1.
Tagbilaran
–
Tagbilaran is a 3rd city income class component city in the island province of Bohol, Philippines, serving as its capital. Its income classification has an income of ₱240-320 million. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 105,051, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 59,949 registered voters. Tagbilaran lies in the part of the province, and has a total land area of 32.7 km2. The city shares its boundaries with the towns of Cortes, Corella, Tagbilaran is the principal gateway to Bohol,630 km southeast of the national capital of Manila and 72 km south of the regional capital, Cebu City. A hundred years before Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the settlement which eventually became Tagbilaran was already involved in trading with China and Malaya. Tagbilaran was established as a town on 9 February 1742, by General Don Francisco Antonio Calderón de la Barca, Governor of the Visayas, the town was dedicated to St. Joseph the Worker. Since then it was part of the province of Bohol until it became a city on 1 July 1966. The city was occupied by the United States during the Philippine-American War, Sitio Ubos is Tagbilarans former harbor site and is considered to be the citys oldest portion, having been a busy trading center since the seventeenth century until the early twentieth century. As such, the houses the oldest and largest number of heritage houses in Bohol. Sitio Ubos declined as a port towards the end of the Spanish era when the causeway to Panglao Island was constructed. Since then, the area lost its glory and its old houses were either demolished or neglected. In 2002, in recognition of its cultural and historic significance, some of the surviving heritage houses to this day include the Rocha–Suarez House, Rocha House, Hontanosas House, Beldia House, and Yap House. One of the most important events in Philippine history was the compact between Datu Sikatuna, a local native chieftain, and Captain Miguel López de Legazpi, the Spanish explorer and colonizer. On that day,16 March 1565, Legazpi with Fray Andres de Urdaneta, Sikatuna and Legazpi each made a cut on the left arm and collected the drop of blood into a single vessel mixed with wine. To honor this treaty of friendship, then President Elpidio Quirino established the Order of Sikatuna, a marker now stands on the spot where Sikatuna and Legaspi allegedly sealed that famous compact. During the Japanese Occupation, the government of Tagbilaran, whose mayor at the time was Manuel Espuelas. It was a display of Boholano bravery against the well-equipped, well-trained Japanese soldiers, an earthquake with magnitude 7.2, with an epicenter near Sagbayan, Bohol, struck Bohol on 15 October 2013
2.
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
–
The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States of America created in 1901 in what is now the Philippines. The name reflects the fact that it was an administration under the authority of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. The government was organized in the newly acquired territory by the executive branch of the American government in order to replace military governance with civilian. In 1916, Philippine Organic Act was replaced by the Jones Law, finally, in 1935, the Insular Government was succeeded by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under the American government, as a previsionary step towards full independence in ten years. Delayed by World War II, the Philippines gained full sovereignty in 1946, the Insular Government evolved from the Taft Commission, or Second Philippine Commission, appointed on March 16,1900. This group was headed by William Howard Taft, and was granted powers by President William McKinley in September 1900. The commission created a system, an educational system, a civil service. The legality of actions was contested until the passage of the Spooner Amendment in 1901. The Insular Government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence, on July 4,1901, Taft was appointed civil governor, with Military Governor Adna Chaffee retaining authority in disturbed areas. On July 4,1902, the office of governor was abolished. The Philippine Organic Act disestablished the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines as the state religion, in 1904, Taft negotiated the purchase of 390,000 acres of church property for $7.5 million. This land was resold to tens of thousands of peasants, who received low-cost mortgages, two years after the completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the house of a bicameral legislature. Every year from 1907, the Philippine Assembly passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence, Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a date of independence. The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law and its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. Filipinos suspended the campaign during the First World War and supported the United States. After the war they resumed their drive with great vigour
3.
Quezon City
–
Quezon City is the most populous city in the Philippines. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila, Quezon City was named after Manuel L. Quezon, second President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it with the intention to replace Manila as the national capital. The city actually held title for 28 years starting 1948 up to 1976. Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province and it is the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. Quezon City also hosts the University of the Philippines Diliman–the national university–and Ateneo de Manila University, the Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park and shrine located in Quezon City. The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road and its main feature is a mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon. Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches. On August 23,1896, the Katipunan led by its Supremo Andrés Bonifacio, in the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his trip to Mexico influenced his vision. In 1938, President Quezon created the Peoples Homesite Corporation and purchased 15.29 km2 from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family, successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12,1939, instead of opposing it, Caloocan residents willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief it will benefit the countrys new capital. During the Second World War, Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 and this caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16,1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No,537, changing the citys boundaries to an area of 153.59 km2. Exactly six years after on June 16,1956, more revisions to the land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as 151.06 km2.33 km2, on October 1,1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the Thrilla in Manila boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. On November 7,1975 the promulgation of Presidential Decree No.824 of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila, Quezon City became one of Metro Manilas 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, Presidential Decree No.940 transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24,1976, on March 31,1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22,1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos, on February 23,1998, Republic Act
4.
Sculpture
–
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
5.
Filipinos
–
Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
6.
Artist
–
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians. Artiste is a variant used in English only in this context, use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. Wiktionary defines the noun artist as follows, A person who creates art, a person who makes and creates art as an occupation. A person who is skilled at some activity, a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus, became the source of the English words technique, technology, in ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin ars, which, although literally defined, means skill method or technique, and conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in countries such as Italy. An artist was able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined. In this period some artisanal products were more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. With the Academies in Europe the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set, Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium, the word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline, contrasting terms for highly skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics. Often, discussions on the focus on the differences among artist and technician, entertainer and artisan, fine art and applied art, or what constitutes art. The French word artiste has been imported into the English language where it means a performer, use of the word artiste can also be a pejorative term. The English word artiste has thus a range of meaning than the word artiste in French
7.
National Artist of the Philippines
–
National Artists of the Philippines is an order bestowed by the Philippines on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art. Originally instituted as an Award, it was elevated to the status of Order in 2003, the Order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcoss Proclamation №1001 of April 2,1972 and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The first award was conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo. The Order is the highest state honor conferred on individuals deemed as having done much for their artistic field, deserving individuals must have been recommended by both the Cultural Center and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts prior to receiving the award. Such people are then titled, by virtue of a Presidential Proclamation, as National Artist, and are inducted into the Order. Recipients attend a conferment ceremony at Malacañang Palace, where the President bestows on them the insignia of the Order, an ornate, gilt collar, in addition to the collar, each new Member is given a citation that is presented during the conferment ceremony. The Cultural Center of the Philippines then presents a Memorabilia Exhibit of the recipients works, however, national artists have since been honored under new categories. The NCCA created the category of National Artist for Fashion Design when it nominated Ramon Valera, President Fidel V. Ramos issued an executive order creating the category of National Artist for Historical Literature before conferring the honor to Carlos Quirino. A Second Deliberation, which is a joint meeting of the Commissioners of the NCCA, the list is then forwarded to the President of the Philippines, who, by Presidential Proclamation, proclaims the final nominees as members of the Order of National Artists. Order was later bestowed to candidate in a ceremony at Malacañang Palace in November 2013, over the years there have been several controversies involving the awarding of National Artist or involving awardees. On July 16,2013, the controversy finally ended after the Supreme Court of the Philippines voted 12-1-2 that voided the four proclamations. On June 20,2014, five years after he was shortlisted in 2009. Art of the Philippines Culture of the Philippines List of National Artists, from the National Commission on Culture and the Arts website. National Artists Guidelines The Order of National Artists - from the Official Gazette of the Philippines National Artists in Waiting, Six in a Fix
