1.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Henry Hornbostel
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Henry Hornbostel was an American architect. He designed more than 225 buildings, bridges, and monuments in the United States, born in Brooklyn, New York, he graduated in 1891 from Columbia University and also studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, France. He was a partner, over his career, in the New York firms of Howell, Stokes & Hornbostel, Wood, Palmer & Hornbostel, Palmer & Hornbostel and he also practiced independently from a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania office. Nearly half of his works were in Pittsburgh, a boomtown in the early twentieth century. He also helped to establish Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture that same year and he also designed many of the original buildings of Emory University in Atlanta. Anthony Hall Fraternity, New York (Building #96000484 listed as Delta Psi, Hornbostel is also noted for his work on the Queensboro Bridge, and the Hell Gate Bridge done jointly with Gustav Lindenthal. Kidney, Walter C. Henry Hornbostel, An Architects Master Touch, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation & Roberts Rinehart Publishers. New book assesses Henry Hornbostels influence on Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Henry Hornbostel Collection, Carnegie Mellon University Architecture Archives
4.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
6.
High-rise building
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A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas it may be referred to as an MDU, in the United States, such a structure is referred to as an apartment building or office building, while a group of such buildings is called an apartment complex or office complex. High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, the materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. They also pose challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed, in order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land, various bodies have defined high-rise, Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors. According to the code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as a building having many storeys, most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall. The lower floors were occupied by either shops or wealthy families. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, in Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, the residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height, the oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. Tower blocks were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses
7.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
9.
Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
10.
Terracotta
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Terracotta, terra cotta or terra-cotta, a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is porous. The term is used to refer to the natural, brownish orange color, of most terracotta. This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines, asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered. Glazed architectural terracotta and its version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century. In archaeology and art history, terracotta is used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potters wheel. An appropriate refined clay is formed to the desired shape, after drying it is placed in a kiln or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. The typical firing temperature is around 1,000 °C, though it may be as low as 600 °C in historic and archaeological examples. In some contexts, such as Roman figurines, white-colored terracotta is known as pipeclay, as such clays were later preferred for tobacco pipes, fired terracotta is not watertight, but surface-burnishing the body before firing can decrease its porousness and a layer of glaze can make it watertight. It is suitable for use below ground to carry pressurized water, for garden pots or building decoration in many environments, most other uses, such as for tableware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments, require the material to be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, painted terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of gesso, then painted. It has been widely used but the paint is only suitable for indoor positions and is much less durable than fired colors in or under a ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculpture was rarely left in its raw fired state in the West until the 18th century. Terracotta/earthenware was the known type of ceramic produced by Western and pre-Columbian people until the 14th century. Terracotta has been used throughout history for sculpture and pottery as well as for bricks, in ancient times, the first clay sculptures were dried in the sun after being formed. They were later placed in the ashes of open hearths to harden, however, only after firing to high temperature would it be classed as a ceramic material. Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro, along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult and a belief in a mother goddess. The Burney Relief is a terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BC. In Mesoamerica, the majority of Olmec figurines were in terracotta
11.
Marble
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Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
12.
Frank K. Mott
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Frank Kanning Mott was the 35th mayor of Oakland, California. Mott was born in San Francisco on January 21,1866 and his father, who worked for the Central Pacific Railroad, died when he was 11. To support the family, Mott quit school and worked as a boy for Western Union and then as a telephone operator. He entered the business as a clerk at the age of 16. He entered politics in 1894 when then-Mayor George Pardee appointed him to the city council to fill H. P and he went on to serve two more terms before elected Mayor in 1905. He was re-elected in 1907 by a margin, defeating Socialist O. H. Phillbrick,7,317 to 1,226, and re-elected to the term in 1909. Following the adoption of a new city charter establishing a city government in 1910. He achieved, in 1909, final resolution of the waterfront issue which had preoccupied the leaders of Oakland since the citys founding, the railroad gave up its rights to the waterfront in exchange for a fifty-year franchise on the property it then held. In 1909, Mayor Mott welcomed President William H. Taft to Oakland, the Mayor laid the cornerstone for the present City Hall. On January 10,1911, Mott married Mrs. Gertrude Bennett in San Francisco and his family lived at three different addresses while he was mayor—1066 Jackson,1509 Webster, and 276 Lee Street in Adams Point —all since demolished. He served as the citys right-of-way agent from 1927 until his death on December 16,1958, at the age of 92, an Episcopalian, Mott was cremated following his funeral at the Chapel of the Oaks under the auspices of Masonic Lodge 61. Guide to the Frank Kanning Mott Papers at The Bancroft Library Frank K. Mott portrait at the Oakland Museum of California
13.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
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The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at 5,04 p. m. local time. With a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, no surface faulting occurred, though a large number of other ground failures and landslides were present, especially in the Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Due to the coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television. Andrew Lawson, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley, had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for a length of 290 mi during the 1906 shock, several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault, since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Two moderate shocks, referred to as the Lake Elsman earthquakes by the USGS, occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains region in June 1988, each events aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that the shocks affected the mainshocks rupture process. The June 27,1988, shock occurred with an intensity of VI. Its effects included broken windows in Los Gatos, and other damage in Holy City. Farther away from the Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8,1989, shock when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino, Los Gatos, other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At the office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also broken in the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he exited a building through a window, the Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking was much less intense, the strong motion records also allowed for the causative fault to be determined – the rupture was related to the San Andreas Fault System. While a Mercalli Intensity of VIII covered a large swath of territory relatively close to the further to the north. At more than 44 miles distant, the San Francisco Bay Area recorded peak horizontal accelerations that were as high as 0. 26g, in a general way, the location of aftershocks of the event delineated the extent of the faulting, which extended about 24 miles in length. Because the rupture took place bilaterally, the duration of strong shaking was about half of what it would have been had it ruptured in one direction only, the duration of a typical M6.9 shock with a comparable rupture length would have been about twice as long. Gregory Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events, near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical
14.
Emporis
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Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
15.
SkyscraperPage
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SkyscraperPage is an internet forum for skyscraper hobbyists and enthusiasts that tracks existing and proposed skyscrapers around the world. SkyscraperPage. com drawings have appeared in National Geographics website, Wired, Condé Nast, The Globe and they are based in Victoria, British Columbia. The site has a database of scale-model illustration skyscrapers and other major macro-engineering projects, the scale of the drawings are one pixel per meter. The images are created using pixel art, using these diagrams, skyscrapers and other tall structures from any cities can be compared. General information is given about each structure, such as the location, the year built, if available. In 2008, the site had over 22,000 custom made drawings of skyscrapers, there were 600 artists signed up with the site, about half of whom were active. List of Internet forums List of tallest buildings in the world
16.
Kaiser Center
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The property is bounded by Lakeside Drive, which terminates and joins Harrison Street at the site, 20th-, 21st-, and Webster-streets. When completed in 1960, it was Oaklands tallest building, as well as the largest office tower west of the Rocky Mountains, a three-story office/retail building adjacent to the main tower was completed in 1963. Kaiser Center was the headquarters of Kaiser Industries, a Fortune 500 conglomerate that was headed by industrialist Edgar F. Kaiser at the time the building was constructed. The buildings roof garden was designed by San Francisco-based landscape architecture firm, Theodore Osmundson & Associates, other tenants include the University of California Office of the President, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, The Port Company, and California Bank & Trust. Global technical services company AECOM is set to move into the building in 2016, official website Kaiser Center at The Swig Company Historic American Landscapes Survey No. CA-3, Kaiser Center,300 Lakeside Drive, Oakland, Alameda County, CA,22 photos,18 measured drawings,6 data pages,3 photo caption pages
17.
Ordway Building
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The Ordway Building is a skyscraper located in downtown Oakland, California. The building lies close to Oaklands Lake Merritt and the tower contains 28 stories of office space, there are eight corner offices per floor, since the skyscraper has a H-shaped floor plan. Standing 123 m, the tower is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the Ordway Buildings main tenant is Kaiser Permanente, which has used the building as its national headquarters since completion in 1970. As of 2009, Kaiser was leasing space on 21 floors, Kaiser announced on August 6,2009 that it had signed a new nine-year lease with landlord CIM Group. List of tallest buildings in Oakland, California Official website
18.
Port of Oakland
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The Port of Oakland is a major container ship facility located in Oakland, California, in the San Francisco Bay. It was the first major port on the Pacific Coast of the United States to build terminals for container ships and it is now the fifth busiest container port in the United States, behind Long Beach, Los Angeles, Newark, and Savannah. Originally, the estuary,500 feet wide, had a depth of two feet at low tide. 22 years later, in 1874, the dredged shipping channel was deepened to make Oakland a deep water port. In the late 19th century, the Southern Pacific was granted rights to the port. This act, protested by the SP and later held up in court, the courts ruled that all landfill since the date of the agreement did not belong to the SP. This ruling ended SP control and made the modern Port of Oakland possible, on May 6,1915, the Admiral Dewey became the first vessel to dock at the foot of Clay street. Captain J. Daniels, master of the vessel, was greeted by Commissioner of Public Works Harry S. Anderson, keith, the two men who had so much to do with the upbuilding of the citys waterfront, were the first aboard the boat. Captain do you realize that you are the commander of the first big vessel that has ever tied up to what will eventually be the busiest wharf on the Pacific Coast, Anderson asked that official as he shook Captain J. Daniels hand. I certainly do realize that, Mr. Anderson, returned Captain Daniels, and I assure you that I appreciate the honor. Ive been many years on the sea, but I have never docked a ship at a better wharf than this. -Source Oakland Tribune May 7,1915. However, the port was not officially named the Port of Oakland until 1927, in 1962, the Port of Oakland began to admit container ships. Container traffic greatly increased the amount of loaded and unloaded in the Port. By the late 1960s, the Port of Oakland was the second largest port in the world in container tonnage, during an expansion of the Port in the late 1960s, fill material was added to what remained of the old Southern Pacific mole. The fill came largely from the concurrent excavation of the Berkeley Hills Tunnel during the construction of the BART system. The BART trunk line also crosses over part of the port, one of the main limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. The Port retained VZM, Korve Engineering and Earth Metrics to perform engineering and that brought the cumulative investment of port expansion to over 1.4 billion dollars since 1962, half of which was comprised by the intermodal facility. Also, the Port is now reaping the benefits of investment in post-panamax cranes, dredging, and the transfer of military property, deepening of the port from 42 feet to 50 feet to accommodate larger ships has been completed
19.
California College of the Arts
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California College of the Arts is an art, design, architecture, and writing school founded in 1907. It has campuses in San Francisco and Oakland, and it enrolls approximately 1,500 undergraduates and 500 graduate students, businessWeek magazine in 2009 called CCA one of the world’s best design schools. CCA ranks fourth among San Francisco Bay Area colleges and universities for highest-paying degrees, CCA was founded in 1907 by Frederick Meyer in Berkeley as the School of the California Guild of Arts and Crafts during the height of the Arts and Crafts movement. The Arts and Crafts movement originated in Europe during the late 19th century as a response to the aesthetics of the machine age. Followers of the movement advocated an approach to art, design. Today, Frederick Meyer’s practical art school is a known and respected institution. In 1908 the school was renamed California School of Arts and Crafts, the college’s Oakland campus location was acquired in 1922, when Meyer bought the four-acre James Treadwell estate at Broadway and College Avenue. Two of its buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, the Oakland campus still houses the more traditional, craft based studios like the art glass, jewelry metal arts, printmaking, painting, sculpture and ceramic programs. In 2003 the college changed its name to California College of the Arts, CCA offers 22 undergraduate and 13 graduate majors. The CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, located near the San Francisco campus in a new facility on Kansas St. is a forum for contemporary culture, in 2013 the Wattis Institute recruited a new director, Anthony Huberman, formerly of Artists Space in New York. Alumni Robert Arneson and Peter Voulkos and faculty member Viola Frey helped establish the medium of ceramics as an art and were closely linked to the emergence of the 1960s ceramics movement. The photorealist movement of the 1970s is represented by current faculty member Jack Mendenhall and alumni Robert Bechtle, alumni Nathan Oliveira and Manuel Neri were leaders in the Bay Area Figurative Movement. Marvin Lipofsky founded CCAs Glass Program in 1967 and was important in the Studio Glass movement, two school faculty established California Faience
20.
Holy Names University
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Holy Names University is a private, coeducational university located in Oakland, California. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church and is administered by the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. The university was established as the Convent of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart in 1868 by six members of the Sisters of the Holy Names. They were invited to Oakland by Father Michael King, pastor of Saint Marys Church to establish a school for girls, the original site of the convent was on the shores of Lake Merritt. By 1908 the convent began to offer classes at a level and was renamed the College of the Holy Names. In 1949 the college one of the charter members of the Western Association of Schools. The coeducation graduate division was established in 1955. Soon afterward in 1957, the site was purchased by Henry J. Kaiser where he constructed the Kaiser Building. In 1971, Holy Names became coeducational at the level and was renamed Holy Names College. The Julia Morgan School for Girls held classes for its first two years, from 1999 through 2001, at Holy Names, the school took its present name on May 10,2004 and became known as the newest Catholic university in California. Holy Names University is located on a wooded, sixty-acre site in the Oakland Hills about 2.5 miles southeast of the Montclair district, to the north of campus lies the neighborhood of Woodminster, and the City of Oaklands 500 acre Joaquin Miller Park. To the southeast, Holy Names campus is flanked with the Crestmont neighborhood to the east, Redwood Regional Park, part of the East Bay Regional Park District, lies about 2.2 miles east on Redwood Road. Milton Pflueger designed many buildings at University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University. The first buildings constructed included Michael and Maureen Hester Administration, the Paul J. Cushing Library, the Tobin Gymnasium, the hillside location inspired a linear plan, with low-roofed buildings nestled along the slope. The site features panoramic views across the San Francisco Bay from San Jose on the San Francisco Peninsula to Mount Tamalpais on the Marin Peninsula, the Valley Center for the Performing Arts was constructed in 1994, in the former location of the tennis courts. It houses two theatres, large audiences up to 390 can be accommodated in the Regents’ Theatre. HNU maintains small class sizes, with a student to faculty ratio of 13,1, in 2006, for the third year in a row, US News and World Report rated Holy Names University a best value among universities that do not offer doctorates on the West Coast. Fifty-one percent of the freshmen in the fall of 2006 were first generation college students
21.
Laney College
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Laney College is a community college located in Oakland, California, near the Lake Merritt BART station and the Kaiser Convention Center. Laney is the largest of the four colleges of the Peralta Community College District which serves northern Alameda County, Laney College is named after Joseph Clarence Laney. Laney College originally opened in 1953 as Oakland City College, at the former University High School campus and it offers both certificates and credits for Associate of Arts degree, as well as prerequisites to transfer to four year universities. The college, in addition to the three campuses of the Peralta College District, is accredited by the Western Association of Schools. Laney College traces its history to the Central Trade School by the Oakland Board of the Education in 1927, the trade school was later renamed Joseph C. Oakland Junior College was founded in 1953 with Laney serving as the training center and Merritt hosting the liberal arts. In 1958 the college was renamed Oakland City College, the current campus was opened prior to 1970-71 academic year. Laney is divided into five divisions and sixty-one departments, the buildings are arranged on a rigid grid, with two levels of concrete pathways providing circulation. The square in the center of the complex has been reserved for the quad, surrounding the quad are the student center, theater, library, and gymnasium. On one corner is the triangular Laney Tower, the administration building, on the opposite is another triangular building housing a lecture hall. Academic buildings form the ring of the complex. However, none of the levels are on the same level with each other, they are connected by voluminous stairs. Most of the buildings occupy two or three squares on the grid. The entire complex shares a red brick and concrete theme, with corners, square and triangular shapes. The newest academic building is the art center, which is adjacent to the complex but has its own architectural style. The building opened in the 2006-2007 school year and it was designed by Beverly Prior Architects to be built from prefabricated materials, because of the short time frame between the start of construction and planned opening. The channel that connects Lake Merritt to the Oakland Estuary runs through the center of the campus, the southeastern half of the campus on the other side of the channel is mainly used for athletic and Peralta Community College District facilities. This section was also the site of the World War II Auditorium Housing Project which housed war industry workers from around the United States
22.
Lincoln University (California)
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Lincoln University is a private, nonprofit, nonsectarian university based in Oakland, California. The university is located near the 12th Street BART station in downtown Oakland, a large percentage of the student body is international students pursuing degrees in business administration. The university is led by Dr. Allan Samson, who is chairman of the Board of Trustees and instructor and by Dr. Mikhail Brodsky, president. Named to honor the life and work of President Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln University was founded and chartered under the laws of California in 1926, the first university officers were Benjamin Franklin Lickey, president, and Edward J. Silver, vice president and educational director. The program developed into a center with a broader curriculum. One of its slogans was The Shortcut to Success and it offered reasonable terms. It also maintained a college and high school program which operated a preparatory school. At this time Lickey served as president of Lincoln University while continuing as the agent of LaSalle Extension University and its nonprofit status was recognized by the Internal Revenue Service in 1950 and in 1961 a second campus was opened in San Jose. By 1987 the San Jose campus had become the location of the law school programs. It separated in 1993 to become the independent Lincoln Law School of San Jose, the university moved from San Francisco to Oakland in December 1999. The center conducts a student competition for the best business proposals and awards grants. Lincoln University is authorized by the United States Department of Homeland Security to enroll nonimmigrant alien students, Lincoln University is listed in the U. S. S. Secretary of Education as an authority as to the quality of postsecondary education within the meaning of the Higher Education Act of 1965. Add highlighted sentences to Wiki page and add links Add highlighted sentences to Wiki page and add links http, //www. lincolnuca. edu/
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Merritt College
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Merritt College is a two-year community college located in the Oakland Hills section of Oakland in Alameda County, California. Merritt, like the three campuses of the Peralta Community College District, is accredited by the Western Association of Schools. The schools enrollment is approximately 6,000 students, Merritt College was opened as a general campus in 1954. Merritt College was originally located on Grove Street in north Oakland, the original Merritt College was located at what is now 5714 Martin Luther King Jr. Way in the flatlands of North Oakland. In 1923, the campus of University High School was built for children of faculty of the University of California in Berkeley, the campus closed during World War II, but was reopened as the Merritt School of Business in 1946. In 1954, the Oakland Unified School District, then operating the Merritt campus, in 1960, the same year as the opening of Skyline High School, OUSD decided to relocated Merritt College from Grove Street to the hills of East Oakland. Although the demographics of North Oakland changed throughout the 1950s and 1960s, it was not until the mid- to late-1960s that the student, after the 1960 California Master Plan for Public Higher Education, more Black students began to attend Merritt. In the early 1960s, the African American Association began recruiting Merritt students, by 1964, students formed the Soul Students Advisory Council, predecessors to the Black Student Union. In 1966, two former Merritt College students, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party, against numerous protests by students and community members, Merritt was relocated from Grove Street to the hills of East Oakland in 1971. Merritt was renamed North Peralta Community College, but was known as Grove Street College. In 1975, a judge ordered the plant closed for seismic issues. The Grove Street campus was used as the filming location for the 1987 film. This site, now rehabilitated and serving as the campus of the Childrens Hospital. The present campus was opened in 1971, funding came primarily as a result of a 1965 bond issue which also established a new downtown Oakland campus building for Laney College and the founding of the College of Alameda. A one-year Microscopy Certificate is also offered, Newton Bobby Seale Berkeley City College Laney College College of Alameda Official Merritt College website
24.
Mills College
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Mills College is a liberal arts and sciences college located in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mills was founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in 1852 in Benicia, California, the school was relocated to Oakland, California, in 1871, and became the first womens college west of the Rockies. Currently, Mills is a womens college with graduate programs for women and men. The college offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors and over 25 graduate degrees, certificates, the college is also home to the Mills College School of Education and the Lorry I. Lokey Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, in 1865, Susan Tolman Mills, a graduate of Mount Holyoke College, and her husband, Cyrus Mills, bought the Young Ladies Seminary renaming it Mills Seminary. In 1871, the school was moved to Oakland, California, the school became Mills College in 1885. In 1890, after serving for decades as principal, Susan Mills became the president of the college, beginning in 1906 the seminary classes were progressively eliminated. In 1921, Mills granted its first masters degrees, on May 3,1990, the Trustees announced that they had voted to admit male undergraduate students to Mills. This decision led to a student and staff strike, accompanied by numerous displays of non-violent protests by the students. At one point, nearly 300 students blockaded the administrative offices, on May 18, the Trustees met again to reconsider the decision, leading finally to a reversal of the vote. In 2014, Mills became the first single-sex college in the U. S. to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming transgender students, Mills offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors across the arts and sciences, as well as the option to design your own college major. The school runs on a system, with optional winter and summer sessions. As of the 2014-2015 academic years, Mills’ top 5 most popular majors are, English, Nursing, Psychology, Biology, and Political, Legal, the engineering program in conjunction with University of Southern California is a five-year program, with the first three years completed at Mills. After completing the program, students will have received a BA from Mills, available tracks include biomedical, chemical, computer, electrical, environmental, and industrial systems engineering. Undergraduate students can participate in one of eight bachelors-to-masters accelerated degree programs, which students to earn an undergraduate. Mills is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, rated by Washington Monthly in their 2014 Top Master’s Universities study, Mills ranked 8th out of 100 institutions when considering Social Mobility, Research, and Service. The school’s graduate program offers over 25 degrees, credentials, and these include unique programs in Bio-chemistry, Book Art, Interdisciplinary Computer Science, Infant Mental Health, and Pre-Medical studies, as well as groundbreaking joint-degree programs. Currently the school’s top 5 most popular programs are, Education, Business Administration, Pre-Med, English
25.
Samuel Merritt University
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Samuel Merritt University, formerly Samuel Merritt College, was founded in 1909 as a hospital school of nursing. It is an accredited health sciences institution located on the Summit campus of the Alta Bates Summit Medical Center in Oakland, California. Samuel Merritt offers undergraduate degrees in nursing and graduate degrees in nursing, physical therapy, physician assistant, occupational therapy, the baccalaureate nursing program is offered cooperatively with Saint Marys College of California in Moraga, Mills College, Holy Names University and Notre Dame de Namur University. Samuel Merritt University is an affiliate of the Sutter Health Network, Samuel Merritt is the only provider of physical and occupational therapists and physician assistants and is the largest source of nurses in the greater East Bay. Samuel Merritt University was founded in 1909 through the legacy of Dr. Samuel Merritt, drawn by the excitement of California in the 1850s, Merritt left his Maine home to seek his fortune in the west. He settled in Oakland, and as a physician, architect, ship builder. Merritt left plans for a hospital to be built in his name after his death and his dream was realized in 1909 when Samuel Merritt College and Samuel Merritt Hospital opened their doors. In recent years, Samuel Merritt has increased its enrollment from 146 to over 1,000 graduate and undergraduate students, Samuel Merritts students represent all ages, ethnicities, and geographical locations. The Intercollegiate Nursing Program with Saint Marys was established in 1981, Samuel Merritt College established the entry-level Master of Physical Therapy in 1990, the Master of Occupational Therapy in 1992. The College also offers a Master of Science in Nursing three advanced nursing specialties, Case Management, Family Nurse Practitioner, and Nurse Anesthesia, in 2005, the department of Physical Therapy graduated its first Doctor of Physical Therapy class. Future students are allowed to repeat a prerequisite course once at any partnership school before non-consideration to the program is enacted. The nursing program at Samuel Merritt University is fully accredited by the American Association of Colleges of Nursings Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education Official website
26.
Patten University
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Patten University is a for-profit institution of higher education in Oakland, California. It was founded in 1944 by Bebe Patten as the Oakland Bible Institute, Patten is a secular for-profit institution. Patten University is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, master’s degree programs are available in Management, Finance, Health Care, Strategic Management, Sales Management or Human Resources. Founded in 1944 as the Oakland Bible Institute by Bebe Patten, Patten University emphasized faith-based teaching and created programs for students with broad academic, in 1980, Patten received initial accreditation by the WASC Senior College Commission and changed its name to Patten College. In December 2012, Patten began the transition from a non-profit, sectarian institution to a for-profit, in 1980, the university received accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The Multiple and Single Subject Teaching Credential programs and the Elementary Subject Matter Preparation Program are approved by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing and it is Title 4 eligible, but does not participate in its programs. Qualified students are eligible to receive state scholarships
27.
Oakland Unified School District
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Located in Californias most diverse city, OUSD serves a diverse population of students. Nearly half of the students in district and charter schools speak a language at home. For the school year 2013-2014,30 percent ofOUSD students are English language learners, OUSD also serves a large population of newcomer students. Seventy-three percent of students receive free or reduced-price meals, OUSD was among the first school districts in the country to implement restorative justice practices to limit or eliminate suspensions. During the 2015 school year,96.1 percent of students were not suspended, started in 2010, OUSDs African American Male Achievement Initiative enrolls more than 400 students. Students in the program have experienced success, including higher GPAs, higher graduation rates, in 2016, OUSD launched an African American Girls and Young Women Achievement Program to give students a place where they can find equitable support and new pathways to success. The first school in Oakland opened in the 1850s and was located in a room in the back of a fandango at Second. On July 12,1853, the city held a parade to the first official school building, the schoolhouse was at the corner of Fifth and Clay and cost $1,000 to construct. The first school house had 16 students and was taught by a woman named Hannah Jayne and she was the only teacher in Oakland until 1855. Franklin Warner was hired soon after as Oaklands first principal, frederick M. Campbell was hired as Oaklands first Superintendent. Reading, writing and arithmetic were stressed, as well as American history, paper and books were scarce, so a lot of learning was done out loud. In 1860, there were about 400 students in one-room schoolhouses taught by one teacher, the first public high school opened in 1869 with 29 students. By the end of the 1870s, there was a high school. In the 1880s, the first kindergarten and the first night school in Oakland opened, no more modern school buildings can be found in any city in the United States than in Oakland. A City of Oakland Chamber of Commerce brochure from 1915, which includes a photo of Oakland Technical High School, states, a 1915 Board of Education guide to Oakland schools included 46 schools, many of which are still open today. High school departments included English, History, Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Science, Commercial, Home Economics, Physical Training, Shop and Drawing. Oaklands first African American Superintendent was Dr. Marcus Foster, who was also the first black man to head a major U. S. school district. Born in Athens, GA, Dr. Foster arrived in Oakland in 1970, “already a celebrated and he also emphasized the need for art programs, team sports, and school activities that reflected the life circumstances of the students
28.
Fremont High School (Oakland, California)
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Fremont High School is an urban public high school located in the Fruitvale District of East Oakland, California, United States. It was formerly a group of high schools located on the same campus. They functioned separately, though located on the campus. They also had sports teams under the Fremont High School banner. After the spring of 2011, as part of an Oakland Unified School District decision to reverse the small school system. The 2011-2012 school year reintroduced a central administration with three separate entities and budgets on campus, Mandela High, Media High, and CPAA, in 2012, the Fremont Federation of High Schools again became Fremont High School, with one single administration. In 2009, Fremont Federations schools received the scores, Mandela High School,528 Media College Prep. High School,519 Robeson Visual and Performing Arts High School,483 In 2010, Fremont Federation of High Schools received the following scores, florence Wysinger Allen, artists model Bill Brenzel, former professional baseball player Lester Conner, professional basketball player and coach Darrell J
29.
McClymonds High School
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McClymonds High School is a public high school in the West Oakland neighborhood of Oakland, California, United States. In January 1915, McClymonds High School started in a building formerly occupied by Oakland Technical High School. Originally,60 students were enrolled in the school, which at time was called Vocational High School. It was the first public school in California to offer summer school, the school was named after J. W. McClymonds, who at one time was the superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District. In 1927, with $325,000 spent on additional classrooms, in 1933, the legislative act was passed, regulating school building construction. This required that schools have steel and structural support on the inside, the building did not meet these requirements. The school decided to move to 14th and Myrtle Street in the building with Lowell Junior High School. McClymonds High thereby became a four year high school, the name changed from J. W. McClymonds to Lowell McClymonds, then to McClymonds Lowell High School. Finally, in September 1938, the name of the school became McClymonds. In 2005, McClymonds was split into three schools, BEST, EXCEL, and Kizmet Academy, collectively known as McClymonds Educational Complex. In 2010, McClymonds Educational Complex returned to being McClymonds High School, the schools 2010-11 theme was Mack is Back. On September 24,2010, the opened a new, state-of-the-art football field, William Belford Stadium. Malcolm X gave a speech at McClymonds at a function sponsored by the Afro-American Association, a young Muhammad Ali also spoke at the function. The Black Panthers co-founder Huey P. Newton was in attendance, McClymonds was featured in the book Black in School, Afrocentric Reform, Urban Youth & the Promise of Hip-Hop Culture, by Shawn Ginwright. McClymondss average SAT score for 2013 was 1155 out of 2400, the nations average SAT score for the year was 1497. Former hip-hop magazine writer and author Mark Xandrine Sneed taught English at McClymonds, in 2007, McClymonds had over 100 graduates. In 2008, McClymonds had the highest CAHSEE test scores in the Oakland Unified School District, historically, McClymonds has excelled at sports. The McClymonds varsity basketball won a state Tournament of Champions held in 1978 at the Oracle Arena
30.
Oakland High School (Oakland, California)
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Oakland Senior High School is a public high school in California. Established in 1869, it is the oldest high school in Oakland, Oakland High was first located at Twelfth and Market, then Twelfth and Jefferson. It has been in its current location at the corner of MacArthur Boulevard, the building that stood before its current manifestation was known as the Pink Prison or Pink Palace. The stairway leading up from Park Blvd. is what remains of the exterior, the lamps in the commons are original fixtures. What is now the field and basketball courts was once classrooms. The school colors are blue and white. The building was torn down in 1980 to be rebuilt as a structure in the event of a major earthquake. A new football/soccer/baseball field was inaugurated in the spring of 2006, the football field is officially known as Jackie Jensen Field, while the baseball/softball field is dedicated to Mike Marcoulis, Sr. longtime coach and teacher. The current 2016-2017 principal is Matin Abdel-Qawi, assistant principals are John-Paul Ballou, Pamela Moy, Vonzele Reed, and Shoshanna Towers. Other administrative positions include Kaprice Wilson, Amy Dellefield, Stephen Spinola, in the summer of 2008, renovations and rebuilding to the main building began and were completed in August 2011. With over 1,800 students, 39% are Asian, including students of Chinese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Filipino, Mien, another 38% of students are African American, 21% of students are Latino or Hispanic, 1% are white and 1% are of two or more ethnicities. Freshmen, purple Sophomores, orange Juniors, green Seniors, blue Oakland High School boasts more than 40 student-run clubs and 24 sports, from the Hip Hop Club to the Math Club and soccer to badminton, OHS has something for everyone. Oakland High is proud to offer three intra-school academies, the Environmental Sciences Academy, Visual Arts Magnet Program, and the Public Health Academy, three new pathways, African-American Manhood Development, AVID/Social Justice and Reform, and Project Lead the Way are also popular with students. There is a thriving World Language department open to all regardless of their Academy or Pathway interests, which includes Cantonese, French. OHS offers many Advanced Placement courses, an Honors course, many concurrent enrollment college courses are offered from the Peralta Colleges after school. The AP Test Site Coordinator for the school is Carlos Padilla, Advanced Biology HP For 2013, the schools API score was 634 out of a possible 1000 points. VAAMP teaches student how to be creative and piques their interest in art, led by Daniel Spinka, VAAMP is thriving with new young artists. An art-based academy, VAAMP encourages the artistic and personal growth of young people, VAAMP offers O-High students classes in art, fashion, drama, and graphic design
31.
Oakland Technical High School
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It is one of six comprehensive public high school campuses in Oakland. Oakland Techs attendance jurisdiction includes several neighborhoods, including Oakland Chinatown, Rockridge, North Oakland, Tech received the maximum 6-year accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 2009. Oakland Techs main building was built in 1914 and resembles the main building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the 1970s, when many California schools were being demolished and rebuilt for earthquake safety, instead, it was gutted and rebuilt on the inside, while its historic exterior was preserved. The school was declared the 99th historic landmark by the city of Oakland on July 23,1985, while Tech was closed for earthquake retrofitting in the 1970s, the school was displaced to 5714 Martin Luther King Jr. Way. This location is sometimes referred to Old Tech but was actually the campus of the now defunct University High School. That campus had then served as Merritt College from 1954 to 1966 and is considered the birthplace of the Black Panthers. In 1977 a group of students from a U. S. Government class at Tech launched a drive to create a California state holiday in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr. The idea was not new - about a dozen states already had such holidays, the students formed themselves into a group called The Apollos and lobbied for the holiday for four years, it was finally passed by the legislature and signed by the governor in 1981. In 2008 two students at other Oakland high schools heard about the Apollos and made a short documentary film about their successful quest. Students at Oakland Technical High School have the option of enrolling in one of the schools academies, students take one class within their academies, and spend the rest of the day in normal classes. Paideia is an advanced History and English program, in the sophomore year, students have the option to take English 2 Paideia and World Cultures. In 11th grade, students, based on their grades, have the option to enroll in AP or HP English, in senior year, students, according to grades, are also able to take AP Government and AP English 4. The Engineering Academy focuses on mechanical engineering, starting in 10th grade, the students in this academy study engineering, physics, drafting, etc. Students can be enrolled in the Paideia and the Engineering programs. In 2008, over half of the senior block was accepted to the prestigious UC Berkeley. Students regularly score 4s or 5s for AP classes taken in the Paideia program, - rapper Huey P. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, St. In 1993, Tech, at its current location, was featured in the movie Made in America
32.
Skyline High School (Oakland, California)
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Skyline High School is a public high school in Oakland, California, United States. It is part of the Oakland Unified School District, for the 2014-2015 school year, the principal was Vinh Trinh and the assistant principals were Marisol Arkin, Anya Gurholdt, Elin Peinado and Christina Macalino. In July 2015, it was announced that Trinh was resigning, the interim principal as of August 2015 is Claude Jenkins. For the 2015-2016 school year, the assistant principals were Vinnie Blye, Emiliano Figueroa, Gary Middleton, under Trinh, a program was designed through which Skyline students can simultaneously earn a Berkeley City College degree and a high school diploma. Skyline High School students must choose one of four academies by their 10th grade year, academies are schools within a school centered on career fields. Ninth grade students apply to the academy of their choice in the spring semester, students study with the same team of teachers and group of students from 10th to 12th grades in their English/social studies and academy lab courses. Some courses include math and/or science, depending on the academy of choice, students can take advantage of internships and paid summer jobs in their fields. Skyline High School is located on a 45-acre campus at the crest of the Oakland hills, the campus is near the Redwood Regional Park and has a panoramic view of the San Francisco Bay Area. The campus is located in an affluent residential neighborhood away from commercial venues, the school has dedicated various parts of the campus to different class levels, Senior Lawn Junior Quarter Sophomore Square Freshman Bungalow In 2009, Skyline launched Atlas, a program for freshmen. In the Atlas system, each ninth grader is placed in a named after a mythological figure represented by Skylines mascot. Atlas is the Titan who carries the heavens on his shoulders, each ninth grader shares the same four teachers for Math, Social Studies, English, and Science. This provides teachers with an opportunity to intercommunicate about the students social. Freshmen can take an Advisory period during which they receive lessons in academic and career planning, study skills, interpersonal development, with each teacher serving as an advisor for 25 students, the Atlas system allows for greater connection between teachers, students, and families. As one teacher stated, No one falls through the cracks, Skyline High School first graduating class was in 1962. At that time, the student body was predominantly White, the schools demographics have changed over the years. The Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee has developed a set of goals for the school to reduce its carbon emissions. First African American Airline Pilot Dominick Johnson-Jones - Endeavor Air First Officer Athletics C, loo – achiever in mathematics and leadership-program subject development Paul F. Lorence – captain, U. S
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American Indian Model Schools
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American Indian Model Schools is a charter school system with its headquarters in Oakland, California. The main campus is in the Laurel area and includes American Indian Public Charter School, a 5th grade-8th grade school, and American Indian Public High School, AIPHS students can also take select classes at Merritt College. American Indian Public Charter School II is a grade through eighth grade school at a second campus. The Oakland Unified School District granted the charter to the school system, the American Indian school system has its own school board and internal policies. AICPS students had poor performance from its founding in 1996 until 2000 when Ben Chavis became the head of school. Under his leadership, new teachers were brought in and the philosophy of the school changed, test scores increased dramatically and enrollment picked up. The AIM system has opened two additional charter schools. They have been recognized for their performance while Chaviss discipline system has been controversial. Administration of the schools includes philosophic opposition to U. S. liberal ideologies, Chavis and his wife, Marsha Amador, were found to have made improper payments in the amount of $1 million according to the results of an investigation released in 2012. The School Board, recognizing the schools exceptional student performance, voted to approve the 5-year renewal of AIPCS II, the American Indian Public Charter School opened in 1996. It was intended to help Native American students in the Oakland, California area improve their academic performance, martin Waukazoo, the executive director of the Native American Health Center, was one of the founders of the school. After its founding, the school had a staff turnover rate and insufficient funds for textbooks. In 2000 the Oakland Unified School District considered closing the school, nanette Asimov of the San Francisco Chronicle said that the school, which had 37 students, was sinking fast, could not keep its students, and did not have viable test scores. Evelyn Lamenti, an employee of the OUSD Office of Indian Education, decided to ask Ben Chavis, at the time Chavis had an education job at the University of Arizona. Lamenti knew Chavis when he taught at San Francisco State University, Lamenti believed that he would do a good job since he had a background in education, and interest in charter schools, and a knowledge of children living in inner city American communities. In 2000 Chavis became the head of the school, Chavis took the job as a favor for other native Americans. He fired most of the employees and eliminated the Native American cultural classes. Chavis said that he recruited new teachers who had strong academic backgrounds and didnt see the students as victims, by 2001, only the coordinator of the Math, Engineering, Science, and Achievement program remained from the pre-Chavis era
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The Crucible (arts education center)
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The Crucible is a nonprofit industrial arts school in Oakland, California, United States. Established in Berkeley in 1999, the institute was moved to its present location in 2003, the Crucibles Youth Program serves over 3,000 youth annually, half of whom are members of the West Oakland community who have access to free classes and workshops. Founder, Michael Sturtz, has created two fire operas, a ballet, and a burning version of Homers Odyssey, in addition to the annual Fire Arts Festival held in July. As a nonprofit organization, The Crucible relies on annual membership donations, grants, the Crucible Youth Program is committed to community service with local schools and neighborhoods. Since 2005, the Youth and Community Outreach Program has served nearly 8,000 youth between the ages of 8 and 18, the program includes weekend and afterschool classes, camps, and field trips. The experiences support learning in such as mathematics, science, art. Participants learn about the processes, tools, materials and applications of industrial arts, the workshop gives West Oakland youth hands on experience to learn about bike mechanics. In a six-week workshop, the work with volunteer bike mechanics to fix donated bikes. Each participant fixes two bikes and keeps one, the other bike is sold to raise money to support the bike program. The Crucible holds Bike Fix-a-thon workshops where youth and their families can learn about bike maintenance, the Crucibles Educational Response Vehicle is a 1960 International Harvester fire engine, modified to a demonstration platform for industrial and fire arts. ERV can demonstrate, Blacksmithing Arc Welding Oxy-acetylene torch cutting Glass Flameworking The Fire Arts Festival was a event held in Oakland. It was organized by The Crucible arts education center as its main fundraising event, the festival featured open-air exhibits of fire art and performances. The festival was held in July, the first Fire Arts Festival was held in 1999. At this time the festival occurred on one night. A one-night event was held in 2000 and 2002. The 2004 festival was the first to span more than one evening, spanning five days, from 2004 to 2009 the festival occurred annually and spanned 4-6 days. The last festival was held in a new location, on the former Oakland Army Base just north of Grand Avenue, the website for The Crucible states that the festival will return in future years. The Crucibles Fire Arts Festival, by Claire Light, KQED Public Media, the Fire Arts Festival is a fundraising event, and proceeds benefit The Crucible’s arts education programs for youth and adults
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Bishop O'Dowd High School
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The school requires all students to attend school liturgies, to enroll in religious studies courses each semester, and to complete its 4-year service learning program. O’Dowd is a Catholic high school community of 1,186 students, the school has 125 faculty and staff members and more than 80 part-time coaches, teachers and moderators. Bishop ODowds first senior class graduated in 1955, and since then ODowd has had over 12,000 graduates, in June 2010, O’Dowd successfully completed a three-year, $9 million comprehensive fundraising campaign and funds raised were split about evenly between capital development and program enhancement. In 2015 the mens team won the CIF Open Division Championship. The mens team was led by Ivan Rabb the no.8 player in the country, as of 2015, ODowds basketball team is ranked 13th nationally. In 2015, over 99% of the graduating class enrolled in colleges and universities, 94% of the graduates enrolled in four-year colleges with 5% enrolling in two-year colleges. Each year graduates disperse to universities throughout the nation, from East Coast Ivy League schools to the universities in California. Typically about 33% choose a UC school, 40% attend Catholic, private, or other university, 22% enroll in the California State University system. Official Bishop ODowd High School website
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The College Preparatory School
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The College Preparatory School is a four-year private high school in Oakland, California. The schools motto is mens conscia recti, a Latin phrase adapted from Virgils Aeneid that means a mind aware of what is right. We challenge our students to engage deeply in learning, appreciate one another, and grow into adults who are adventurous, ethically sure-footed. Founded in 1960, College Preps first campus was located in a house in the Claremont neighborhood of Oakland/Berkeley, the school was founded by Mary Harley Jenks, former head of the Bentley School and Ruth Willis. Miss Jenks, the first Head of School, envisioned a school that valued high standards of scholarship, in 1983 College Prep moved to its current campus on Broadway, walking distance from the Rockridge BART station. College Prep has received accolades for its academic excellence, a 2007 Wall Street Journal article ranked College Prep as the sixth best high school in the United States. In 2010, Forbes magazine ranked College Prep as the seventeenth best private school in the United States, in 2016, niche. com ranked College Prep the fourteenth best private school in the nation. College Preps Heads of School have been Mary Harley Jenks, Robert Baldwin, Jr. Clint Wilkins, Janet Schwartz, Murray Cohen, a large central courtyard serves as the center of daily activity to create intimacy and a sense of community between students and faculty. The newest addition to campus is the Scott MacPherson Stapleton World Languages and Cultures Building, a campus master plan was completed in 2014. Robert Baldwin, a former Head of School, described the duty of College Prep teachers to maintain a presence in the classroom. For that reason, the curriculum at College Prep is created with creativity, independent thought, students are not distinguished between enrollment in honors and standard courses, as all classes are taught at the honors level, and are designated as such by the University of California. Students grade point averages are calculated on an unweighted 4.0 scale, students are required to take three years of core curricular classes and an extra year of English. Harkness believed that the tables encouraged students to participate in discussion. Because the number of Harkness tables currently available for classes is limited, juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered. College Prep students must take courses in history, western civilization. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered, after the mandatory history curriculum has been completed, seniors are offered seminar-format elective classes. These courses regularly include introductory economics, linguistics, and United States government, recent seminars have involved critical study into the American Civil War and Reconstruction, American history after World War II, American protest movements, and comparative religion
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Head-Royce School
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Head-Royce School is a co-educational college-preparatory K-12 school in Oakland, California. The forerunner of Head-Royce was the Anna Head School for Girls in Berkeley, relocated to its current site in 1964, Anna Head School for Girls merged with the neighboring Royce School in 1979 to form the present-day Head-Royce School. Head-Royce is composed of three divisions, the Lower School consists of kindergarten through 5th grade. Middle School is composed of 6th, 7th, and 8th grades, finally, Upper School encompasses 9th through 12th grades. Most new students enter Head-Royce in kindergarten, 6th grade, or 9th grade, the school was founded in 1887 by Anna Head as the Anna Head School for Girls in Berkeley, California. In 1955, the University of California, Berkeley acquired the property by writ of eminent domain. The school was relocated to the Oakland Hills, and a new campus was constructed by 1964, in 1971, the schools Board of Trustees established a co-ordinate school for boys, The Royce School, named in honor of philosopher, Josiah Royce. In 1979, the completed the transition to become a fully co-educational school. Nearly one half of the students and one third of the employees are people of color, one quarter of the student body receives financial assistance. Evaluation for acceptance depends upon the division to which the applicant wishes to be admitted, Head-Royce claims a selective admissions rate that is competitive with many American colleges. Tuition for previous years, Head-Royce participates in the National Association of Independent Schools School. In 2014, $4,000,000 worth of need-based grants was provided to K-12 students and these senior elective courses have covered such topics as astronomy, robotics, Shakespeare, Japanese literature, psychology, the history of Islam, and many others. Some courses specifically prepare students for Advanced Placement exams in the subject, the vast majority of students take at least three AP exams by the end of high school, with many students opting to take six or more exams. Graduating-class sizes are generally 85-95 students, the school boasts a 100 percent matriculation rate to four-year colleges, especially University of California schools and elite private institutions. The 77 students in the class of 2006 had average SAT scores of 674 Critical Reading,676 Math and 673 Writing and this class contained 15 National Merit commended students,17 National Merit semifinalists,15 finalists and 3 National Merit Scholarship winners. Middle and Upper school students attend an annual Fall-Out trip near the beginning of the school year, the two-day event brings each class a different outdoors experience, such as sea kayaking or river rafting. The eighth grade class used to travel to Lake Tahoe for an annual ski trip. Now the class travels to Santa Barbara for three days in May, while the sixth and seventh grades travel to Pinnacles National Park and Yosemite National Park, the school newspaper is The Hawks Eye, which publishes bi-monthly
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Oakland City Council
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The Oakland City Council is an elected governing body representing the City of Oakland, California. Since 1998, Oakland has had a mayor-council government, the mayor is elected for a four-year term. The Oakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large, the mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the chief administrative officer of the city. Other city officers include, city attorney, city auditor, oaklands Mayor is subject to a tenure limited to two terms. There are no limits for the city council. District 1 - Dan Kalb District 2 - Abel J. Ogawa, first Japanese American on the City Council, henry Chang, Jr appointed to at-large seat 1994 after death of Frank Ogawa, elected in 1997. Jean Quan, councilmember for District 4 from 2003 –2011, subsequently elected mayor, then overwhelmingly defeated for re-election to mayor
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Oakland Fire Department
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The Oakland Fire Department provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city of Oakland, California. The department is responsible for 78 square miles with a population of 406,253, the Oakland Fire Department was initially started in the 1860s as a volunteer fire department and was officially formed on March 13,1869 when its first fire station was built. In 1908 the department bought their first motorized fire engine and in the 1920s, in 1991, the OFD was faced with a major conflagration that killed 25 people and injured 150 others. The Oakland firestorm of 1991 burned 1,520 acres in the Berkeley and Oakland Hills, destroying 3,354 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment, the economic loss was estimated at $1.5 billion. Below is a listing of all OFD Fire Station and Company locations according to Battalion. Official website Map of Oakland fire stations List of all Oakland fire apparatus
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Oakland Police Department
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The Oakland Police Department is a civilian law enforcement agency responsible for policing the city of Oakland, California. Since a 2003 incident involving alleged police misconduct, the Oakland Police Department has been under federal oversight, ever since, the department has struggled with a potential federal takeover. The Oakland Police Department was formed in 1853 and it succeeded law enforcement duties for Oakland, California, from the Alameda County Sheriffs Office. Beginning with World War II thousands of poor rural Southern African Americans migrated into Oakland to work in the shipyards, during this same period the Oakland Police Department began to heavily recruit white police officers from the Deep South. In the years that followed incidents of police brutality increased, in the mid-1960s, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was formed in Oakland largely to organize armed violent resistance to police brutality. In October 1967, Black Panther founder Huey Newton shot and killed an Oakland police officer during a traffic stop, prosecutors failed to secure a conviction against Newton after three separate trials. Oakland encountered major funding challenges in the following and the police department became understaffed. Additionally, community activists say too many OPD officers live outside the city and commute, by 2012, over 90% of Oakland police officers resided outside of Oakland. In an attempt to increase community involvement and address police officer under-staffing the people of Oakland in 2004 passed a tax increase known as Measure Y. Some have viewed the measure as unsuccessful, Oakland is currently the third-most dangerous city in the United States. Scores of drug cases were dropped because of tainted evidence, the alleged leader of the Riders, Frank Vazquez, fled to Mexico shortly after his criminal indictment and remains a fugitive from justice. The Riders actions resulted in Oakland settling a civil rights case, Allen v. City of Oakland. As part of the Negotiated Settlement Agreement, the Oakland Police Department is required to major reforms to ensure constitutional policing. The court appointed an independent monitor to oversee implementation of these reforms, until the 2015 shooting of Dallas police officers, when 5 officers were killed. Nine years after the Riders case Negotiated Settlement Agreement, the court found the Oakland Police Department had failed to fully implement required reforms. To guarantee compliance with the settlement, the U. S. District Judge Thelton Henderson appointed former Baltimore Police Department Commissioner Tomas Frazier as Compliance Director in March 2013, the Compliance Director holds unprecedented powers to require corrective action even for conduct not specified in the Negotiated Settlement Agreement. The uniform of the OPD consists of a dark navy-blue shirt, on the left side of the chest, a seven-point star badge is pinned. The type of badge differs upon rank, Police Officers and Sergeants wear sterling silver badges, while higher ranks wear gold-filled stars
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