 people were injured. The incident was caused by a member of Americas Blue Angels during a routine for the Kelowna Regatta festival. Winter 1986 was the last time that the Lake completely froze over, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police helicopter successfully rescued an SUV that had tried to drive across the Lake and fell through the ice. 2000s, Kelowna builds the tallest building in between the Lower Mainland and Calgary, Skye at Waterscapes, which is a 26-floor residential tower. On 7 May 1992, a forest fire consumed 60 hectares of forest on Mount Boucherie in West Kelowna across Lake Okanagan from Kelowna proper, no homes were damaged, in August 2003, a nearby wildfire destroyed 239 homes and forced the temporary evacuation of approx. During the 2003 fire, many trestles of the historic Kettle Valley Railway were destroyed, all the trestles have been rebuilt to look like the originals but using smaller dimension beams. In late August 2005, a 30 hectare fire caused multiple evacuations in the Rose Valley subdivision across the lake in West Kelowna, in July 2009 wildfires destroyed hundreds of hectares of forest and a number of buildings in West Kelowna,17,000 residents were evacuated. In July 2009, a 100 hectare fire near Rose Valley resulted in the evacuation of 7,000 people, in July 2009, a 9,200 hectare fire behind Fintry resulted in the evacuation of 2,500 people. On 12 July 2010, a 30 hectare fire in West Kelowna destroyed one home, September 2011, a 40 hectare fire in West Kelownas Bear Creek Park caused the evacuation of over 500 people. In July 2012, a 30 hectare fire caused the evacuation of the community of Wilsons Landing just North of West Kelowna
29.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
30.
Victoria, British Columbia
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Victoria /vɪkˈtɔːriə/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canadas Pacific coast. The city has a population of about 85,792, while the area of Greater Victoria, has a population of 367,770. Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada, and is located about 100 kilometres from BCs largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and, at the time, British North America, Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest, with British settlement beginning in 1843. The city has retained a number of its historic buildings. The citys Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Franciscos, known as the The Garden City, Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a thriving technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry. Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life, Victoria is very popular with boaters with its beautiful and rugged shorelines and beaches. Victoria is also popular with retirees, who come to enjoy the temperate, prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples, including the Songhees. The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of Juan Pérez in 1774 and of James Cook. In 1778, although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not penetrated until 1790, Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour in 1790,1791, the Songhees established a village across the harbour from the fort. The Songhees village was moved north of Esquimalt. When the crown colony was established in 1849, a town was out on the site. Victoria was incorporated as a city in 1862, in 1865, Esquimalt was made the North Pacific home of the Royal Navy, and remains Canadas Pacific coast naval base. In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North Americas largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, then the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import, the opium trade was banned in 1908. In 1886, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet and his son James Dunsmuir became premier and subsequently lieutenant-governor of the province and built his own grand residence at Hatley Park in the present City of Colwood. With the economic crash and a surplus of men, Victoria became a target-rich environment for recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the 88th Victoria Fusiliers and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, Victoria was the home of Sir Arthur Currie
Canada
British Columbia
Subdivisions of British Columbia
