1.
New Jersey Department of Transportation
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It is headed by the Commissioner of Transportation. The present Commissioner is Richard T. Hammer, who was appointed in October 2015, the agency that became NJDOT began as the New Jersey State Highway Department circa 1920. NJDOT was established in 1966 as the first State transportation agency in the United States, the Transportation Act of 1966 established the NJDOT on December 12,1966. In 1979, with the establishment of New Jersey Transit, NJDOTs rail division was folded into the new agency, until 2003, the NJDOT included the Division of Motor Vehicles, which was reorganized as the self-operating New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission. Since the late 1970s, NJDOT has been phasing out or modifying many traffic circles in New Jersey, david J. Goldberg, 1966-1970 John C. Most major highways including Interstate, U. S. NJDOT develops interim and long-term plans and strategic policy on freight and shipping in and these intermodal policies cover trucking, rail, maritime and air freight. The Transportation Capital Program and the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program allocate state and federal funding, including projected projects. Assistance to local communities and grants for transportation-related projects, such as transit villages and this is refer to technical planning, development, design and research for projects. During 1976 NJDOT took control of rail routes operated by the Penn Central, Erie Lackawanna, CNJ. In 1979 New Jersey Transit assumed responsibilities for passenger rail in New Jersey, NJDOT is a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission. Roads portal New Jersey portal New Jersey Department of Transportation, official website NJDOT Commissioner profile
2.
New Jersey Route 23
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Route 23 is a state highway in the northern part of New Jersey in the United States. The freeway carries Route 23 north to a concurrency with U. S. Route 202, Route 23 was established in 1927 to run from Verona to the New York border near Port Jervis, replacing pre-1927 Route 8 between Verona and Sussex. The route followed two turnpikes that were created in the early 19th century, the Newark-Pompton Turnpike and the Paterson-Hamburg Turnpike, in the mid-1950s, there were plans to build an Interstate Highway along Route 23 between Interstate 80 and Interstate 287, but it was never built. Route 23 begins at an intersection with County Route 506 and County Route 577 in Verona, heading to the north through residences and some businesses along four-lane, undivided Pompton Avenue. After a short distance, the forms the border between Cedar Grove to the west and Verona to the east before fully enters Cedar Grove. In Cedar Grove, the narrows to two lanes at the County Route 640 before widening to four lanes again at the County Route 639 intersection. Shortly before leaving Cedar Grove, Route 23 crosses County Route 604, the road crosses into Little Falls, Passaic County, where it narrows to two lanes and becomes the Newark-Pompton Turnpike. Route 23 passes two shopping malls, Willowbrook Mall and Wayne Towne Center, and enters the Spaghetti Bowl interchange with U. S. Route 46 and Interstate 80. Route 23 continues north with frontage roads serving businesses, coming to an interchange with U. S. Route 202 and County Route 511 Alternate, forming a concurrency with U. S. Route 202. At a U-turn ramp, the direction of County Route 504 follows both directions of the road, having to use the ramp in order to continue across the road. Northbound U. S. Route 202 splits from Route 23, at this point, the westbound direction of County Route 504 and the southbound direction of U. S. Route 202 follow southbound Route 23 until an intersection. Route 23 crosses into Pequannock Township in Morris County and passes over the Pompton River, in Pequannock, the road is a six-lane divided highway with at-grade intersections, some controlled by jughandles, that heads through a mix of businesses and woodland. At the north end of Pequannock, it intersects County Route 660, the route intersects County Route 511 Alternate and crosses into Riverdale, with County Route 511 Alternate following Route 23 until it heads to the north on the Newark-Pompton Turnpike. Route 23 interchanges with Interstate 287 and climbs a hill past the interchange, the route runs through Kinnelon before entering Butler. In Butler, Route 23 passes through areas, crossing County Route 511 before heading northwest. The road drops to four lanes, still divided by a Jersey barrier and it heads under Maple Lake Road before passing through Kinnelon again. Upon leaving Kinnelon, the route enters West Milford in Passaic County at the crossing of the Pequannock River, at this point, the route enters a more wooded, mountainous setting, following the Pequannock River. Route 23 joins the Hamburg Turnpike and the splits, with the southbound lanes crossing over the Pequannock River into Kinnelon for a time
3.
Sussex, New Jersey
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Sussex is a borough in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. Sussex was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on October 14,1891, as Deckertown, the boroughs original name was for settler Peter Decker. The borough was renamed Sussex on March 2,1902, the county and borough are named for the historic county of Sussex in England. The efforts at consolidation with surrounding Wantage Township ended in November 2009 after Wantage voters rejected the merger despite support from Sussex borough residents. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 0.619 square miles. It is approximately 400 to 450 feet above sea level, the borough is completely surrounded by Wantage Township, making it part of 21 pairs of doughnut towns in the state, where one municipality entirely surrounds another. The borough is in the watershed of the Wallkill River and its tributary Glen Brook, which near Sussex forms a small body of water called Clove Lake, part of which is within the borough. Due to its location and elevation, Sussex has a climate much cooler than most of the state, classified as humid continental, with cold, moderately snowy winters. It is part of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6, the monthly daily average temperature ranges from 25.0 °F in January to 71.1 °F in July. Temperatures reach 90 °F on 12.6 days and fall to 0 °F on 6 nights annually, snowfall averages 42 inches per season, although this usually varies widely from year to year. Extremes in temperature range from −29 °F on January 21,1994 up to 106 °F on July 10,1936, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,130 people,899 households, and 525 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,615.9 per square mile, there were 1,005 housing units at an average density of 1,706.1 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 93% of the population,36. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 3.04. In the borough, the population was out with 22. 8% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,28. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.7 years, for every 100 females there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 98.2 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $40,978 and the median family income was $53,125. Males had an income of $40,234 versus $30,777 for females
4.
New York State Route 284
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New York State Route 284 is a north–south state highway located entirely within Orange County, New York, in the United States. It begins just south of the village of Unionville at the New Jersey state line in the town of Minisink, where it connects to that states Route 284. The highway has been part of a state route since 1924 when it became part of New York State Route 8, a road continuing northeast through Middletown and Montgomery to Newburgh. NY8 was split into two routes as part of the 1930 renumbering of highways in New York, with the portion of the highway south of Montgomery becoming New York State Route 84. When Interstate 84 was built along an alignment to NY84 in the mid-1960s. The section of NY84 south of Slate Hill was redesignated as NY284 while the rest of the highway was absorbed by other, NY284 begins at the New Jersey state line in the town of Minisink as a northerly continuation of that states Route 284. The route heads northwest for a distance into the village of Unionville. In the center of the village, the highway reaches an intersection with County Route 36, NY284 turns north at this junction, passing a handful of homes before bending to the northwest and leaving the village limits for less developed areas of Minisink. Outside of Unionville, the route bends to the northeast, paralleling the former right-of-way of the Middletown. At the far end of the hamlet of Waterloo Mills. The waterway, the former railroad right-of-way and the road take similar paths to the hamlet of Westtown and it passes Lockenhurst Pond in the southern part of the hamlet before meeting CR1 near Art Fords Lake. Past Westtown, NY284 winds its way northeastward across another rural part of Minisink, intersecting CR62, the latter route provides access to the hamlet of Johnson, which NY284 bypasses to the southeast. North of CR22, Rutgers Creek merges with Indigot Creek, the combined stream continues to serve as the boundary between the two towns as Rutgers Creek takes on a southeasterly course from this point. NY284 crosses over the waterway, entering Wawayanda and connecting to CR93 just north of the town line, from CR93, the highway runs northeastward across open, rolling terrain, following an active part of the MNJ Railroad to the hamlet of Slate Hill. NY284 ends in the center of the community at a junction with US6, modern NY284 was gradually acquired by the state of New York over the course of the early 20th century. Work to bring the highway up to state highway standards cost $50,879. It was designated but not signed as State Highway 160, in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the NY8 designation was reassigned to another highway serving the Central New York Region and the North Country. The portion of its former alignment east of Montgomery became part of the new NY215 while the rest was renumbered to NY84, another, much smaller renumbering was carried out in May 1966 after I-84 was built along an alignment similar to that of NY84
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Wantage Township, New Jersey
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Wantage Township is a township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. Wantage Township was formed as a precinct on May 30,1754 and it was incorporated as a Township on February 21,1798, as part of the states initial group of 104 townships. Boundary exchanges were made with Frankford Township in both 1826 and 1834, portions of the township were taken on October 14,1891, to form the Borough of Deckertown. The township was named for Wantage, England, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 67.481 square miles, including 66.753 square miles of land and 0.728 square miles of water. The township is located in the Kittatinny Valley which is a section of the Great Appalachian Valley that stretches for 700 miles from Canada to Alabama. Rutan Hill, also called Volcanic Hill, located near the Beemerville section of Wantage Township, is New Jerseys only volcanic site that was last active over 440 million years ago. Rivers and streams in Wantage are tributaries in the Wallkill River watershed, as of the census of 2010, there were 11,358 people,3,910 households, and 3,116 families residing in the township. The population density was 170.1 per square mile, there were 4,173 housing units at an average density of 62.5 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 23% of the population,15. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the family size was 3.25. In the township, the population was out with 25. 0% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,22. 5% from 25 to 44,32. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.2 years, for every 100 females there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.7 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $72,270 and the median family income was $78,934. Males had an income of $55,509 versus $41,013 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $29,266, about 4. 3% of families and 3. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 0% of those under age 18 and 5. 3% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 10,387 people,3,441 households, the population density was 154.8 people per square mile. There were 3,663 housing units at a density of 54.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 97. 10% White,0. 65% African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 67% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 41% from other races, and 1. 10% from two or more races
6.
Sussex County, New Jersey
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Sussex County is the northernmost county in the State of New Jersey. It is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area, as of the 2016 Census estimate, the countys population was 142,522, making it the 17th-most populous of the states 21 counties, a 4. Based on 2010 Census data, Vernon Township was the countys largest in population and area, with a population of 23,943 and covering an area of 70.59 square miles. As of 2010 The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 131st-highest per capita income of the 3,113 counties in the United States, the county was established in 1753 and named after historic County Sussex, England. Because of its topography, Sussex County has remained a relatively rural, the county is part of the Skylands Region, a term promoted by the New Jersey Commerce, Economic Growth, & Tourism Commission to encourage tourism. In the western half of the county, several state and federal parks have kept the large tracts of land undeveloped, the eastern half of the county has had more suburban development because of its proximity to more populated areas and commercial development zones. Until the mid-20th century, most of Sussex Countys economy was based on agriculture, with the decline of these industries in the 1960s, Sussex County was transformed into a bedroom community that absorbed population shifts from New Jerseys urban areas. Recent studies estimate that 60 percent of Sussex County residents work outside of the county, the area of Sussex County and its surrounding region was occupied for approximately 8, 000-13,000 years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, the Munsee Indians inhabited the region, the Munsee were a loosely organized division of the Lenape, a Native American people also called Delaware Indians after their historic territory along the Delaware River. The Lenape inhabited the coastal areas and inland along the Hudson. As early as 1690, Dutch and French Huguenot colonists from towns along the Hudson River Valley in New York began permanently settling in the Upper Delaware Valley. The route these Dutch settlers had taken was the path of an old Indian trail and became the route of the Old Mine Road and stretches of present-date U. S. Route 209. These Dutch settlers penetrated the Minisink Valley and settled as far south as the Delaware Water Gap, throughout the 18th century, immigrants from the Rheinland Palatinate in Germany and Switzerland fled religious wars and poverty to arrive in Philadelphia and New York City. By this time, four large townships had been created in this sparsely populated Northwestern region, Walpack Township, Greenwich Township, Hardwick Township and Newtown Township. On June 8,1753, Sussex County was created from four municipalities. On November 20,1824, Warren County was created from the territory of the Sussex County. Throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, Sussex Countys economy was centered around agriculture. Early settlers established farms whose operations were focused towards subsistence agriculture
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State highways in New Jersey
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In the U. S. state of New Jersey, the New Jersey Department of Transportation maintains a system of state highways. Every significant section of roadway maintained by the state is assigned a number, officially State Highway Route X but commonly called Route X by the NJDOT and the general public. Highways are included in the system, and are also called Route X. State Routes are signed with the circular highway shield. The majority of Routes are maintained by the state, but occasionally, for the sake of continuity, major routes are typically assigned one- or two-digit numbers, except where the numbers were chosen to match an adjacent state. Most numbers from 1 to 50 follow a general geographic pattern assigned in 1927, the only suffixed routes other than U. S. Route 9W are short unmarked connections such as Route 76C, an elongated ramp to Interstate 76. The only special route is Route 33 Business, U. S. Route 1 Business. A statewide system of county highways is numbered by the NJDOT in the 500-599 range. All counties but two – Bergen and Monmouth – number their other county routes beginning at 600, County routes in Bergen County range from 2 to 134, those in Monmouth County range from 1 to 57. Ocean County also has a system of county routes with numbers ranging from 3 to 111 in addition to those beginning with 600. The initial system of highways was legislated in 1916. By 1922, the routes were marked, U. S. Route numbers were added to some of the main routes in 1927. Every state highway, even those parts of U. S. Routes, was assigned a number. Some short routes were assigned prefixes of S, for instance, one prefixed and suffixed route - Route S4A - was also defined as a second spur of Route 4. As the system grew, some numbers beyond 50 were used, on January 1,1953, the second renumbering was implemented. Some routes were shortened to remove concurrencies, while others, like Route 25, numbers from 53 to 93 were assigned to renumbered routes, while shorter ones received numbers from 152 to 165. The two planned toll roads — the Garden State Parkway and New Jersey Turnpike - received only those names, the majority of new numbers assigned since the 1953 renumbering have been from 166 to 185, with some short routes instead receiving numbers based on their parents. Minimal disruption was caused by the assignment of Interstate Highway numbers in the late 1950s, in the 1990s, the majority of special U. S
8.
New Jersey Scenic Byways
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The New Jersey Scenic Byways system consists of roads in the U. S. state of New Jersey that have been recognized for their historical or natural qualities. The byway begins in Cape May Point, Cape May County, following CR629, CR606, CR626, Route 162, CR626, and Route 47. In Salem County, the byway follows CR623, CR658, CR624, CR625, CR661, Grieves Parkway, and South Front Street to Route 49 in Salem. At this point, a spur heads along Route 49, Freas Road, Supawna Road, Route 49, CR632, from Salem, the mainline continues along Route 49, Route 45, and CR540 to its northern terminus in Mannington Township. The Delaware River Scenic Byway follows Route 29 along the Delaware River between Trenton and Frenchtown and it provides scenic views of the Delaware River and passes through Washington Crossing State Park, Titusville, Lambertville, Stockton, and Raven Rock. This byway is part of the national program. The Millstone Valley Scenic Byway is a 25 mile historic scenic route located in the Millstone River Valley which lies in north central New Jersey. The byway offers a glimpse into the past where skirmishes between the militia and British troops played a key role in the American Revolutionary War. This byway has been designated by the National Scenic Byways Program of the Federal Highway Administration as of 2009, the route travels along County Route 533 on the west bank of the Millstone and County Route 603 on the rivers east side. The route loops back on the side at County Route 518. The Kingston Village Historic District and the Kingston Mill Historic District are both located in the area of Kingston. The Pine Barrens Byway consists of three routes run through the Pine Barrens in southern New Jersey. The northern route of the byway begins in Tuckerton in Ocean County and follows US9 and Stage Road into Burlington County, here, the Pine Barrens Byway splits into a longer northern loop and a shorter northern loop. The longer northern loop follows CR542 through Batsto into Mullica Township, the shorter northern loop follows CR563 into Mullica Township. The first leg of the loop begins at CR542 in Mullica Township, following CR643. From here, the leg of the northern loop follows CR563, CR624, Mill Street, Riverside Drive. US9, the Garden State Parkway into Burlington County, and US9 back to Tuckerton, the southern route of the byway begins in Corbin City, Atlantic County and follows CR611 and Route 50 into Tuckahoe, Cape May County. From here, the byway follows Route 49, CR632, and Route 49 to an intersection with CR548, where it splits into a southern loop
9.
Interstate 280 (New Jersey)
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Interstate 280 is a 17. 85-mile Interstate Highway in the U. S. state of New Jersey. It provides a spur from I-80 in Parsippany-Troy Hills, Morris County to Newark, in Kearny, access is provided toward the Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel to New York City. The western part of the runs through suburban areas of Morris and Essex counties. Upon reaching The Oranges, the setting becomes more urbanized and I-280 runs along a depressed alignment before ascending again in Newark, I-280 includes a lift bridge, the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge over the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison. The highway is called the Essex Freeway. I-280 interchanges with roads, including the Garden State Parkway in East Orange. A part of present-day I-280 in Newark west of the Stickel Bridge was legislated as Route 25A in 1939 and this portion of road would become Route 58 in 1953. When the Interstate Highway System was being planned, the Route 3 freeway was planned to become an Interstate, the New Jersey State Highway Department favored the Essex Freeway instead between I-80 in Parsippany-Troy Hills to I-95 in Kearny. The latter would become the Interstate and be designated I-280 and this road was built in the 1960s and completed west from Newark in 1973. The portion east of Newark to the New Jersey Turnpike opened in 1980, I-280 was once planned to continue east to I-78 near the Holland Tunnel but never was extended east of the New Jersey Turnpike. In the 2000s, the Stickel Bridge was reconstructed after the structure was determined to be structurally deficient. Interstate 280 is one of two 3 digit interstate designations to appear on opposite coasts, Interstate 110 in California and Florida is the other one. I-280 begins at I-80 and US46 in Parsippany-Troy Hills, Morris County, the road comes to its first interchange with New Road before crossing the Whippany River into East Hanover. The freeway runs near some fields before heading back into woods and entering Roseland, shortly after the Passaic River, I-280 has a cloverleaf interchange with the Eisenhower Parkway. At this point, the roadway widens to six lanes and runs near wooded areas before reaching CR527 at another cloverleaf interchange. Past CR527, I-280 makes a turn to the east before heading southeast into Livingston, following this exit, the road enters West Orange and passes through Second Watchung Mountain in a cut. Past the mountain, the road back into suburban areas and comes to the exit for CR636. The terrain becomes urban soon after exit 10, when it enters Orange, here, I-280 narrows back to six lanes and heads onto a depressed alignment with frequent overpasses, running a short distance to the south of New Jersey Transit’s Morristown Line
10.
Interstate 287
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Interstate 287 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US states of New Jersey and New York. It is a beltway around New York City, serving the northern half of New Jersey. Through New Jersey, I-287 runs west from its terminus in Edison through suburban areas. In Bridgewater Township, the freeway takes a northeasterly course. The northernmost part of I-287 in New Jersey passes through mountainous surroundings, after crossing into New York at Suffern, I-287 turns east on the New York State Thruway and runs though Rockland County. A bypass around New York City had been planned since the 1950s and would become a part of the Interstate Highway System, the Cross-Westchester Expressway, which was originally designated as Interstate 187, opened in 1960 as Interstate 487 before later becoming part of I-287. The New York State Thruway portion of I-287, which included a crossing of the Hudson River, in New Jersey, the proposed I-287 had originally been designated as FAI Corridor 104 and incorporated what was planned as the Middlesex Freeway. The New Jersey section of I-287 between the New Jersey Turnpike in Edison and US202 in Montville opened in stages between the 1960s and 1973, the remainder opened in 1994. The aging Tappan Zee Bridge is due to be replaced with a new span — construction started in 2013, with opening scheduled for 2017. In addition, a tunnel across the Long Island Sound between Rye and Oyster Bay on Long Island would link the eastern terminus of I-287 to New York State Route 25. I-287 begins at an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike in Edison in Middlesex County, New Jersey, within Middlesex County, I-287 is called the Lt. Col. Richard F. Lauer, US Army Highway. From this point, it heads west as a freeway through suburban areas. Past this point, the turns more to the northwest as it comes to the junction with Route 27. Following Route 27, I-287 narrows to six lanes and passes over Amtraks Northeast Corridor as it continues to a southbound exit, here, the road enters Piscataway Township and reaches an interchange with CR665. Continuing near more business parks, I-287 comes to the exit for South Randolphville Road, following this interchange, the road heads west more before it turns to the southwest and comes to an interchange with the northern terminus of Route 18. After Route 18, the comes to the CR622 exit. After crossing over the Raritan River, I-287 enters Franklin Township, Somerset County and becomes the Captain Joseph Azzolina, soon after the river, there is an interchange with CR527. After CR527, the freeway makes a turn to the northwest and passes a mix of residential areas, the road has an interchange with CR623 before crossing the Raritan River again and continuing into Bridgewater Township
11.
New Jersey Route 83
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Route 83 is a state highway in the U. S. state of New Jersey. It is completely within Dennis Township, New Jersey, running 3.81 mi from an intersection with Route 47 to an intersection with U. S. Route 9. Between 1927 and 1953, Route 83 was a part of Route 49, in 2007, the state completed reconstruction of the intersection with Route 47 to include a traffic signal. A school bus accident has prompted the New Jersey Department of Transportation to install a signal at the Y intersection of Route 83. Route 83 begins at a light with Route 47 in South Dennis. The route crosses over the Cape May Seashore Lines railroad line, after this bridge, it intersects West Avenue and then crosses over County Route 628. Route 83 then intersects County Road, which heads west to parallel the route to the south and it later crosses Gravel Hole Road, which provides access to County Route 657. Past that intersection, Route 83 continues to the east through a mix of residential development and it passes under a set of power lines and comes to an intersection with County Route 608. The route continues east to its terminus at a signalized intersection with US9 in Clermont. Route 83 is a route that provides access to the Jersey Shore resorts of Sea Isle City. It also serves as part of a route for Cape May County that feeds into Route 47 to provide access to inland areas in the event of a hurricane. Route 83 was originally legislated by the Laws of 1927, Chapter 319 as a part of Route 49, in 1940, a bridge was built over the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines railroad tracks in South Dennis. In the 2000s, plans were made to improve the intersections at both termini of Route 83. The intersection with Route 47 saw realignment and the installation of a light, along with improvements to Route 47. In 2006, reconstruction of the Y intersection of US9 and Route 83 to a T intersection, the reconfigured intersection was completed on June 10,2008. The entire route is in Dennis Township, Cape May County, Roads portal New Jersey portal NJ State Highways, 55-74 - Route 83 Speed Limits for State Roads, Route 83
12.
New Jersey Route 85
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The routes northern terminus would be near the Port Authoritys piers in North Bergen. The proposal was given an attempt for interstate highway designation in 1957, according to the New Jersey Department of Transportation in 1972, the Route 85 Freeway would have begun at an interchange with Interstate 78 in the community of Jersey City. The route would head northward as a freeway, changing to 10 lanes at Sip Avenue. The 10 lanes would be in a format, with two local lanes serving interchanges and three express lanes for faster approaches. The route have its second interchange at the Pulaski Skyway with U. S, routes 1 and 9 in Jersey City, where it would parallel the congested two-lane Tonnelle Avenue. The route would continue northward, paralleling the New Jersey Turnpikes eastern spur, Route 85 would continue northward as a 10-lane freeway to an interchange with Interstate 495, which would serve access to the Lincoln Tunnel. At the interchange with Interstate 495 in North Bergen, the freeway would shrink to two lanes in each direction, using variable medians and wide shoulders, Route 85 would continue northward through North Bergen, interchanging with 69th Street before crossing the county line into Bergen County. There, the freeway would interchange with U. S. Route 46 in the community of Ridgefield. From there, Route 85 would continue through Bergen County until interchanging with Interstate 80 at the George Washington Bridge approach in Fort Lee, there, the freeway and the Route 85 designation would terminate. The State Highway Department also put forth a possible extension from the Port Authority docks northward to the Lincoln Tunnel, at the time, the Port Authority and the Turnpike Authority would both pay a percentage to build the highway. This was divided 60-40 with the Turnpike Authority paying the 60%, the project according to the state agencies would relieve congestion on the New Jersey Turnpike and throughout Hoboken. The original cost to construct the 2. 2-mile long freeway was situated at about $9 million, but would be up for future changes.80 miles. This project would also tie in with the construction of a new interchange between the Turnpike and U. S. Route 1 in the area of current-day New Jersey Route 81 in Elizabeth. Although the request for Interstate funding did not succeed, the continued to push forward for the Hoboken Freeway throughout the next several years. During that time, the received the Route 85 designation. According to the statement, the new freeway would head from the Holland Tunnel Approach in Jersey City northward to Weehawken, the waterfront highway, as referred to, would serve the heavy industry, high-density population, and the redevelopment for the waterfront. Route 85 would also serve as a backup to Manhattans West Side Highway as a controlled access distributor and this would relieve congestion on the West Side Highway and create a backup route between both tunnels. The state of New Jersey passed a bill in 1965 adding the new Route 85 Freeway to the state law, in 1966, the Tri-State Transportation Commission along with the Regional Plan Association proposed an extension further northward to the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee
13.
State highway
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Depending on the state, state highway may be used for one meaning and state road or state route for the other. In some countries such as New Zealand, the state is used in its sense of a nation. By this meaning a state highway is a maintained and numbered by the national government rather than local authorities. Australias State Route system covers urban and inter-regional routes that are not included in the National Route or the National Highway systems and these routes are marked with a blue shield. Sometimes a state route may be formed when a national route is decommissioned. Most states and territories have introduced an alphanumeric numbering system. Brazil is another country that is divided into states and has state highways, canada is divided into provinces and territories, each of which maintains its own system of provincial or territorial highways. Canadas federal National Highway System is a dual system which includes the Trans-Canada Highway network. Italys Strade Statali extend for some 18,000 km, overseen by the Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade founded in 1946, State highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by state governments. Mexicos State Highway System is a system of urban and state routes constructed and maintained by each Mexican state, the main purpose of the state networks is to serve as a feeder system to the federal highway system. All states except the Federal District operate a road network, each state marks these routes with a white shield containing the abbreviated name of the state plus the route number. New Zealand state highways are national highways – the word state in this sense means government or public, New Zealands state highway system is a nationwide network of roads covering the North Island and the South Island. As of 2006, just under 100 roads have a State Highway designation, the NZ Transport Agency administers them. The speed limit for most state highways is 100 km/h, with reductions when one passes through a populated area. The highways in New Zealand were originally designated on a system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard. Now all of them are state highways, and the network consists of SH1 running the length of main islands, SH 2–5 and 10–58 in the North Island, and SH 6–8. National and provincial highways are numbered north to south. State Highway 1 runs the length of both islands, local highways are the next important roads under the National highways
14.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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U.S. Route 6
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U. S. Route 6, also called the Grand Army of the Republic Highway, honoring the American Civil War veterans association, is a main route of the U. S. Highway system. While it currently runs east-northeast from Bishop, California to Provincetown, Massachusetts, the highways longest-lasting routing, from 1936 to 1964, had its western terminus at Long Beach, California. During this time, US6 was the longest highway in the country, in 1964, the state of California renumbered its highways, and most of the route within California was transferred to other highways. This dropped the highways length below that of US20, US6 is a diagonal route, whose number is out of sequence with the rest of the U. S. Highway grid in the western US. When it was designated in 1926, US6 only ran east of Erie, subsequent extensions, largely replacing the former U. S. Route 32 and U. S. US6 does not serve a major corridor, unlike other highways. George R. Stewart, author of U. S, the modern US6 in California is a short, two-lane, north–south surface highway from Bishop to the Nevada state line. Prior to a 1964 highway renumbering project, US6 extended to Long Beach along what is now US395, California 14, Interstate 5, Interstate 110/California 110, despite the renumbering having removed all freeway portions, it is still part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. US 6s former routing included a segment of the famous Arroyo Seco Parkway. Currently, US6 begins at US395 in Bishop and heads north between farms and ranches in the Chalfant Valley at the base of the 14, 000-foot western escarpment of the White Mountains, after about 30 miles Benton is reached, which has a cafe and gas station. California 120 begins here, heading west past Mono Lake through Lee Vining, over Tioga Pass, US6 continues north to the Nevada state line. From the California border, US6 heads northeast through semi-desert Queen Valley with Boundary Peak, Nevadas highest summit and these twin peaks are the northernmost high summits of the White Mountains, both over 13,000 ft. The highway then climbs into the Pinyon-Juniper zone and crosses Montgomery Pass 7,167 ft, from the pass, US6 descends into barren shadscale desert, passing Columbus Salt Marsh on the left, then merging with US95 from Coaldale Junction to Tonopah. Nevada Test and Training Range begins about 15 mi southeast of Tonopah, just east of Tonopah, US6 continues east across a series of desert mountain ranges and valleys, including the Monitor Range. Rainfall increases eastward, so become less barren and peaks over 11,500 ft add scenic interest. Ely is the largest town on Route 6 in Nevada, US50 joins Route 6 at Ely. East of Ely, Routes 6/50 cross the Schell Creek Range, known for verdant forests and meadows, and for a large deer and elk population. The highway descends to Spring Valley, then crosses the Snake Range at Sacramento Pass, north of Nevadas second-highest mountain, Wheeler Peak, beyond the pass, US6 passes just north of Baker, a Mormon farming community, and reaches the Utah state line
18.
Slate Hill, New York
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Slate Hill is one of the eight hamlets found in the town of Wawayanda, New York. It is home to the Minisink Valley Central School District, Slate Hill is found in Orange County, New York, one of the fastest-growing counties in the state. This growth reached a peak in the post 9/11 era, but has seen a decrease in the past 3 years. When his tribe, probably from the Algonquin Nation of the Lenni Lenape, had left the land to go West, the site of his abandoned estate is located on a hill on present day Jogee Road. The road was named after Keghgekapowell since his name had taken the form of Jogee by European settlers. One of the settlers, Richard Wood, built Woodlawn Farm. Both his house and church, the oldest buildings in Slate Hill, still stand and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Slate Hill was originally to be named Brookfield, for the brook that encircled the community. Slate Hill is currently in New Yorks 19th congressional district and its current Congressperson is Democrat Sean Patrick Maloney. Locally, Slate Hills Town Hall is located within the town of Wawayanda, only a handful of industries currently call Slate Hill home. Balchem Incorporated was founded at its present location along the rail line in Slate Hill. The remaining industries in Slate Hill are primarily service and/or cottage industries, there have been several small strip malls which have appeared in the post 9/11 period, namely Slate Hill Commons. Also, a number of premium restaurantiers have established taverns, pubs. The Elegant Peasant was repurchased and named the Bottoms Up restaurant, catlin Creek now hosts Jacks Tavern, in addition to catering weddings. Wawayanda Democratic Committee Official Town of Wawayanda Website Wawayanda Fire Co. Inc, - Slate Hill Fire District Official Website
19.
Wallkill River
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The river is unusual because it flows north between two major south-flowing rivers, the Hudson and the Delaware River. The broad valley of the Wallkill River nestles between the main Appalachian Mountains and the New York-New Jersey Highlands, supporting much local agriculture and it is a part of the Great Appalachian Valley. In the beginning of its course it drains the section of Sussex County, New Jersey. Most of the New Jersey portion is navigable by canoe, then it is heavily diverted as it flows through the rich Black Dirt Region of Warwick. Until drainage projects were built here, this region was known as the Drowned Lands, the largest, in Walden, still is used by New York State Electric and Gas today. The Wallkill tends to cross political borders much more often than it forms them, two villages, Montgomery and New Paltz, are also bounded by the river in part. In addition to the town and hamlet in New York, two school districts take their name from the river, Wallkill Valley Regional School District, in New Jersey, native Americans knew the river as Twischsawkin. At least three prehistoric rock shelters have been found in digs in the region. For the indigenous peoples, it was not only important for its arable land, the river and its valley are abundant in flint and chert, from which they made spear points and arrowheads. European settlers of the region named it first the Palse River, after New Paltz, later, when it was clear that the river continued well beyond the original New Paltz patent, it took after the Waal river in their native Netherlands. They worked their way down it from the Hudson Valley in the 17th century, settlers recognized the agricultural possibilities of the Drowned Lands almost as soon as they moved in. Efforts to divert the river and create more farmland appear to have begun as early as 1760 and it would take 66 years, however, before a canal succeeded in draining the land and making enough available to profitably cultivate. By that time industry was beginning to harness the river, too, in 1871 the farmers finally won. What industry there was would be confined to Montgomery and Walden where the railroad ran nearby, in Ulster, vacationers frequented the Springtown neighborhood of New Paltz during the late 19th to early 20th century, making use of the Wallkill for recreation. Many of the older homes still on Springtown Road were boarding houses for these people escaping from the summer heat to the cool banks of the Wallkill River. In August 1955, the river experienced record-breaking flooding when hurricanes Connie, heavy flooding of the river and its smaller tributaries from the April 2007 noreaster forced a number of road closures and evacuations of homes in its flood plain in central Orange County. There have been efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to clean up the river. At the turn of the century, a Wallkill River Task Force was formed, held at Orange County Community College and organized by the Orange County Land Trust, this conference could be considered the birth of the Wallkill River Task Force – a ‘project’ of the OCLT
20.
Appalachian Trail
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The trail is about 2,200 miles long, though the exact length changes over time as parts are modified or rerouted. More than 2 million people are said to do at least one day-hike on the each year. The idea of the Appalachian Trail came about in 1921, the trail itself was completed in 1937 after more than a decade of work, although improvements and changes continue. It is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnerships, and managed by the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, the majority of the trail is in forest or wild lands, although some portions traverse towns, roads and farms. The trail conservancy claims that the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking-only trail in the world. It passes through 14 states, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Many books, memoirs, websites, and fan organizations are dedicated to these pursuits, other separate extensions continue the southern end of the Appalachian range in Alabama and continue south into Florida, creating what is known as the Eastern Continental Trail. The Appalachian Trail, the Continental Divide Trail, and the Pacific Crest Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking in the United States. The trail was conceived by Benton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original plan—called An Appalachian Trail, macKayes idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers. The idea was adopted by the new Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference as their main project. On October 7,1923, the first section of the trail, from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden, MacKaye then called for a two-day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington, D. C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian Trail Conference, a retired judge named Arthur Perkins and his younger associate Myron Avery took up the cause. Andersons efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail, and Avery was able to bring other states on board, upon taking over the ATC, Avery adopted the more practical goal of building a simple hiking trail. He and MacKaye clashed over the ATCs response to a commercial development along the trails path, MacKaye left the organization. Avery reigned as Chairman of the ATC from 1932 to 1952, Avery became the first to walk the trail end-to-end, though not as a thru-hike, in 1936. In August 1937, the trail was completed to Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine, the ATCs trail crews and volunteer trail-maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since that time. The completed thru-hike was much later recorded and accepted by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association, in 1948, Earl Shaffer of York, Pennsylvania, brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru-hike. The claim was criticized for the hikes omission of significant portions due to short-cuts
21.
High Point State Park
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High Point State Park is a state park located in Sussex County in the Skylands Region of Northwestern New Jersey, near the border with New York. Part of the Kittatinny Mountains, the highest point in the state of New Jersey sits in the reaches of the park. Route 23 skirts the park and provides access for visitors from the New Jersey suburbs, the park is administered by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. Entrance fees are charged from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day, $5.00 on weekdays. High Point offers trails for hiking and cross-country skiing and areas for camping and fishing, the land for High Point State Park, donated by Colonel Anthony R. and Susie Dryden Kuser, was dedicated as a park in 1923. The pleasant landscaping was designed by the Olmsted Brothers of Boston, the brothers were the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, who designed Central Park. To the south, the Appalachian Trail follows a ridge which offers many scenic views of the valleys. To the north, the trail drops off the ridge through hemlock gorges into former agricultural fields with a view of the surrounding countryside, the monument was built to honor war veterans, through the generosity of the Kusers. Construction began in 1928 and completed in 1930, at the top of New Jerseys tallest knob, the Monument is an obelisk monument similar to other war monuments, such as the one located on Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry - High Point State Park New Jersey Northwest Skylands guide to High Point State Park Outdoor Places visitors guide
22.
New Jersey Route 31
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Route 31 is a state highway in New Jersey, United States. It runs 48.93 mi from U. S. Route 1 Business /US206 in Trenton, Mercer County north to an intersection with US46 in Buttzville in White Township, along the way, Route 31 heads through the communities of Flemington, Clinton and Washington. Most of the highway is state-maintained, however, the section within the city limits of Trenton is maintained by the city, much of Route 31 is a two-lane highway that passes through farmland, woodland, and mountainous areas. Two portions of the route—from Trenton to Pennington and from Ringoes to Clinton—consist of more development, the highway was constructed from 1926 to 1935. Route 31 has carried two different numbers in the past and it was known as Route 30 between 1927 and 1953, when it was renumbered to Route 69 to avoid conflicting with US30 in southern New Jersey. It was renumbered to Route 31 in 1967 due to sign theft that resulted from the meaning of the number 69. In recent years, the portion of Route 31 between Flemington and Clinton has been widened to four lanes, in addition, there was a failed project to build a bypass of Flemington that would have also eliminated the Flemington Circle. Route 31 heads north from US1 Bus. and US206 at the Trenton Battle Monument in Trenton, the route passes by residences and some businesses in the northern part of Trenton, crossing County Route 653. Route 31 enters Ewing Township and becomes state-mantainted at the point where it crosses CR634, the route continues north through suburban residential areas and passes to the west of The College of New Jersey campus. It crosses into Hopewell Township and briefly becomes a divided highway as it interchanges with I-95. Past this interchange, Route 31 continues north as a road through a mix of residences with some businesses, meeting CR546. It continues past the circle as a two-lane, undivided road, the route briefly skirts into Pennington twice, where it is a divided highway as it crosses over CSXs Trenton Subdivision. Route 31 enters Pennington again before heading back into Hopewell Township, here, the road meets CR640 again, and heads north into farmland and woodland with some homes. It eventually turns to the northwest and crosses CR518, upon crossing CR518, Route 31 enters East Amwell Township, Hunterdon County and continues through rural areas. The route eventually forms the border between East Amwell Township and West Amwell Township and intersects CR579. US202 and Route 31 head to the north, coming to an intersection with Old York Road, past this intersection, the road forms the border between East Amwell Township to the west and Raritan Township to the east before crossing entirely into Raritan Township. The road continues north through farms, reaching commercial development as it approaches the Flemington area, the road widens to six lanes and crosses into Flemington. The road comes to the Flemington Circle where US202 continues to the northeast, Route 12 heads to the west, the route crosses back into Raritan Township, where it briefly becomes a four-lane divided highway before reentering Flemington
23.
New Jersey Route 94
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Route 94 is a state highway in the northwestern part of the New Jersey, United States. At the New York border, New York State Route 94 continues to Newburgh, Route 94 is mostly a two-lane undivided road that runs through mountain and valley areas of Warren and Sussex counties, serving Columbia, Blairstown, Newton, and Hamburg. The route intersects several roads, including U. S. Route 46 and Interstate 80 in Knowlton Township, US206 in Newton, Route 15 in Lafayette Township, what is now Route 94 was legislated as part of two separate routes in 1927. The portion of road between Route 6/US46 near the Delaware Bridge to Newton became Route 8, while the north of Newton to the New York border became a part of Route 31. Prior to 1953, the portion of Route 31 north of Newton that was a state highway was between North Church and Hamburg. In 1953, Route 94 was designated to replace all of Route 8 as well as Route 31 north of Newton, the former alignment of Route 94 between the Delaware Bridge and the Portland–Columbia Toll Bridge became a part of US46. By 1969, US611 was routed out of New Jersey, through the 1960s and 1970s, a freeway was proposed for the Route 94 corridor. This freeway, proposed to be a part of the Interstate Highway System, was never built, Route 94 begins at the two-lane undivided Portland–Columbia Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Knowlton Township, where it connects to PA611 on the Pennsylvania side of the river. This bridge is maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission, immediately after the bridge, the route comes to a large interchange with the western terminus of US46 as well as with I-80 a short distance later, near the community of Columbia. In the area of the US 46/I-80 interchange, the directions of Route 94 split, from here, the route becomes a two-lane undivided road that continues northeast through a mix of woods and farms with some development, passing under the abandoned Lackawanna Cut-Off. After passing through the community of Hainesburg, the turns more to the east. Route 94 turns northeast before reaching the community of Blairstown, where the road continues east past some development before intersecting CR521 and it forms a short wrong-way concurrency with that route, along which it crosses the Paulins Kill. A short distance later, Route 94 enters Frelinghuysen Township, passing more rural surroundings. The road turns northeast through the community of Marksboro before heading east again, after the intersection with CR661, Route 94 makes a sharp turn to the north-northeast. The route continues into Sussex County at Fredon Township, heading through rural areas, the road turns more to the northeast as a two-lane road before heading east again and entering Newton. Here, Route 94 becomes High Street and passes several homes, CR519 forms a concurrency with Route 94 and the two routes continue to downtown Newton. In the downtown area, the comes to the Park Place square. At this point, all three routes run concurrent north on four-lane undivided Water Street for a short distance, the road narrows back to two lanes as it heads into areas of farmland
24.
New York State Route 8
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New York State Route 8 is a north-south state highway in the central part of New York in the United States. It runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction from the Southern Tier to the part of Lake George. The southern terminus of the route is at NY10 in the town of Deposit and its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 9N in the town of Hague. Roughly midway between the two endpoints, NY8 passes through Utica, where it overlaps NY5, NY12, the route was realigned slightly on its northern end by 1933 to connect to another ferry leading to VT F-9 east of Ticonderoga. By the following year, it was altered again to use the new Champlain Bridge at Crown Point to connect to VT17 and this was made possible by way of a long concurrency with NY 9N and NY22. NY8 was truncated to its current northern terminus c. 1968, in the 1960s and 1970s, NY8 was moved onto new freeways around and through the city of Utica. NY8 originally extended south via an overlap with NY10 to end at NY17, however, NY8 begins at NY10 at the southeastern edge of the Cannonsville Reservoir northeast of Deposit. While NY10 follows the edge of the reservoir to the east, NY8 continues north. NY8 parallels the Unadilla River northward through Mount Upton to New Berlin, the routes overlap for a short distance to the north before NY80 separates to the northwest toward Sherburne. NY8, however, continues along the Unadilla River through several small communities before separating from the river just south of the Madison-Oneida County line, shortly after crossing into Oneida County, NY8 intersects U. S. Route 20 in Bridgewater. The route continues northward, passing through Cassville and Clayville before becoming a highway just north of Clayville. Near Sauquoit, NY8 has exits for Pinnacle Road and Elm Street prior to entering the Utica suburbs, in New Hartford, the route has an exit with Genesee Street prior to meeting NY5 and NY12 at a cloverleaf interchange southwest of downtown Utica. While the right-of-way of NY8 continues to the northeast through the cloverleaf as NY840, NY8 joins NY5 and NY12 as the three routes enter downtown on the North–South Arterial. Near the northern edge of downtown, NY5, NY8, here, I-790 and NY5 separate from the concurrency while NY8 and NY12 remain concurrent into Deerfield as a limited-access highway. After an interchange with a routing of NY12, NY8 separates from the highway. Near the Oneida-Herkimer County line, NY8 merges with NY28, in the center of the village, NY8 splits from NY28 and heads northeast into Adirondack Park. Within Adirondack Park, NY8 follows a northeast–southwest routing as it crosses the lower half of the park, near Ohio, NY8 intersects NY365 due north of where it enters the park. Past NY365, NY8 becomes signed as an east–west highway as it heads east to Higgins Bay, the route continues northeast to Speculator, where it meets NY30
25.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
26.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
27.
Newton, New Jersey
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Newton, officially the Town of Newton, is an incorporated municipality located in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It is situated approximately 60 miles by road northwest of New York City, as the location of the countys administrative offices and court system, Newton is the county seat of Sussex County. Additional land was acquired from Andover Township in 1869 and 1927, Newton is located near the headwaters of the east branch of the Paulins Kill, a 41. 6-mile tributary of the Delaware River. In October 1715, Colonial surveyor Samuel Green plotted a tract of 2,500 acres at the head of the Paulins Kill, then known as the Tohokenetcunck River, on behalf of William Penn. This tract, which would not be settled for approximately 30–35 years, was part of the survey, at the time of Greens survey, northwestern New Jersey was populated with bands of the Munsee, the northern branch of the Lenni Lenape peoples. The Newtown Precinct, a township, was created in 1751. The township would be named Newtown after the village of Newtown in Queens. The construction of the courthouse was completed in 1765 and the village developed around it became known as Sussex Court House. The county courthouse was the site of a raid by British partisan Lieutenant James Moody during the American Revolution, in 1797, the villages post office was renamed Newtown and later, in 1825, the spelling was altered to Newton. Newton is located in the Kittatinny Valley, a segment of the Great Appalachian Valley and this physiographic province, one of five in New Jersey, occupies approximately two-thirds of the countys area dominated by Kittatinny Mountain and the Kittatinny Valley. This provinces contour is characterized by long, even ridges with long and this region is largely formed by sedimentary rock. Newtons land area drains into the watersheds of the Paulins Kill and these watersheds are separated by slate ridges that are part of the Martinsburg Formation. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had an area of 3.169 square miles. The Town of Newton is bordered to the north and east by Hampton Township, to the west by Fredon Township, Sussex County is part of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6. Hurricanes and tropical storms, tornadoes, and earthquakes are relatively rare and this region receives approximately forty to fifty inches of snow per year and generally more snowfall that the rest of Northern New Jersey and the Northern Climate Zone. This phenomenon is attributed to the lift of the Kittatinny Ridge which impacts local weather patterns by increasing humidity. In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Newton have ranged from a low of 17 °F in January to a high of 84 °F in July, average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.86 inches in February to 4.76 inches in June. According to the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service soil survey, the area receives sunshine approximately 62% of the time in summer, prevailing winds are typically from the southwest for most of year, but in late winter and early spring come from the northwest
28.
Port Jervis, New York
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Port Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and the Delaware rivers in western Orange County, New York, north of the Delaware Water Gap. Its population was 8,828 at the 2010 census, the communities of Deerpark, Huguenot, Sparrowbush, and Greenville are adjacent to Port Jervis. Matamoras, Pennsylvania is across the river and connected by bridge, the towns of Montague, New Jersey borders here. It was part of industrial history, a point for shipping coal to major markets to the southeast by canal. Its residents had long-distance passenger service by railroad until 1970, the restructuring of railroads resulted in a decline in the citys business and economy. Port Jervis is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area, in August 2008, Port Jervis was named one of Ten Coolest Small Towns by Budget Travel magazine. The first fully developed European settlement in the area was established by Dutch and English colonists c.1690, the settlement was originally known as Mahackamack, after a Lenape word. It was raided and burned in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, by British, over the next two decades, residents rebuilt the settlement. They developed more roadways to better connect Mahackamack with the parts of Orange County. A village was incorporated in 1853 and it was renamed as Port Jervis in the mid-19th century, after John Bloomfield Jervis, chief engineer of the D&H Canal. Port Jervis grew steadily into the 1900s, and on July 26,1907, it became a city. The first rail line to run through Port Jervis was the New York & Erie Railroad, ground was broken in 1835, but construction was delayed by a nationwide financial panic, and did not start again until 1838. The line was completed in 1851, and the first passenger train – with President Millard Fillmore, the railroad went through a number of name changes, becoming the Erie Railroad in 1897. Like the D&H Canal, the railroads brought new prosperity to Port Jervis in the form of increased trade, however, the competition by the railroad, which could deliver products faster, hastened the decline of the canal, which ceased operation in 1898. The railroads were the basis of the economy for the coming decades. Port Jervis became Eries division center between Jersey City, New Jersey and Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and by 1922, twenty passenger trains went through the city every day, more than 2,500 Erie RR employees made their homes there. The railroads began to decline after the Great Depression, a shift in transportation accelerated after World War II with the federal subsidy of the Interstate Highway System and increased competition from trucking companies. One of the first Class I railroads to shut down was the O&W, in 1957, a few years later, in 1960, the Erie, also on a shaky financial footing, merged with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna
29.
Middletown, Orange County, New York
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Middletown is a city in Orange County, New York, United States. It lies in New Yorks Hudson Valley region, near the Wallkill River, Middletown is situated between Port Jervis and Newburgh, New York. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 28,086. Middletown falls within the New York metropolitan area, Middletown was incorporated as a city in 1888. It grew in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a stop on several lower New York State railroads, the surrounding area is partly devoted to small dairy farms. Mediacom Communications Corp, the Galleria at Crystal Run, SUNY Orange, Walmart, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, John Green purchased land from the DeLancey patent and probably settled the area around 1744. Due to its location between other settlements, residents adopted the name of Middletown, changing it later to South Middletown to avoid confusion with a nearby location, eventually they dropped the word south, using the current name when the community became a village in 1848. The village was incorporated as a city in 1888, the First Congregational Church of Middletown, established in 1785, has the highest spire downtown. Construction of its first building was a sign of Middletown becoming established as a village and its current church building was constructed in 1872. Middletown grew through the 19th century, stimulated by construction of the Erie Railroad, the city was industrialized, developing factories for a number of industries, such as shoe, lawnmower blade, and furniture. These did well through the World War II era, due to industrial restructuring most of these businesses had closed by the 1960s. In 1968, Middletown annexed the adjacent Village of Amchir, responding to higher housing costs in New York City, from the 1970s, New York City police officers, firefighters and other workers began to move to the area, as local housing offered better value. These long-distance commuters helped to bolster the economy of the area, after 1986, however, New York City required its municipal employees to reside in the city, and Middletown lost this source of residential development. The only railroad left in town is the Middletown and New Jersey Railway, the population has continued to grow into the 21st century, while the economy has shifted largely to service and retail, with a regional medical center a major employer in the area. The downtown business district of Middletown suffered from suburbanization that drew off retail businesses, the Orange Plaza mall drew several of the downtown shops into it by the mid-1970s, weakening downtown. To the East across Route 17, the Galleria at Crystal Run opened in the early 1990s, a Super-WalMart replaced the Orange Plaza mall in 2001. Some of the downtown are abandoned or underused. But there has long been a downtown bar and restaurant scene
30.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
31.
Esso
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Esso /ˈɛsoʊ/ is a trade name for ExxonMobil and its related companies. The name is a version of the initials of the pre-1911 Standard Oil. In 1972 it was replaced in the U. S. by the Exxon brand after it bought Humble Oil. In most of the world, the Esso brand and the Mobil brand are the brand names of ExxonMobil. In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 companies, Standard Oil Company had the rights in that state, plus in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. By 1941, it had acquired the rights in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arkansas, Tennessee. In those states, it marketed its products under the brand Esso, the phonetic pronunciation of the letters S and O. It also used the Esso brand in New York and the six New England states, where the Standard Oil Company of New York had the rights, but did not object to the New Jersey companys use of the trademark. However, in the states, the other Standard Oil companies objected and, via a 1937 U. S. federal court injunction. In most states the company used the trademark Enco, and in a few Humble, the other Standard companies likewise were Standard or some variant on that in their home states, and another brand name in other states. Esso ranked 31st among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts, during the years of racial segregation in the United States, certain Esso franchises gave out The Negro Motorist Green Book, An International Travel Guide. In 1973, Standard Oil of New Jersey renamed itself as the Exxon Corporation and it retained the Esso brand in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands until 2008, when it sold its stations there to Total S. A. The Enco brand name was used on locations in the Midwest until 1977 when they were sold to Cheker Oil Co, Exxon continues to have a presence in southern Ohio today, though Mobil is the companys primary brand in the Midwest. In 2016, ExxonMobil successfully asked a U. S. federal court to lift the 1930s trademark injunction that banned it from using the Esso brand in certain states. By this time, as a result of mergers and rebranding. ExxonMobil cited trademark surveys in which there was no possible confusion with the Esso name as it was more than seven decades before. BP also had no objection to lift the ban, in 1888, the Anglo American Oil company opened its head office in London, which eventually became a part of Esso. In August 1998, Tesco announced a partnership with Esso, opening chains of Tesco Express stores located within forecourts, in February 2000, the two companies were opening one new store a month, creating 4,000 jobs
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