1.
Thorndon, New Zealand
–
See also Thorndon Hall Thorndon is a historic inner suburb of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. Thorndon combines upmarket residential accommodation and the home of government, and is located at the end of the Central Business District. The buildings of the New Zealand Parliament are located in Thorndon, Thorndon is also the location of many Government departments including the National Library and Archives New Zealand. Thorndon is surrounded by major transportation links, to the west, towards the foot of Te Ahumairangi Hill which hangs above the suburb, is the Wellington Urban Motorway, part of New Zealand State Highway network. Schools located in Thorndon include Wellington Girls College, St Marys College, Queen Margaret College and primary schools Thorndon School, Katherine Mansfield Birthplace is located in Thorndon, and is the house where Katherine Mansfield grew up. The Thistle Inn is one of New Zealands oldest public houses, artist Rita Angus lived in Thorndon from 1955 to her death in 1970. Her 1877 cottage is now used to host the Rita Angus Residency for visiting artists, westpac Stadium, one of New Zealands top sports venues, is located nearby and the Thorndon Tennis Club, established in the 19th century, is one of the oldest in the world. The Thorndon Fair is held annually, usually on the first Sunday of December, the fair has many stalls selling crafts and second-hand goods and is held for the benefit of Thorndon School. It has taken place for years and is one of the main community events held in Thorndon. Parts of Tinakori Road and Hill Street are closed during the fair, Thorndon occupies the northern end of the narrow coastal plain that makes up the heart of Wellington. It is flanked by the hills of Wadestown to the west. The boundaries of Thorndon form an approximate triangle, starting from the lower south-west corner, at the intersection of Glenmore St and Collins Tce, the boundary goes up through Tinakori Hill, across through Weld St and along to Baker St. Then the boundary follows the west side of Thorndon Quay down until Hill St, one of the few comparatively flat areas on the harbour, Thorndon became a significant part of Port Nicholsons first organised European settlement in 1840. Sir Robin Cooke, who grew up beside the Thorndon tennis club,63 Thorndon Quay Archives New Zealand National Library Thorndon History by Jeremy Lowe
2.
Wellington
–
Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
3.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
5.
New Zealand Parliament
–
The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951
6.
Court of Appeal of New Zealand
–
The Court of Appeal of New Zealand, located in Wellington, is New Zealand’s principal intermediate appellate court. It is also the appellate court for a number of matters. In practice, most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level, the Court of Appeal has existed as a separate court since 1862 but, until 1957, it was composed of Judges of the High Court sitting periodically in panels. In 1957 the Court of Appeal was reconstituted as a permanent court separate from the High Court, the President and nine other permanent appellate Judges constitute the full-time working membership of the Court. The Court sits in panels of five Judges and three Judges depending on the nature and wider significance of the particular case, a considerable number of three-Judge cases are heard by Divisional Courts consisting of one permanent Court of Appeal Judge and two High Court Judges seconded for that purpose. In the main, criminal appeals will be allocated to a Divisional Court unless the President otherwise directs and this recognises the insights which Judges with current trial experience bring to criminal appeals. Counsel for the appellant or respondent may request a direction that a particular appeal be allocated to a Permanent Court or a Full Court. Longer civil appeals or areas that raise issues of public significance will usually be allocated to a Permanent Court. Again counsel for the appellant or respondent may request a direction that a particular appeal be allocated to a Divisional Court, the Prime Minister will also determine whether an appeal is of sufficient significance to warrant the consideration of a Full Court of five members. The President will, where appropriate, consult with other permanent Judges, such a decision typically is made only once or twice a year. How cases come to the court The Court of Appeal deals with civil and criminal appeals from matters heard in the High Court, and serious criminal charges from the District Court. Matters appealed to the High Court from the District Court and certain tribunals can be taken to the Court of Appeal with leave, the Court may also grant leave to hear appeals against pre-trial rulings in criminal cases, and appeals on questions of law from the Employment Court. Civil Proceedings The Court of Appeal Rules 2005 set out the requirements for pursuing civil appeals. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from any judgment, appeals on questions of law from the Employment Court can, with the leave of the Court of Appeal, be brought to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear appeals against pre-trial rulings in criminal cases, there is a right of appeal with respect to High Court decisions granting or refusing bail or in respect of conditions of bail. The Court of Appeal Rules 2001 set out the requirements for pursuing criminal appeals in the Court of Appeal. The Crimes Act 1961 and Criminal Procedure Act 2011 also contain both substantive and procedural provisions relevant to criminal appeals to the Court of Appeal. If the appellant is in custody he or she is not entitled to be present at a hearing involving oral submissions unless there is a right to be present
7.
Archives New Zealand
–
Archives New Zealand is the National Archives of New Zealand, with responsibility for the record of government. This includes regulation of information management in the sector, management of the national archival collection. Since 1 February 2011 it has been part of the Department of Internal Affairs, before 1 February 2011 Archives New Zealand was a separate government department. Archives New Zealand holds more than 80 kilometers of New Zealand government records on paper, researchers can search descriptions of the records online, via the Archway finding aid. At present Archives New Zealand cannot collect or provide access to records which were created in digital form, a Government Digital Archive Programme existed but this was closed down in 2013. The Treaty of Waitangi is on display in the Constitution Room at the office in Wellington. A project is underway to move the Treaty and other documents to a new exhibition location in the National Library building. The Public Records Act 2005 greatly expanded the role of Archives New Zealand, the organisation now has a leadership role for recordkeeping throughout central and local government. List of national archives National Library of New Zealand Archives New Zealand Archway
8.
New Zealand Parliament Buildings
–
The New Zealand Parliament Buildings house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. They consist of Parliament House, the wing, the Parliamentary Library. Whilst most of the buildings are outstanding for different reasons. The main building of the complex is Parliament House, containing the debating chamber, Speakers office, visitors centre, an earlier wooden Parliament House was destroyed by fire in 1907 along with all other parliament buildings except the library, which was constructed of masonry. In addition, the library had an iron fire-door that saved its collections, a competition to find a replacement design was announced by Prime Minister Joseph Ward in February 1911 and 33 designs were entered. The winning design, by Government Architect John Campbell, was selected by Colonel Vernon, as another of Campbells entries won fourth place, the actual design is a combination of both entries. The design was divided into two stages, the first half, a Neoclassical building, contained both chambers and the second half Bellamys and a new Gothic Revival library to replace the existing one. Despite cost concerns, Prime Minister William Massey let construction of the first stage begin in 1914, the outbreak of World War I created labour and material shortages that made construction difficult. Although the building was unfinished, MPs moved into it in 1918 to avoid having to use the old, in 1922, the first stage was completed. The building was officially opened in 1995 by Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, after its comprehensive strengthening. The intention of the Liberal Government was for the design to be implemented in stages, the land intended for the second stage of Parliament House is occupied by the Executive Wing. This building conceived by British architect Sir Basil Spence in 1964, largely designed by the Ministry of Works, was opened by Elizabeth II. The government moved into the building in 1979, due to its distinctive shape, it is referred to colloquially as The Beehive. The building is ten stories and 72 metres high, the top floor is occupied by the Cabinet room, with the Prime Ministers offices on the floor immediately below. Other floors contain the office of ministers and various function rooms occupy the first three floors. In the late 1990s there was consideration of moving the Beehive behind Parliament House, the plan was quickly scuttled due to a lack of public support and subsequent withdrawal of party support. Completed in 1899, the Parliamentary Library is the oldest of the buildings and it stands to the north of Parliament House. The library was designed in Gothic revival style and was fire resistant, the third story of the design was not built to save money
9.
Boston City Hall
–
Boston City Hall is the seat of city government of Boston, Massachusetts. It includes the offices of the mayor of Boston and the Boston City Council, the current hall was built in 1968 and is a controversial and prominent example of the brutalist architectural style. It was designed by Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles with Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, together with the surrounding plaza, City Hall is part of the Government Center complex, a major urban redesign effort in the 1960s. Most modern opinions of the building are negative, often calling it one of the worlds ugliest buildings, Boston City Hall was designed by Gerhard Kallmann, a Columbia University professor, and Michael McKinnell, a Columbia graduate student, who won an international, two-stage competition in 1962. Many of the elements in the design have seen as abstractions of classical design elements, such as the coffers. The designers designed City Hall as divided into three sections, aesthetically and also by use. The lowest portion of the building, the base, which is partially built into a hillside. The brick largely transfers over to the exterior of this section, the intermediate portion of City Hall houses the public officials, the Mayor, the City Council members, and the Council Chamber. The effect is of a city of concrete-sheltered structures cantilevered above the plaza. The cantilevers are supported by columns, spaced alternately at 14-foot-4-inch and 28-foot-8-inch. The upper stories contain the office space, used by civil servants not visited frequently by the public, such as the administrative. This bureaucratic nature is reflected in the window patterns, separated by pre-cast concrete fins. The top of the base was designed as an elevated courtyard melding the fourth floor of the city hall with the plaza. Because of security concerns, city officials in recent years blocked access to the courtyard and to the stairways to Congress Street. The courtyard is occasionally opened up for events, after 9/11 security was further increased. City Halls north entrance facing the plaza was barricaded with jersey barriers, all visitors entering the front and back entrances must pass through metal detectors. City Hall was constructed using mainly cast-in-place and precast Portland cement concrete, about half of the concrete used in the building was precast—roughly 22,000 separate components—and the other half was poured-in-place concrete. All of the used in the structure, excluding that of the columns, is mixed with a light
10.
Birmingham Central Library
–
Birmingham Central Library was the main public library in Birmingham, England from 1974 until 2013. For a time the largest non-national library in Europe, it closed on 29 June 2013 and was replaced with the Library of Birmingham, the building was demolished in 2016, after 41 years, as part of the redevelopment of Paradise Circus by Argent Group. Two previous libraries occupied the adjacent site before Madin’s library opened in 1974, the previous library, designed by John Henry Chamberlain, opened in 1883, and featured a tall clerestoried reading room. It was demolished in 1974 after the new library had opened and its style was seen at the time as a symbol of social progressivism. Based on this, English Heritage applied but failed twice for the building to gain listed status, however, due to strong opposition from Birmingham City Council the building gained immunity from listing until 2016. In 2010–11 Central Library was the second most visited library in the country with 1,197,350 visitors, the first Central Library occupied a site to the south of Edmund Street and west of the Town Hall. The site had acquired from the Birmingham and Midland Institute in 1860 after the construction of their own building in 1857 on the corner of Paradise Street. The BMI building was to include a library, but under the Public Libraries Act 1850 a referendum took place on the creation of a municipal library. After the first vote failed, a second one passed in 1860 causing the BMI and the Corporation to cooperate on the joint site. E. M. Barry was the architect for the BMI building and it was hoped he could be retained as the architect for the adjoining library, however his plans were deemed too expensive for the Corporation. Martin & Chamberlains plans were approved in October 1862 for a price of £8,600 with E. M. Barrys classical facade retained in the design. The Lending Library was opened on 6 September 1865 and the Reference Library was opened just over a year later on 26 October 1866, initial use of the library was so heavy that the need for an extension was agreed in 1872 but deferred until 1878. On 11 January 1879 a fire broke out behind a wooden partition serving as a wall during building operations. The fire caused damage, with only 1,000 volumes saved from a stock of 50,000. Plans to rebuild the library after the fire had been approved as early as May 1879, the library was rebuilt on the same site by J. H. Chamberlain in a Lombardic Renaissance style with a tall clerestoried Reading Room. At a cost of £54,975 the second Central Library opened on 1 June 1882, the library and the BMI building were demolished and the site is now part of the Birmingham Conservatoire and its gardens. The site where the current central library is now situated was originally occupied by Mason Science College, the new Central Library opened on 12 January 1974. It was designed by John Madin, a Birmingham-based architect and its inverted ziggurat form was a powerful example of the Brutalist style
11.
Alexander Turnbull (bibliophile)
–
Alexander Horsburgh Turnbull was a New Zealand merchant, dandy and book collector. In 1913, shortly before his death, Turnbull had presented his Maori, born in Wellington to Scottish merchant Walter Turnbull and his wife Alexandrina Horsburgh, Turnbull grew up in Wellington but moved to London with his family near the end of his schooling in 1881. By the time he returned permanently to New Zealand in 1892 and his particular interests were New Zealand, Pacific exploration, Scottish history, English literature, John Ruskin, and, particularly, John Milton. He had an order with London bookseller Bernard Quaritch, which was regularly updated to include more subjects. Turnbull also made a collection of New Zealand art and he began his New Zealand art collection by purchasing a group of watercolours of New Zealand flowers by Georgina Burne Hetley. He is buried with his parents at Bolton Street Memorial Park, after his death his collection contained approximately 55,000 books, as well as manuscripts, photographs, paintings and sketches. The collection is no longer housed in his house. Turnbulls Milton collection continues to be added to, by purchase, a number of significant additions were made in the 1970s
12.
John Milton
–
John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of flux and political upheaval. Miltons poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which. The phases of Miltons life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart Britain, the Restoration of 1660 deprived Milton, now completely blind, of his public platform, but this period saw him complete most of his major works of poetry. Miltons views developed from his extensive reading, as well as travel and experience. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life, yet famous throughout Europe, John Milton was born in Bread Street, London on 9 December 1608, the son of composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton moved to London around 1583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father Richard Milton for embracing Protestantism, in London, the senior John Milton married Sarah Jeffrey and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. He lived in and worked from a house on Bread Street, the elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left his son with a lifelong appreciation for music and friendships with musicians such as Henry Lawes. Miltons fathers prosperity provided his eldest son with a tutor, Thomas Young. Research suggests that Youngs influence served as the introduction to religious radicalism. After Youngs tutorship, Milton attended St Pauls School in London, there he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English. Miltons first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Bennington, one contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Miltons younger brother, When he was young, he studied hard and sat up very late. In 1625, Milton began attending Christs College, Cambridge and he graduated with a B. A. in 1629, and ranked fourth of 24 honours graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, Milton stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632, Milton was probably rusticated for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, Bishop William Chappell. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626, there he wrote his Elegia Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Diodati, based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chappell whipt Milton. This story is now disputed, though certainly Milton disliked Chappell, historian Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chappell and Milton may have been either religious or personal. It is also possible that, like Isaac Newton four decades later, Milton was sent home because of the plague, in 1626, Miltons tutor was Nathaniel Tovey
13.
English literature
–
However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the languages of Britain. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years, the earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and ending soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. These works include such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history and this is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion. Oral tradition was strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national status in England. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the date of which is debated. Beowulf is the title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known, and it is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross, Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts, the longest is King Alfreds 9th-century translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the language of courts, parliament
14.
John Dryden
–
John Dryden was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was made Englands first Poet Laureate in 1668. He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in circles as the Age of Dryden. Walter Scott called him Glorious John, Dryden was born in the village rectory of Aldwincle near Thrapston in Northamptonshire, where his maternal grandfather was rector of All Saints. He was a cousin once removed of Jonathan Swift. As a boy Dryden lived in the village of Titchmarsh. In 1644 he was sent to Westminster School as a Kings Scholar where his headmaster was Dr. Richard Busby, having recently been re-founded by Elizabeth I, Westminster during this period embraced a very different religious and political spirit encouraging royalism and high Anglicanism. Whatever Drydens response to this was, he respected the headmaster. As a humanist public school, Westminster maintained a curriculum which trained pupils in the art of rhetoric and this is a skill which would remain with Dryden and influence his later writing and thinking, as much of it displays these dialectical patterns. The Westminster curriculum included weekly translation assignments which developed Drydens capacity for assimilation and this was also to be exhibited in his later works. Busby had first prayed for the King and then locked in his schoolboys to prevent their attending the spectacle, in 1650 Dryden went up to Trinity College, Cambridge. Though there is specific information on Drydens undergraduate years, he would most certainly have followed the standard curriculum of classics, rhetoric. In 1654 he obtained his BA, graduating top of the list for Trinity that year, in June of the same year Drydens father died, leaving him some land which generated a little income, but not enough to live on. Returning to London during the Protectorate, Dryden obtained work with Cromwells Secretary of State and this appointment may have been the result of influence exercised on his behalf by his cousin the Lord Chamberlain, Sir Gilbert Pickering. At Cromwells funeral on 23 November 1658 Dryden processed with the Puritan poets John Milton, shortly thereafter he published his first important poem, Heroic Stanzas, a eulogy on Cromwells death which is cautious and prudent in its emotional display. In 1660 Dryden celebrated the Restoration of the monarchy and the return of Charles II with Astraea Redux, in this work the interregnum is illustrated as a time of anarchy, and Charles is seen as the restorer of peace and order. After the Restoration, as Dryden quickly established himself as the poet and literary critic of his day. Along with Astraea Redux, Dryden welcomed the new regime with two more panegyrics, To His Sacred Majesty, A Panegyric on his Coronation and To My Lord Chancellor and these, and his other nondramatic poems, are occasional—that is, they celebrate public events. Thus they are written for the rather than the self
15.
Heritage New Zealand
–
Its current enabling legislation is the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. It is governed by a Board of Trustees, currently chaired by Shonagh Kenderdine, past chairs include Dame Anne Salmond. The head office is in Antrim House, Wellington, while regional and area offices are in Kerikeri, Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, Christchurch and it publishes the quarterly magazine New Zealand Heritage. Buildings owned by Heritage New Zealand include the Mission House, the Stone Store, the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011 resulted in damage to a number of historic buildings in Christchurch. Post-earthquake redevelopment has caused a significant loss of buildings in Christchurch. The Māori Heritage Council sits within the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and was established by the Historic Places Act 1993, as of 2013 Sir Tumu Te Heuheu is the Chair of the MHC
16.
Ex Libris Group
–
Ex Libris Group is an Israeli software company that develops integrated library systems and other library software. The company is headquartered in Jerusalem, and has ten offices around the world. The company claims to serve the 20 top universities worldwide as rated by Times Higher Education, the software was called Automated Library Expandable Program or ALEPH-100. In 1983, Yissum founded Aleph-Yissum Ltd. a new company to commercialize the software, yohanan Spruch, the original developer of ALEPH, became the companys chief technology officer. Between 1983 and 1988, all of the eight universities in Israel bought the program, in 1986 Ex Libris Ltd. was founded by technology entrepreneur Azriel Morag to market the software overseas. In 1993 ALEPH was deployed by the seventeen libraries of the Vatican and 200 libraries in 27 countries had bought it by 1995, in 1995 Aleph-Yissum merged with Ex Libris Ltd. and reorganized as the Ex Libris Group, headed by Azriel Morag as the groups chief executive officer. In July 1997, Ex Libris acquired Dabis, a vendor of automated library systems in the German speaking countries. In 1999, venture capital funds Walden Israel and Tamar Ventures invest $4m in Ex Libris, in February 2000, Ex Libris acquired the rights to SFX, an OpenURL link server software, from the University of Ghent. In July 2000, Ex Libris launched MetaLib, a search system that conducts simultaneous searches in multiple information resources such as library catalogs, journal articles. In 2004, Ex Libris launched Verde, a resource management system that manages the acquisition. Golden Gate Capital bought Ex Libris in 2012, official website Ex Libris on LinkedIn Library Technology Guides profile
17.
Sun Microsystems
–
Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun was founded on February 24,1982, at its height, the Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California, on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center. On January 27,2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun by for US$7.4 billion, other technologies include the Java platform, MySQL, and NFS. Sun was a proponent of open systems in general and Unix in particular, the initial design for what became Suns first Unix workstation, the Sun-1, was conceived by Andy Bechtolsheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Bechtolsheim originally designed the SUN workstation for the Stanford University Network communications project as a personal CAD workstation and it was designed around the Motorola 68000 processor with an advanced memory management unit to support the Unix operating system with virtual memory support. He built the first ones from spare parts obtained from Stanfords Department of Computer Science, on February 24,1982, Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim, and Scott McNealy, all Stanford graduate students, founded Sun Microsystems. Bill Joy of Berkeley, a developer of the Berkeley Software Distribution. The Sun name is derived from the initials of the Stanford University Network, Sun was profitable from its first quarter in July 1982. By 1983 Sun was known for producing 68000-based systems with high-quality graphics that were the only computers other than DECs VAX to run 4. 2BSD and it licensed the computer design to other manufacturers, which typically used it to build Multibus-based systems running Unix from UniSoft. Suns initial public offering was in 1986 under the stock symbol SUNW, the symbol was changed in 2007 to JAVA, Sun stated that the brand awareness associated with its Java platform better represented the companys current strategy. Suns logo, which features four interleaved copies of the sun in the form of a rotationally symmetric ambigram, was designed by professor Vaughan Pratt. The initial version of the logo was orange and had the sides oriented horizontally and vertically, but it was rotated to stand on one corner and re-colored purple. In the dot-com bubble, Sun began making more money. It also began spending more, hiring workers and building itself out. Some of this was because of demand, but much was from web start-up companies anticipating business that would never happen. Sales in Suns important hardware division went into free-fall as customers closed shop, several quarters of steep losses led to executive departures, rounds of layoffs, and other cost cutting. In December 2001, the fell to the 1998, pre-bubble level of about $100. But it kept falling, faster than many other tech companies, a year later it had dipped below $10 but bounced back to $20
18.
Digitization
–
Digitizing or digitization is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or signal by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, an image, for the object. Unlike analog data, which typically suffers some loss of quality each time it is copied or transmitted, digital data can, in theory and this is why it is a favored way of preserving information for many organisations around the world. The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as text, sound, Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1. These are known as bits and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute information are called bytes. Analog signals are continuously variable, both in the number of values of the signal at a given time, as well as in the number of points in the signal in a given period of time. Digitization occurs in two parts, Discretization The reading of an analog signal A, and, at time intervals. Each such reading is called a sample and may be considered to have infinite precision at this stage, Quantization Samples are rounded to a set of numbers. In general, these can occur at the time, though they are conceptually distinct. A series of integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a DA conversion, the sampling rate and the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close such an approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be. The term is used to describe the scanning of analog sources into computers for editing. In this last case, as in normal photos, sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, Digitization is also used to describe the process of populating databases with files or data. Digitizing may also used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the help of embroidery digitizing software tools and this machine code is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most supported format is DST file, apparel companies also digitize clothing patterns Analog signals are continuous electrical signals, digital signals are non-continuous. Analog signal can be converted to digital signal by ADC, nearly all recorded music has been digitized. About 12 percent of the 500, 000+ movies listed on the Internet Movie Database are digitized on DVD, handling of analog signal becomes easy when it is digitized because the signal is digitized before modulation and transmission. The conversion process of analog to digital consists of two processes, sampling and quantizing, Digitization of personal multimedia such as home movies, slides, and photographs is a popular method of preserving and sharing older repositories
19.
The New Zealand Herald
–
The New Zealand Herald is a daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Its main circulation area is the Auckland region and it is also delivered to much of the north of the North Island including Northland, Waikato and King Country. The New Zealand Herald was founded by William Chisholm Wilson, Wilson had been a partner with John Williamson in the New Zealander, but left to start a rival daily newspaper as he saw a business opportunity with Auckland’s rapidly growing population. He had also split with Williamson because Wilson supported the war against the Māori while Williamson opposed it, the Herald also promoted a more constructive relationship between the North and South Islands. After the New Zealander closed in 1866 The Daily Southern Cross provided competition, the Daily Southern Cross was first published in 1843 by William Brown as The Southern Cross and had been a daily since 1862. Vogel sold out of the paper in 1873 and Alfred Horton bought it in 1876, in 1876 the Wilson family and Horton joined in partnership and The New Zealand Herald absorbed The Daily Southern Cross. In 1879 the United Press Association was formed so that the daily papers could share news stories. The organisation became the New Zealand Press Association in 1942, in 1892, the New Zealand Herald, Otago Daily Times, and Press agreed to share the costs of a London correspondent and advertising salesman. The New Zealand Press Association closed in 2011, the Herald is now owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment. That company is owned by Sydney-based APN News & Media and the Radio Network, dita de Boni was a columnist for the newspaper, writing her first columns for the NZ Herald in 1995. From 2012 -2015 she wrote a business and politics column until – after a series of articles critical of the Key government – the Herald discontinued her column due to financial reasons. Gordon Minhinnick was a staff cartoonist from the 1930s until his retirement in the 1980s, malcolm Evans was fired from his position as staff cartoonist in 2003 after the newspaper received complaints about his cartoons on the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Laurence Clark was the political cartoonist from 1987 to 1996. On 10 September 2012, the Herald moved to a format for weekday editions. The broadsheet format was retained for the Saturday edition, in April 2007, APN NZ announced it was outsourcing the bulk of the Heralds copy editing to an Australian-owned company, Pagemasters. The Herald is traditionally a centre-right newspaper, and was given the nickname Granny Herald into the 1990s, on domestic matters, editorial opinion is centrist, usually supporting socially conservative values. In 2007, an editorial strongly disapproved of some legislation introduced by the Labour-led government, the Herald published Baileys name, photo, and comments after she had retracted permission for Glucina to do so. The council said there was an “element of subterfuge” in Glucinas actions, in its ruling the council said that, “The NZ Herald has fallen sadly short of those standards in this case. ”The Heralds editor denied the accusations of subterfuge
20.
Public sector organisations in New Zealand
–
Public sector organisations in New Zealand comprise the state sector organisations plus those of local government. Within the state lies the state services, and within this lies the core public service. Disestablished in 1995 after failing to achieve financial viability, see, Education in New Zealand State-owned tertiary institutions consist of universities, colleges of education, polytechnics and wānanga. In addition there are numerous non-state-owned private training establishments and these are all also known as local authorities
21.
Immigration New Zealand
–
Visas are issued by INZ staff in offices throughout New Zealand and around the world. Visas are also issued by certain posts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under the Immigration Act 2009, a visa is an authority for an individual to travel to, or stay in New Zealand. A visa has conditions that indicate what the holder of the visa may do, because of understaffing turnaround times to process visa application have steadily increased over the years. Currently INZ expects to process visa applications within 60 working days after an application is lodged, responsible for policy and systems development Business Information Branch e-Branch Processes applications lodged through Online Services. This includes student applications from approved education providers and Working Holiday Visas for many countries, national Contact Centre The first point of contact for phone/email enquiries from clients in New Zealand and Australia. Refugee Status Branch Decides applications for refugee status made by persons within New Zealand, Refugee Quota Branch Processes and provides treatment for refugees upon arrival. Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre Selects offshore refugees in order to meet the government’s humanitarian obligations, suva Branch Apia Branch Nukuʻalofa Branch Compliance Operations The main responsibility of Compliance Operations is locating and removing persons who are unlawfully in New Zealand. Compliance Operations is also responsible for managing the detention of persons who are detained, onshore Border Operations This branch is responsible for any immigration issues arising at New Zealand’s physical border. INZ maintains a presence at Auckland and Christchurch airports and a part-time presence at Wellington and Queenstown airports depending on flight schedules. Offshore Border Operations This branch operates the Advance Passenger Screening Support Office in Auckland, supported by intelligence analysts in Compliance Operations, Border Operations, Refugee Status Branch and the Immigration Profiling Group. In 2008, the General Manager Mary-Anne Thompson was forced to resign after not one scandal, despite these repeated and blatant breaches of policy, the initial internal investigation merely recommended counseling. She subsequently pleaded guilty to charges laid regarding this claim. Later, the director, Mai Malaulau, was controversially appointed the head of the Pacific Branch. The Pacific branch performed so poorly, that it was shut down by the department. In the year 2012,7 out of 10 complaints about access to department files, were upheld by the department. The Minister of Immigration was established by the First Labour Government in 1946, the current minister is Michael Woodhouse. Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand Customs Service Visa policy of New Zealand Immigration New Zealand
22.
Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
–
The Department of Conservation is the public service department of New Zealand charged with the conservation of New Zealands natural and historical heritage. An advisory body, the New Zealand Conservation Authority is provided to advise DOC, in addition there are 13 conservation boards for different areas around the country that provide for interaction between DOC and the public. This Act also set out the majority of the Departments responsibilities and roles, as a consequence of Conservation Act all Crown land in New Zealand designated for conservation and protection became managed by the Department of Conservation. All of the land under its control is protected for conservation, ecological, scenic, scientific, historic or cultural reasons. DOC also administers the Nature Heritage Fund, and is responsible for fire control. In addition to its work managing land and providing for recreation in New Zealand and this is particularly a concern amongst some farmers and other industries that are major users of neighbouring land, many of whom have been affected by decisions of the department. After a number of years of falling budgets, in 2013 the department announced it would be slashing 140 jobs, the Department of Conservation moved into a new headquarters, Conservation House, on Manners Street, Wellington in 2006. It is the first green building in New Zealand to be given a 5-star rating, having won numerous environmental awards, including a top 10 placing by Grist Magazine. The site was originally a cinema operated by the Hoyts Group from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s. The Department serves 1 portfolio and 3 ministers, New Zealand has 13 national parks, and a wide number of other conservation lands with varying levels of environmental protection, called the conservation estate in total. About one third of this estate, generally the land considered most valuable, has been protected from mining since 1997 via being listed in Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991, in 1995,14 people died when a viewing platform maintained by the Department of Conservation collapsed. Immediately following the tragedy, all of the departments 106 viewing platforms throughout New Zealand were checked, fifteen platforms were closed for repairs. A Commission of Inquiry that followed the tragedy revealed that the department had acted illegally and negligently in constructing the viewing platform. Many people in New Zealand criticised the government for the situation, and Denis Marshall. In March 2006, an eruption at the Green Lake of Raoul Island. At the exact time of the eruption, Mr Kearney is thought to have been taking measurements of the lake as part of a programme for monitoring volcanic activity. Five other DOC workers, who were living on the island, were forced to evacuate back to New Zealand shortly after the eruption. Searches for Mr Kearney, which have been inhibited by the remote location
23.
Department of Corrections (New Zealand)
–
The Department of Corrections is the public service department of New Zealand charged with managing the New Zealand corrections system. Corrections role and functions were defined and clarified with the passing of the Corrections Act 2004, in early 2006, Corrections officially adopted the Māori name Ara Poutama Aotearoa. The Department of Corrections was formed in 1995, by the Department of Justice Act 1995, prior to this prisons, the probation system and the courts were all managed by the Department of Justice. The intention was to enable the new Department to improve public safety, in 2000, an approach based on enhanced computerised access to information about offenders was tried. The new chief executive of the department, Mark Byers, introduced a $40 million scheme designed to reduce reoffending called Integrated Offender Management, at the time it was described as the biggest single initiative the department has undertaken to reduce reoffending. Seven years later, Greg Newbold said the scheme was an expensive failure, the use of private prisons has also been tried. New Zealands first privately run prison, the Auckland Central Remand Prison opened under contract to Australasian Correctional Management in 2000, in 2004, the Labour Government, opposed to privatisation, amended the law to prohibit the extension of private prison contracts. A year later, the 5-year contract with ACM was not renewed, in 2010, the National Government again introduced private prisons and international conglomerate Serco was awarded the contract to run the Auckland Central Remand Prison. Serco has also given the contract to build and manage a new 960 bed prison at Wiri. The contract with Serco provides stiff financial penalties if its rehabilitation programmes fail to reduce reoffending by 10% more than the Corrections Department programmes, in 2012, the Government revealed it will spend $65 million over the next four years on reducing criminal reoffending. It will go towards additional alcohol and drug treatment, increased education, skills training, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley and Associate Corrections Minister Dr Pita Sharples said the reprioritised operational funding was aimed at reducing reoffending by 25 per cent by 2017. Since it was established, the Department had to cope with a growth in the prison population. Between 1997 and 2011 the number of inmates increased by 70% and, at 190 prisoners per 100,000 of population, five new prisons have been built in the last ten years to accommodate the increase. The Fifth Labour Government built four prisons – at Ngawha housing 420 prisoners, Springhill housing 840, Auckland Womens holding 330 and Milton holding 425 – at a cost of $890 million. When National came to power in 2008, the Department built a new 1,000 bed prison at Mt Eden for $218 million in a private partnership. As at December 2011, New Zealand had 20 prisons and the Department employed over 8,000 staff, the Departments operating budget is over $1 billion a year. As at 31 March 2011, there were 8,755 people in prison in New Zealand, however, the prison population is very fluid and altogether about 20,000 people spend time in prison each year, the vast majority on remand. Nearly 75% of those given a sentence are sentenced to two years or less, and all these are automatically released halfway through their sentence
24.
Ministry for Culture and Heritage
–
Minister for Cultural Affairs Marie Hasler oversaw the transition of functions into the new agency. The Ministry of Cultural Affairs had been created in 1991, prior to this, at the time of its establishment, the responsible minister for the ministry was the Minister for Culture and Heritage. This position is now titled the Minister for Arts, Culture, the ministry advises the government on policies and issues relating to the arts, culture, heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors. Creative New Zealand New Zealand Music Commission New Zealand Symphony Orchestra Royal New Zealand Ballet Te Matatini Society Inc and this includes publication in New Zealand history books and e-books, and on a number of websites. Waites number of some 8,500 men was corrected to approximately 13,000 in September 2013, the ministry is also responsible for overseeing dozens of current acts and regulations. Port Nicholson Block Claims Settlement Act 2009 Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi Claims Settlement Act 2005 The ministry serves two portfolios and two ministers, Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Jock Phillips Official website New Zealand History Online
25.
New Zealand Customs Service
–
New Zealands Minister of Customs is Nicky Wagner MP. The New Zealand Customs service is the oldest government department in New Zealand, formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service, staffing levels sit between 1300 -1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and it is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including material, drugs, firearms and hazardous waste. New Zealand Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports, since 1999 all documentation to New Zealand Customs has been electronic. The New Zealand Customs Service works closely with New Zealands other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries and it also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs. New Zealand Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government. Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorized to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods. New Zealand Customs is also the body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco. New Zealand Customs officers continue to make significant seizures of pseudoephedrine, open source media and Customs reporting to government suggests that pseudoephedrine makes up the large majority of Customs seziures. These seizures have resulted in arrests and successful prosecutions by Customs. It was later revealed that Customs seized over a tonne of pseudoephedrine in 2010, Customs officers are based at the main cities in New Zealand, as well as a number of smaller ports. Its headquarters is based in Wellington, New Zealands capital city, Customs also has liaison officers based at the following overseas locations, Canberra, Bangkok, Beijing, Brussels and Washington D. C. Customs conducts national intakes, with the number of intakes per year varying dependent on the needs of the Service, typically each intake will consist of 20 -30 recruits who are referred to as cohorts. Recruiting usually begins with Customs advertising nationwide, calling for applications for persons who meet requisite criteria, applications are then reviewed and accepted or rejected. The majority of applicants are culled at this initial stage and those who are deemed suitable must then pass an interview, police checks and medical test before being offered a space on the next intake. Training consists of a combination of residential and on the job training, initial training usually consists of a five-week residential course at the Royal New Zealand Police College, or other facilities if space is unavailable at the police college
26.
Ministry of Defence (New Zealand)
–
The Ministry of Defence is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on defence policy, as well as overseeing the New Zealand Defence Force. The Defence Act, passed on 17 November 1964, established a new Ministry of Defence, under the Act the three Service departments were combined into the new Ministry. The central core of the new Ministry of Defence was the central Defence Office, the Chiefs of Staff Committee was retained, but as a committee of the Defence Council. In 1969-71 moves were implemented to provide a centralised administration in control of all non-operational functions previously within the responsibility of the three services. These changes were embodied in a further Defence Act that came into effect on 1 April 1972, the Service Boards were abolished and their functions divided between the Chiefs of Staff and a central Defence Headquarters that replaced the Defence Office. The disadvantage of the existence of the Service Boards had been one that the one Service could still express its views to the Minister independently of the other Services. Policy formation and planning, logistics and supply, personnel, administration, finance, civil management, each Chief of Staff and their separate Headquarters were now only concerned with operational matters. Both are equally answerable to the Minister of Defence for their individual elements, under the CDF are the three service chiefs who, as the senior officers of their individual services, act as advisors to CDF and provide forces as required. In 1999 James Rofle described in The Armed Forces of New Zealand the then structure of the Ministry of Defence and it numbered only about 70 people in total, with three divisions involved in policy, Policy Division, Acquisition Division, and Evaluation Division. Also part of the structure were Corporate Services Division and Corporate Finance Division, Minister of Defence New Zealand Defence Force Defence Diplomacy Military history of New Zealand James Rolfe, Defending New Zealand, A Study of Structures, Processes and Relationships. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington,1993
27.
Ministry of Education (New Zealand)
–
The Ministry of Education is the public service department of New Zealand charged with overseeing the New Zealand education system. The Ministry was formed in 1989 when the former, all-encompassing Department of Education was broken up into six separate agencies, the Ministry was established as a result of the Picot task force set up by the Labour government in July 1987 to review the New Zealand education system. The mandate was to review management structures and cost-effectiveness, but did not include curriculum, in nine months the commission received input from over 700 people or organizations. The Picot task force released its report Administering for Excellence, Effective Administration in Education in May 1988, the report was critical of the Department of Education, which it labelled as inefficient and unresponsive. Another recommendation was that boards of trustees were responsible to the Minister of Education. The Picot report became the basis for a drawn out process of reform in New Zealand starting in 1989. When National was elected in October 1990, it carried out a series of educational reviews culminating in the publication Education Policy, Investing in People. This resulted in modifications to the structure of education reform. There has been a series of changes and reassessments that has caused chaos, confusion. In March 2013, Patrick Walsh, the president of the Secondary Principals Association said that despite having about 3000 employees. He said in an era of self-managing schools we have a Ministry that is so large and yet not able to perform in an effective, Walsh said the Ministrys poor performance has been confirmed by a number of reviews conducted by the State Services Commission. The Ministrys role is to raise the level of educational achievement. It is not an education provider and that role is met by individual elected Boards of Trustees for every state school in the country. The ministry works with other agencies including the Education Review Office. Although the Ministrys role is to raise the level of educational achievement, when government changes aspects of its policy on education, the Ministry is responsible for implementing those changes. Sometimes the Ministry ends up in the position of trying to implement political induced changes in education policy to which teachers, parents. Changes introduced by the National Government in 2011–2012 are an example, in order for the Ministry to perform its role effectively, it is dependent on taxpayer funding provided by Government. When government increases funding or requires financial cutbacks, this impacts on the ability of the Ministry to fulfil its role
28.
Education Review Office (New Zealand)
–
Led by a Chief Review Officer - the departments chief executive, the Office has approximately 150 designated review officers located in five regions. These regions are, Northern, Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central, Southern, the Education Review Office, and the Ministry of Education are two separate public service departments. The functions and powers of the office are set out in Part 28 of the Education Act 1989, ERO reviews the education provided for school students in all state schools, private schools and kura kaupapa Māori. It also reviews the education and care provided for children in early education services. The department also checks that schools are meeting necessary legal requirements, occasionally, special reviews of individual schools are ordered outside of the normal review cycle, which focus on specific areas of concern with a schools management. ERO reports to individual boards of trustees on what they are doing well, in some cases of poor performance or major risks to students, the department may recommend to the Minister and Secretary of Education some form of intervention to the schools management. Reports on individual schools and early services are freely available to the public via EROs website
29.
Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)
–
The Environment Act 1986 is the foundation law establishing the Ministry. According to their website, the Ministry for the Environment is the New Zealand governments principal adviser on the environment, since 1988, the Ministry of the Environment has coordinated New Zealands interdepartmental policy response to climate change. The Environmental Protection Authority was set up in 2011 to carry out some of the regulatory functions of the MfE as well as other government departments. In 1997 the Ministry released New Zealands first State of the Environment report and this was followed up in 2008 by a second report titled Environment New Zealand 2007. Chapter 13 of this report was removed before final publication but was leaked to the Green Party, after the media reported the existence of the omitted chapter the Ministry placed the contents on its website. The Ministry serves 2 portfolios and 2 ministers
30.
Government Communications Security Bureau
–
Signals intelligence was the responsibility of the Combined Signals Organisation, run by the military. Anti-bugging measures were the responsibility of the Security Intelligence Service, upon its establishment, the GCSB assumed responsibility for these three roles. Officially, the new organisation was part of the Ministry of Defence, in the 1980s, however, information was gradually released, first about the GCSBs security role, and then about its signals intelligence operations. Also in the 1980s, the GCSB was split away from the Ministry of Defence and it was not until 2000, however, that it was decided to make the GCSB a government department in its own right. This decision was implemented through the Government Communications Security Bureau Act 2003, in 2001, the Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection was formed within the GCSB with a mandate to assist in the protection of national critical infrastructure from information borne threats. The National Cyber Security Centre was established within the GCSB in September 2011, the GCSB is considered to be a government department in its own right with its head office in Pipitea St, Wellington. Through its director, the GCSB reports to the holding the Intelligence portfolio. Its main functions are, the collection and processing of intelligence and it has about 300 staff with a range of disciplines including foreign language experts, communications and cryptography specialists, engineers, technicians and support staff. In 2015/16 the budget for the GCSB is $89.6 million, former Green MP Keith Locke says that despite the attention the GCSB received as a result of its illegal surveillance of Kim Dotcom, there has been little public discussion about its value. Locke questions GCSBs suitability for the task of protecting government computers given its security failures, Cabinet Secretary Rebecca Kitteridges report noted the Bureaus problems included under-resourcing and a lack of legal staff. An Inspector General has oversight of the GCSB, in 2013, that role was being filled by former judge, 79-year-old Paul Neazor. He has a secretary as his one and only staff member - compared with the Australian inspector general who has a staff of 12. In her review of the GCSB released in 2013, Rebecca Kitteridge recommended the inspector generals office should be beefed up along Australian lines, the Prime Minister appoints both the director of the GCSB and the Inspector General. Associate Professor of law at Auckland University, Bill Hodge, says the watchdog should be appointed by Parliament rather than by the Prime Minister, former prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer agrees, There needs to be some separation between the inspector and the agency he oversees. The functions of the GCSB include signals intelligence, communications security, anti-bugging measures, the GCSB does not publicly disclose the nature of the communications which it intercepts. It is frequently described by authors, such as Nicky Hager. In 2006, after the death of former Prime Minister David Lange, the report listed a number of countries as targets of GCSB efforts, including Japan, the Philippines, Argentina, France, Vietnam, and many small Pacific island states. It also mentioned United Nations diplomatic traffic, in his book on the GCSB, Nicky Hager says that during the Cold War, the locations and activities of Soviet ships were a major focus of the organisations activities
31.
Inland Revenue Department (New Zealand)
–
Inland Revenue is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on tax policy, collecting and disbursing payments for social support programmes, and collecting tax. The Departments Māori name, Te Tari Taake, is a spelling of Te Tari Tāke. Inland Revenue started out as the Land Tax Department in 1878, the Department was renamed the Land and Income Tax Department in 1892 with the central office set up in Wellington. Only in 1952, when the organisation joined with the Stamp Duties Department, was the known as the Inland Revenue Department. The panel was disestablished in 2014 at the completion of the tax reform, in 2015–16, Inland Revenue collected $63. Other services included law and order, housing and community development, environmental protection, defence, transport, since December 2016, the position has been held by Judith Collins. Taxation in New Zealand KiwiSaver Working for Families Official website Policy Advice Division of Inland Revenue Whats Tax, - New Zealand government website on tax
