1.
Greek language
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
2.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
4.
Greek academic art of the 19th century
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The creation of romantic art in Greece can be explained mainly due to the particular relationships that were created between recently liberated Greece and Bavaria during King Ottos years. In this period the Greek state was encouraging young artists to study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and in particular study painting. In addition, after centuries of Ottoman rule, few opportunities existed for young artist in Greece itself, immediately after independence, so studying abroad was imperative for them. Munich, was an important international center for the arts and is the place where the majority of Greek artists of the 19th century would choose to study and a minority would go to Paris. Both academic and personal bonds developed between early Greek painters and Munich artistry, giving birth to the Greek Munich School of painting. Many of these young artists later returned to Greece to teach at the Polytechnic School and later Athens School of Fine Arts, some of them, like Nikolaus Gysis, chose to remain in Munich, the so-called Athens on the Isar. The works of the Munich school painters are characterised by an expert. scenes were depicted in a pompous and theatrical way, although not lacking in emotional tension. Munich School painters were specialised on portraiture, landscape painting and still life, artists belonging to the Munich School include the first painters of free Greece, such as Theodoros Vryzakis and Dionysios Tsokos. Even more dramatic in their depictions were the later Konstantinos Volanakis and Ioannis Altamouras, in his mature career Roilos went beyond the principles of the Munich School and introduced impressionism into Greek painting. Gysis stayed at the Academy in Germany while the others have returned to teach at the Athens School of Fine Arts and their teaching and artistry have marked the 19th-century artistic era in Greece. Nikiphoros Lytras is considered the pope of Greek painting and the major iconographer of Greek life during the 19th century, paintings such as The milkman or The awaiting consist reference points in Greek Art. Gysis worked mainly on ethography while at the maturity of his career he shifted towards the iconography of visions, allegories, iacovidis paintings were mainly portraiture and depiction of children scenes. The latter was the founder and first curator of the National Gallery of Greece in Athens, other painters include Epameinondas Thomopoulos, Ioannis Koutsis, Stylianos Miliadis, Nikolaos Vokos, Ioannis Zacharias and Polychronis Lembesis. Influences of academic realism can also be seen in the work of many Greek artists such as Spyridon Vikatos, Nikolaos Davis, Thalia Flora-Karavia, Ioannis Doukas and Ektor Doukas. Art in modern Greece National Gallery of Athens Greek Art National Gallery of Athens The Emergence of Modern Greek Painting, 1830-1930 From the Bank of Greece collection
5.
Tinos
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Tinos is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It is located in the Cyclades archipelago, in antiquity, Tinos was also known as Ophiussa and Hydroessa. The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos and it has a land area of 194.464 square kilometres and a 2011 census population of 8,636 inhabitants. This is perhaps the most notable and still active yearly pilgrimage in the region of the eastern Mediterranean, many pilgrims make their way the 800 metres from the ferry wharf to the church on their hands and knees as sign of devotion. It was ruled by Venice until 1715, when Tinos was captured by the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans held Tinos until 1821 when the inhabitants joined in the Greek War of Independence. The tumult of the period gave rise to an increase in piracy in the region, in 1825 HMS Cambrian was the lead vessel of a small squadron in anti-piracy operations in the Archipelago, at Alexandria, and around the coasts of Syria. On 27 July 1826, Cambrians boats captured a pirate bombard, five pirates were killed and several wounded. The date of 15 August also commemorates the 1940 sinking in Tinoss harbour of the Greek cruiser Elli, during peacetime, while she rode at anchor, the Elli was participating in the celebrations of the Feast of the Dormition. One of the three torpedoes fired hit the Elli under the one operating boiler and she caught fire and sank, nine petty officers and sailors were killed and 24 were wounded. The same submarine attempted to torpedo the passenger ships M/V Elsi and this attempt failed and the torpedoes only damaged a section of the ports wharf. From the shores of Panormos and Kolimbithra on the North Shore to Kionia, Agios Yannis O Portos, Tsiknias is the highest mountain on the island at 750 metres and hides the village of Livada. The mountain of Exobourgo is quite distinct, and unlike its more rounded Cycladic neighbors, has an appearance that would be more at home in the Alps. Between Tsiknias and Exobourgo lies the plain of Falatados. This area is unique on the island as its flat terrain is rare on the island. This made it a candidate for a proposed airport on the island. The Meltemi winds and concerns of local villagers of the towns of Falatados, the area around Volax is a surreal and very unusual landscape with giant boulders some the size of multi-storey buildings. The village of Volax lies at the center of this landscape, to the west, the mountains surrounding Pyrgos are full of some of the most beautiful green marble in Greece. All around the island of Tinos, the islanders have made the most unusual things out of stone, the hills are all terraced with stone walls and every village is connected to its nearest neighbors by stone walkways set between a parallel set of stone walls
6.
Athens School of Fine Arts
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The Athens School of Fine Arts, is Greeces premier Art school whose main objective is to develop the artistic talents of its students. The Athens School of Fine Arts was established on 12 January 1837, in the beginning the School of Arts included three departments, the Crafts School, Industrial Crafts School and Fine Arts School. The third department was the ancestor of today’s School of Fine Arts. In this department subjects like painting, sculpture, architecture, lithography, woodcut, geometry, the same year Duchess of Plaisance who lived in Greece contributed in upgrading the school. She enriched the schools program with new types of painting lessons, Bonirote was a teacher there until 1843. In 1843 with royal decree School of Fine Arts was promoted in a five-year study Higher Education School, Director of the School was the famous architect Lissandros Kautantzoglou. During the period 1844–1862 the studies program was influenced by Europes Academies of Fine Arts which taught neoclassicism, some of the great students of this period finally became teachers in the school. Some of them are Nikiphoros Lytras and Nicholaos Gysis, in 1872, after a donation of George Averoff, a new building in Patission Avenue road was constructed that was later named National Technical University of Athens. In 1910 the faculty acquired the independence from the named National Technical University, the same year the first for women were accepted to the School of Fine Arts. In 1923, the new Director, Nikolaos Lytras, reorganized the workshops to them more independence. In 1930, Education Minister Georgios Papandreou completely revamped and upgraded the old school, in 1929 Konstantinos Parthenis started teaching in the school. His lessons were mostly about the analysis of perception and the plastic transformation of the incoming visual information. Many other famous artists were occupied in Athens School of Fine Arts, the sculptor Costas Dimitriadis, the engraver Yannis Kefallinos, an external evaluation of all academic departments in Greek universities will be conducted by the Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency in the following years
7.
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
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The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany. It is located in the Maxvorstadt district of Munich, in Bavaria, the Academy of Fine Arts was founded 1808 by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria in Munich as the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The Munich School refers to a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Academy between 1850 and 1918, the paintings are characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical painting subjects included landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, from 1900 to 1918 the academys director was Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller. In 1946, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts was merged with the School of arts and crafts, in 1953 its name was changed to the current Academy of Fine Arts. The large 19th-century Renaissance Revival style building complex, designed by Gottfried Neureuther, was completed in 1886 and it has housed the Academy since then. A new Deconstructivist style expansion, designed by the architectural firm Coop Himmelbau as an extension from the building, was completed in 2005
8.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
9.
Munich School
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Munich School is the name given to a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich between 1850 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century the Academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe, Munich was an important center of painting and visual art in the period between 1850 and 1914. Pilotys approach to painting was influenced by the French academician Paul Delaroche, and by the painterly colorism of Rubens. Besides Piloty, other teachers at the Academy were Wilhelm von Diez, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Arthur von Ramberg. and Nikolaos Gyzis. The last generation of students of the Munich School included nearly all the figures of the German avantgarde, such as Lovis Corinth, Ernst Oppler, Vassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee. There were notable schools of Munich-trained painters active outside of Germany, the formative influence of teachers and examples of the Munich School shaped the academic naturalism in many European countries, e. g. the Greek academic art of the 19th century. Due to the affinity between Bavaria and Greece—Prince Otto I was from 1832 to 1862 the first King of Greece—many Greek artists were trained in Munich. The Munich School in Greek art is the most important artistic movement of Greek Art in the 19th century with strong influences from the Academy of Munich. Among the leading artists of this school were Konstantinos Volanakis, Georgios Roilos, Nikolaos Gyzis, Polychronis Lembesis, Nikolaos Vokos, Nikiphoros Lytras, most of the artists of the Hungarian Nagybanya school of art were educated in Munich. Poland was represented by, among others, Józef Chełmoński, Władysław Czachórski, Julian Fałat, Aleksander Gierymski, Maksymilian Gierymski, the Swedish painters Johan Christoffer Boklund and Johan Fredrik Höckert studied in Munich. Frank Duveneck and William Merritt Chase were the most prominent exemplars of the Munich School in American art, other American artists who studied in Munich include John Henry Twachtman and Walter Shirlaw. The Munich school is characterized by a style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical subjects are landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, brooklyn Museum, Triumph of Realism, an exhibition of European and American realist paintings, 1850–1910. Greenville County Museum of Art, and Martha R. Severens, Greenville County Museum of Art, The Southern Collection. New York, Hudson Hills Press, in association with the Greenville County Museum of Art,1995, ISBN 1-55595-102-3 Norman, Geraldine, Nineteenth-Century Painters and Painting, A Dictionary. Berkeley, University of California Press,1978, ISBN 0-520-03328-0 Münchner Schule Münchner Schule bei Ketterer
10.
Franco-Prussian War
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The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia, the German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, the causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and this new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, in Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace. The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern princes candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems, other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity, the Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull, gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt he had just received a slap. Napoleons new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, a crowd of 15–20,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government, the southern German states immediately sided with Prussia. The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Mexican campaign. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made, universal conscription and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, however, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented
11.
Ernst Oppler
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Ernst Oppler was a German Impressionist painter and etcher born in Hanover. Ernst Oppler was the son of Edward Oppler, a prominent German-Jewish architect and he studied at the Academy of Arts in Munich under Nikolaus Gysis and Ludwig von Löfftz. Afterwards he moved to London to study the work of James Abbott McNeill Whistler and he became a member of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers in 1898. His early work was naturalistic in approach, in 1901 he went to the Netherlands to practise the pleinair method, and painted elegant portraits of the gentry in subdued tones. Oppler was a member of the Munich Secession, but became active as one of the founders of the Berlin Secession. Oppler moved to Berlin in 1904, and became there a renowned portraitist, with his brother the sculptor Alexander Oppler they had studios in their own Villa Oppler. Ernst Oppler was invited seven times to the Venice Biennale and participated six times, in 1912 after controversies about expressionism he stopped participating in the exhibitions of the Berlin secession but he still remained one of the most prominent members of the avantgarde. The German state bought works from Oppler and exhibited them in museums as examples of the new wave in art, Oppler started to visit dancing performances of the Russian ballet which was very popular at that time and began to document the performances. He became also an important chronicler of the history of ballet in Germany, Ernst Oppler died in Berlin on 1 March 1929. In Germany works by Ernst Oppler are on display at the National Gallery Berlin, the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, jochen Bruns, Ernst Oppler 1867-1929, mit zwei Werkkatalogen,1997 Biography on www. foosanerartmuseum. org Graphic works at the Jewish Museum Berlin
12.
Psara
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Psara is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Together with the island of Antipsara it forms the municipality of Psara. It is part of the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region, the only town of the island and seat of the municipality is also called Psara. Psara had 448 inhabitants according to the 2011 census and it has a small port linking to the island of Chios and other parts of Greece. Psara lies 44 nautical miles northwest of Chios,22 km from the point of the island of Chios and 150 km eastnortheast of Athens. The length and width are about 7 by 8 km and the area of the island is 43 square kilometres, the highest point of the island is Profitis Ilias. The municipality has an area of 44.511 km2, the flag of Psara was designed by the Psariots and bears symbols of Filiki Eteria. It is made of white bordered with red with a large red cross and the inscriptions of the name of the island ΨΑ-ΡΑ. The cross is standing on an upside down crescent, flanked on one side by a sword, homer first referred to the island as Psyra. The islanders sole source of livelihood has always been fishing, mainly for the locally abundant slipper lobsters, Psara joined the Greek War of Independence on April 10,1821. A noted native naval leader of the time was future Prime Minister of Greece Constantine Kanaris, the island was invaded on June 21,1824 by the Ottoman navy. On July 4 the resistance of the Psariots ended with a last stand at the old fort of Palaiokastro. Hundreds of soldiers and also women and children had taken there when a Turkish force of 2000 stormed the fort. The refugees first threw a flag with the words Ἐλευθερία ἤ Θάνατος. A French officer who heard and saw the explosion compared it to an eruption of Vesuvius. A part of the managed to flee the island. As a result of the invasion, thousands of Greeks have met a tragic fate, the island was deserted and surviving islanders were scattered through what is now Southern Greece. Theophilos Kairis, a priest and scholar, took on many of the orphaned children, Psara remained in the hands of the Ottomans until it was recaptured by the Greek navy on 21 October 1912 during the First Balkan War
13.
Obverse and reverse
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In this usage, obverse means the front face of the object and reverse means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called heads, because it depicts the head of a prominent person. In fields of scholarship outside numismatics, the front is more commonly used than obverse. For prints and drawings with material on both sides the one judged as more significant will be the recto, a convention now exists typically to display the obverse to the left and the reverse to the right in photographs and museum displays, but this is not invariably observed. Following this principle, in the most famous of ancient Greek coins, the tetradrachm of Athens, the obverse is the head of Athena, similar versions of these two images, both symbols of the state, were used on the Athenian coins for more than two centuries. The opposite side may have varied from time to time and this change happened in the coinage of Alexander the Great, which continued to be minted long after his death. The various Hellenistic rulers who were his successors followed his tradition and this script alone style then was used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period. The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of Iconoclasm, without images, therefore, it is not always easy to tell which side will be regarded as the obverse without some knowledge. After 695, Islamic coins avoided all images of persons and usually, the side expressing the Six Kalimas is usually defined as the obverse. The form of currency follows its function, which is to serve as an accepted medium of exchange of value. Traditionally, most states have been monarchies where the person of the monarch, if not provided for on the obverse, the reverse side usually contains information relating to a coins role as medium of exchange. Additional space typically reflects the countrys culture or government, or evokes some aspect of the states territory. Regarding the euro, some regarding the obverse and reverse of the euro coins exists. This rule does not apply to the coins as they dont have a common side. A number of the used for obverse national sides of euro coins were taken from the reverse of the old pre-euro coins of some individual countries. Several countries continue to use portraits of the monarch and the Republic of Ireland continues to use the State Arms. The Chrysanthemum Crest was no longer used after the war, and so, the side on which the date continues to be regarded as the reverse. Following ancient tradition, the obverse of coins of the United Kingdom almost always feature the head of the monarch
14.
Greek drachma
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Three modern Greek currencies, the first introduced in 1832 and the last replaced by the euro in 2001. The euro did not begin circulating until 2002 but the rate was fixed on 19 June 2000. It was also a unit of weight. The name drachma is derived from the verb δράσσομαι and it is believed that the same word with the meaning of handful or handle is found in Linear B tablets of the Mycenean Pylos. Initially a drachma was a fistful of six oboloí or obeloí used as a form of currency as early as 1100 BC and being a form of bullion, bronze, copper, a hoard of over 150 rod-shaped obeloi was uncovered at Heraion of Argos in Peloponnese. Six of them are displayed at the Numismatic Museum of Athens and it was the standard unit of silver coinage at most ancient Greek mints, and the name obol was used to describe a coin that was one-sixth of a drachma. Similar information about Pheidons obeloi was also recorded at the Parian Chronicle, ancient Greek coins normally had distinctive names in daily use. The Athenian tetradrachm was called owl, the Aeginetic stater was called chelone, the exact exchange value of each was determined by the quantity and quality of the metal, which reflected on the reputation of each mint. The 5th century BC Athenian tetradrachm coin was perhaps the most widely used coin in the Greek world prior to the time of Alexander the Great and it featured the helmeted profile bust of Athena on the obverse and an owl on the reverse. In daily use they were called γλαῦκες glaukes, hence the proverb Γλαῦκ’ Ἀθήναζε, the reverse is featured on the national side of the modern Greek 1 euro coin. Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints, the standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams. The Armenian dram also derives its name from the drachma. S, modern commentators derived from Xenophon that half a drachma per day would provide a comfortable subsistence for the poor citizens. Earlier in 422 BC, we see in Aristophanes that the daily half-drachma of a juror is just enough for the daily subsistence of a family of three. Fractions and multiples of the drachma were minted by many states, most notably in Ptolemaic Egypt, notable Ptolemaic coins included the gold pentadrachm and octadrachm, and silver tetradrachm, decadrachm and pentakaidecadrachm. This was especially noteworthy as it would not be until the introduction of the Guldengroschen in 1486 that coins of substantial size would be minted in significant quantities, for the Roman successors of the drachma, see Roman provincial coins. The weight of the drachma was approximately 4.3 grams or 0.15 ounces. It was divided into six obols of 0.72 grams, the New Testament mentions both didrachma and, by implication, tetradrachma in context of the Temple tax. Lukes Gospel includes a parable told by Jesus of a woman with 10 drachmae, the drachma was reintroduced in May 1832, shortly before the establishment of the modern state of Greece
15.
Athens
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Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. In modern times, Athens is a cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime. In 2015, Athens was ranked the worlds 29th richest city by purchasing power, Athens is recognised as a global city because of its location and its importance in shipping, finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, culture, education and tourism. It is one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe, with a financial sector. The municipality of Athens had a population of 664,046 within its limits. The urban area of Athens extends beyond its administrative city limits. According to Eurostat in 2011, the Functional urban areas of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union, Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland. The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments, as well as a number of Ottoman monuments. Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery, Athens was the host city of the first modern-day Olympic Games in 1896, and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics. In Ancient Greek, the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι a plural, in earlier Greek, such as Homeric Greek, the name had been current in the singular form though, as Ἀθήνη. It was possibly rendered in the later on, like those of Θῆβαι and Μυκῆναι. During the medieval period the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα, an etiological myth explaining how Athens has acquired its name was well known among ancient Athenians and even became the theme of the sculpture on the West pediment of the Parthenon. The goddess of wisdom, Athena, and the god of the seas, Poseidon had many disagreements, in an attempt to compel the people, Poseidon created a salt water spring by striking the ground with his trident, symbolizing naval power. However, when Athena created the tree, symbolizing peace and prosperity. Different etymologies, now rejected, were proposed during the 19th century. Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος or ἄνθος meaning flower, ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω, stem θη- to denote Athens as having fertile soil. In classical literature, the city was referred to as the City of the Violet Crown, first documented in Pindars ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι. In medieval texts, variant names include Setines, Satine, and Astines, today the caption η πρωτεύουσα, the capital, has become somewhat common
16.
National Gallery (Athens)
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The National Art Gallery–Alexandros Soutzos Museum is an art museum in Athens devoted to Greek and European art from the 14th century to the 20th century. It is directed by Marina Lambraki-Plaka and it was established in 1878 as a small collection of 117 works exhibited at the Athens University. In 1896, Alexandros Soutzos, a jurist and art lover, bequeathed his collection, the museum opened in 1900 and the first curator was the famous Greek painter Georgios Jakobides from Munich. After World War II the works began for a new building, after relocating the sculptures in the new National Glyptotheque, there is a discussion to renovate the main building and to build a new wing. The gallery exhibitions are mainly focused on post-Byzantine Greek Art, the gallery owns and exhibits also an extensive collection of European artists. Particularly valuable, is the collection of paintings from the Renaissance, approximately four million people have visited the National Gallery in the last fourteen years. Its exhibition activity is supported by sponsorships that cover up to half of its budget. The National Gallery has opened the last years branches in Nafplion, Sparta, the gallery is situated on Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, opposite the Hilton Athens. It can be reached with the Athens Metro at the Evangelismos station, the National Glyptotheque is situated at the Alsos Stratou in Goudi, near Kanellopoulou Avenue and can be reached with the Athens Metro at the Katehaki station. National Glyptotheque Art in modern Greece Greek Art List of museums in Greece Foros Timis Ston Greco Cretan School National Gallery of Athens Official website
17.
Modern Greek art
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Modern Greek art is art from the period between the emergence of the new independent Greek state and the 20th century. As Mainland Greece was under Ottoman rule for all four centuries, it missed the Renaissance, the Cretan School and in particular the Heptanese School of art are two typical examples of artistic movements in Greece that followed parallel routes to Western Europe. As such, there were different artistic trends in the emerging Greek society, the School of Munich Modern Greek art began to be developed around the time of Romanticism. After centuries of Ottoman rule, few opportunities for an education in the arts existed in the newly independent Greece, so studying abroad was imperative for artists. Munich, as an important international center for the arts at that time, was the place where the majority of the Greek artists of the 19th century chose to study, later on, they would return to Greece and pass on their knowledge. Some of them remained in Munich, the so-called Athens on the Isar, both academic and personal bonds developed between early Greek painters and Munich artistry giving birth to the Greek Munich School of painting. Nikolaos Gysis was an important teacher and artist at the Munich Academy, early 20th century modernism is also represented by significant Greek artists in Munich. Many of these Munich School artists chose subjects such as everyday Greek life, local customs, several important painters emerged at this time. Theodoros Vryzakis specialized in painting and especially inspired by the 1821 Greek War of Independence. Nikiphoros Lytras concentrated on depictions of Greek life. Georgios Jakobides devoted his attention to infants and children and he would become the first Director of the new National Gallery of Athens. Georgios Roilos was another leading painter of the closely associated with the Munich School. Konstantinos Volanakis was inspired mostly by the Greek sea, notable sculptors of the new Greek Kingdom were Leonidas Drosis, Lazaros Sochos, Georgios Vitalis, Dimitrios Filippotis, Ioannis Kossos, Yannoulis Chalepas, Georgios Bonanos and Lazaros Fytalis. The School of Paris A few Greek painters studied in Paris, despite residing in the French capital and following the guidelines of the French Art Academy, they invariably had their own interpretations. Jacob Rizos was involved with the rendering of female grace, Theodoros Rallis with scenes from the Orthodox East and Nikolaos Xydias Typaldos with portraiture, still life and genre painting. The first Greek impressionist was Périclès Pantazis who, after Paris, settled in Belgium, themes-artistic depictions Many Greek artists of this period also drew upon El Grecos style for inspiration, particularly when creating art based on religious themes. This tied in with the idea of modern secular Greek art of the period referencing more classical styles, while religious art referenced Byzantine, at the beginning of the 20th century landscape painting held sway and the interest of painters turned toward the study of light and color. The dependence of Munich slackened and Paris became the pole of attraction for the artists of the period, the further development of these painters led to other roads, but always within the framework of the avantgarde movement albeit with a Greek dimension
18.
Greek art
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Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods. Greek art is mainly five forms, architecture, sculpture, painting, artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek Cycladic and the Minoan civilizations, both of which were influenced by local traditions and the art of ancient Egypt. There are three divisions of the stages of later ancient Greek art that correspond roughly with historical periods of the same names. These are the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic, the Archaic period is usually dated from 1000 BC. Of course, different forms of art developed at different speeds in different parts of the Greek world, there was no sharp transition from one artistic period to another. The art of ancient Greece has exercised an influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present. In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models, following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Pottery was either red with black designs or black with red designs, Byzantine art is the term created for the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1452. It can also be used for the art of people of the former Byzantine Empire under the rule of Ottoman Empire after 1453, in some respects the Byzantine artistic tradition has continued in Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day. Byzantine art grew from the art of ancient Greece and, at least before 1453, never lost sight of its classical heritage, the most profound of these was that the humanist ethic of ancient Greek art was replaced by the Christian ethic. If the purpose of art was the glorification of man. One of the most important forms of Byzantine art was, and still is, like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing Western European artistic influence, and also saw the first signiand the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. The Heptanese School of painting succeeded the Cretan School as the school of Greek post-Byzantine painting after Crete fell to the Ottomans in 1669. Like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing Western European artistic influence, the school was based in the Ionian Islands, which were not part of Ottoman Greece, from the middle of the 17th century until the middle of the 19th century. Modern Greek art, after the establishment of the Greek Kingdom, after centuries of Ottoman rule, few opportunities for an education in the arts existed in the newly independent Greece, so studying abroad was imperative for artists. Munich, as an important international center for the arts at that time, was the place where the majority of the Greek artists of the 19th century chose to study, later on, they would return to Greece and pass on their knowledge. Both academic and personal bonds developed between early Greek painters and Munich artistry giving birth to the Greek Munich School, nikolaos Gysis was an important teacher and artist at the Munich Academy and he soon became a leading figure among Greek artists. Many of these Munich School artists chose subjects such as everyday Greek life, local customs, several important painters emerged at this time
19.
Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum
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The Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum is an art gallery in Athens, Greece. It is sited in Marousi near the metro station and its founder Prodromos Emfietzoglou gave his private art collection of over 500 works to the public. These days the Emphietsoglou gallery offers a review of 750 works of modern Greek art including some of the best paintings from the last 200 years, since 19th century Prodromos Emfietzoglou and his family due to their interest in Greek art were collecting works of various Greek painters. Their passion in combination with many artists donations led in 1999 to the foundation of the museum, today the collection is composed of paintings, sculpture, photography, engravings and video installations. The museum is cited in Maroussi in 3.000 m2 next to the collectors residence, today there are about 750 works of 260 Greek artists. The last years several educational happenings are arranged and it is calculated that about 20.000 students took part in these happenings. Anavryta, Maroussi, Athens 15126, Greece, Athens, 0030-210-8097100 Opening hours, Sun 10 am -6 pm - Educational programms, Teu-Wed 9.45 am,11.30 am. Art in Modern Greece Greek art Works of Emfietzoglou collection Greek article-photo of the Museum Article about the collection
20.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
21.
Ioannis Altamouras
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Ioannis Altamouras was an outstanding Greek painter of the 19th century famous for his paintings of seascapes. Altamouras father was the Italian painter Francesco Saverio Altamura and his mother was the aristocrat, at the age of seven years his father has abandoned the family. His mother then took him along with his sister Sophia and moved to Athens in order to be able to better her life. From an early age, Ioannis has exhibited his skills in painting. He has been accepted to the Athens School of Fine Arts, with a scholarship of King George II he was able to continue his studies in Copenhagen from 1873 to 1876 near Carl Frederik Sørensen. In 1875 and while he was still in Copenhagen he has sent to the competition of Olympion in Athens his painting The port of Copenhagen who won the second award. He returned to Athens where he opened his own painting atelier while his fame, unfortunately he died from tuberculosis only at the age of 26. His death has led his mother to a breakdown and subsequently madness. Despite his early death Altamouras has left a number of outstanding paintings, in particular, his seascapes paintings that he almost exclusively produced are considered equal to the works of another great Greek painter of seascapes Konstantinos Volanakis. Another of his paintings was presented at the International Exhibition of Rome in 1911. Art critics have been categorising his work to the Munich School Greek art movement and his marine scenes show the influence of 17th-century Dutch seascapes and French plein-air painting. Many of his works are exhibited at the National Gallery of Athens and other museums. Munich School National Gallery of Athens Konstantinos Volanakis Seascapes National Gallery of Greece official website Works of Altamouras-pictures
22.
Ioannis Doukas
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Ioannis Doukas or Dukas was a Greek painter and one of the main representatives in 19th century portrait painting in Greece. Doukas was born in 1841, in Gjirokastër and he started his studies in art at the School of Fine Arts of Athens, Greece, in 1859. He continued his studies outside Greece, initially in the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and he then moved to Paris and became student of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Doukas worked as painter in a number of western European cities, Paris, Marseille and Vienna, at 1879 he returned to Greece, while continued to be focused in portrait painting. Doukas attended several artists exhibitions in Greece and abroad, such as the Paris Salon and he died in Athens in 1916. He painted also an icon of Jesus Christ, at the Greek-Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas in Liverpool
23.
Georgios Jakobides
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Georgios Jakobides was a painter and one of the main representatives of the Greek artistic movement of the Munich School. He founded and was the first curator of the National Gallery of Greece in Athens and he was born in Lesbos, Ottoman Empire. His first education was in Smyrna, in Munich, he lived for 17 years where he worked in his studio, painting mythological scenes, genre pictures, and portraits. His work is influenced by German academic Realism, hs most famous paintings were of children. In the capital of Bavaria he was regarded as a successful German artist selling many of his works at high prices, at this time, additional to his themes he produced formal portraits of eminent Greeks. He opposed all new artistic tendencies, including Impressionism and Expressionism and he was given awards at five international exhibits, among those in Berlin 1891 and in Paris 1900. His works are found in the National Gallery of Athens, private collections and in museums and art galleries around the world including art galleries in Germany and he died in Athens in 1932. Munich School Art in modern Greece Jakobides Digital Museum National Gallery of Athens Official website Andreas S. Ioannou, 19th Century Greek Art
24.
Polychronis Lembesis
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Polychronis Lembesis, was a Greek painter, a member of the Munich School of Greek artists. Lembesis was the son of a shepherd from the island of Salamis and he spent his childhood in Salamina, memories of which influenced his artistic work all his life. In the academy he was taught by Wilhelm Lindenschmidt and Ludwig von Löfftz, in Munich he became a friend of the already known Greek painter Nicholaos Gysis. In 1880, Lembesis returned to Athens and opened his atelier in the Thission district, although he was a master in Landscape painting he became known more for his skills in portraiture. He began painting portraits of aristocrats and politicians of his age such as Kapsalis, Santarozas, Serpieris, Levidis and many more. He also taught painting to the children of many of his clients such as Stephanos Dragoumis. He participated at many exhibitions in Athens. In 1903 he participated at the International Exhibition of Paris, the year his work was included in the artistic exhibition for the International Exhibition of Athens. Lembesis died very poor and largely unknown as an artist, perhaps due to a shift in Athenian artistic taste from the Munich School to more modern artistic movements inspired from Paris. He was buried in Salamina, to cover the cost of his funeral, in the only obituary written about him, in the Spring of 1913, Pavlos Nirvanas said, An honest and sincere artist has died almost out of tact exactly as he did for his whole life. Some decades after his death his work has been reevaluated, Lembesis work is characterised by a particular skill in achieving perfect chromatic tones and a clarity of design. He is considered the most romantic of all the painters of the Munich School. He admired Murillo, and often used in his works a similar contradiction of vivid light, there are around 100 known works. Some of his most famous paintings that are exhibited at the National Gallery of Athens, Nude, The Boy with the Rabbits, The Artists Niece, A Portrait of my Brother. Others are The Girl with the Birds at the Averoff Gallery in Metsovo, Lembesis was also known as a painter of religious scenes, to which he devoted himself after 1883. He moved his atelier to Stournara Street and was commissioned by many Athenian churches, among his most famous religious works include those for the churches of Saint George Karytsis, Saint Constantine in Piraeus and Saints Theodoroi of the First Cemetery of Athens. He has also painted the altar of Saint Dimitrios in Salamina, an exhibition of his lifes work organised in March 1963 in Salamina by the association Evripidis. Art in modern Greece National Gallery of Greece Biography
25.
Nikiforos Lytras
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Nikiforos Lytras was a nineteenth-century Greek painter. He was born in Tinos, and trained in Athens at the School of Arts, in 1860 he won a scholarship to Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich. After completing these studies, he became a professor at the School of Arts in 1866 and he remained faithful to the precepts and principles of the Munich School, while paying greatest attention both to ethographic themes and portraiture. His most famous portrait was of the couple, Otto and Amalia. Nikiforos Lytras was a child of a marble sculptor. In 1850 to the age of eighteen years he went to Athens to study in the School of Arts and he studied painting with Ludwig Thiersch and Raffaelo Ceccoli. With his graduation in 1856 he started teaching there the course of elementary writing, in 1836 with a Greek government’s scholarship he went to Munich to study in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. His teacher there was Karl von Piloty, in 1862 after King Otto was exiled the scholarship was no longer available to Lytra so the expenses undertook the ambassador of Greece in Vienna Simon Sinas. In the summer of 1865 before his return to Greece he meets Nikolaos Gyzis in Munich, there they visited and studied a lot of art masterpieces. With his return in Athens Lytras became professor in the Athens School of Fine Arts in the department of Painting, Spyridon Vikatos was one of his pupils. In 1873 and for four years he travelled to Smyrna and Asia Minor, Munich, in 1879 he married Irene Kyriakidi daughter of a tradesman from Smyrna and they had six children. His son Nikolaos Lytras followed in his footsteps by studying at the Munich academy of Fine Arts. The nineteenth-century painters Ioannis Altamouras and Periklis Pantazis may be regarded as forerunners of this group, nikiforos Lytras died at the age of 72 in 1904, after a short illness that is believed to have been caused by his colours’ chemicals substances. After his death Georgios Jakobides took his place in Athens School of Fine Arts, during the period that Lytras was Piloty’s student he focused in history painting. His subjects were inspired from Greek Mythology and Greek history, after his return to Greece he started to paint portraits and every day life scenes. Lytra’s paintings about everyday life correspond in the ideology of the class of the times. His trips in Minor Asia and Egypt enriched his paintings with dark skinned children, the last period of his life he painted many scenes about aging, loneliness and the fear of death. Lytras was one of the most famous painters in Athens and he participated and honored in many exhibitions, at the Zappeion exhibitions, as well as in exhibitions in Paris and in Vienna
26.
Georgios Roilos
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Georgios Roilos was one of the most important and influential Greek painters of the late 19th-early 20th century. He belonged to the so-called Munich School and his major works include historical topics, portraits, and scenes of everyday life. One of his most famous paintings is “The Poets”, which some of the most important representatives of the New Athenian school of poetry. Born in Stemnitsa, Roilos began his studies at the School of Fine Arts in Athens from 1880 to 1887, in 1888 he received a scholarship to study for one year in Munich, and in 1890 went to study at the Julian Academy in Paris. In 1894 he returned to Athens and one later, in 1895. In 1903 he went to London and became a member of the London Artist Association, and later to Liverpool, in the period between 1910 and 1927 he was the incumbent of the Chair of Oil Painting at the School of Fine Arts in Athens. He was among the first to introduce impressionism into Greek painting and he died in Athens on 28 August 1928. Descendant of Georgios Roilos is Panagiotis Roilos, George Seferis, Professor of Modern Greek Studies, giorgio de Chirico, Memorie della mia vita, Milan 1962. Chrysanthos Chrestou, He Hellenike Zographike 1832–1922, Athens 1982
27.
Nikolaos Vokos
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Nikolaos Vokos was a Greek painter of the Munich School art movement. He was the son of Emmanouil Miaoulis and a grandson of Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis and he was initially enrolled in the Cadet School, but on discovering his passion for painting he left it to study at the Athens School of Fine Arts from 1874 until 1878. In 1885, after a competition, he won a scholarship to continue his studies in Munich under Nicholaos Gysis, Ludwig Löfftz and he remained in Munich for 16 years, running a painting school, until where he became ill and returned to Athens in 1902. He died on August 7,1902 at Palaio Faliro, Athens, as a painter, he used several motifs. He was especially accomplished in realistic still life and he participated in relatively few exhibitions, Munich 1898, Paris 1900, Athens at the Parnassos Club at 1901, etc. Among his more notable prize-winning paintings are the Fisherman, which won the Chicago Award, Epitrapezion which was bought, media related to Nikolaos Bokos at Wikimedia Commons
28.
Konstantinos Volanakis
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Konstantinos Volanakis was a Greek painter who became known as the father of Greek seascape painting. His parents had come from a village near Rethymno. Later, they moved again for reasons, and he completed his basic education on Syros in 1856. Afterward, urged on by his brothers, he went to Trieste, while there, he made sketches of ships and harbors in his account books. His instructors discouraged any sort of painting, because it was in decline. His break came in 1869, three years after the Battle of Lissa, when Emperor Franz Joseph held a competition to memorialize the event. Volanakis won the contest, receiving 1000 gold Florins and free travel cruises with the Austrian navy for three years and he took full advantage of this, producing numerous canvases and sketches. From then until 1903, he was a teacher at the Athens School of Fine Arts and he also operated his own private school. Another of his pupils was Sophia Laskaridou In 1889, he was awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of the Redeemer and he was, however, very poor in his later years, due to his very large family and declining interest in his art. He died from complications related to a major hernia and his funeral was on an important election day, so very few people attended. Most of his works are in private collections
29.
Theodoros Vryzakis
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Theodoros Vryzakis was a Greek painter, known mostly for his historical scenes. He was one of the founders of the Munich School, composed of Greek artists who had studied in that city and he grew up during the years of the Greek War of Independence. His father was, in fact, hanged by the Ottoman Army near the beginning of the war, in 1821. By 1832, he was in an orphanage, where his talent was discovered by Friedrich Thiersch. Thiersch took him to Munich, where he attended the Panhellenion, after completing his studies, he returned to Greece and enrolled at the Athens School of Fine Arts. In 1844, he returned to Munich on a scholarship and was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts and his teachers there included Carl Wilhelm von Heideck and Peter von Hess, both known for their support of Greek independence. After graduation, he spent ten years travelling throughout Europe, including a stay in Greece from 1848 to 1850. At the end of his travels, he exhibited some of his works relating to the Sieges of Messolonghi at the Exposition Universelle, most of these canvases were destroyed by a fire in 1929. From 1861 to 1863, he worked in Manchester, England, painting murals at the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, four years later, he took part in a major exhibition at the Galerie Del Vecchio in Leipzig. He painted little during the last decade of his life, due to an eye ailment and his death was due to heart disease. In his will, he left all of the works in his studio to the University of Athens and 760 Marks to repair the roof of the Salvatorkirche in Munich, many of his paintings were widely distributed in the form of lithographs. Arcadja Auctions, More works by Vryzakis Theodoros Vryzakis by the Painters of the Faculty of Munich @ Αρχείο Theodoros Vryzakis @ the Hellenic Foundation for Culture
30.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
31.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
