1.
Marcus Garvey
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He also founded the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands. Prior to the 20th century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, only his sister Indiana along with Marcus survived to adulthood. His family was financially stable given the circumstances of time period. Garveys father had a library, and it was from his father that Marcus gained his love for reading. He also attended schools in St. Anns Bay during his youth. While attending these schools, Garvey first began to experience racism, in 1907, he took part in an unsuccessful printers strike and the experience kindled in him a passion for political activism. In 1910 Garvey left Jamaica and began traveling throughout the Central American region and his first stop was Costa Rica, where he had a maternal uncle. He lived in Costa Rica for several months and worked as a keeper on a banana plantation. He began work as editor for a newspaper called La Nacionale in 1911. Later that year, he moved to Colón, Panama, where he edited a biweekly newspaper, over time, Marcus Garvey became influenced by many civil rights activists of his time. After years of working in the Caribbean, Garvey left Jamaica to live in London from 1912 to 1914 and he also worked for the African Times and Orient Review, published by Dusé Mohamed Ali, who was a considerable influence on the young man. Garvey sometimes spoke at Hyde Parks Speakers Corner, in 1914, Garvey returned to Jamaica, where he organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In an article titled The Negros Greatest Enemy, published in Current History, Garvey explained the origin of the organizations name and he related to me in conversation such horrible and pitiable tales that my heart bled within me. Such a name I thought would embrace the purpose of all black humanity, thus to the world a name was born, a movement created, and a man became known. He intended to make a tour and to raise funds to establish a school in Jamaica modeled after Washingtons Institute. Garvey visited Tuskegee, and afterwards, visited with a number of black leaders, throughout his life, Garvey and the UNIA used the organizations resources to give people of African descent opportunities in academics that he felt they wouldnt be provided otherwise. After moving to New York, he work as a printer by day. He was influenced by Hubert Harrison, at night he would speak on street corners, much as he did in Londons Hyde Park
2.
The Messenger (magazine)
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The Messenger was a political and literary magazine by and for African-American people in the early 20th century that was important in the flowering of the Harlem Renaissance. The Messenger was co-founded in New York City by Chandler Owen, after 1920, The Messenger featured more articles about black culture and began to publish rising black writers. It became a kind of literary magazine and it was notable for helping strengthen African-American intellectual and political identity in the age of Jim Crow. Toward the end of 1916, A, philip Randolph and Chandler Owen dropped out of college, joined the Socialist Party, and gave soapbox orations on street corners around Harlem. Their socialist and labor union propagandizing gained them celebrity in the area and he suggested they move into his society’s headquarters and edit a monthly magazine for waiters. From January until August 1917, Randolph and Owen brought out the Hotel Messenger until their exposé of union corruption resulted in their immediate dismissal and they moved into an office next door at 513 Lenox Avenue and, with the patronage of Randolph’s wife Lucille, launched the Messenger. Patriotism has no appeal to us, justice has, Party has no weight with us, principle has. Loyalty is meaningless, it depends on one is loyal to. Prayer is not one of our remedies, it depends on one is praying for. We consider prayer as nothing more than a fervent wish, consequently the merit and its editors also criticized major black figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois, who was pro-war at the time, and Marcus Garvey and they believed that Garveys program to “repatriate” native-born American black citizens to Africa was illogical and far fetched. The Messenger declared, “No intelligent Negro is willing to lay down his life for the United States as it now exists. Intelligent Negroes have now reached the point where their support of the country is conditional. ”Such statements led to Justice Department agents ransacking the Messenger′s editorial office in the dead of night, breaking furniture and confiscating back issues. Randolph and Owen conducted a speaking tour against the war, appearing in Chicago and Cleveland. Reaching Cleveland on August 4, Randolph and Owen took turns addressing the meeting gathered by Cleveland’s Socialist Party leader Walter Bronstrup. He sold issues of the Messenger in the crowd until an undercover Justice Department official bought an issue and he pulled Randolph from the stage, arrested him and Owen, and held them the following day for investigation. ”After two days in jail they were brought to trial. The judge, looking at the two men and what they had written, said that he could not believe they were old enough, or, being black and he did not doubt that they were being used by white socialists who had written the editorials for them. He said there would be no trial and ordered Randolph and Owen returned to their parents homes, when they returned to New York, they learned that the Postmaster General Albert Burleson had denied second-class mailing privileges to their magazine because of its content
3.
The Crisis
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The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was founded in 1910 by W. E. B, Du Bois, Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W. S. Braithwaite, and Mary Dunlop Maclean. The Crisis has been in print since 1910, and it is the oldest black publication in the world. The original title of the magazine was The Crisis, A Record of The Darker Races, the magazine’s name was inspired by James Russell Lowell’s 1844 poem, The Present Crisis. The suggestion to name the magazine after the poem came from one of the NAACP co-founders and it takes its name from the fact that the editors believe that this is a critical time in the history of the advancement of men. Although The Crisis was officially an organ of the NAACP, Du Bois had a degree of control over the periodicals expressed opinion. The NAACP was founded in response to the Springfield Race Riots of Illinois in 1908, after this Riot, William Walling composed an article in the newspaper, prompting his audience to fight racism in a united fashion. There were 60 individuals that attended the call,7 of them were persons of color, including Mary Church Terrell and this meeting and signing of the call led to the formation of the NAACP in 1909. The NAACP was largely recognized as a foundation, as it relied on the surrounding to community to sell subscriptions to the magazine. In its first year, the journal had a circulation of 1,000 and by 1918. It also grew in size, beginning at 20 pages and rising to as many as 68 pages, the Crisis would go on to become incredibly influential during the 1910s and 1920s and would take a large role in the Harlem Renaissance literature movement. It was primarily during Jessie Fauset’s tenure that literature abounded, though not nearly as well-known today as Du Bois, Fausets literary contributions were equal in importance. The poet Langston Hughes described Fauset as one of the midwives of the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes wrote in his autobiography The Big Sea that the parties at Fauset’s Harlem home were rather exclusive “literary soirees with much poetry but little to drink. Despite Fauset’s personal tastes and interests in her own writing, she featured poetry, prose, short stories, Fauset was also the primary force that kept the New York office going logistically between 1919 and 1926. After her departure from The Crisis, the quality and quantity of the section of The Crisis declined. In addition to literature, art played an important role in The Crisis’s overall message, I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been used always for propaganda for gaining the right of black folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda, but I do care when propaganda is confined to one side while the other is stripped and silent. In pursuing the use of art to portray the African-American race
4.
African diaspora
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Some scholars identify four circulatory phases of migration out of Africa. The term has also commonly been used to refer to recent emigration from Africa. Its constitutive act declares that it shall invite and encourage the participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent. The phrase African diaspora was coined during the 1990s, and gradually entered common usage during the 2000s, use of the term diaspora is modelled after the concept of the Jewish diaspora. Much of the African diaspora was dispersed throughout the Americas, Europe, beginning in the 15th century, Europeans captured or bought African slaves from West Africa and brought them to the Americas and Europe. The Atlantic Slave Trade ended in the 19th century, and the Arab Slave Trade ended in the middle of the 20th century, the dispersal through slave trading represents the largest forced migrations in human history. The economic effect on the African continent was devastating, as generations of people were taken from their communities and societies were disrupted. Some communities created by descendants of African slaves in the Americas, Europe, in other cases, blacks intermarried with non-blacks, and their descendants are blended into the local population. In the Americas, the confluence of multiple ethnic groups from around the world created multi-ethnic societies, in Central and South America, most people are descended from European, indigenous American, and African ancestry. In Brazil, where in 1888 nearly half the population was descended from African slaves, in the United States, there was historically a greater European colonial population in relation to African slaves, especially in the Northern Tier. There was considerable racial intermarriage in colonial Virginia, and other forms of racial mixing during the slavery, one of the results of this implementation was the loss of records of Indian-identified groups, who were classified only as black because of being mixed race. See Emigration from Africa for a treatment of voluntary population movements since the late 20th century. From the very onset of Spanish exploration and colonial activities in the Americas, juan Garrido was such an African conquistador. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan, Africans had been present in Asia and Europe long before Columbuss travels. Its constitutive act declares that it shall invite and encourage the participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent. Their descendants are now found around the globe, but because of intermarriage they are not necessarily readily identifiable, a long line of scholars has challenged conventional views of the African diaspora as a mere dispersion of Black people. For them, it is a movement of liberation that opposes the implications of racialization and their position assumes that Africans and their descendants abroad struggle to reclaim power over their lives through voluntary migration, cultural production and political conceptions and practices. It also implies the presence of cultures of resistance with similar objectives throughout the global diaspora, from this view, the daily struggle against what they call the world-historical processes of racial colonization, capitalism, and western domination defines Blacks links to Africa
5.
Harlem Renaissance
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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was considered to be a rebirth of African-American arts. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s, many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this flowering of Negro literature, as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, until the end of the Civil War, the majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South. During the Reconstruction Era, the emancipated African Americans, freedmen, began to strive for civic participation, political equality and economic, soon after the end of the Civil War the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 gave rise to speeches by African-American Congressmen addressing this Bill. By 1875 sixteen blacks had been elected and served in Congress, the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 was denounced by black Congressmen and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, part of Reconstruction legislation by Republicans. By the late 1870s, Democratic whites managed to power in the South. From 1890 to 1908 they proceeded to pass legislation that disenfranchised most Negros and many poor whites and they established white supremacist regimes of Jim Crow segregation in the South and one-party block voting behind southern Democrats. Convict laborers were typically subject to forms of corporal punishment, overwork. While a small number of blacks were able to land shortly after the Civil War. As life in the South became increasingly difficult, African Americans began to migrate north in great numbers, most of the African-American literary movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Sometimes their parents or grandparents had been slaves and their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital, including better-than-average education. Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the Negro neighborhoods of the North, African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South. Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life, uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem. During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century, the once exclusive district was abandoned by the middle class. Harlem became an African-American neighborhood in the early 1900s, in 1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African-American realtors and a church group. Many more African Americans arrived during the First World War, due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor. The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans to cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture, virulent white racism, often by more recent ethnic immigrants, continued to affect African-American communities, even in the North
