1.
John C. Babcock
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John C. Babcock was a founding father of American amateur rowing and an important member of the secret service for the Union Army during the Civil War. Babcock was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, and his moved to Chicago In 1855. Babcock worked for one of the largest architectural firms in Chicago, Babcock served the entire Civil War. Initially, Babcock volunteered for the Sturgis Rifles as a soldier in 1861. Babcock became a skilled interrogator of captured Confederates, in 1862, Babcock worked as a Confederate order-of-battle expert with the Topographical Department under Allan Pinkerton and made maps for General George B. McClellan. In one of his reports, Babcocks estimate of enemy forces was off by less than one percent, early in 1863, Babcock joined the Bureau of Military Information under Colonel George H. Sharpe to gather intelligence. While in this service, Babcock provided detailed maps for aeronaut Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, who made frequent flights to obtain tactical intelligence, in 1863, Babcock discovered Robert E. Lees forward movement, which helped end the Battle of Gettysburg. At the Battle of Appomattox Court House in 1865, Babcock found General Lee under an apple tree, even though he was a civilian, Babcock was unofficially called Captain Babcock and then later Colonel Babcock. Babcock was an innovator and one of the most active people in the rowing community during his lifetime. In 1857, he and his friend William Buckingham Curtis organized the Metropolitan Rowing Club of Chicago, in the summer of 1857, Babcock invented the tracked sliding seat for his sculling boat and perfected it by 1870. In 1859, he and Curtis won every rowing event in the games at the Chicago Caledonian Club. During the winter of 1869/1870, Babcock created the first indoor rowing machine, in 1872, Babcock wrote the bylaws and helped create the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. He was the first President of the NAAO, which became the United States Rowing Association. With Harry Buermeyer and Curtis, Babcock helped found the New York Athletic Club in 1868, Babcock was the first elected Vice-President of the NYAC, where he encouraged the separation of amateur and professional athletics
2.
Harry Buermeyer
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James Edward Sullivan described him as “one of the strongest athletes the world ever had”. Harry was born in New York City, as the son of German immigrants and his father, Ernst Henrich, was a hotelkeeper at Fraunces Tavern. At age sixteen, Harry won his first rowing race around Ellis Island, at eighteen, he gained fame as the best all-around athlete in New York. He was educated at the Mechanics Institute School and graduated in 1854, Harry enlisted in the Union Army in May 1861 and fought in the Civil War. He was the boxing champion of his regiment. Harry was wounded in the foot at the Battle of Antietam in 1862, after he recovered, Harry left the army to focus on athletics. In 1876, he wed Mary Carroll, a swimmer and weightlifter. Harry was the first recorded national winner of the 100 yard dash in America in 1871, in 1873, he won the gymnastic and all-around athletic title. Harry was the first recorded national shot put champion in 1876, in 1878, he was the first heavyweight boxing champion in America, recording the first official knockout at Madison Square Garden. Harry was considered one of the strongest men of his time, Harry, his longtime friend William Buckingham Curtis, and John C. Babcock were the three principal founders of the New York Athletic Club in 1868. Harry was the first Treasurer of the club, and he was captain of the N. Y. A. C, in 1878, Harry and Curtis helped found the Amateur Athletic Union, which eventually became the U. S. Olympic Committee. Around 1880, Harry and Curtis also started the Fresh Air Club, encouraging open river ice skating, the Fresh Air Club was incorporated in 1890, making it the oldest walking club in New York. And Harry served as President of the club in 1900, in 1900, Harry was elected as President of the National Skating Association, a forerunner to US Speedskating. He was a judge and referee in the 1904 St. Louis Olympics, in 1912, Harry carried the American flag as the only invited guest to accompany the American athletes into the Stadium at the Stockholm Olympic Games. After returning from Stockholm, Harry marched in the Welcome Home Parade as an honored guest and the oldest athletic champion in America. The Buermeyer 500 race was created in New York City in 1915 to commemorate him as one of the city’s most recognized athletes, and the race was held annually for over 40 years after his death. In his honor, the N. Y. A. C. for several years held an annual Buermeyer Cup, where a trophy was awarded to the best gunner at 50 targets scratch
3.
William Buckingham Curtis
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William Buckingham Father Bill Curtis was one of the most important proponents of organized athletics in the late 1800s in America. Curtis had a career as a competitor, official, sports editor, organizer. He was known as Father Bill in the athletic world, the death of Curtis at the age of 63 while climbing Mount Washington brought forth an outpouring of testimonials from the sports world and recognition as a father of American amateur athletics. Curtis was born in Vermont and was a child, having contracted tuberculosis at about 10 years old. In 1850, his family moved to Chicago, and he enrolled in Wabash College where he quickly became a leader in many sports. After a couple of years, he changed enrollments to Bells Commercial College, when the Civil War started, Curtis joined the Illinois Volunteers and served until the war was over. Curtis actively competed from the age of 17 to 43 and included championships in gymnastics, rowing, weightlifting, in 1853, in his first public competition, he won nine events in the games of the Chicago Caledonian Club at the age of 17. In 1860, Curtis and his friend John C. Babcock managed Hubert Ottignons Metropolitan Gymnasium in Chicago, from 1853 to 1872, Curtis did not lose a race in the 100-yard dash until he eventually lost to Harry Buermeyer. Curtis was also a national champion in the hammer throw. Curtis and Buermeyer were considered the strongest men of their time, Curtis successfully lifted over 3600 pounds in a back lift. Curtis helped create several amateur clubs around the country and he founded the New York Athletic Club with Buermeyer and Babcock in 1868, and he was the first President of the New York Athletic Club. In 1872, he opened the Chicago Athletic Club, around 1880, Curtis founded the Fresh Air Club to encourage members in New York City to have outdoor exercise in rural areas. Curtis helped found the Amateur Athletic Union in 1888, which became the U. S. Olympic Committee. After retiring from athletics, Curtis became the editor of New York Citys sports newspaper. He died on June 30,1900, during an ice-storm on Mount Washington in New Hampshire and he is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. His referee services were in demand by the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Throughout his life Curtis strove to purify sports of fraud and corruption, W. B. Curtis was a devotee of speed skating. In the Spirit of The Times, he covered developments in local and international speed-skating and he was selected as first president of the National Amateur Skating Association in 1884
4.
Gentleman's club
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Today, some clubs are more accommodating about the gender and social status of their members. The original clubs were established in the West End of London, today, the area of St Jamess is still sometimes called clubland. Clubs took over parts of the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London. The first clubs, such as Whites, Brookss and Boodles, were aristocratic in flavour, and provided an environment for gambling, the 19th century brought an explosion in the popularity of clubs, particularly around the 1880s. At their height, London had over 400 such establishments and this expansion can be explained in part by the large extensions of the franchise in the Reform Acts of 1832,1867, and 1885. Each time, hundreds of more men were qualified to vote. Each of the three great Reform Acts corresponded with an expansion of clubs, as did a further extension of the franchise in 1918. Many of these new, more inclusive clubs proved just as reluctant as their forebears to admit new members when the franchise was further extended. Club Life in London, an 1866 book, begins, The Club in the general acceptation of the term, may be regarded as one of the earliest offshoots of mans habitual gregariousness and social inclination. An increasing number of clubs were characterised by their members interest in politics, literature, sport, art, automobiles, travel, particular countries, or some other pursuit. In other cases, the connection between the members was membership of the branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a part of the Establishment at the time. This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, most gentlemen had only one club, which closely corresponded with the trade or social / political identity he felt most defined him, but a few people belonged to several. Members of the aristocracy and politicians were likely to have several clubs, the record number of memberships is believed to have been with Earl Mountbatten, who had nineteen in the 1960s. Public entertainments, such as performances and the like, were not a feature of this sort of club. The clubs were, in effect, second homes in the centre of London where men could relax, mix with their friends, play games, get a meal. Expatriates, when staying in England, could use their clubs, as the East India Club or the Oriental Club and they allowed upper- and upper-middle-class men with modest incomes to spend their time in grand surroundings. The richer clubs were built by the architects as the finest country houses of the time
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
9.
Gentlemen's club
–
Today, some clubs are more accommodating about the gender and social status of their members. The original clubs were established in the West End of London, today, the area of St Jamess is still sometimes called clubland. Clubs took over parts of the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London. The first clubs, such as Whites, Brookss and Boodles, were aristocratic in flavour, and provided an environment for gambling, the 19th century brought an explosion in the popularity of clubs, particularly around the 1880s. At their height, London had over 400 such establishments and this expansion can be explained in part by the large extensions of the franchise in the Reform Acts of 1832,1867, and 1885. Each time, hundreds of more men were qualified to vote. Each of the three great Reform Acts corresponded with an expansion of clubs, as did a further extension of the franchise in 1918. Many of these new, more inclusive clubs proved just as reluctant as their forebears to admit new members when the franchise was further extended. Club Life in London, an 1866 book, begins, The Club in the general acceptation of the term, may be regarded as one of the earliest offshoots of mans habitual gregariousness and social inclination. An increasing number of clubs were characterised by their members interest in politics, literature, sport, art, automobiles, travel, particular countries, or some other pursuit. In other cases, the connection between the members was membership of the branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a part of the Establishment at the time. This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, most gentlemen had only one club, which closely corresponded with the trade or social / political identity he felt most defined him, but a few people belonged to several. Members of the aristocracy and politicians were likely to have several clubs, the record number of memberships is believed to have been with Earl Mountbatten, who had nineteen in the 1960s. Public entertainments, such as performances and the like, were not a feature of this sort of club. The clubs were, in effect, second homes in the centre of London where men could relax, mix with their friends, play games, get a meal. Expatriates, when staying in England, could use their clubs, as the East India Club or the Oriental Club and they allowed upper- and upper-middle-class men with modest incomes to spend their time in grand surroundings. The richer clubs were built by the architects as the finest country houses of the time
10.
Westchester County, New York
–
Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
11.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
12.
Long Island Sound
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From east to west, the sound stretches 110 miles from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles at its widest point, several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million people live within its watershed. Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Bridgeport, New London, Stamford, Norwalk, property values in Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation, due to the proximity to New York City and their location on The Sound. About 18,000 years ago, Connecticut, Long Island Sound, sea level at that time was about 330 feet lower than today. When the ice sheet stopped advancing 18,000 years ago, an amount of drift was deposited, known as the Ronkonkoma Moraine. Later, another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island, the next moraines to the north were created just on and off the Connecticut coast. These moraines, created by much smaller deposits are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south, the Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups, the Norwalk area and the Madison-Old Saybrook area. The Captain Islands off Greenwich, Connecticut, along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford, other islands, including the Thimble Islands, are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift, often not continuous. Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of two extremes. The glacier also created several sandy outwash deltas off the coast, including one off Bridgeport, Connecticut and another off New Haven, fishers Island, New York appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine. To the east of the Thimble Islands, inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine, the Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came. It probably had been formed by stream flows, a relatively thick cover of sand and gravel was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams. On the west, a rising to about 65 feet below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill. Its lowest point is about 80 feet below sea level, glacial meltwater formed Lake Connecticut, a freshwater lake in the basin, until about 8,000 years ago, when the sea level rose to about 80 feet below todays level. Seawater then overflowed into the basin, transforming it from a nontidal, freshwater lake to a tidal, keene West Lebanon Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor. Green seaweed populations fluctuate with the seasons, monostroma, reproduces in the early spring and dies out by late summer. Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later, also present are Ectocarpus and red algas Polysiphonia, Neosiphonia, Porphyra and Chondrus. In the marshy areas of the zone can be found Cladophora, Ulva
13.
New Rochelle, New York
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New Rochelle /rəˈʃɛl/ is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the southeastern portion of the state. In 2007, the city had a population of 73,260, as of the 2010 Census, the citys population had increased to 77,062. In November 2008 Business Week magazine listed New Rochelle as the best city in New York State, in 2014, New Rochelle was voted the 13th best city to live in, out of 550 cities, and was the only city in Westchester County on the list. The European settlement was started by refugee Huguenots in 1688, who were fleeing persecution in France after the revocation by the king of the Edict of Nantes. Many of the settlers were artisans and craftsmen from the city of La Rochelle, France, some 33 families established the community of la Nouvelle-Rochelle in 1688. A monument containing the names of these stands in Hudson Park. Thirty-one years earlier, the Siwanoy Indians, a band of Algonquian-speaking Lenape sold their land to Thomas Pell, in 1689 Pell officially deeded 6,100 acres for the establishment of a Huguenot community. Jacob Leisler is an important figure in the histories of both New Rochelle and the nation. He arrived in America as a mercenary in the British army and he was subsequently appointed acting-governor of the province, and it was during this time that he acted on behalf of the Huguenots. Of all the Huguenot settlements in America founded with the intention of being distinctly French colonies, the colony continued to attract French refugees until as late as 1760. The choice of name for the city reflected the importance of the city of La Rochelle and of the new settlement in Huguenot history, French was spoken, and it was common practice for people in neighboring areas to send their children to New Rochelle to learn the language. In 1775, General George Washington stopped in New Rochelle on his way to command of the Army of the United Colonies in Massachusetts. The British Army briefly occupied sections of New Rochelle and Larchmont in 1776, following British victory in the Battle of White Plains, New Rochelle became part of a Neutral Ground for General Washington to regroup his troops. After the Revolutionary War ended in 1784, patriot Thomas Paine was given a farm in New Rochelle for his service to the cause of independence, the farm, totaling about 300 acres, had been confiscated from its owners by state of New York due to their Tory activities. The first national census of 1790 shows New Rochelle with 692 residents,136 were African American, including 36 who were freemen and the remainder slaves. Through the 18th century, New Rochelle had remained a modest village that retained an abundance of agricultural land, during the 19th century, however, New York City was a destination from the mid-century on by waves of immigration, principally from Ireland and Germany. More established American families left New York City and moved into this area, the 1820 Census showed 150 African-Americans residing in New Rochelle, six of whom were still slaves. The state had abolished slavery with by a plan, children of slave mothers were born free
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Pelham Manor, New York
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Pelham Manor is a village located in Westchester County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village had a population of 5,486. It is located in the town of Pelham, the Bolton Priory, Edgewood House, and Pelhamdale are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,466 people,1,862 households, the population density was 4,121.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,909 housing units at a density of 1,439.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 92. 15% White,2. 12% African American,0. 07% Native American,2. 80% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,1. 06% from other races, and 1. 79% from two or more races. 4. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the family size was 3.32. In the village, the population was out with 31. 9% under the age of 19,4. 0% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males, the average household income in the village was $253,261, and the median income for a family was $154,865. Males had an income of $93,054 versus $52,424 for females. The per capita income for the village was $61,104,4. 3% of the population and 3. 1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the population,5. 8% of those under the age of 18 and 2. 7% of those 65. Post Road Plaza is a mall located on the Pelham Manor/Bronx border, at 895 Pelham Parkway, at the intersection of Boston Post Road, Pelham Parkway. Pelham Manor is the birthplace of Olympic gold medalist Tell Berna, as well as artist, village of Pelham Manor official website
15.
Neptune Island (Long Island Sound)
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Neptune Island was an island in Long Island Sound and part of the City of New Rochelle, New York. The island is connected to the mainland by stone causeway over which Neptune Road passes, a dam at the east end of the peninsula creates a small pond, while its west shore edges the Neptune Basin inlet. The island was included in the Commons of the Town and, following the end of the American Revolution. In 1828, it was purchased by William Turpin, who named it Moses Island and it was during Turpins ownership that the present road and causeway were built, connecting the island with the mainland, and a steamboat dock was built at the end of that road. In 1837, Isaac Underhill and his wife Deborah built the Neptune House summer resort hotel, the large white frame structure located in the center of the wooded island became so popular that the island was later named after it. Some of the steamboats that shuttled individuals between New Rochelle and New York City from the Neptune House Dock were the American Eagle, Croton, Economy. In 1876, the Neptune House was also the terminal of Colonel DeLancey Kanes Tally Ho coach running daily between New Rochelle and the Brunswick Hotel in New York City. The Underhill family owned the island through 1885, they sold it to Adrian G Iselin, one section of the original hotel was left standing, and it was divided into four private houses that still remain at 1,2,3, and 4 Harbor Lane. Mr. Iselin later donated a section of the island to the City of New Rochelle for a park. Davids Island New York islands Neptune Island
16.
Glen Island Park
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Glen Island Park is a 105-acre park, located on Glen Island, on the Long Island Sound, New York. The park is owned and operated by Westchester County and shares the island with a privately operated but county-owned entertainment facility, Westchester County residency is required for admission. Congressman John H. Starin bought Glen Island and four nearby islands and he gave Glen Island its name and converted the islands into a summer resort for city dwellers that has been called the first theme park. The islands were connected by causeways and piers, and each featured a different international theme. Steamships transported visitors from New York City to the park, in 1923, Westchester County acquired the site, which is now a public recreational park
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Hunter Island, New York
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Pelham Bay Park is a public park located in the northeast corner of the New York City borough of the Bronx and extending partially into Westchester County. It is, at 2,772 acres, the largest public park in New York City, the section of the park within New York Citys borders is more than three times the size of Manhattans Central Park. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks, Anne Hutchinsons short-lived dissident colony, along with a number of other unsuccessful settlements, was located in what is now the parks land. In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50,000 acres from the Siwanoy, during the American Revolutionary War, the land was a buffer between British-held New York City and rebel-held Westchester. As such it was the site of the Battle of Pells Point, Orchard Beach, one of the citys most popular, was created through the efforts of Robert Moses in the 1930s. In 1941, the New York City Police Department used land from the park to create the Rodmans Neck Firing Range on the Rodmans Neck section of the park. About 600 acres are tidal, and fluctuate between being walkable and underwater, due to tide changes in the salt marshes and the receding shoreline of Orchard Beach. The park includes land on both sides of the Hutchinson River, and Hunters Island, Twin Island, and Two-Trees Island, all formerly true islands in Pelham Bay and it borders the Bronx neighborhoods of Country Club, Pelham Bay, City Island, and Co-op City. Formerly an island, Hunter Island, at 40°52′30″N 73°47′25″W, has connected to the mainland by infill. It was part of the Pelham Islands, the name for a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that once belonged to Thomas Pell. It bears the name of former owner John Hunter, a businessman and politician. Hunters residence and gardens were constructed and landscaped at great cost, the Mansion was built in the English Georgian style, similar to that of the old City Hall of New York City, and was described as one of the finest mansions of the period. It held a vast art collection of art by artists such as Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyke. The home was situated at the highest point on the island and had wonderful views of Long Island Sound to the east, terraced gardens flanked the home and continued down to the waterfront. A stone causeway and bridge were constructed, connecting the island to the mainland. John Hunter lived in the home for more than forty years until his death in 1852, the City of New York purchased the island in 1889. In 1937, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses decided to dredge the sand of the Rockaways to fill LeRoy’s Bay during the construction of Orchard Beach, the Hunter Mansion, which had fallen into disrepair, was also destroyed during construction. When the massive project was finished, Hunter Island was connected to nearby Twin Island and Rodmans Neck, becoming part of Pelham Bay Park, originally designated parkland in 1888
18.
6th Avenue (Manhattan)
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It is commercial for much of its length. Sixth Avenues northern end is at Central Park South, adjacent to the Artists Gate traffic entrance to Central Park at Center Drive, historically, Sixth Avenue continued north of Central Park, but that segment was renamed Lenox Avenue in 1887 and co-named Malcolm X Boulevard in 1987. Sixth Avenue was laid out in the Commissioners Plan of 1811, as originally designed, Sixth Avenues southern terminus was at Carmine Street in Greenwich Village. In the early and mid 1800s it passed by the roadhouse and tavern Old Grapevine at the corner of 11th street. The IRT Sixth Avenue Line elevated railway was constructed on Sixth Avenue in 1878, darkening the street, proposals to extend the street south from Carmine Street, to allow easier access to lower Manhattan, were discussed by the citys Board of Aldermen as early as the mid-1860s. Construction of the resulted in considerable dislocation to existing residents. One historian said that ten people were displaced, most of them Italian immigrants who knew no other home in America. According to the WPA Guide to New York City, the resulted in blank side walls facing the uninspiring thoroughfare. Dozens of buildings, including the original Church of Our Lady of Pompeii, were demolished, by the mid-20th century, a coalition of commercial establishments and building owners along Sixth Avenue campaigned to have the El removed. The El was closed on December 4,1938 and came down in stages, beginning in Greenwich Village in 1938–39, demolition of the Sixth Avenue elevated railway, meanwhile, resulted in accelerated commercial development of the avenue in Midtown. Beginning in the 1960s, the avenue was rebuilt above 42nd Street as an all-but-uninterrupted avenue of corporate headquarters housed in glass slab towers of International Modernist style. On March 10,1957, Sixth Avenue was reconfigured to carry one-way traffic north of its intersection with Broadway in Herald Square, the rest of the avenue followed on November 10,1963. In the mid-1970s, the city spruced up the street, including the addition of patterned brick crosswalks, repainting of streetlamps, special lighting, rare throughout the rest of the city, was also installed. The avenues official name was changed to Avenue of the Americas in 1945 by the City Council, at the behest of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, who signed the bill into law on October 2,1945. The intent was to honor Pan-American ideals and principles and the nations of Central and South America and it was felt at the time that the name would provide greater grandeur to a shabby street, and to promote trade with the Western Hemisphere. After the name change, round signs were attached to streetlights on the avenue, however, New Yorkers seldom used the avenues newer name, and the street has been labelled as both Avenue of the Americas and Sixth Avenue in recent years. Most of the old round signs with country emblems were gone by the late 1990s, R. Grace Building, International Center of Photography, Rockefeller Center — including the Time-Life Building, News Corp. Building, Exxon Building and McGraw-Hill Building, as well as Radio City Music Hall, the Steinway Hall of New York was moved to 1130 Sixth Avenue in October 2014
19.
14th Street (Manhattan)
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14th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Presently primarily a street, in the earlier history of New York City 14th Street was an upscale location. At Broadway, 14th Street forms the border of Union Square. It is also considered the boundary of Greenwich Village, Alphabet City, and the East Village, and the southern boundary of Chelsea, Flatiron/Lower Midtown. 14th Street marks the terminus of Manhattans grid system. North of 14th Street, the make up a near-perfect grid that runs in numerical order. South of 14th, the grid continues in the East Village almost perfectly, but not so in Greenwich Village, the street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 as the southernmost of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet in width. West 14th Street begins at an interchange with New York State Route 9A northeast of Greenwich Village, at the end of the interchange, it intersects with 10th Avenue. The street continues east, intersecting with Washington Street, Ninth Avenue/Hudson Street, Eighth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, Sixth Avenue, after Fifth Avenue, West 14th Street becomes East 14th Street and goes on to form the southern border of Union Square between University Place and Fourth Avenue. East of Fourth Avenue, 14th Street forms the end of Irving Place. 14th Street then intersects with Third Avenue, which forms the border between the neighborhoods of the East Village to the south and Gramercy to the north. The street goes on to intersect with Second Avenue, the location of the future 14th Street station in the unfunded Phase 3 of the Second Avenue Subway, at First Avenue, 14th Street widens from a four-lane road to a six-lane divided boulevard with a westbound service road. It then intersects with the main thoroughfares of Alphabet City, Avenue A, Avenue B, and Avenue C, 14th Street is well served by the New York City Subway. The BMT Canarsie Line runs underneath 14th Street from Eighth Avenue to the East River, stopping at First Avenue, Third Avenue, Union Square, Sixth Avenue, the line is served at all times by the L train. Two New York City Bus routes serve the street, M14A. From west to east, points of interest include Hudson River Park, High Line, Union Square Park, Manhattan streets, 1-14 Notes New York Songlines, 14th Street, a virtual walking tour
20.
Sabre
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The sabre is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated Central-Eastern European cavalry such as the Hussars, the sabre became widespread in Western Europe in the Thirty Years War, lighter sabres also became popular with infantry of the late 17th century. In the 19th century, models with less curving blades became common and were used by heavy cavalry. The last sabre issued to US cavalry was the Patton saber of 1913, Szabla wz.34 was the last sabre issued to the Polish cavalry, in 1934. English sabre is recorded from the 1670s, as a loan from French, where the sabre is an alteration of sable. The German word is on record from the 15th century, loaned from Polish szabla, the spread of the Hungarian word to neighboring European languages took place in the context of the Ottoman wars in Europe of the 15th to 17th centuries. The spelling saber becomes common in American English in the half of the 19th century. The origin of the Hungarian word is unclear and it may itself be a loan from South Slavic, from a Common Slavic *sablja, which would ultimately derives from a Turkic source. These oldest sabres had a curve, short, down-turned quillons, the grip facing the opposite direction to the blade. The adoption of the term is connected to the employment of Hungarian Hussar cavalry by Western armies at the time, Hungarian hussars were employed as light cavalry, with the role of harassing enemy skirmishers, overrunning artillery positions, and pursuing fleeing troops. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, many Hungarian hussars fled to other Central and Western European countries, the Hungarian term szablya is ultimately traced to the Northwestern Turkic selebe, with contamination from the Hungarian verb szab to cut. The original type of sabre, or Polish szabla, was used as a cavalry weapon, the Karabela was a type of szabla popular in the late 17th century, worn by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility class, the Szlachta. While designed as a weapon, it also came to replace various types of straight-bladed swords used by infantry. The Swiss sabre originates as a sword with a single-edged blade in the early 16th century. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth a specific type of melee weapon. Richly decorated sabres were popular among the Polish nobility, who considered it to be one of the most important pieces of traditional attire. With time, the design of the sabre greatly evolved in the Commonwealth and gave birth to a variety of sabre-like weapons, intended for many tasks. The sabre saw extensive use in the early 19th century, particularly in the Napoleonic Wars
21.
Soren Thompson
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Soren Hunter Miles Sussman Thompson is an American right-handed epee fencer. He represented the United States in the 2004 Olympic Games, where he lost in the quarterfinals, Thompson attended Torrey Pines High School and Princeton University, graduating in 2005. Thompson started fencing when he was 7 years old and eventually became the junior in the United States. He currently represents the New York Athletic Club and trains there and his other NCAA awards include First Team All-American in 2001,2002, and 2005, and Honorary All-American in 2003, First Team All-Ivy in 2001–03 and 2005, and Academic All-Ivy in 2005. In 2005, Princeton awarded him the William Winston Roper Trophy, Thompson won the Junior National Championship in épée three times. He is a senior NAC champion, Thompson came in 2nd at the 2004 Buenos Aires Senior Épée World Cup. He won the Bronze Medal in the 1999 World Junior Team Championships, Thompson took 8th in the 2003 World Championships, defeating top seed Ivan Kovacs of Hungary. In 2004 Thompson made it as far as the Round of 16 in a field of 171 competitors, in 2006 he came in 26th in the World Championships in épée. In 2007, he came in 7th in the World Championships in epee, at the 2012 World Fencing Championships, he won the gold medal for the team epee event. Thompson fenced for the US in the 2004 Olympics, taking 7th place in the individual competition, along the way, in the Round of 16, he defeated Alfredo Rota of Italy, the No.1 ranked épée fencer in the world, 15–13. He then lost 15–11 to the 2000 Olympic gold medallist Pavel Kolobkov of Russia and he became the first American to reach the men’s épée quarterfinals in nearly 50 years. He also represented the United States in the 2012 London Games, Thompson competed on the mens épée team at the 2003 Pan American Games. Thompson, who is Jewish, won a silver medal at the 2005 17th Maccabiah Games. Thompson is a resident of San Diego, Thompson appears in Impractical Jokers as a guest star. Princeton University Olympians List of select Jewish fencers
22.
Chess
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Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals, each player begins the game with 16 pieces, one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen, the objective is to checkmate the opponents king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a players pieces are used to attack and capture the opponents pieces, in addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may result in a draw in several ways. Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th century, chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi and shogi. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century, the first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886. Since 1948, the World Championship has been controlled by FIDE, the international governing body. There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship, online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players. There are also many variants, with different rules, different pieces. FIDE awards titles to skilled players, the highest of which is grandmaster, many national chess organizations also have a title system. However, these are not recognised by FIDE, the term master may refer to a formal title or may be used more loosely for any skilled player. Until recently, chess was a sport of the International Olympic Committee. Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games, since the 1990s, computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory, particularly in the endgame. The computer IBM Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997, the rise of strong computer programs that can be run on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments. The official rules of chess are maintained by FIDE, chesss international governing body, along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the FIDE Handbook, Laws of Chess section. Chess is played on a board of eight rows and eight columns. The colors of the 64 squares alternate and are referred to as light, the chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player
23.
Garry Kasparov
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From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No.1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013, Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories and Chess Oscars. Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov and he held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls and he continued to hold the Classical World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. In spite of losing the championship, he continued winning tournaments. Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, after which he devoted his time to politics and he formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. Kasparov blamed official obstruction for the lack of available space, although he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin, he was barred from the presidential ballot. The political climate in Russia reportedly makes it difficult for opposition candidates to organize and he is currently chairman for the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. Kasparov is a frequent critic of American professor emeritus of Russian studies, Stephen F. Cohen, Kasparov and Cohen participated in a Munk Debate in 2015 over the issue of reengaging or isolating Russia, with the audience siding with Kasparovs argument of isolating Russia. In 1997, he obtained Bosnian citizenship, in 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship. He lives in New York City and travels often, Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, Kasparov has described himself as a self-appointed Christian, although very indifferent. Kasparov first began the study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents. His father died of leukemia when Garry was seven years old, at the age of twelve, Garry adopted his mothers Armenian surname, Gasparian, russified as Kasparov. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, Makogonov helped develop Kasparovs positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queens Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9 and he repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8½ of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time, in 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place, Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career
24.
X3D Fritz
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X3D Fritz was a version of the Fritz chess program, which in November 2003 played a four-game Human–computer chess match against world number one Grandmaster Garry Kasparov. The match was tied 2–2, with X3D Fritz winning game 2, Kasparov winning game 3, Fritz ran on four Intel Pentium 4 Xeon CPUs at 2.8 GHz. The match was unique in how Kasparov relayed his moves to the computer, in most human–computer matches, the human makes their moves on a normal board, as in a normal game. These moves are fed into the computer by an intermediary seated where a human opponent would be. In this match, however, no normal board and no intermediary was used, instead, Kasparov, wearing special goggles, saw a three-dimensional projection of the board floating in the air in front of him. He spoke his moves out loud, thus conveying them to the computer which had a recognition system. The computers replies were shown on the projected board, the time controls for each game were as follows, Start with 120 minutes. After move 40, add 60 minutes, after move 60, add 15 minutes and 30 seconds per move. The match was held at the New York Athletic Club in New York City, Kasparov got $150,000 USD for playing and an extra $25,000 for the drawn match. Kasparov would have earned an extra $50,000 instead if he had won, the moves of the games are given below. Opening, Queens Gambit Declined semi-Slav, Stoltz variationECO, D45 The first game, with Kasparov as White and he eventually won a rook for a bishop and pawn, but was unable to convert the advantage into a win. Fritz managed to open lines against Kasparovs king, and drew with perpetual check, rd1 ½–½ Opening, Ruy Lopez, Berlin defense ECO, C65 The second game, with Fritz as White, was a Ruy Lopez. Kasparov played the Berlin Defence, with which Vladimir Kramnik had drawn against Deep Fritz in the 2002 Brains in Bahrain match, Fritz, however, avoided the simplifying main line, instead keeping pieces on the board with 4. d3. Kasparov seemed to have at least equal chances until he blundered on move 32 when short of time, qd7+ 1–0 Opening, QGD semi-Slav, accelerated Meran ECO, D45 Game three was another Semi-Slav, but Fritz varied from game one early with 5. a6. Kasparov replied with 6. c5 which took the game into the sort of closed position which it is generally believed computers do not play well, the game followed one between Samuel Reshevsky and Paul Keres from the 1948 World Championship Tournament until move 12 when Kasparov varied. Kasparov won a pawn while keeping the position closed, and Fritz did not appear to understand the position well, moving its pieces back. In the meantime, Kasparov pushed his extra a-pawn and broke through on the queenside, rb3 1–0 Opening, Queens Gambit Accepted, classical,6. a6 ECO, D27 Fritz, with the White pieces again, varied from game two immediately with 1. d4. A Queens Gambit Accepted followed, and for a while Kasparov followed a rapid game he had won with Black against Kramnik in 2001
25.
New York Athletic Club RFC
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The New York Athletic Club Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team based in New York City that is affiliated with the New York Athletic Club. The SuperLeagues primary sponsor is Michelob Amber Bock and as such, each team receives a portion of those revenues. In addition to Amber Bock, the Winged Foot have individual sponsorships and these consist of several secondary sponsorships from local and regional businesses. Phil is assisted by former professional, Neil McMillan. Neil spent time with Ulster, Harlequins and Sale before moving to NYC
26.
New York Athletic Club S.C.
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New York Athletic Club is an American soccer team based in Pelham, New York, United States. Founded in 2008, the team fields clubs in both the National Premier Soccer League and the Cosmopolitan Soccer League, the two leagues represent the fourth and fifth tiers of the American soccer pyramid, respectively. The team plays its games at the New York Athletic Club on Travers Island. The teams colors are red, white, and blue, the womens team, a sister club of the organization, plays in the Womens Premier Soccer League. Source, Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Source, Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Barclay MacKinnon New York Athletic Club, Pelham, New York Soccer in New York City New York Athletic Club
27.
New York Athletic Club women's soccer team
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New York Athletic Club is an American women’s soccer team, founded in 2005. The team is a member of the Womens Premier Soccer League, the team plays in the North Division of the East Conference. The team plays its games at the New York Athletic Club on Travers Island in Pelham Manor. The clubs colors are red and blue, the team has a brother organization called the New York Athletic Club, which plays in the National Premier Soccer League
28.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
29.
Marty Glickman
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Glickman would later talk and write extensively about the controversial decision. James L. Freedman has produced a film, Glickman. Glickman was born in The Bronx, New York, to a Romanian Jewish family and his parents, Harry and Molly Glickmann, had migrated to the United States from Iaşi in Romania. He was a star and football standout at James Madison High School in Brooklyn. Glickman was an 18-year-old member of the U. S. team in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, Glickman traveled to Germany and spent two weeks practicing as part of the 400-meter relay team. Foy Draper and Frank Wykoff, the two runners with whom theyd been practicing, remained on the team. The US team won the event by a margin, and it is generally thought that the relay team would have won fairly easily without the replacement of Glickman. No written sources have emerged that conclusively account for the last-minute decision to remove Glickman. Glickman himself was convinced that their removal was done primarily to avoid embarrassing Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, under Hitlers leadership, Germany had enacted severe anti-Jewish race laws, and the profound prejudice of the National Socialist regime against Jews was obvious by 1936. With the two Jewish sprinters, an American teams victory in the relay would have been awkward for the German hosts to the games in Berlin, their capital city. Hybl noted that there was no written proof that their removal was an appeasement of the German regimes anti-Semitism. I was a prosecutor, Hybl said, im used to looking at evidence. In 1939, Glickman graduated from Syracuse University, in addition to his prominence in track and field, he was a star running back for the varsity football team. He had brief careers in football and basketball. He joined the radio station WHN in New York City, following the American entry into World War II in 1941, Glickman joined the US Marines. He was an officer in the 4th Marine Air Wing from 1943 until the end of the war in 1945, Glickman became a distinguished sportscaster, beginning as the voice man for the sports newsreels distributed by Paramount News, between 1948 and 1957 when Paramount News newsreel production ended. He covered all local, national and global sports during that era in every genre, glickmans poetic lilt and slight New York twang made him a favorite in those early years of news production. After Paramount News, he became best known as the voice of the New York Knicks and he also did some New York Rangers broadcasts
30.
New York City Council
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The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
31.
Robert F. Wagner Jr.
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Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965. When running for his term, he broke with the Tammany Hall leadership. Wagner was born in Manhattan, the son of Margaret Marie and he attended Taft School and graduated from Yale University in 1933, where he was on the business staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record and became a member of Scroll and Key. He attended Harvard Business School and the Graduate School of International Studies in Geneva and he graduated from Yale Law School in 1937. In 1942, he was the Exalted Ruler of New York Lodge No.1 of the Benevolent, a residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus. Wagner was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1938, 1939–40 and he resigned his seat on January 13,1942, and joined the Army Air Corps to fight in World War II. After the war he served as City Tax Commissioner, Commissioner of Housing and Buildings and he was Borough President of Manhattan from 1950 to 1953. He also served as delegate to numerous Democratic conventions, and was the Democratic nominee for the U. S. Senate in 1956 and he was the first mayor to hire significant numbers of people of color in city government. His administration also saw the development of the Lincoln Center and brought Shakespeare to Central Park, during his years in office, the city experienced the visit of a number of notables from around the world. In January,1957, President Eisenhower invited King Saud to the United States to discuss strategies for resolving the Suez crisis and he did greet Queen Elizabeth II later in 1957. S. in 1965. By his policies Mayor Wagner pushed long term City Government spending up and up - leading to the bankruptcy of New York City in the 1970s. In 1956, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets for U. S, Senator from New York, but was defeated by Republican Jacob K. Javits. Like his father, Wagner was aligned with Tammany Hall for much of his career, however, when he sought a third term in 1961 Wagner broke with Carmine DeSapio and won the Democratic primary anyway, despite a challenge from Tammanys candidate Arthur Levitt Sr. A Democratic Mayor not aligned with Tammany was a new development, Wagner was mayor at the time of the controversial demolition of the original Penn Station, which began on October 28,1963. In 1965, he signed the law created the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In February 1962, Wagner quit the New York Athletic Club because it barred blacks and Jews from becoming members. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in effect by order of Mayor Wagner. The city revoked the licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible
32.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
33.
Congress of Racial Equality
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The Congress of Racial Equality is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1942, CORE was one of the Big Four civil rights organizations, along with the SCLC, the SNCC, and the NAACP. Its stated mission is to bring about equality for all regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability. COREs national chairman was Roy Innis, CORE was founded in Chicago in March 1942. Among the founding members were James L. Farmer, Jr. George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. Of the 50 original members 28 were men and 22 were women, roughly one-third of them were black, bayard Rustin, while not a father of the organization, was, as Farmer and Houser later said, an uncle to CORE and supported it greatly. The group had evolved out of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation, the groups inspiration was Mahatma Gandhis teachings of non-violence resistance. Gandhi had, in turn, been influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau, the American author, poet, in the South, COREs nonviolent direct action campaigns opposed Jim Crow segregation and job discrimination, and fought for voting rights. Outside the South, CORE focused on discrimination in employment and housing, by 1961 CORE had 53 chapters throughout the United States. By 1963, most of the urban centers of the Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic and West Coast had one or more CORE chapters. In the South, CORE had active chapters and projects in Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina, and Kentucky. The members of group were arrested and jailed several times, but they received a great deal of publicity. By the early 1960s, Farmer, who had taken a hiatus from leading the group, returned as its secretary and sought to repeat the 1947 journey, coining a new name for it. On May 4,1961, participants journeyed to the deep South, the riders were met with severe violence. In Anniston, Alabama, one of the buses was fire-bombed, white mobs also attacked Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Montgomery. The violence garnered national attention, sparking a summer of similar rides by CORE, SNCC and other Civil Rights organizations, in 1960, the Chicago chapter of CORE began to challenge racial segregation in the Chicago Public Schools. By the late 1950s, the Board of Educations maintenance of the school policy resulted in a pattern of racial segregation in the CPS. Many segregated schools were overcrowded, and in order to ease overcrowding, double-shifts meant that students in affected schools attended less than a full day of class
34.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
35.
Madison Square Garden
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Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
36.
Nat Hentoff
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Nathan Irving Nat Hentoff was an American historian, novelist, jazz and country music critic, and syndicated columnist for United Media. Hentoff was the critic for The Village Voice from 1958 to 2009. Following his departure from The Village Voice, Hentoff moved his column to The Wall Street Journal. He often wrote on First Amendment issues, vigorously defending the freedom of the press, Hentoff was formerly a columnist for Down Beat, JazzTimes, Legal Times, The Washington Post, The Washington Times, The Progressive, Editor & Publisher and Free Inquiry. Hentoff was born in Boston, Massachusetts on June 10,1925, as a teen, he attended Boston Latin School and worked for Frances Sweeney on the Boston City Reporter, investigating antisemitic hate groups. Sweeney was an influence on Hentoff, his memoir, Boston Boy, is dedicated to her. He was awarded his B. A. with the honors from Northeastern University. In 1950, he was a Fulbright fellow at the Sorbonne in Paris, Hentoff began his career in broadcast journalism while also hosting a weekly jazz program on WMEX, a Boston radio station. In the 1940s, he hosted two shows on WMEX, JazzAlbum and From Bach To Bartók. Hentoff continued to do a program on WMEX into the early 1950s. By the late 1950s, he was co-hosting a program called The Scope of Jazz on WBAI-FM in New York City and he went on to author numerous books on jazz and politics. Hentoff joined Down Beat magazine as a columnist in 1952, from 1953 through 1957, he was an associate editor of Down Beat. He was fired in 1957 after allegedly trying to hire an African-American writer, Hentoff co-authored with Nat Shapiro Hear Me Talkin to Ya, The Story of Jazz by the Men Who Made It. The book features interviews with musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie. Hentoff co-founded The Jazz Review in 1958, a magazine that he co-edited with Martin Williams until 1961, in 1960, Hentoff served as the A&R director of the short-lived jazz label Candid Records, which released albums by Charles Mingus, Cecil Taylor and Max Roach, among others. Hentoff wrote multiple articles to draw attention to the plight of Americas pioneering musicians of jazz and these articles were published in the Wall Street Journal and the Village Voice. Beginning in February 2008, Hentoff was a contributing columnist at WorldNetDaily. com. In January 2009, the Village Voice, which had regularly published Hentoffs commentary and criticism for fifty years, in February 2009, Hentoff joined the libertarian Cato Institute as a senior fellow
37.
Ted Sorensen
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Theodore Chaikin Ted Sorensen was an American lawyer, writer, and presidential adviser. He was a speechwriter for President John F. Kennedy, as well as one of his closest advisers, President Kennedy once called him his intellectual blood bank. Sorensen was born in Nebraska, the son of Christian A. Sorensen, who served as Nebraska attorney general and his father was Danish American and his mother was of Russian Jewish descent. Sorensen, later became the lieutenant governor of Nebraska and he graduated from Lincoln High School during 1945. He earned a degree at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. During January 1953, the 24-year-old Sorensen became the new Senator John F. Kennedys chief legislative aide and he wrote many of Kennedys articles and speeches. Sorensen was President Kennedys special counsel, adviser, and primary speechwriter and he helped draft the inaugural address in which Kennedy said famously, Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. In his 2008 memoir, Counselor, A Life at the Edge of History, Sorenson claimed, during the early months of the administration, Sorensens responsibilities concerned the domestic agenda. After the Bay of Pigs debacle, Kennedy asked Sorensen to participate with foreign policy discussions as well, Sorensen played a critical role in drafting Kennedys correspondence with Nikita Khrushchev and worked on Kennedys first address to the nation about the crisis on October 22. Sorensen was devastated by Kennedys assassination, which he termed the most deeply traumatic experience of my life, I had never considered a future without him. He later quoted a poem that he summed up how he felt, How could you leave us. We are sheep without a shepherd when the snow shuts out the sky and he submitted a letter of resignation to President Johnson the day after the assassination but was persuaded to stay through the transition. Sorensen drafted Johnsons first address to Congress as well as the 1964 State of the Union and he officially resigned February 29,1964, and was the first member of the Kennedy Administration to do so. Prior to his resignation, Sorensen stated his intent to write Kennedys biography, Sorensens biography, Kennedy, was published during 1965 and became an international bestseller. Sorensen later joined the U. S. law company of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP and he was involved with Democratic campaigns and was a major adviser of Robert F. Kennedy in Kennedys 1968 presidential campaign. During the next four decades, Sorensen had a career as a lawyer, advising governments around the world. During 1970 Sorensen was the Democratic partys designee for the Democratic nomination for U. S. senator from New York and he was challenged in the primary election by Richard Ottinger, Paul ODwyer, and Max McCarthy, and polled third. During 1977, Jimmy Carter nominated Sorensen as Director of Central Intelligence, Sorensens help with explaining Ted Kennedys Chappaquiddick incident was cited as a factor of Senate opposition to his nomination as CIA director
38.
U.S. Senator from New York
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This is a list of the United States Senators who have represented the State of New York. The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term, New Yorks current Senators are Democrats Kirsten Gillibrand and Democratic Leader of the United States Senate Chuck Schumer. As of October 2016, three former U. S, Senators from New York are alive, two from Class 1 and one from Class 3. The most recent senator to die was Daniel Patrick Moynihan of Class 1 on March 26,2003, the most recent Class 3 senator to die was Jacob K. Javits on March 7,1986. List of United States Representatives from New York United States congressional delegations from New York Elections in New York Byrd, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992
39.
Muhammad Ali
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Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated figures of the 20th century. From early in his career, Ali was known as an inspiring, controversial, Cassius Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his slave name, to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement. He was eventually arrested, found guilty of draft evasion charges, Alis actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation. Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century and he remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion, having won the title in 1964,1974, and 1978. Between February 25 and September 19,1964, Ali reigned as the heavyweight champion. He is the boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times. Nicknamed The Greatest, he was involved in historic boxing matches. Notable among these were the first Liston fight, the Fight of the Century, Super Fight II, the Thrilla in Manila versus his rival Joe Frazier, and The Rumble in the Jungle versus George Foreman. At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking, Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight, as a musician, Ali recorded two spoken word albums and a rhythm and blues song, and received two Grammy Award nominations. As an actor, he performed in films and a Broadway musical. Additionally, Ali wrote two autobiographies, one during and one after his boxing career, as a Muslim, Ali was initially affiliated with Elijah Muhammads Nation of Islam and advocated their black separatist ideology. He later disavowed the NOI, adhering initially to Sunni Islam and later to Sufism, after retiring from boxing in 1981, Ali devoted his life to religious and charitable work. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinsons syndrome, which his doctors attributed to boxing-related brain injuries, as the condition worsened, Ali made limited public appearances and was cared for by his family until his death on June 3,2016, in Scottsdale, Arizona. Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. was born on January 17,1942, in Louisville and he had a sister and four brothers
40.
NAACP
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Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey. Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political, educational, social and their national initiatives included political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of foreign refugees. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the common term colored people. The NAACP bestows annual awards to people of color in two categories, Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind and its headquarters is in Baltimore, Maryland. The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore, with regional offices in New York, Michigan, Georgia, Maryland, Texas, Colorado. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region, local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. In the U. S. the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board, julian Bond, Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by health-care administrator Roslyn Brock. For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was led by its executive secretary. James Weldon Johnson and Walter F. White, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years. Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action, local chapters are supported by the Branch and Field Services department and the Youth and College department. The Legal department focuses on cases of broad application to minorities, such as systematic discrimination in employment, government. The Washington, D. C. bureau is responsible for lobbying the U. S. government, the goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education. As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members, the NAACPs non-current records are housed at the Library of Congress, which has served as the organizations official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACPs history from the time of its founding until 2003, in 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing people of color and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the Southern states disenfranchisement of blacks starting with Mississippis passage of a new constitution in 1890, through 1908, southern legislatures dominated by white Democrats ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules. In practice, this caused the exclusion of most blacks and many whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation, men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not qualify to register
