1.
Trent University
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The enabling legislation is the Trent University Act, 1962-63. The university was founded through the efforts of a citizens committee interested in creating a university to serve the City of Peterborough, the committee recruited Dean Thomas H. B. Symons of the University of Toronto to serve as chair of the planning committee. The current chancellor of Trent University is Don Tapscott, the first alumnus to hold that position, the Symons campus of Trent is approximately 5.6 km2, over half of which is a part of Trents Nature Areas, an ecologically diverse wild-life preserve. It is divided into a series of colleges, Champlain, Lady Eaton, Catharine Parr Traill, Otonabee, Peter Gzowski, Trent owns 50% of the power plant along with Peterborough Utilities Group owning the remaining 50%. The university is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport by the Trent Excalibur, Trent University came about as a result of a community discussion in 1957 about the possibility of opening a post-secondary institution in the Trent Valley. Trent University is a non-denominational, public institution founded in downtown Peterborough, Trent University was established as a provincial university under the Trent University Act of 1963. The governor general, Georges Vanier officially opened Trent University in 1964, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the 2 bodies and to perform institutional leadership. The university offered Canadas first Native Studies program in September,1969, although Trent University is predominantly undergraduate, graduate programs are offered at the masters and doctoral level. Monture House, near Rubidge Hall, at Trent University was named after Gilbert Monture and this college was named after the pioneer writer and biologist Catharine Parr Traill, who settled with her husband on the Otonabee in 1832 and lived there until her death in 1899. It serves as the base for the Departments of English, Cultural Studies, the college also includes the Alan Wilson reading room as well as the Frost Centre for Canadian Studies, where the M. A. and PhD. programs are housed. The university previously owned Bradburn and Langton House but both properties were sold to the Peterborough Housing Corporation in 2009, the property was sold to Hospice Peterborough in 2012 and will to be turned into a residential hospice. Located on Symons Campus along the Otonabee River, this college was opened in 1967 and it is named after the early 17th century explorer Samuel de Champlain, who explored the Otonabee area in 1615 and founded Quebec City in 1608 and whose sword is featured in the Trent crest. It originally served as a residence, along with Peter Robinson College. The college is home to the Political Studies department and the Trent University Alumni Association, the fourth college, established in 1968, it is named in honour of Flora McCrea Eaton, Lady Eaton. It contains the offices for the departments of History, Philosophy, Womens Studies and it originally served as the Female Dormitory and still today has an all-female section. Otonabee College was founded in 1972, the buildings of Otonabee range along a cedar ridge overlooking the river from which the College derives its name. To the east of the College are located the new buildings of the DNA Cluster, eight houses connected by an interior walkway called the Link, make up Otonabees residence
2.
Peterborough, Ontario
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Peterborough /ˈpiːtərbɔːroʊ/ PEE-tər-bur-oh is a city on the Otonabee River in Central Ontario, Canada,125 kilometres northeast of Toronto and about 270 kilometers southwest of Ottawa. According to the 2016 Census, the population of the City of Peterborough was 81,032 and it presently has the 33rd largest CMA in Canada. The current mayor of Peterborough is Daryl Bennett, Peterborough is known as the gateway to the Kawarthas, cottage country, a large recreational region of the province. It is named in honour of Peter Robinson, an early Canadian politician who oversaw the first major immigration to the area, the city is the seat of Peterborough County. Peterboroughs nickname in the distant past was The Electric City as it was the first town in Canada to use electric streetlights. Electricity was one of the reasons Quaker Oats moved to the city, first Nations groups probably entered into the area across Bering Sea, through Alaska, millennia ago. Woodland Natives inhabited the area circa 1000 BCE –1000 CE, followed by Iroquois, two of the more prominent sites surviving from this time are the petroglyphs at Petroglyphs Provincial Park and Serpent Mounds. The petroglyphs are located northeast of Peterborough and are believed to have been carved by the Algonquin people between 900 and 1400 CE. The Serpent Mounds are located near Keene, approximately 30 km southeast of Peterborough in Otonabee-South Monaghan township, in 1818, Adam Scott settled on the west shore of the Otonabee River. The following year he began construction of a sawmill and gristmill, the mill was located at the foot of present-day King Street and was powered by water from Jackson Creek. The site has an Ojibway name Nogojiwanong which means the place at the end of the rapids, the year 1825 marked the arrival of Irish immigrants from the city of Cork to Scotts Plains. In 1822, the British Parliament had approved an experimental emigration plan to transport poor Irish Catholic families to Upper Canada. Peter Robinson, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, Scotts Plains was renamed Peterborough in his honour. Robinson interviewed families and individual males to make the long voyage and these families had to meet specific criteria in order to be eligible for the voyage. The specifics required for Robinsons settlers were that they had to be Catholic, poor, males had to be less than forty-five years of age and in good health and families were unrelated. The majority of the Irish emigrants were chosen from Fermoy, North Cork, Robinson was urged by landlords to remove the pauper and undesirables. Most of them could read and write, thomas Poole, a nineteenth century writer, wrote that all 2024 passengers boarded nine ships in June 1825, with everything they owned, from Cork across the Atlantic Ocean to Quebec City. The journey took 30 days to cross the Atlantic and on board the ship they were provided with bunks, hard tack or ship biscuits were one of the many foods that were made to provide energy for the passengers
3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
4.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
5.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
6.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
7.
Nottingham
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Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England, located 128 miles north of London, in the East Midlands. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle and it was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination, in 2011, visitors spent over £1.5 billion - the thirteenth highest amount in Englands 111 statistical territories. In 2015, Nottingham had an population of 321,550 with the wider urban area. Its urban area is the largest in the east Midlands and the second largest in the Midlands, the population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000. Its metropolitan economy is the seventh largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $50. 9bn, the city is also ranked as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. It is also a sporting centre, and in October 2015 was named Home of English Sport. The city also has rugby, ice hockey and cricket teams, and the Aegon Nottingham Open. This accolade came just over a year after Nottingham was named as the UKs first City of Football, on 11 December 2015, Nottingham was named a Unesco City of Literature, joining Norwich, Melbourne, Prague and Barcelona as one of only a handful in the world. The title reflects Nottinghams literary heritage, with Lord Byron, DH Lawrence and it has two universities, the University of Nottingham and Nottingham Trent University, which are attended by over 70,610 students. In modern Welsh it is known poetically as Y Ty Ogofog, when it fell under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot it became known as Snotingaham, the homestead of Snots people. Some authors derive Nottingham from Snottenga, caves, and ham, Nottingham Castle was constructed in 1068 on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen. Following the Norman Conquest the Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall, a settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later, defences, consisted initially of a ditch and bank in the early 12th century. The ditch was later widened, in the mid 13th century, a short length of the wall survives, and is visible at the northern end of Maid Marian Way, and is protected as a Scheduled Monument. On the return of Richard the Lionheart from the Crusades, the Castle was occupied by supporters of Prince John and it was besieged by Richard and, after a sharp conflict, was captured. In the legends of Robin Hood, Nottingham Castle is the scene of the showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw. By the 15th century Nottingham had established itself as a centre of an export trade in religious sculpture made from Nottingham Alabaster
8.
University Alliance
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University Alliance is an association of British universities which was formed in 2006 as the Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, adopting its current name in 2007. Alliance institutions educate more than a quarter of students in the UK, including 27% of those on STEM courses and they deliver 40% of the UK’s sandwich degrees and maintain links with 19,000 businesses, including 13,000 SMEs. It is the only UK university association or grouping which is above benchmark on both access and retention of students, a large proportion of courses offered by Alliance universities are accredited by professional bodies. In 2015, University Alliance launched the Doctoral Training Alliance, the UKs largest multi-partner doctoral training programme building on its members research strengths, the initial programme in applied biosciences for health was followed in 2016 with a second programme, focused on energy. University Alliance has put forward proposals on lifelong learning, calling on the government to take steps to ensure people can benefit from opportunities at all stages of life. Its policy work has focused on the role of universities in supporting the UK’s industrial strategy and nurturing arts, culture. The association is headed by the Chair, Deputy Chair and the Treasurer who are elected, operational running on a daily business is overseen by the Chief Executive
9.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
10.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
11.
Clifton, Nottingham
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Clifton is a former village and historic manor, now situated within the suburbs of the city of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. Clifton has 2 wards in the City of Nottingham with a population taken at the 2011 Census of 26,835. The Manor of Clifton was for centuries the seat of the de Clifton family, branches of which were in the 17th century created Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold. It is now the site of a council estate, the location also encompasses Clifton Grove and Clifton Village, a picturesque residential area set alongside the River Trent. The village is notable for many old buildings including Clifton Hall, former seat of the Clifton family, the manor of Clifton was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having a church and a mill. The value of the manor had decreased since the Norman Conquest of 1066 from £16 to £9, for 700 years the Clifton family of Clifton owned the manor, of which their manor house was Clifton Hall. The papers of the Clifton family and their lands are held at Manuscripts and Special Collections, the council estate has a number of shop-clusters and relatively good transport links with the city and surrounding areas. The village is on the A453 road which is the connection between Nottingham and the M1 motorway south. The section of the A453 from Kegworth to the next to the Crusader pub is due to be upgraded to dual carriageway by 2016. The Clifton Council Estate is a conurbation, which was first considered for residential construction in 1952 by Act of Parliament. The majority of the houses are made of no fines concrete and this leaves air filled voids which add thermal insulation. Since the 1980s most of the houses have passed from council to private ownership, Clifton has benefited in recent years from redevelopment and regeneration work initiated by the city council. The most recent is a community for the elderly opposite the junction of Gotham Road. There are currently plans for an extension of Clifton to the south, to be known as Fairham Pastures Local government matters are administered by Nottingham City Council, a unitary authority. Clifton is split into two wards, Clifton South includes Clifton Village, Barton Green, Nobel Road Estate and Clifton Estate south of Glapton Lane and south from Lanthwaite Road and it is represented by Cllrs Christopher Gibson, Corall Jenkins and Steve Young. Clifton North includes the rest of Clifton, plus the Wilford area and it is represented by Cllr Andrew Rule and Pat Ferguson and Josh Cook. Parliamentary, Clifton falls within the Nottingham South constituency, with Lilian Greenwood the current Member of Parliament, primary schools include Milford, Glapton, Whitegate, Highbank, Dovecote and Blessed Robert Widmerpool. The Farnborough Academy on Farnborough Road is the secondary school for the area
12.
Nottingham Business School
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The Nottingham Business School is a full-service business school located in Nottingham, England. The Nottingham Business School is located in the Newton Building, the school offers qualifications ranging from undergraduate bachelors degrees through to postgraduate masters, MBA’s and doctorate degrees. There are five divisions, Accounting and Finance Economics Human Resource Management Management Marketing A variety of coursesin business, management. Nottingham Business School has the social media accounts, Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Google+ Instagram
13.
David Attenborough
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Sir David Frederick Attenborough OM CH CVO CBE FRS FRSB FLS FZS FSA is an English veteran broadcaster and naturalist. He is also a senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two. He is the person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white, colour, HD. Attenborough is widely considered a treasure in Britain, although he himself does not like the term. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC and he is the younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough, and older brother of motor executive John Attenborough. Attenborough was born in Isleworth, West London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the University College, Leicester and he is the middle of three sons, and the only surviving child among them. During World War II, through a British charitable programme known as Kindertransport, Attenborough spent his childhood collecting fossils, stones and other natural specimens. He received encouragement in this pursuit at age seven, when a young Jacquetta Hawkes admired his museum, the source, which wasnt revealed at the time, was a pond less than 5 metres from the department. A few years later, one of his sisters gave him a piece of amber filled with prehistoric creatures, some 50 years later. In 1936 David and his brother Richard attended a lecture by Grey Owl at De Montfort Hall, Leicester, and were influenced by his advocacy of conservation. The idea that mankind was endangering nature by recklessly despoiling and plundering its riches was unheard of at the time, in 1999, Richard directed a biopic of Belaney entitled Grey Owl. In 1947 he was called up for service in the Royal Navy. In 1950 Attenborough married Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel, she died in 1997, the couple had two children, Robert and Susan. Robert is a lecturer in bioanthropology for the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra. Susan is a primary school headmistress. After leaving the Navy, Attenborough took a position editing childrens science textbooks for a publishing company and he soon became disillusioned with the work and in 1950 applied for a job as a radio talk producer with the BBC. Although he was rejected for this job, his CV later attracted the interest of Mary Adams, Attenborough, like most Britons at that time, did not own a television, and he had seen only one programme in his life. However, he accepted Adams offer of a training course
14.
Lee Westwood
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Lee John Westwood OBE is an English professional golfer. Westwood was named player of the year for the 1998,2000 and 2009 seasons and he has won the 2000 European Tour Order of Merit, and the renamed 2009 Race to Dubai. Westwood has frequently mentioned as one of the best golfers without a major championship victory. He has represented Europe for the last ten Ryder Cups, in October 2010, Westwood became the World number one golfer, ending the reign of Tiger Woods, and becoming the first British golfer since Nick Faldo in 1994 to hold that position. He held the one position for a total of 22 weeks. Born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, Westwood began to golf aged 13 with a half set bought by grandparents. His father John, a teacher, took up the game at the same time to encourage his son. A talented sportsman at school, Lee played rugby, cricket, Westwood had a later start at the game than many future tournament professionals, but less than two years later he was the junior champion of Nottinghamshire. In 1990 he won his first amateur tournament, the Peter McEvoy Trophy, in 1993 he won the British Youth Championship and turned professional. In 1996, Westwood won his first professional tournament, the Volvo Scandinavian Masters and his success continued in 1997, defending his Japanese title and winning the Malaysian Open, the Volvo Masters in Spain, and the Holden Australian Open, beating Greg Norman in a playoff. He also partnered with Nick Faldo in the Ryder Cup that year, Westwood has won 23 events on the European Tour and has also won tournaments in North America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Westwood returned to the circle in 2007 by winning both the Valle Romano Open de Andalucía and the Quinn Direct British Masters to bring his total European Tour wins to 18. As a result, he moved back into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking, Westwood finished the 2007 season with five top 10 finishes in the last five events. He carried this form into the 2008 season, starting with two tied second places and a fifth, moving back into the top 20 in the world rankings. At the Masters, Westwood finished tied for 11th and he missed out on becoming the first European in 38 years to win the U. S. Open. In 2009, Westwood had two further 3rd-place finishes at major championships, in the Open and the PGA Championship, in October 2009, Westwood ended his two-year wait for a tournament win by winning the Portugal Masters. This was followed the next month with a win at the Dubai World Championship, Westwood has played in the Gary Player Invitational charity event several times to assist Player raise money for children in need around the world. Westwood earned a career-best second place at the 2010 Masters Tournament, Westwood came through with his 2nd tour victory at the St. Jude Classic the week before the U. S. Open
15.
Nottingham City Transport
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Nottingham City Transport is the major bus operator of the city of Nottingham, England. Horse-drawn buses operated in Nottingham from 1848, the Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited opened its first routes in 1878 with horse-drawn trams, and experimented with steam traction a few years later. The company was taken over by Nottingham Corporation Tramways in 1898, electrification followed, with the first electric trams operating in January 1901 and within two years over 100 trams were in service on eight lines. The first motorbuses were introduced in 1906, the Nottingham trolleybus system was inaugurated in 1927. By 1930 a number of routes had been converted from trams to trolleybuses, a new bus depot was opened on Parliament Street in June 1929 and is still in use today. By 1935 the trolleybus fleet had reached its peak at 106 vehicles, the last tram ran in September 1936. World War II brought reduced services, economy measures and blackout screens on vehicles, before the war some diesel-engined buses were introduced, although large scale deliveries of buses did not take place until after the war. The advent of diesel services enabled the last petrol-engined buses to be withdrawn, by the end of the 1950s, trolleybuses were in decline, the last new trolleybus joining the fleet in 1952 reaching a maximum fleet of 155 vehicles. The first one-man operated bus appeared in 1951, trolleybuses were withdrawn between April 1965 and July 1966, and the West Bridgford UDC Transport undertaking came under Nottinghams control in 1968. One-man operation started to come into force in January 1970 and by 1977 nearly all services were one-man operated, in 1974 it was renamed City of Nottingham Transport and by 1976 an all-time peak of 494 operated vehicles was reached. To comply with the Transport Act 1985, in 1986 the assets were transferred to a new legal entity, in 1988 Stevensons Bus Services, Ilkeston was purchased and formed a subsidiary company. These services were integrated with the company in 1990. In 1991 South Notts Bus Company was purchased for £1, giving NCT a route from Nottingham to Loughborough, in 1997 Pathfinder Limited was purchased, giving NCT a presence in the north of the county. Despite many offers to buy, Nottingham City Council retained 100% ownership in NCT until May 2001, the last day of operations of Arrow Light Rail was 16 December 2011. Another change early in the 2000s was the introduction of Go2 and this was a concept whereby every bus route was assigned a colour, and all the routes exiting the city via the same route had the same colour. This led to the coloured lines system which is still in use, Go2 buses had a colour coded front with white rear, and Network buses had a colour coded area round the front windows and a stripe to the back, on a two-tone dark green base. Buses with no colour coding were plain green or white, the Network brand started to fade away in 2015 as these buses also began having silver centres, and the Network name dropped when a bus was repainted. In 2007, Nottingham City Transport became the first company in the UK to introduce Ethanol powered Eco buses, named Ecolink 30, the service uses a combination of standard diesel powered Scania OmniCity buses and 3 specially converted ethanol Scania OmniLink buses on its Pink Line 30 route
16.
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
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The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons is the regulatory body for veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom, established in 1844 by Royal Charter. It is responsible for monitoring the educational, ethical and clinical standards of the veterinary profession, anyone wishing to practice as a vet in the United Kingdom must be registered with the RCVS. To act as a source of informed opinion on animal health and welfare issues. Anyone who wishes to practice as a vet in the United Kingdom must first register with the RCVS, eligibility for registration is based either on having a recognised qualification or by passing the RCVS statutory membership examination. After registration, the vet is entitled to use the letters MRCVS or FRCVS after their name. I promise above all that I will pursue the work of my profession with uprightness of conduct, the statutory duties of the RCVS are laid out in the 1966 Veterinary Surgeons Act. The RCVS Practice Standards Scheme is an initiative to accredit veterinary practices in the UK. Through setting standards and carrying out inspections, the Scheme aims to promote. In order to carry out its statutory duties a Council of 42 Members governs the RCVS and meets three times a year
17.
Nottingham Royal Concert Hall
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Nottingham Royal Concert Hall is a concert hall in the English city of Nottingham. It is owned by Nottingham City Council and is part of a complex also includes the citys Theatre Royal. The Royal Concert Halls striking modern architecture has proved to be a city landmark at the heart of Nottingham City Centre, the concert hall is served by the adjacent Royal Centre tram stop on the Nottingham Express Transit. The site of the Royal Concert Hall was previously the old Empire Palace of Varieties designed, the Empire closed for the last time in 1958 and was demolished for road-widening in 1969. Designed by the Renton Howard Wood Levin Partnership, the hall cost £12 million to complete, the projects client was Nottingham City Council, who were ambitious to win acclaim for their hall as a first-rate local, national and international venue for concerts and conferences. The first artist to perform there was Elton John in November 1982, the architects have attempted to keep before them a clear set of sculptural intentions. The acoustical design of the auditorium was created by reference to the standards of world-famous concert halls, an acoustical canopy can be raised and lowered and tilted backwards to suit the changing musical needs of each performance. At its lowest settings, the canopy suits intimate chamber music, the shimmering glass walls of the facade by day mirror the varied architecture nearby, acting as architectural sunglasses. Whereas by night the effect of a display-case is created, those outside can see the audience inside dressed, the hall is also equipped for staging conferences and large meetings. There is still support for the idea and it is hoped by many that it may yet become a reality. List of concert halls Official website Exterior photograph Interior photograph See the Royal Concert Hall on Google Street View
18.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
19.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. As of 2016, Toyota is the worlds second-largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
20.
Boot
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A boot is a type of footwear and a specific type of shoe. Most boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle, while some also cover some part of the lower calf, some boots extend up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip. Most boots have a heel that is distinguishable from the rest of the sole. Traditionally made of leather or rubber, modern boots are made from a variety of materials, in some cases, the wearing of boots may be required by laws or regulations, such as the regulations in some jurisdictions requiring workers on construction sites to wear steel-toed safety boots. Some uniforms include boots as the regulated footwear, Boots are recommended as well for motorcycle riders. High-top athletic shoes are not considered boots, even though they do cover the ankle. In Britain, the term may be used to refer to football cleats, early boots consisted of separate leggings, soles, and uppers worn together to provide greater ankle protection than shoes or sandals. Around 1000 BC, these components were more permanently joined to form a unit that covered the feet and lower leg. A type of soft leather boots were worn by nomads in eastern Asia. The Inuit and Aleut natives of Alaska developed traditional winter boots of skin or sealskin featuring decorative touches of seal intestine, dog hair. 17th century European boots were influenced by military styles, featuring thick soles, waterproof gumboots are made in different lengths of uppers. In extreme cases, thigh-boots called waders, worn by anglers, such boots may also be insulated for warmth. With the exception of gum boots, boots sold in retail stores may be considered water resistant, as they are not usually fully waterproof. Most work boots are made from leather. Formerly they were usually shod with hobnails and heel- and toe-plates, but now can usually be seen with a rubber sole. Boots are normally worn with socks to prevent chafes and blisters, to sweat, to improve the foots grip inside the boot. Before socks became widely available, footwraps were worn instead, specialty boots have been designed for many different types of sports, particularly riding, skiing, snowboarding, ice-skating, and sporting in wet/damp conditions. Bovver boots, Doc Martens boots and army boots were adopted by skinheads and punks as part of their dress and have migrated to more mainstream fashion
21.
Experian
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The company now employs 17,000 people. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, Experian is a partner in the UK governments Verify ID system and USPD Address Validation. GUSs database was commercialised in 1980 under the name Commercial Credit Nottingham, in 1996 GUS plc acquired the US credit reporting business Experian, formerly known as TRW Information Services, from Bain Capital and the Thomas H. Lee Partners and merged it into CCN. During the next ten years, Experian broadened its range to new industry sectors, beyond financial services. The business expanded through both development and acquisitions. In October 2006 Experian was demerged from the British company GUS plc, in August 2005, Experian accepted a settlement with the Federal Trade Commission over charges that Experian had violated a previous settlement with the FTC. The FTCs allegations concerned customers who signed up for the credit report at Experians Consumerinfo. com site. The FTC alleged that ads for the credit report did not adequately disclose that Experian would automatically enroll customers in Experians $79.95 credit-monitoring program. In January 2008, Experian announced that it would cut more than 200 jobs at its Nottingham office as it moved development work to India to reduce costs, Experian shut down its Canadian operations on 14 April 2009. In March 2017, Experian agreed to pay a $3 million fine related to giving credit scores to consumers that were not their true credit score, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau was the United States federal agency who imposed the fine. The acquisition in 2002 of ConsumerInfo. com enabled Experian to start supplying credit reports to consumers, in 2004 Experian acquired CheetahMail, a business founded in 1998 that provided e-mail marketing software and services. In the same year Experian also acquired QAS, a supplier of data management. In 2005, Experian acquired PriceGrabber for $485 million, also in 2005, Experian acquired FootFall, an information provider to the retail and retail property industries, Experian FootFall. Still in 2005, Experian acquired LowerMyBills. com for US$330 million, in September 2006, Experian announced its purchase of Northern Credit Bureaus, located in Quebec, Canada. In June 2007, Experian acquired an initial 65% stake in Serasa, the purchase price for the initial stake was $1. 2bn. This was the first acquisition for Experian in Latin America, in mid-2007, Experian acquired a number of software companies with products that filled gaps in their existing portfolio. The intention was to be able to offer Experians customers an Experian-branded product for all phases of the customer lifecycle and these included, Emailing Solution, a French e-mail marketing company. The intention was to grow the existing CheetahMail business with the acquisition of this new client portfolio, hitwise, an internet monitor that collects data directly from information service provider networks
22.
Rolls-Royce Motors
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Rolls-Royce Motors was a British car manufacturer, created in 1973 during the de-merger of the Rolls-Royce automotive business from the nationalised Rolls-Royce Limited. Vickers acquired the company in 1980 and sold it to Volkswagen in 1998, the original Rolls-Royce Limited had been nationalised in 1971 due to the financial collapse of the company, caused in part by the development of the RB211 jet engine. In 1973, the British government sold the Rolls-Royce car business to allow nationalised parent Rolls-Royce Limited to concentrate on jet engine manufacture, in 1980, Rolls-Royce Motors was acquired by Vickers. In 1998, Vickers plc decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors, the leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied internal combustion engines and other components for Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars. Their final offer of £340m was outbid by Volkswagen Group, who offered £430m, as part of the deal, Volkswagen Group acquired the historic Crewe factory, plus the rights to the Spirit of Ecstasy mascot and the shape of the radiator grille. However, the Rolls-Royce brand name and logo were controlled by aero-engine maker Rolls-Royce plc, the aero-engine maker decided to license the Rolls-Royce name and logo to BMW and not to Volkswagen, largely because the aero-engine maker had recently shared joint business ventures with BMW. BMW paid £40m to license the Rolls-Royce name and RR logo, Volkswagen Group had the rights to the mascot and grille but lacked rights to the Rolls-Royce name in order to build the cars, likewise BMW had the name but lacked rights to the grille and mascot. Volkswagen claimed that it only really wanted Bentley anyway as it was the higher volume brand, after negotiations, BMW and Volkswagen Group arrived at a solution. From 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines for the cars and would allow Volkswagen use of the Rolls-Royce name, on 1 January 2003, only BMW would be able to name cars Rolls-Royce, and Volkswagen Groups former Rolls-Royce/Bentley division would build only cars called Bentley. Despite losing control of the Rolls-Royce marque to BMW, however, 1965–80 Silver Shadow—the first Rolls-Royce with a monocoque chassis, started with a 6.23 L V8 engine, later expanded to 6. The Bentley Continental coupés did not have Rolls-Royce equivalents, very expensive Rolls-Royce Phantom limousines were also produced. 1998–2002 Silver Seraph—This shared its design with the Bentley Arnage, which sold in greater numbers. 2000–02 Corniche V—This two-door convertible shared its design with the Bentley Azure and was the most expensive Rolls-Royce until the introduction of the 2003 Phantom
23.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
24.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
25.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
26.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
27.
The Fairtrade Foundation
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The organisation is an independent non-profit organisation that licenses use of the Fairtrade Mark on products in the UK in accordance with internationally agreed Fairtrade standards. Its four key areas of activity include, Providing independent certification of the chain for products. Growing demand for Fairtrade products and supporting producers to sell to traders and retailers, working with partners to support producer organisations and their networks. Raising awareness of the need for trade in the public. The marketing system for Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade coffee is identical in the consuming countries, some independent brands operate a virtual company, paying importers, packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand, for cost reasons. In the producing country Fairtrade is marketed only by Fairtrade cooperatives, while coffee is marketed by Fairtrade cooperatives, by other cooperatives. This mode of operation has led to criticism of the foundation, there is evidence that dishonest importers do not pay the full Fairtrade price, so an even smaller proportion reaches the Third World. Cooperative traders and exporters can sell coffee as Fairtrade certified if they meet the standards of FLO. Other administration costs and production costs are incurred to meet these standards, the exporter is paid a minimum price for Fairtrade certified coffee when the world market is oversupplied, and a Fairtrade premium of 15c per lb at other times. The cooperatives can, on average, sell only a third of their output as Fairtrade, because of lack of demand, as the additional costs are incurred on all production, not just that sold as Fairtrade, cooperatives sometimes lose money on their Fairtrade membership. After the additional costs have been subtracted from the Fairtrade price, critics therefore argue that farmers do not get any of the higher price under Fairtrade. Farmers do, however, incur extra costs in producing Fairtrade, there is little or no research on the extra costs incurred, or the effect of Fairtrade membership on the income of farmers. To become certified Fairtrade producers, the cooperative and its member farmers must operate to certain Fairtrade standards. FLO-CERT, the side, handles producer certification, inspecting and certifying producer organisations in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia. In the Fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce these standards, with Fairtrade cooperatives. The Foundation was established in 1992 by CAFOD, Christian Aid, New Consumer, Oxfam, Traidcraft, the Foundation also coordinates the Fairtrade Town campaign, which designates areas and towns committed to the promotion of Fairtrade certified goods. The Fairtrade Foundation commissions professional photographers to take images of farmers and workers that belong to Fairtrade certified producer groups, some of the photographers the Foundation and FLO has worked with are Simon Rawles, Peter Caton, Eduardo Martino, Richard Human, Didier Gentilhomme and Anette Kay. Since The Co-operative Food became the first supermarket to sell a Fairtrade product in 1992, in 2013, there were over 4000 Fairtrade products available in the UK with estimated sales of over £1. 7bn
28.
Peregrine falcon
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The peregrine falcon, also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a back, barred white underparts. As is typical of bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, the peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 320 km/h during its characteristic hunting stoop, making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic TV programme, the highest measured speed of a falcon is 389 km/h. The peregrines breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics and this makes it the worlds most widespread raptor and one of the most widely found bird species. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean wandering falcon, the two species divergence is relatively recent, during the time of the last ice age, therefore the genetic differential between them is relatively small. It has been determined that they are only approximately 0. 6–0. 8% genetically differentiated, while its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the peregrine will occasionally hunt small mammals, small reptiles, or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, the peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s, populations have recovered, supported by large-scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild. The peregrine falcon is a well respected falconry bird due to its hunting ability, high trainability, versatility. It is effective on most game species from small to large. The peregrine falcon has a length of 34 to 58 cm. Males weigh 330 to 1,000 g and the larger females weigh 700 to 1,500 g. In most subspecies, males less than 700 g and females weigh more than 800 g. The standard linear measurements of peregrines are, the wing chord measures 26.5 to 39 cm, the tail measures 13 to 19 cm and the tarsus measures 4.5 to 5.6 cm. The back and the long pointed wings of the adult are usually black to slate grey with indistinct darker barring. The white to rusty underparts are barred with thin bands of dark brown or black. The tail, coloured like the back but with thin clean bars, is long, narrow, and rounded at the end with a black tip and a white band at the very end
29.
Common blackbird
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The common blackbird is a species of true thrush. It is also called Eurasian blackbird, or simply blackbird where this does not lead to confusion with a local species. It has a number of subspecies across its range, a few of the Asian subspecies are sometimes considered to be full species. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory and this species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, mud-lined, cup-shaped nest. It is omnivorous, eating a range of insects, earthworms, berries. Both sexes are territorial on the grounds, with distinctive threat displays. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently temperate and this common and conspicuous species has given rise to a number of literary and cultural references, frequently related to its song. The common blackbird was described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Turdus merula. The binomial name derives from two Latin words, turdus, thrush, and merula, blackbird, the latter giving rise to its French name, merle, and its Scots name, merl. About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus Turdus, characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. However, in Old English, and in modern English up to about the 18th century, bird was used only for smaller or young birds, at that time, the blackbird was therefore the only widespread and conspicuous black bird in the British Isles. Until about the 17th century, another name for the species was ouzel, ousel or wosel, another variant occurs in Act 3 of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, where Bottom refers to The Woosell cocke, so blacke of hew, With Orenge-tawny bill. Two related Asian Turdus thrushes, the blackbird and the grey-winged blackbird, are also named blackbirds. As would be expected for a passerine bird species, several geographical subspecies are recognised. The treatment of subspecies in this article follows Clement et al, a small population breeds in the Nile Valley. Birds from the north of the winter throughout Europe and around the Mediterranean including Cyprus. The introduced birds in Australia and New Zealand are of the nominate race, T. m. azorensis is a small race which breeds in the Azores. The male is darker and glossier than merula, T. m. cabrerae, named for Ángel Cabrera, Spanish zoologist, resembles azorensis and breeds in Madeira and the western Canary Islands
30.
Song thrush
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The song thrush is a thrush that breeds across much of Eurasia. It has brown upperparts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts and has three recognised subspecies and its distinctive song, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, the song thrush builds a neat mud-lined cup nest in a bush or tree and lays four to five dark-spotted blue eggs. It is omnivorous and has the habit of using a stone as an anvil on which to break open the shells of snails. Like other perching birds, it is affected by external and internal parasites and is vulnerable to predation by cats, the song thrush was described by German ornithologist Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1831, and still bears its original scientific name, Turdus philomelos. The generic name, Turdus, is the Latin for thrush, and the epithet refers to a character in Greek mythology, Philomela, who had her tongue cut out. Her name is derived from the Ancient Greek Φιλο philo-, the dialect names throstle and mavis both mean thrush, being related to the German drossel and French mauvis respectively. Throstle dates back to at least the fourteenth century and was used by Chaucer in the Parliament of Fowls, mavis is derived via Middle English mavys and Old French mauvis from Middle Breton milhuyt meaning thrush. Mavis can also mean purple in Greek, the song thrush has three subspecies, with the nominate subspecies, T. p. philomelos, covering the majority of the species range. T. p. hebridensis, described by British ornithologist William Eagle Clarke in 1913, is a sedentary form found in the Outer Hebrides. It is the darkest subspecies, with a brown back, greyish rump, pale buff background colour to the underparts. It has brown upperparts which are warmer in tone than those of the nominate form and it is a partial migrant with some birds wintering in southern France and Iberia. This form intergrades with the subspecies in central Europe, and with T. p. hebridensis in the Inner Hebrides and western Scotland. Additional subspecies, such as T. p. nataliae of Siberia, the song thrush is 20 to 23.5 centimetres in length and weighs 50–107 grammes. The sexes are similar, with brown backs and neatly black-spotted cream or yellow-buff underparts. The underwing is warm yellow, the bill is yellowish and the legs, the upperparts of this species become colder in tone from west to east across the breeding range from Sweden to Siberia. The juvenile resembles the adult, but has buff or orange streaks on the back, the most similar European thrush species is the redwing, but that bird has a strong white supercilium, red flanks, and shows a red underwing in flight. The mistle thrush is much larger and has white tail corners, the song thrush has a short, sharp tsip call, replaced on migration by a thin high seep, similar to the redwings call but shorter
31.
Wren
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The wrens are mostly small, brownish passerine birds in the mainly New World family Troglodytidae. About 80 species of true wrens in roughly 20 genera are described, only the Eurasian wren occurs in the Old World, where in Anglophone regions, it is commonly known simply as the wren, as it is the originator of the name. The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds, particularly the New Zealand wrens, most wrens are small and rather inconspicuous, except for their loud and often complex songs. Notable exceptions are the large members of the genus Campylorhynchus. Wrens have short wings that are barred in most species, as far as known, wrens are primarily insectivorous, eating insects, spiders, and other small arthropods, but many species also eat vegetable matter and some take small frogs and lizards. The English name wren derives from Middle English wrenne, Old English wrænna, attested very early and it is cognate to Old High German wrendo, wrendilo, and Icelandic rindill. The Icelandic name is attested in Old Icelandic rindilþvari and this points to a Common Germanic name *wrandjan-, but the further etymology of the name is unknown. The wren is also known as kuningilin kinglet in Old High German, the bird that could fly to the highest altitude would be made king. The eagle outflew all other birds, but he was beaten by a bird that had hidden in his plumage. In modern German, the name is Zaunkönig, king of the fence, in Dutch, the name is winterkoninkje. The family name Troglodytidae is derived from troglodyte, which means cave-dweller, the name wren is also ascribed to other families of passerine birds throughout the world. In Europe, species of Regulus are commonly known as wrens, wrens are medium-small to very small birds. The Eurasian wren is among the smallest birds in its range and they range in size from the white-bellied wren, which averages under 10 cm and 9 g, to the giant wren, which averages about 22 cm and weighs almost 50 g. The dominating colors of their plumage are generally drab, composed of gray, brown, black, and white, no sexual dimorphism is seen in the plumage of wrens, and little difference exists between young birds and adults. All have fairly long, straight to marginally decurved bills, wrens have loud and often complex songs, sometimes given in duet by a pair. Wrens are principally a New World family, distributed from Alaska and Canada to southern Argentina, as suggested by its name, the Eurasian wren is the only species of wren found outside the Americas, as restricted to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. The various species occur in a range of habitats, ranging from dry. Most species are found at low levels, but members of the genus Campylorhynchus are frequently found higher
32.
European robin
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About 12. 5–14.0 cm in length, the male and female are similar in colouration, with an orange breast and face lined with grey, brown upperparts and a whitish belly. It is found across Europe, east to Western Siberia and south to North Africa, the term robin is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American robin, which is a thrush, and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae, the European robin was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Motacilla rubecula. Its specific epithet rubecula is a derived from the Latin ruber red. The genus Erithacus was introduced by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800, the genus name Erithacus is from Ancient Greek and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin. The genus previously included the Japanese robin and the Ryukyu robin and these east Asian species were shown in molecular phylogenetic studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin. In a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus Larvivora leaving the European robin as the member of Erithacus. The phylogenetic analysis placed Erithacus in the subfamily Erithacinae, which contained only African species. The distinctive orange breast of both sexes contributed to the European robins original name of redbreast, in the fifteenth century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as robin redbreast, which was eventually shortened to robin. As a given name, Robin was originally a diminutive of Robert, other older English names for the bird include ruddock and robinet. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the English robin, dutch roodborstje and French rouge-gorge both refer to the distinctively coloured front. The robin belongs to a group of insectivorous birds that have been variously assigned to the thrushes or flycatchers. In its large continental Eurasian range, robins vary somewhat, Robin subspecies are mainly distinguished by forming resident populations on islands and in mountainous areas. The robin found in Ireland, Britain and much of western Europe, Erithacus rubecula melophilus, E. r. witherbyi from Northwestern Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia closely resembles melophilus but for a shorter wing length. The northeasternmost birds, large and fairly washed-out in colour are E. r. tataricus. On Madeira and the Azores, the population has been described as E. r. microrhynchos. The most distinct birds are those of Gran Canaria and Tenerife and it is readily distinguished by a white eye-ring, an intensely coloured breast, and a grey line that separates the orange-red from the brown colouration. Cytochrome b sequence data and vocalisations indicate that the Gran Canaria/Tenerife robins are indeed very distinct, in addition, Gran Canaria and Tenerife birds are well distinct genetically between each other
33.
Black redstart
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The black redstart is a small passerine bird in the redstart genus Phoenicurus. Like its relatives, it was classed as a member of the thrush family. This species belongs to a Eurasian clade which includes the Daurian redstart, Hodgsons redstart, the white-winged redstart. The present species ancestors diverged from about 3 mya onwards and spread throughout much of Eurasia from 1.5 mya onward and it is not very closely related to the common redstart. There are a number of subspecies which differ mainly in underpart colours of the adult males and they can be separated into three major groups, according to morphology, biogeography, and mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data. Basal central and eastern Asian forms which diverged from the stock as the species slowly spread west. Small, adult males have lower breast, belly and flanks deep rufous, pale wing-patch absent, overall quite similar to a much darker common redstart with black chest. Females and juveniles are similar to common redstart but have an overall sandier, paler colour, turkmenistan eastwards through Pamir and Alay Mountains to Himalaya. Usually large, adult males like P. o. phoenicuroides, females with rufous tinge to underside. Exact limits with P. o. phoenicuroides unresolved, China east of and between ranges of preceding two. Large, colour pattern like P. o. phoenicuroides but paler, included in P. o. rufiventris by many authorities. Western Asian forms, whose lineage separated from the group c. Small, somewhat intermediate between P. o. phoenicuroides and P. o. gibraltariensis, generally like latter, but rufous underside, pale wing patch weakly developed. Small, adult males somewhat similar to rufiventris except in size, european population, which formed as a distinct subspecies probably during the last ice age. Western Europe east to the Crimea and western Turkey, neck, upper back and shoulders dark slate grey to black in adult males, lighter than face and neck, pale wing patch strongly developed. Neck, upper back and shoulders black in adult males, wide intergradation with P. o. gibraltariensis and treated as a synonym of it by many authorities. Both parts of the name are from Ancient Greek and refer to the colour of the tail. The genus name Phoenicurus is from phoinix, red, and -ouros -tailed, the black redstart is 13–14.5 cm in length and 12–20 g in weight, similar to the common redstart
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