1.
Trans-Canada Highway
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The Trans-Canada Highway is a transcontinental federal-provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada from the Pacific Ocean on the west to the Atlantic on the east. The main route spans 8,030 kilometres across the country, the system was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949, with construction commencing in 1950. The highway officially opened in 1962, and was completed in 1971, upon its original completion, the Trans-Canada Highway was the most lengthy uninterrupted highway in the world. The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers, throughout much of Canada, there are at least two routes designated as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. For example, in the provinces, both the main Trans-Canada route and the Yellowhead Highway are part of the Trans-Canada system. As of 2012, this made it the longest electric vehicle ready highway in the world, the Trans-Canada is otherwise designated as east-west from Nanaimo to St. Johns, although there are significant north-south sections north of Hope, Sault Ste. From Departure Bay, a 57 km ferry route connects the highway to Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver, at this point, the Trans-Canada Highway becomes a high mobility freeway and passes through the Vancouver metropolitan area, crossing the Fraser River with the Port Mann Bridge. The section around the Bridge has started being electronically tolled as of 8 December 2012, from Horseshoe Bay, the TCH then heads 170 km east through the Fraser Valley to Hope. Then it continues 496 km east through Salmon Arm, Revelstoke, Rogers Pass, Golden, the northwest and northeast segments of Stoney Trail were completed in 2009, serving as an east-west bypass of Calgary. East of Calgary,293 km the highway reaches Medicine Hat. It continues 79 km east to the city of Regina that is bypassed by a freeway segment. Beyond Regina it continues east into Manitoba to the cities of Brandon and Portage la Prairie, throughout the prairie provinces, the speed limit varies from 90 km/h to 110 km/h. The speed limit is restricted to 90 km/h through national parks in Canada, east of Banff, most of Highway 1 through Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba is 110 km/h, but is 100 km/h east of Winnipeg. Speed limits on the British Columbia mainland segment of the Trans-Canada range from 80 km/h to 110 km/h, east of Winnipeg, the highway continues for over 200 kilometres to Kenora, Ontario. At the provincial border, the designation of the highway changes from 1 to 17. In Kenora, the Trans-Canada designation includes both the route through the citys urban core and the 33.6 km Highway 17A bypass route. The existing branch from Kenora continues east for 136 km to Dryden, a second branch extends 157 km southward along Highway 71 from Kenora to Chapple, then 320 km eastward along Highway 11 to Shabaqua Corners, where it reunites with Highway 17. Highway 11/Highway 17 proceeds southeast for 65 km to Thunder Bay, an 83-kilometre segment of the Trans-Canada Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon is commemorated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway
2.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
3.
Canso Causeway
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The Canso Causeway is a 1,385 m rock-fill causeway in Nova Scotia, Canada. The causeway crosses the Strait of Canso, connecting Cape Breton Island by road to the Nova Scotia peninsula, constructed in an S shape, the causeway has a base width of 244 m in waters having a maximum depth of 65 m. The 94 m Canso Canal Bridge is a bridge which carries the road. The word Canso is believed to be derived from the Mikmaq word kamsok, on July 2,2014, it was announced that the Government of Canada would transfer ownership of the causeway to the Nova Scotia provincial government. The federal government will still maintain the Canso Canal and the navigational locks, prior to the construction of the causeway, Cape Breton Island was connected to the mainland by separate railway car and motor vehicle ferries. In 1880, the Intercolonial Railway was opened between Mulgrave on the Nova Scotia side, west to New Glasgow, in 1890, the ICR built a line from Point Tupper on the Cape Breton side, east to Sydney. As a result, a ferry service was necessary so that rail cars from Cape Breton Island could be interchanged with the mainland North America rail network. Initially a small 2-railcar barge was used, however the growth of traffic from Industrial Cape Breton soon mandated that a rail ferry service be established. This service was operated by the ICR until 1918 when the ICR was merged into Canadian National Railways, CNR operated the ferries from 1918 until the causeway opened in 1955. Vessels used included, Mulgrave, Scotia, and Scotia II, various private passenger and horse-drawn carriage ferry services operated between Point Tupper or Port Hawkesbury or Port Hastings to the Nova Scotia side. By the 1930s, the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation took responsibility for providing the automobile ferry service, by the 1940s, as a result of war-time travel growth, as well as the growing popularity of automobiles, the service was expanded to 24 hours/day. Toward the end of the service in the 1950s, vessels included the George H. Murray, John Cabot, Ponte de Canseau, the Scotia rail car ferry that entered service in 1901 was struggling to keep up with the demands despite operating 24-hours per day year-round. The span, measuring 1,800 ft, would have longer than the Firth of Forth Bridge. About 10,092,000 t of rock for building the causeway was quarried from a mountain on Cape Porcupine, construction was finally completed on April 13,1955 when the railway line and roadway were finished at a cost of $22 million. The first train across the causeway was a Canadian National Railways work train, the roadway across the causeway opened to vehicle traffic on May 20,1955 after which the vehicle ferry service was discontinued. When the causeway was completed, the end of the Strait of Canso became ice free during the winter. Several industries were attracted to the Point Tupper area, including the Stora pulp and paper mill, a Gulf Oil refinery, in addition, the causeway allowed several non-native species of land animals access onto Cape Breton Island. One particularly troublesome interloper has been the bobcat, which has forced the more gentle lynx out of its traditional hunting grounds
4.
Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
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Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, was the daughter of Boston lawyer Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who was the first president of the Bell Telephone Company. As the wife of Alexander Graham Bell, an eminent scientist, from the time of Mabels courtship with Graham Bell in 1873, until his death in 1922, Mabel became and remained the most significant influence in his life. Mabel Gardiner Hubbard was born on November 25,1857 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, to Gardiner Greene Hubbard and Gertrude Mercer McCurdy. She suffered a bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday in 1862 while visiting her maternal grandparents in New York City. Mabel was the inspiration for her fathers involvement in the founding of the first oral school for the deaf in the United States, having been educated in both the United States and in Europe, she learned to both talk and lip-read with great skill in multiple languages. In support of her parents efforts to increase funding for deaf education, described as strong and self-assured, she became one of Graham Bells pupils at his new school for the deaf, and later evolved into his confidant. They married on July 11,1877 in the Cambridge home of her parents, Mabel also bore two sons, Edward and Robert, both of whom died shortly after birth leaving their parents bereft. After Alecs death in 1922, Mabel slowly lost her sight and grew increasingly consigned to the care of her daughters and her ashes were interred with Alexanders grave exactly one year, to the hour, after his burial. Today, they rest together near the top of their beautiful mountain of their estate overlooking Bras dOr Lake, Mabel was the indirect source of her husbands early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 made Bells newly invented telephone a featured headline worldwide, Bell also won a second Gold Medal for Visible Speech, for his additional display at the exposition, helping to propel him to international fame. Ironically, Bell, who was then a teacher, hadnt even planned on exhibiting at the fair due to his heavy teaching schedule. He went there only at the insistence of Mabel, his then-fiancée. Mabel had understood Bells reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works and she secretly bought his train ticket to Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Bostons train station where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started to argue, Mabel turned her away from him. The Bell Telephone Company was organized on July 9,1877 by Mabels father Gardiner Greene Hubbard who owned 1,387 of the 5,000 issued shares and had the title of trustee, Mabels husband Alexander Bell owned 1,497 shares. But Bell immediately transferred all but 10 of his shares as a gift to his new bride Mabel. A short time later, just prior to leaving for a honeymoon of Europe. This made Gardiner Hubbard the de facto president and chairman of the Bell Telephone Company, however Mabel strongly believed that a heavier-than-air vehicle could be designed to fly, and she provided the inspiration and financing of about $20, 000CAD to that end, a significant amount in 1907
5.
Alexander Graham Bell
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Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Bells father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and his research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U. S. patent for the telephone in 1876. Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his work as a scientist. Many other inventions marked Bells later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7,1898. Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3,1847, the family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bells birthplace. He had two brothers, Melville James Bell and Edward Charles Bell, both of whom would die of tuberculosis and his father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace. Born as just Alexander Bell, at age 10, he made a plea to his father to have a name like his two brothers. To close relatives and friends he remained Aleck, as a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour mill, young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. In return, Bens father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a workshop in which to invent. From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, with no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the familys pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he revelled in mimicry and he also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mothers forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bells preoccupation with his mothers deafness led him to study acoustics and his family was long associated with the teaching of elocution, his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone, in this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes to articulate words and read other peoples lip movements to decipher meaning. Bells father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to any symbol. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his fathers public demonstrations, as a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father
6.
Beinn Bhreagh
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Beinn Bhreagh is the name of the former estate of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, in Victoria County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It refers to a peninsula jutting into Cape Breton Islands scenic Bras dOr Lake approximately 3 km southeast of the village of Baddeck, the peninsula was known to the Mikmaq as Megwatpatek, roughly translated to Red Head due to the reddish sandstone rocks at the tip of the peninsula. In July 2005, the Nova Scotia Civic Address Project review changed the status of Beinn Bhreagh from a locality to a community. Along the way, due to the grounding of their passenger boat. Its landscape, climate, and Scottish traditions and culture were reminiscent of his birthplace in Edinburgh, the Bells lived increasingly on Beinn Bhreagh from about 1888 until Dr. Bells death in 1922, initially only in the summer and then later often year-round. Bell constructed a laboratory and boatyard on this property, conducting experiments in powered flight and hydrofoil technology, Bell, and built at Beinn Bhreagh. Designed as a chaser and powered by aircraft engines, their vessel set a world watercraft speed record of 71 miles per hour in 1919. Dr. Bell and his wife Mabel were both buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on the estate, overlooking Bras dOr Lake, the 242. 8-hectare estate owned by the Bells is on the peninsula at the end of Beinn Bhreagh Road. It is now owned by their descendants and not open to the public. Dr. and Mrs. Bells first residence on Beinn Bhreagh, the second and larger home, Beinn Bhreagh Hall was built in 1893. Both are visible from Baddeck, across Baddeck Bay, the Museum was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1952. Alexander Graham Bells father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard was the first president of the National Geographic Society, perhaps as a result, both Beinn Bhreagh or Baddeck, the nearest town, are prominently displayed in National Geographic maps of the area, despite their relatively small size
7.
Seal Island Bridge
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The Seal Island Bridge is a Canadian bridge located in Victoria County, Nova Scotia. It is the third longest bridge span in the province, Construction of the Seal Island Bridge began in 1960 as part of the Trans-Canada Highway project. The bridge, officially known as the Great Bras dOr Crossing, was completed in 1961 at a cost of about $4,652,850, the construction of 23 kilometres of approach roads increased the total cost of the project to about $6-million. The bridge is a link in the Trans Canada Highway between Sydney and Baddeck, carrying more than 7,500 vehicles a day in peak periods. The structure carries 2 traffic lanes of Highway 105 and was constructed with a pedestrian sidewalk on each side. The bridge crosses part of the channel on a causeway connecting the shore of the channel to Seal Island. The steel structure is supported on reinforced concrete piers, armoured with cut stone at the waterline. The location of the bridge had proven extremely controversial and it replaced two ferry services crossing the Great Bras dOr, one at the northeastern end between New Campbellton-Big Bras dOr, and the other at the southwestern end at Big Harbour-Ross Ferry. For political reasons, it was decided to place the bridge halfway between the two services on account of an outcry by communities fearing the loss of their transportation links. Unfortunately to do this required a modification to the Trans-Canada Highway route on the eastern slope of Kellys Mountain. A safer alternative to continue the highway further east on a descent of Kellys Mountain toward New Campbellton. Likewise, a route between Beinn Bhreagh and Kempt Head at the southwestern end of the channel was never considered. Numerous deaths at the switchback have occurred over the years, by 2001 it was found the existing cast-in-place concrete bridge deck was in poor condition. Forty years of wear and tear from traffic, and exposure to wind and salt spray, the road deck needed complete replacement, and the steel truss work needed reinforcement. Engineers had thoroughly inspected the rest of the structure and found it to be sound. A major deck replacement project was undertaken, over the next three years the original cast-in-place concrete bridge deck was removed and replaced using full-depth, precast, prestressed, half-deck width concrete panels. It was necessary to complete one lane at a time, starting with the south lane and this project added several decades to the useful life of the bridge. The new high performance precast concrete deck system is more durable than conventional systems since it is less permeable
8.
Hairpin turn
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The hairpin turns are commonly seen in mountaineous area, and often appear continuously. Such turns in ramps and trails may be called switchbacks in American English, in British English switchback is more likely to refer to a heavily undulating road—a use extended from the rollercoaster and the other type of switchback railway. Hairpin turns are often built when a route climbs up or down a slope, so that it can travel mostly across the slope with only moderate steepness. Highways of this style are generally less costly to build. On occasion, the road may loop completely, using a tunnel or bridge to cross itself at a different elevation, when this routing geometry is used for a rail line, it is called a spiral, or spiral loop. In trail building, an alternative to switchbacks is the stairway, the Geiranger road from Geirangerfjord to the mountain pass won the gold medal on the world exhibition, Paris 1900, the original design included a 270° spiral. Norwegian National Road 7 through Måbødalen has a spiral partly within tunnels, the road from Frangokastello to Kallikratis in Crete has 27 tight bends. Due to mountainous profile of the country are many streets in Greece having tight bends. US441 through Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the Tennessee/North Carolina border, US40 over Berthoud Pass in Colorado. It forms half of the Mount Evans Scenic Byway, pikes Peak Highway in Colorado Springs includes numerous hairpins and switchbacks which are known as Ws. Mexican Autopista 95D has a hairpin turn which is known as La Pera. The Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada east of Osoyoos has several hairpin turns, a sharp hairpin turn on British Columbia Highway 97 alongside Vaseux Lake near Oliver, British Columbia has been the scene of many accidents and deaths. Nova Scotia Highway 105, part of the Trans-Canada Highway in Cape Breton has a turn after peaking Kellys Mountain before descending to cross the Seal Island Bridge. The Duffy Lake Road in British Columbia descending into Pemberton from Lillooet, 50°184. 31N, 122°354. 50W The Paso Internacional Los Libertadores has several switchbacks on the Chilean side of the pass. 26 below the tunnel entrance alone, in Japan, there is the known Nikkō Irohazaka, a one-way switchback mountain road, located at Nikko, Tochigi. This road plays a significant role in Japanese history, The route was popular with Buddhist pilgrims on their way to Lake Chuzenji, iroha-Zaka ascends more than 1,300 feet. In Macau, a part of the Guia Circuit is a hairpin turn, in India, the Gata Loops, a part of the route from Manali to Leh. And the Agumbe Ghat road from Udupi to Teerthahalli in Karnataka have 13 hairpin turns, in fact, most of the Ghats include at least one hairpin turn
9.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
10.
Traffic light
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The worlds first, manually operated gas-lit traffic signal was short lived. Installed in London in December 1868, it exploded less than a month later, Traffic control started to seem necessary in the late 1890s and Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the first automated traffic control system in 1910. It used the words STOP and PROCEED, although neither word lit up, Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by displaying lights of a standard colour following a universal colour code. In the typical sequence of phases, The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so. The amber light warns that the signal is about to change to red, in a number of countries – among them the United Kingdom – a phase during which red and yellow are displayed together indicates that the signal is about to change to green. A flashing amber indication is a warning signal, in the United Kingdom, a flashing amber light is used only at pelican crossings, in place of the combined red–amber signal, and indicates that drivers may pass if no pedestrians are on the crossing. The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding, a flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign. In some countries traffic signals will go into a flashing mode if the Conflict Monitor detects a problem, the signal may display flashing yellow to the main road and flashing red to the side road, or flashing red in all directions. Flashing operation can also be used during times of day when traffic is light, before traffic lights traffic police controlled the flow of traffic, a well-documented example being that on London Bridge in 1722. Three men were given the task of directing traffic coming in, each officer would help direct traffic coming out of Southwark into London and he made sure all traffic stayed on the west end of the bridge. A second officer would direct traffic on the east end of the bridge to control the flow of people leaving London and going into Southwark. The main reason for the light was that there was an overflow of horse-drawn traffic over Westminster Bridge which forced thousands of pedestrians to walk next to the Houses of Parliament. The design combined three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for use, on a pillar. The gas lantern was manually turned by a police officer. The signal was 22 feet high, at night a red light would command Stop and a green light would mean use Caution. Although it was said to be successful at controlling traffic, its life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869, as a result of a leak in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement, injuring or killing the policeman who was operating it. In the first two decades of the 20th century semaphore traffic signals, like the one in London, were in use all over the United States with each state having its own design of the device, One good example was from Toledo, Ohio in 1908
11.
Antigonish, Nova Scotia
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Antigonish is a town in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, Canada. The town is home to St. Francis Xavier University and the oldest continuous Highland games outside Scotland and it is approximately 160 kilometres northeast of Halifax, the provincial capital. The first European settlement took place in 1784 when Lt. Colonel Timothy Hierlihy of the Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment received a land grant surrounding Antigonish Harbour. Hierlihy and his party founded the Dorchester settlement, named for Sir Guy Carleton, in 1796 another settler, with the assistance of a First Nations guide, blazed a trail from Antigonish Harbour to Browns Mountain, using the shortest route. This trail became a guide for travellers and eventually evolved into a winding Main Street, by the late 1820s, Dorchester was commonly referred to as Antigonish. In 1852, a newspaper, The Casket, began publication, St. St. F. X. was originally a Catholic seminary and was granted full university powers in 1866 by an act of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The town is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antigonish. The first hospital in Antigonish opened on June 10,1906, with a land area of 5.01 km2, it had a population density of 871. 1/km2 in 2016. St. Francis Xavier University is located in Antigonish, St. Francis Xavier has 4,267 full-time students and 500 part-time students. It was named as the best undergraduate university in Canada by Macleans magazine for five consecutive years, St. Francis Xavier is also well known for the X-Ring and the Coady International Institute. The elementary and secondary schools in Antigonish fall under the jurisdiction of the Strait Regional School Board, Antigonish is home to three public schools, Dr. John Hugh Gillis Regional High School, St. Andrew Junior School and the Antigonish Education Centre. The annual Antigonish Highland Games have been held since 1863, the first games were held to raise funds for the construction of St. Ninians Cathedral. Antigonish is a centre for the surrounding region that includes Antigonish and Guysborough Counties. There are no major operations located in the town or county. The workforce is primarily white collar with the largest employers being St. Marthas Regional Hospital, until 2011, Antigonish accommodated Canada Posts National Philatelic Centre, which provided mail-order services for worldwide collectors of Canadian stamps. The Antigonish area experienced great deal of growth and retail development between 2004 and 2006 when the retail landscape of the town and county changed significantly. Much of the growth took place in the Post Road area, Atlantic Superstore, Walmart, and Central constructed new stores while the former Atlantic SuperValue, also located in this area, was redeveloped as a Staples Business Depot. In June 2005, Shoppers Drug Mart opened a new store downtown while the NSLC opened a new store attached to the existing Sobeys store, the following month a new GM dealership opened on the outskirts of town
12.
Cape Breton Island
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Cape Breton Island is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America and part of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Its name may derive from Capbreton near Bayonne, or more probably from the word Breton, the French adjective form of the proper noun Bretagne, the 10,311 km2 island accounts for 18. 7% of the Nova Scotias total area. Although physically separated from the Nova Scotia peninsula by the Strait of Canso, the island is east-northeast of the mainland with its northern and western coasts fronting on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, its western coast also forms the eastern limits of the Northumberland Strait. The eastern and southern coasts front the Atlantic Ocean, its eastern coast also forms the limits of the Cabot Strait. Its landmass slopes upward from south to north, culminating in the highlands of its northern cape, one of the worlds larger salt water lakes, Bras dOr, dominates the islands centre. The island is divided into four of Nova Scotias eighteen counties, Cape Breton, Inverness, Richmond and their total population at the 2016 census numbered 132,010 Cape Bretoners, this is approximately 15% of the provincial population. Cape Breton Island has experienced a decline in population of approximately 2.9 since the 2011 census, the island has five reserves of the Mikmaq Nation, Eskasoni, Membertou, Wagmatcook, Waycobah, and Potlotek/Chapel Island. Eskasoni is the largest in population and land area. Cape Breton Islands first residents were likely Archaic maritime natives, ancestors of the Mikmaq, John Cabot reportedly visited the island in 1497. However, historians are unclear as to whether Cabot first visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island and this discovery is commemorated by Cape Bretons Cabot Trail, and by the Cabots Landing Historic Site & Provincial Park, near the village of Dingwall. In about 1521–22, the Portuguese under João Álvares Fagundes established a colony on the island. As many as two hundred settlers lived in a village, the name of which is not known, located according to historians at what is now present day Ingonish on the islands northeastern peninsula. This Portuguese colonys fate is unknown, but it is mentioned as late as 1570 and these Scottish triumphs, which left Cape Sable as the only major French holding in North America, did not last. Charles I’s haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant the new North American gains would be bargained away in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The French quickly defeated the Scots at Baleine, and established the first permanent settlements on Île Royale, present day Englishtown and these settlements lasted almost continuously until Nicolas Denys left in 1659. Île Royale was vacant for more than fifty years until the communities along with Louisbourg were established in 1713, known as Île Royale to the French, the island also saw active settlement by France. The French also built the Louisbourg Lighthouse in 1734, the first lighthouse in Canada, in addition to Cape Breton Island, the French colony of Île Royale also included Île Saint-Jean, today called Prince Edward Island. Louisbourg itself was one of the most important commercial and military centres in New France, Louisbourg was captured by New Englanders with British naval assistance in 1745 and by British forces in 1758
Hwy 104 (TCH) / Trunk 4 / Trunk 19 near Port Hawkesbury
Hwy 162 in Bras D'or
Hwy 125 near Sydney Mines
North Sydney Ferry Terminal.png)
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Media related to Nova Scotia Highway 105 at Wikimedia Commons
