1.
Interstate 90 in New York
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Interstate 90 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Seattle, Washington, to Boston, Massachusetts. Although most of the route is part of the tolled New York State Thruway, within New York, I-90 has a complete set of auxiliary Interstates, which means that there are interstates numbered I-190 through I-990 in the state, with no gaps in between. For most of its length in New York, I-90 runs parallel to the former Erie Canal route, New York State Route 5, U. S. Route 20, I-90 was assigned in 1957 as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System. Ultimately, the freeway was built from the Thruway mainline in Albany to the Berkshire Connector in Schodack, the Albany–Schodack freeway was completed in stages during the 1960s and 1970s and fully open by 1977. West of Albany, I-90 in New York is designated along the mainline of the New York State Thruway, two auxiliary routes, I-190 and I-290 connect with I-90 here. Both auxiliary routes provide access between I-90 and Canadas largest city, Toronto, East of Erie County, the Thruway turns east and passes through the suburbs of several major cities in Upstate New York, generally following the path of the Erie Canal. It passes south of Rochester and north of Syracuse, which are served by three auxiliary Interstate Highways, I-490 and I-390 connect to Rochester, while I-690 leads to Syracuse. The speed limit, enforced by the New York State Police, is 65 miles per hour along most of this stretch. It rejoins I-90 in Albany County, where I-90 leaves the mainline of the Thruway at exit 24 in Albany, here, the route designation of the Thruway changes from I-90 east to I-87 south. Traffic intending to continue on I-90 or reach I-87 north must exit the Thruway here, Exit numbers and mile markers for I-90 reset after exiting. Now a toll-free highway, I-90 and I-87 continue to exits 1N and 1S, located off exit 1S and Fuller Road Alternate, a spur of the Northway leading to Western Avenue, is the Crossgates Mall in Guilderland. I-90 proceeds eastward, meeting Washington Avenue at an interchange connecting to UAlbany, I-90 subsequently crosses over NY5 and passes north of Westgate Plaza as it connects to Everett Road. The freeway continues along the edge of Albany to exit 5A. After that project was cancelled, it was repurposed as an exit for Corporate Woods Boulevard, East of exit 5A, I-90 passes by slightly more residential areas ahead of a stack interchange with US91 mile north of downtown Albany. Albany Memorial Hospital is located just north of the exit on US9, not far to the east of US9 is a second stack interchange, connecting I-90 to I-787 in the industrial northeasternmost section of the city of Albany. At this point, I-90 turns to the southeast and follows the Patroon Island Bridge over the Hudson River, across the river, I-90 becomes the Rensselaer County Veterans Memorial Highway and passes through much less developed areas. South of NY43, I-90 and US4 follow parallel routings into East Greenbush, the freeway and the overlapping U. S. Routes follow similar routings to Schodack Center, at which point I-90 finally connects to US9 and US20 at exits 11E, I-90 heads due south from this point, passing over NY150 and paralleling US9, which splits from US20 at Schodack Center
2.
New York State Thruway
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The New York State Thruway is a system of limited-access highways located within the state of New York in the United States. The tolled mainline of the Thruway extends for 496.00 miles from the New York City line at Yonkers to the Pennsylvania state line at Ripley by way of Albany, Syracuse, and Buffalo. According to the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association, the Thruway is the fifth busiest toll road in the United States, a tolled highway connecting the major cities of New York was first proposed as early as the 1940s. The first section of the Thruway, between Utica and Rochester, opened on June 24,1954, the remainder of the mainline and many of its spurs connecting to highways in other states and provinces were built in the 1950s. When the Interstate Highway System was created in 1957, much of the Thruway system was included as portions of Interstate 87, I-90, other segments became part of I-190 and I-287 shortly afterward. The portion of I-84 in New York was part of the Thruway system from 1991 to 2010, the Thruway utilizes both open tolling and closed tolling. Tickets are used on the Thruway mainline between Harriman and the suburbs of Buffalo and from the southern suburbs of Buffalo to the Pennsylvania state line. The Berkshire Connector also utilizes a ticket-based tolling system, the portion of the mainline south of Harriman, the New England Thruway, and the Niagara Thruway have open tolling systems, with all three highways containing at least one toll barrier. The last two components—the Garden State Parkway Connector and the Cross-Westchester Expressway—and the section of the mainline in, together, the highways extend for 569.83 miles, making the Thruway system one of the largest toll highway systems in the United States. The longest of the six components is the 496-mile mainline, of the 570 miles in the Thruway system,560.85 miles carries at least one Interstate Highway designation. They are designated as New York State Route 982L, NY 912M, the speed limit, enforced by the New York State Police, is 65 miles per hour along most of the Thruway. I-90, which comprises the bulk of the mainline and the Berkshire Connector, I-87 comprises the remaining 148.15 miles of the mainline, including an 18. 86-mile concurrency with I-287 north of New York City. I-287 covers another 29.76 miles, while I-190 spans 21.24 miles, all highways maintained by the New York State Thruway Authority lack the reference markers that exist on all New York State Department of Transportation-maintained roads, as would be expected. In their place, NYSTA-controlled roadways use small, square tenth-mile markers with a white background and blue numbering. The mainline of the Thruway begins, both in terms of numbers and mileposts, at the boundary between the New York City borough of the Bronx and the Westchester County city of Yonkers. Here, I-87 changes from the Major Deegan Expressway to the Thruway as the mainline proceeds northward through Yonkers and it connects with Central Park Avenue at exit 1, the first of 12 exits within the county. The first few exits serve various local streets, with exit 2 providing access to Yonkers Raceway, the Hutchinson River and Bronx River parkways leave to the northeast midway through Yonkers, while the Saw Mill and Sprain Brook parkways follow the Thruway out of the city. All three highways take generally parallel tracks to Elmsford, where I-87 directly intersects the Saw Mill River Parkway at exit 7A, not far to the north is exit 8, a semi-directional T interchange with I-287
3.
New York State Route 5
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New York State Route 5 is a state highway that extends for 370.80 miles across the state of New York in the United States. S. Route 9, here routed along the roads for Interstate 787. Prior to the construction of the New York State Thruway, it was one of two main east–west highways traversing upstate New York, the other being US20, West of New York, NY5 continues as Pennsylvania Route 5 to Erie. NY5 overlaps with US20 twice along its routing, the second, a 68-mile overlap through western and central New York, is the second-longest concurrency in the state, stretching from Avon east to the city of Auburn in Cayuga County. The concurrency is known locally as Routes 5 and 20, as the route proceeds across the state, it also directly or indirectly meets every major north–south highway in upstate New York, including all three north–south Interstate Highways. NY5 was assigned in 1924 as a true cross-state highway, extending from the Pennsylvania state line in the west to the Massachusetts state line in the east, at the time, modern NY5 between Buffalo and Albany was designated as New York State Route 5A. By 1926, NY5 was moved onto the routing of NY 5A while the old routing of NY5 became NY7. It was truncated in 1927 to Athol Springs in the west and Albany in the east following the assignment of US20, and again in 1930 to downtown Buffalo. NY5 was reextended to the Pennsylvania state line c. 1932 by way of its old routing to Athol Springs, an old alignment of US20, only local realignments have occurred since. Although it is no commonly used for long distance travel. NY5 is named Main Street in Buffalo, Erie Boulevard and West Genesee Street in Syracuse, State Street in Schenectady, and Central Avenue in Albany and it is a major local road in many other locations along its path. NY5 runs concurrent to US20 twice between its endpoints, for three miles between Silver Creek and Irving and for 68 miles across western and central New York. At 67.6 miles in length, the overlap between US20 and NY5 is the longest surface-road concurrency in New York state, behind only the concurrency of I-86. Maintenance of the majority of NY 5s 371 miles is performed by the New York State Department of Transportation, however, locally owned and maintained sections exist in six cities. At the New York–Pennsylvania border in Ripley, PA5 becomes NY5 upon entering New York and it very closely follows the shore of Lake Erie through all of Chautauqua County. Once reaching the village of Silver Creek it briefly overlaps US20 until entering Erie County at the Cattaraugus Reservation, once in Erie County it pulls slightly inward from the lake shore from Brant to the hamlet of Wanakah. Near the northern edge of the city, NY5 begins to ascend onto an elevated roadway as it connects to Ridge Road, here, the route becomes the Buffalo Skyway, a limited-access highway with exits for Ohio and Tifft streets and Fuhrmann Boulevard. After a quarter-mile, NY5 passes seamlessly into the city of Buffalo, a short distance past the city line, NY5 passes over the Union Ship Canal on a span of the elevated road known as the Father Baker Bridge
4.
New York State Route 28
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New York State Route 28 is a state highway extending for 281.69 miles in the shape of a C between the Hudson Valley city of Kingston and southern Warren County in the U. S. state of New York. Along the way, it intersects several major routes, including Interstate 88, U. S. Route 20, the southern terminus of NY28 is at NY32 in Kingston and the northern terminus is at US9 in Warrensburg. In Kingston, NY28 is co-designated as Interstate 587 from its terminus at NY32 to the roundabout linking it to the Thruway. NY28 was originally assigned in 1924 to an alignment extending from Colliersville in the south to Utica in the north via Ilion. From Colliersville to Cooperstown, the highway followed its current routing, north of Cooperstown, the route was extended south to Kingston and north to Warrensburg as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. At the same time, NY28 was realigned between Cooperstown and Mohawk to follow its modern routing, other than minor realignments in Kingston, Oneonta, and Oneida County, NY28 has remained the same to this day. NY 28s southern terminus is with NY32 in the city of Kingston, the route heads north, then northwest on Colonel Chandler Drive, a four-lane limited-access highway. The roadway is designated and signed as I-587, which begins at NY32 as well. Although Colonel Chandler Drive is built to Interstate Highway standards, it has no intermediary interchanges, after crossing over the Esopus Creek into Ulster, I-587 terminates at a roundabout that links I-587 and NY28 to the New York State Thruway at exit 19. West of I-87, the crosses the Blue Line of Catskill Park. Not long afterward, the highway meets US209 by way of a cloverleaf interchange, past US209, the highway enters a rural area as it heads northwest into the center of the state park. Near the eastern tip of the Ashokan Reservoir, in the town of Kingston, West of NY 28A, NY28 continues towards the north and west along the northern edge of the reservoir. In West Hurley, the route intersects the terminus of NY375. It proceeds along the reservoir to its end in the town of Olive community of Boiceville. At Phoenicia, the largest settlement since Kingston, NY214 reaches its terminus at the highway. Past Phoenicia, the slopes become steeper as the road and creek curve around Panther Mountain, one of the Catskill High Peaks. At Allaben, the Shandaken Tunnel crosses under the road, bringing water from Schoharie Reservoir into the creek. The road and creek start bending to the south to the hamlet of Shandaken, as NY28 continues trending southwest, the valley becomes less developed
5.
Herkimer County, New York
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Herkimer County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 64,519, the county was created in 1791 north of the Mohawk River out of part of Montgomery County. It is named after General Nicholas Herkimer, who died from wounds in 1777 after taking part in the Battle of Oriskany during the Revolutionary War. Herkimer County is part of the Utica-Rome, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 1791, Herkimer County was created as one of three counties split off from Montgomery as New York State was developed after the American Revolutionary War. Its area was larger than the present county, however. Suddenly the state was selling 5 million acres of land in upstate, central, in 1794, Onondaga County was split off from Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, and included the present Cayuga, Cortland, in 1798, portions of Herkimer and Tioga counties were taken to form Chenango County. Another part of Herkimer was split off to form Oneida County and it was then larger than the current Oneida County, including the present Jefferson, Lewis, and part of Oswego counties. In 1802, parts of Herkimer, Clinton and Montgomery counties were combined to form the new St. Lawrence County, during the American Civil War, Herkimer contributed five companies to the 34th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, leading to the units nickname The Herkimer Regiment. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,458 square miles. Herkimer County is in central New York State, northwest of Albany, the northern part of the county is in the Adirondack Park. The Mohawk River flows across the part of the county. As of the census of 2000, there were 64,427 people,25,734 households, the population density was 46 people per square mile. There were 32,026 housing units at a density of 23 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 83% White,0. 51% Black or African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 41% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 84% from two or more races. 0. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20. 6% were of Italian,16. 3% German,13. 9% Irish,9. 3% English,7. 7% Polish,6. 2% American and 5. 2% French ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 2% spoke English,1. 2% Spanish and 1. 1% Italian as their first language,27. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
6.
Erie Canal
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The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo and it was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807, a survey was authorized, funded, proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents, its construction began in 1817. The canal has 35 numbered locks, plus the Federal Black Rock Lock, and it opened on October 26,1825. In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals and it was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement and it was enlarged between 1834 and 1862. The canals peak year was 1855, when 33,000 commercial shipments took place. In 1918, the part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which ran parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal. Mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large ship, the Day Peckinpaugh in 1994. This was not unique to the Americas, and the still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures — things in the water weighed far less, passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2.5 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland, the principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers and this was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales, and later the Whiskey Rebellion. In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, the successes of the Canal du Midi in France, Bridgewater Canal in Britain, and Eiderkanal in Denmark spurred on what was called in Britain canal mania. Two men, Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson, were proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River. Their efforts led to the creation of the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792, by 1788, Washingtons Potomac Company was successful in constructing five locks which took boats 4,500 feet past the Potomac Great Falls. However, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal superseded the Potomac Canal in 1823, christopher Colles surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784, proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario. The proposal drew attention and some action, but was never implemented, jesse Hawley finally got the canal built
7.
CSX Transportation
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CSX Transportation is a Class I railroad in the United States. The main subsidiary of the CSX Corporation, the railroad is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, CSX operates one of the three Class I railroads serving most of the East Coast, the other two being the Norfolk Southern Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway. It also serves the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, together CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. As of October 1,2014, CSXs total public stock value was slightly over $32 billion, CSX Transportation was formed on July 1,1986, by combining the Chessie System and Seaboard System Railroad. The origin of the Chessie System was the former Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, which had merged with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on June 6,1998, the STB approved the CSX–NS application and set August 22,1998, as the effective date of its decision. CSX acquired 42 percent of Conrails assets, and NS received the remaining 58 percent, as a result of the transaction, CSXs rail operations grew to include some 3,800 miles of the Conrail system. CSX began operating its trains on its portion of the Conrail network on June 1,1999, CSX now serves much of the eastern U. S. with a few routes into nearby Canadian cities. The name came about during merger talks between Chessie System, Inc. and Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. commonly called Chessie, the company chairmen said it was important for the new name to include neither of those names because it was a partnership. Employees were asked for suggestions, most of which consisted of combinations of the initials, at the same time a temporary shorthand name was needed for discussions with the Interstate Commerce Commission. CSC was chosen but belonged to a company in Virginia. The lawyers decided to use CSX, and the name stuck, in the public announcement, it was said that CSX is singularly appropriate. C can stand for Chessie, S for Seaboard, and X, however, in the August 9,2016 article on the Railway Age website stated that. And the X was for Consolidated, the T had to be added to CSX when used as a reporting mark because reporting marks that end in X means that the car is owned by a leasing company or private car owner. Its current slogan, How Tomorrow Moves, appeared in 2008, in 2014 Canadian Pacific Railway approached CSX with an offer to merge the two companies, but CSX declined and in 2015 Canadian Pacific made an attempt to purchase and merge with Norfolk Southern. In 2017 CSX announced Hunter Harrison as its new chief executive, CSX added 5 new directors to their board, including Harrison and Mantle Ridge founder Paul Hilal. Mantle Ridge owns 4.9 percent of CSX, CSX operates two regions of five divisions each, the Northern, based in Calumet City, Illinois, and Southern, based in Jacksonville, Florida. The CEO of CSX is Hunter Harrison as of Feb 2017, o823, Q740 and Q741, Q743, and Q745—which consists of Tropicana cars that carry fresh orange juice between Bradenton, Florida, and the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. The train also runs from Bradenton to Fort Pierce, Florida, in the 21st century, the Juice Train has been studied as a model of efficient rail transportation that can compete with trucks and other modes in the perishable-goods trade
8.
Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
9.
Concurrency (road)
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A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers. When two freeways share the same right-of-way, it is called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex, triplex, multiplex, concurrent numbering can become very common in countries that allow it. In some countries, however, concurrent numbering is avoided by posting only one number on road signs. Criticism of concurrencies include environmental intrusion, as well as being considered a factor in road accidents, most concurrencies are simply a combination of two route numbers on the same physical road. This is often advantageous as well as economically advantageous, it may be better for two route numbers to be combined into one along riverways or through mountain valleys. Some nations allow for concurrencies to occur, however, some nations specifically do not allow it to happen, in those nations which do permit concurrencies, it can become very common. In these countries, there are a variety of concurrences which can occur, an example of this is the concurrency of I-70 and I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in western Pennsylvania. A triple Interstate concurrency is found north of Madison, Wisconsin, with I-39, I-90, Wisconsin has another triple Interstate concurrency along the five-mile section of I-41, I-43, and I-894 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concurrency of I-41 and I-43 on this roadway is an example of a wrong-way concurrency, the longest Interstate highway concurrency is I-80 and I-90 for 265 miles across Indiana and Ohio. There are examples of eight-way concurrencies, I-465 around Indianapolis and Georgia State Route 10 Loop around downtown Athens, Georgia. Portions of the 53-mile I-465 overlap with I-74, US31, US36, US40, US52, US421, SR37, seven of the eight other designations overlap between exits 46 and 47 to create an eight-way concurrency. In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts, the federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, several states do not officially have any concurrencies, instead officially ending routes on each side of one. There are several circumstances where unusual concurrencies exist along state borders, one example occurs along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line. At the northern end of this border Oklahoma State Highway 20 runs concurrently with Arkansas Highway 43, concurrencies are also found in Canada. In Manitoba, the Trans-Canada Highway from Winnipeg to Portage la Prairie is concurrently signed with Yellowhead Highway, in Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 run concurrently between Burlington and Oakville, forming the provinces only concurrency between two 400-series highways. In the United Kingdom, routes do not run concurrently with others, where this would normally occur, the roadway takes the number of only one of the routes, while the other routes are considered to have a gap and are signed in brackets
10.
Mohawk River
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The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long river in the U. S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River, the Mohawk flows into the Hudson in the Capital District, a few miles north of the city of Albany. The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy and it is a major waterway in north-central New York. The river and its canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams, Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada, the Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley, as a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers, in the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie, the canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95%. It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration, the Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east-west roads such as Route 5, the Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river, the Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south. Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Grenville-aged metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks. In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek, much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales. The southern tributaries are underlain by a sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta. During the Pleistocene, the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation, as a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits, in the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago, the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley
11.
New York State Route 29
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New York State Route 29 is a state highway extending for 94.79 miles across the eastern portion of the U. S. state of New York. The western terminus of the route is at NY28 and NY169 in Middleville, the eastern terminus of the route is at NY22 just south of Salem, Washington County. NY29 also serves the cities of Johnstown and Saratoga Springs and intersects four major north–south roadways, NY10, NY30, U. S. Route 9, and U. S. Route 4. When the NY29 designation was created in the 1920s, the route extended from Barneveld in the west to Salem in the east, the Trenton-Middleville segment became part of an extended NY28 in 1930. Since that time, the route has remained unchanged, excluding minor realignments in Fulton County. NY29 begins at an intersection with NY28 and NY169 in Middleville, a small village situated on West Canada Creek in western Herkimer County. The route heads east, passing out of the village and into the towns of Fairfield and Salisbury, past NY 170A, as well as the hamlet of Salisbury centered around the junction, NY29 continues to Salisbury Center. In the center of the community, NY 29A, an alternate to NY29, splits off. NY29, however, curves south, paralleling Spruce Creek to the village of Dolgeville, within the village, NY29 meets NY167 prior to crossing over the East Canada Creek and leaving Dolgeville. Once in Fulton County, NY29 turns southeast as it heads through Oppenheim, farther east, NY29 begins to turn to the east as it passes into Ephratah. Just across the line, NY29 intersects NY 10A. NY29 continues on, passing north of the Cork Center Reservoir, at Green Street, NY29 bears right on William Street, then joins with NY67 at East Main Street. After crossing downtown, the ends with NY67 following East State Street toward Amsterdam. NY29 then reaches Comrie Avenue, turning left to join with NY 30A briefly to an intersection with Briggs Street and this portion of the street is generally wider than that of the city-maintained portion. Several businesses are accessed on both sides, as well as an entrance to the nearby Johnstown Arterial Plaza. The Jansen Avenue Elementary School playground is also along this route, East of Johnstown, NY29 heads northeast, intersecting Steele Avenue Extension just west of the Mayfield town line. NY29 continues into Mayfield, meeting both the current eastern terminus of NY 29A and NY30 in the vicinity of the hamlet of Vail Mills, past Mayfield, NY29 passes through both the village and town of Broadalbin before crossing into Saratoga County. For its first few miles in Saratoga County, NY29 roughly parallels the Galway-Providence town line as it heads eastward through a rural area of the county
12.
New York State Route 167
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New York State Route 167 is a north–south state highway in the Mohawk Valley region of New York in the United States. It extends for 26.17 miles from an intersection with U. S. Route 20 in the Otsego County village of Richfield Springs to a junction with NY29 in the Herkimer County village of Dolgeville. Midway between the two endpoints, NY167 passes through the city of Little Falls, where it meets NY5 and indirectly connects to the New York State Thruway by way of NY169. Most of NY167 is a rural highway, however, in Little Falls. The piece of NY167 between Richfield Springs and Paines Hollow, a hamlet southwest of Little Falls, was originally part of an unsigned legislative route in the early 20th century. Farther north, the segment between Little Falls and Dolgeville was added to the route system in 1910. NY 28s former routing between Richfield Springs and Paines Hollow became part of the new NY167, which continued north through Little Falls to Dolgeville as it does today. NY167 begins at an intersection with US20 near the tip of Canadarago Lake in the village of Richfield Springs. Past Cullen, NY167 makes a bend to the northeast. Here, the highway intersects with Jordanville Road, an east–west two-lane road that NY167 briefly follows as it runs through the community, a short distance east of Jordanville, NY167 splits from Jordanville Road to head northeast as a two-lane rural road. After leaving Paines Hollow, NY167 continues northeast into the town of Little Falls, the route remains rural through the town, intersecting with Johnny Cake and Oregon roads as it winds to the northeast. Just under 2 miles from Paines Hollow, the highway curves to the southeast ahead of a hairpin turn that leads northward to a junction with Newville Road. NY167 heads generally northward through Little Falls, veering to the east and west at various points as it traverses the town, about 3 miles south of the city of Little Falls, the highway passes under the New York State Thruway with no connection to the road. After the Thruway overpass, NY167 heads into an area surrounding its junction with NY 5S. The two routes briefly overlap before NY167 turns north into a populated, mostly wooded area along the southern bank of the Mohawk River. NY167 follows the river into a section of the city of Little Falls. North of the river, the passes over NY5 before intersecting Albany Street just west of downtown Little Falls. Albany Street is the half of a one-way couplet with nearby Main Street, as a result
NY 5S in Danube
I-90 / New York Thruway in Danube
NY 5 / NY 167 in Little Falls
NY 28 / NY 29 in Middleville
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