1.
John Singer Sargent
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John Singer Sargent was an American artist, considered the leading portrait painter of his generation for his evocations of Edwardian era luxury. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and his oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida. His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris prior to moving to London and his commissioned works were consistent with the grand manner of portraiture, while his informal studies and landscape paintings displayed a familiarity with Impressionism. In later life Sargent expressed ambivalence about the restrictions of formal portrait work and he lived most of his life in Europe. Art historians generally ignored the society such as Sargent until the late 20th century. Before Sargents birth, his father, FitzWilliam, was an eye surgeon at the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia 1844–1854, after Johns older sister died at the age of two, his mother, Mary, suffered a breakdown, and the couple decided to go abroad to recover. They remained nomadic expatriates for the rest of their lives, although based in Paris, Sargents parents moved regularly with the seasons to the sea and the mountain resorts in France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. While Mary was pregnant, they stopped in Florence, Tuscany, Sargent was born there in 1856. A year later, his sister Mary was born, after her birth, FitzWilliam reluctantly resigned his post in Philadelphia and accepted his wifes entreaties to remain abroad. They lived modestly on an inheritance and savings, living a quiet life with their children. They generally avoided society and other Americans except for friends in the art world, four more children were born abroad, of whom only two lived past childhood. Although his father was a patient teacher of basic subjects, young Sargent was a rambunctious child, as his father wrote home, He is quite a close observer of animated nature. His mother was convinced that traveling around Europe, and visiting museums and churches. Several attempts to have him formally schooled failed, owing mostly to their itinerant life, Sargents mother was a fine amateur artist and his father was a skilled medical illustrator. Early on, she gave him sketchbooks and encouraged drawing excursions, young Sargent worked with care on his drawings, and he enthusiastically copied images from The Illustrated London News of ships and made detailed sketches of landscapes. FitzWilliam had hoped that his sons interest in ships and the sea might lead him toward a naval career, at thirteen, his mother reported that John sketches quite nicely, & has a remarkably quick and correct eye. If we could afford to give him really good lessons, he would soon be quite a little artist, at the age of thirteen, he received some watercolor lessons from Carl Welsch, a German landscape painter. Although his education was far from complete, Sargent grew up to be a literate and cosmopolitan young man, accomplished in art, music
2.
John Ruskin
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John Ruskin was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and his writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin also penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters, the elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society and he also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation. He was hugely influential in the half of the 19th century. After a period of decline, his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work. Today, his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in environmentalism, sustainability, from the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. His work increasingly focused on social and political issues, Unto This Last marked the shift in emphasis. In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, in 1871, he began his monthly letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain, published under the title Fors Clavigera. In the course of this complex and deeply personal work, he developed the principles underlying his ideal society, as a result, he founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that endures today. Ruskin was the child of first cousins. His father, John James Ruskin, was a sherry and wine importer founding partner and de facto manager of Ruskin, Telford. John James was born and brought up in Edinburgh, Scotland, to a mother from Glenluce and his wife, Margaret Cox, née Cock, was the daughter of an aunt on the English side of the family and a publican in Croydon. She had joined the Ruskin household when she became companion to John Jamess mother, John James had hoped to practice law, but was instead articled as a clerk in London. His father, John Thomas Ruskin, described as a grocer, was an inadequate businessman, to save the family from bankruptcy, John James, whose prudence and success were in stark contrast to his father, took on all debts, settling the last of them in 1832. John James and Margaret were engaged in 1809, but opposition to the union from John Thomas, Ruskin was born at 54 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, south of St Pancras railway station. His childhood was characterised by the influences of his father and mother. John James Ruskin helped to develop his sons Romanticism and they shared a passion for the works of Byron, Shakespeare and especially Walter Scott
3.
Hampstead Heath
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Hampstead Heath is a large, ancient London park, covering 320 hectares. This grassy public space sits astride a sandy ridge, one of the highest points in London, running from Hampstead to Highgate, which rests on a band of London Clay. The heath is rambling and hilly, embracing ponds, recent and ancient woodlands, a lido, playgrounds, and a training track, the south-east part of the heath is Parliament Hill, from which the view over London is protected by law. Running along its perimeter are a chain of ponds – including three open-air public swimming pools – which were originally reservoirs for drinking water from the River Fleet. The heath is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation, lakeside concerts are held there in summer. The heath first entered the books in 986 when Ethelred the Unready granted one of his servants five hides of land at Hemstede. This same land is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by the monastery of St. Peters at Westminster Abbey. Over time, plots of land in the manor were sold off for building, particularly in the early 19th century, the main part of the heath was acquired for the people by the Metropolitan Board of Works. Parliament Hill was purchased for the public for £300,000, Golders Hill was added in 1898 and Kenwood House and grounds were added in 1928. From 1808 to 1814 Hampstead Heath hosted a station in the shutter telegraph chain which connected the Admiralty in London to its ships in the port of Great Yarmouth. The City of London Corporation has managed the heath since 1989, before that it was managed by the GLC and before that by the London County Council. In 2009, the City of London proposed to upgrade a footpath across the heath into a service-road, the proposal met with protests from local residents and celebrities, and did not proceed. The heath sits astride a sandy ridge that rests on a band of London clay and it runs from east to west, its highest point being 134 metres. As the sand was easily penetrated by rainwater which was held by the clay. Hampstead Heath contains the largest single area of land in Greater London. Buses serve several roads around the heath, the heaths 320 hectares include a number of distinct areas. Hampstead Heath is an important refuge for wildlife, including snakes, foxes, rabbits, slow worms, squirrels. Common kingfishers, jackdaws, pipistrelles and Daubentons bats are seen over the ponds, some introduced species have also thrived at the site, for example muntjac deer, terrapins and ring-necked parakeets
4.
Thomas Southwood Smith
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Southwood Smith was an English physician and sanitary reformer. Smiths life up to 1812 remains poorly documented and he was born at Martock, Somerset, into a Baptist family, his parents being William Smith and Caroline Southwood. In 1802 he was sent to the Baptist Academy in Bristol and he married in 1808, but his wife Anne died in 1812, leaving him two daughters. In this period Smiths contact with William Blake at Crewkerne was significant, another friend, and Unitarian convert from Baptism who became a physician, was Benjamin Spencer. In June 1813 he began a course of fortnightly evening lectures on universal restoration, also in 1813 he founded the Scottish Unitarian Association, with James Yates. In 1816 he took his M. D. degree, and began to practice at Yeovil, Somerset, also becoming minister at a chapel in that town, in 1824 Smith was appointed physician to the London Fever Hospital. The following year he began to write papers on public health and his post gave him the opportunity to study diseases of poverty. In the late 1830s, with Neil Arnott and James Phillips Kay, in 1842 he was one of the founders of an early housing association, the Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes. Smith was an ally on public health matters with Edwin Chadwick. From 1848 to 1854 they worked together at the Central Board of Health. But the appointment of Lord Seymour made their work difficult, despite the support of Anthony Ashley-Cooper. Smith was frequently consulted in fever epidemics and on sanitary matters by public authorities and his reports on quarantine, cholera, yellow fever, and on the results of sanitary improvement were of international importance. Smith died in Florence in 1861 and is interred there in the English Cemetery of Florence, his tombstone and his daughter Emily, who died in 1872, is buried beside him. Southwood Smith was a utilitarian, and a close friend of Jeremy Bentham. He had a particular interest in applying his philosophical beliefs to the field of medical research, on 9 June 1832, Southwood Smith carried out the highly controversial public dissection of Jeremy Bentham at the Webb Street School of Anatomy in London. Smiths lobbying helped lead to the 1832 Anatomy Act, the legislation allowed the state to seize unclaimed corpses from workhouses. While this act is credited with ending the practice of grave robbery, in 1830 Smith published A Treatise on Fever, which became a standard authority on the subject. In this book he established a connection between the impoverishment of the poor and epidemic fever
5.
Wisbech
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Wisbech is a market town, inland port and civil parish in the Fens of Cambridgeshire, England. It has a population of 31,573, the tidal River Nene runs through the centre of the town and is spanned by two bridges. The name is believed to mean on the back of the Ouse, Ouse being a common Celtic word relating to water, and the name of a river that once flowed through the town. Since 2011, Wisbech has become the second largest town in Cambridgeshire (after St Neots, during the Iron Age, the area where Wisbech would develop lay in the west of the Brythonic Iceni tribes territory. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire, Wisbech was part of the kingdom of East Anglia after the Anglo-Saxon invasion, the first authentic reference to Wisbech occurs c. 1000, when Oswy and Leoflede, on the admission of their son Aelfwin as a monk, in 1086 Wisbech was held by the abbot, there may have been some 65 to 70 families, or about 300 to 350 persons, in Wisbech manor. Among those held there were John Feckenham, the last Abbot of Westminster, the castle was rebuilt in the mid-17th century, and again in 1816 by Joseph Medworth, who also developed The Crescent, familiar as the setting in numerous costume dramas. Peckover House, with its walled garden, was built for the Quaker banking family in 1722. Formerly known as Bank House, the Peckover Bank later became part of Barclays Bank, at this time Wisbech was on the estuary of the River Great Ouse, but silting caused the coastline to move north, and the River Nene was diverted to serve the town. The Wisbech Canal joining the River Nene at Wisbech was subsequently filled in, on 27 June 1970, the heaviest point rainfall was recorded in Wisbech, when 2 inches fell in just 12 minutes during the Rose Fair. On 21 September 1979, two Harrier jump jets on a training exercise collided over Wisbech, one landed in a field and the other in a residential area. Two houses and a bungalow were demolished on Ramnoth Road, causing the death of Bob Bowers, his two-year-old son Jonathan Bowers, the five-mile, £6 million A47 Wisbech/West Walton bypass opened in spring 1982. The port now houses a number of berths for yachts adjacent to the Boathouse development. On 19 January 2012, BBC Look East reported that there were growing tensions in the town where one-third of the population are East European migrants, the towns market days are Thursday and Saturday. There were also harbour quay lines either side of the River Nene – M&GN Harbour West branch, the Wisbech and March Bramleyline heritage railway would like to restore and re-open the remaining March to Wisbech line as a tourist line similar to the Mid-Norfolk Railway at Dereham. When the line has been fully re-opened, following HM Rail Inspectorate approval, rail services would run between March Elm Road and Wisbech East. It is hoped that a new station will be built at Coldham on the site of the old stations Down platform, there is an active campaign to reopen the March to Wisbech line as part of the national rail network, with direct services to Cambridge or possibly Peterborough. A report published in 2009 by ATOC indicated this as viable, and is now supported by Wisbech Town Council, the Angles Theatre is a thriving professional theatre, run almost entirely by volunteers and backed by many leading names including Derek Jacobi, Jo Brand and Cameron Mackintosh
6.
Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, most items were found in Isleham. Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grantbridgeshire, covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1965, these two counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon, the resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire. Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been a separately administered area and it is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy, and joint functions such as policing and the fire service. In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshires county flower as the Pasqueflower, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War of South Africa, the First World War and Second World War. Due to the flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley and it is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event. Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire, the traditional nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are Cambridgeshire Camel or Cambridgeshire Crane, referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the fens. The term Fenners was often applied to those who come from the country to the north of Cambridge. Since the late 20th century, this term is considered to be derogatory and has been discouraged in use, original historical documents relating to Cambridgeshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies. See also Geology of Cambridgeshire Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying, the highest point is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m above sea level. Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Downs, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowleys Hill, AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area, RAF Waterbeach,6 miles north of Cambridge, is a former RAF airfield, now used as an army barracks
7.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach. He founded several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland and wrote many works explaining his revolutionary principles of education. His motto was Learning by head, hand and heart, thanks to Pestalozzi, illiteracy in 18th-century Switzerland was overcome almost completely by 1830. Pestalozzi was born on January 12,1746, in Zürich and his mother, whose maiden name was Hotze, was a native of Wädenswil on the lake of Zürich. The family also had a maid, Barbara Schmid, nicknamed Babeli, after the death of Pestalozzis father it was only through the help of Babeli that Pestalozzis mother could financially support the family. In 1761, Pestalozzi attended the Gymnasium and received instruction from educators Johann Jakob Bodmer, who taught history and politics, and Johann Jakob Breitinger, on holidays Pestalozzi would visit his maternal grandfather, a clergyman in Höngg. Together they would travel to schools and the houses of parishioners and it was through these visits that Pestalozzi learned the poverty of country peasants. He saw the consequences of putting children to work in the factory at an early age and their ignorance, suffering and inability to help themselves left an impression on Pestalozzi, an impression that would guide his future educational ideas. Pestalozzi was educated to become a clergyman, during the mid-18th century the government in Switzerland condemned Rousseaus Emile and Social Contract, saying they were dangerous to the State and the Christian religion. A prison sentence was issued upon Rousseau, Bodmer, Pestalozzis former professor, embraced the teachings of Rousseau and founded the Helvetic Society with about 20 other philosophers in 1765. Their goal was the advancement of freedom, the 19-year-old Pestalozzi was an active member, contributing many articles to the Societys newspaper, Der Erinnerer. Pestalozzi brought to several cases of official corruption and was believed to be an accessory to the escape of a fellow newspaper contributor. Although he was proven innocent, he was under arrest for three days. These events caused Pestalozzi to have many enemies and destroyed any hope of a legal career. After the failure of his aspirations and at the suggestion of several friends. During this time, Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli, who was also a member of the Helvetic Society and he had converted a large plot of worthless land into several valuable farms. In 1767 Pestalozzi visited Tschiffeli to learn about his method, after a year with Tschiffeli, Pestalozzi purchased 15 acres of waste land in the neighborhood of Zürich. He obtained financial support from a Zürich banker, bought more land, Pestalozzi began to build a house on the heavily mortgaged property, calling it Neuhof
8.
Royal London Hospital
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The Royal London Hospital is a large teaching hospital in London, United Kingdom. It is part of Barts Health NHS Trust, the Royal London provides district general hospital services for the City and Tower Hamlets and specialist tertiary care services for patients from across London and elsewhere. It is also the base for Londons Air Ambulance, operating out of a rooftop helipad, there are 675 beds,110 wards and 26 operating theatres at the Royal London Hospital. The new building opened in February 2012, the Royal London was founded in September 1740 and was originally named the London Infirmary. The name changed to the London Hospital in 1748, and in 1990 to the Royal London Hospital, the first patients were treated at a house in Featherstone Street, Moorfields. On 3 November the London Infirmary opened in a house on Featherstone Street, in May 1741 the hospital moved to larger premises in Prescott Street, in that time in an exceedingly bad district. In 1742, the 2nd Duke of Richmond was persuaded by the surgeon, John Harrison. The name changed to the London Hospital around 1748, the next year, the trustees of the charity acquired a royal charter so that they could constitute themselves as a legal entity. Private medical schools had long established, but the London College was the first medical school in England. Joseph Merrick, known as the Elephant Man, was admitted to the hospital in 1886 and his mounted skeleton is currently housed at the medical school, but is not on public display. In 1990 the Queen visited the hospital and added Royal to the name, prior to this, the school of nursing was known as the Princess Alexandra College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 1995 the new Nursing School was incorporated into City University, in March 2005 planning permission was granted for a £1 billion redevelopment and expansion of the Royal London Hospital. On completion of the project, the hospital will have London’s leading trauma and emergency centre, one of Europe’s largest renal services. Barts is also undergoing redevelopment and will become a cancer and cardiac centre of excellence, the Royal London has a museum which is located in the crypt of a 19th-century church. It reopened in 2002 after extensive refurbishment and is open to the free of charge. The museum covers the history of the hospital since its foundation in 1740 and it is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. It includes works of art, surgical instruments, medical and nursing equipment, uniforms, medals, documents, there is a forensic medicine section which includes original material on Jack the Ripper, Dr Crippen and the Christie murders. There are also displays on Joseph Merrick and former Hospital nurse Edith Cavell, there is the model of a church in the hospital that was built by Joseph Merrick who spent the last few years of his life at the hospital
9.
East End of London
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The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
10.
Frederick Denison Maurice
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John Frederick Denison Maurice, often known as F. D. Maurice, was a major theologian of the Church of England, a prolific author and one of the founders of Christian Socialism. Since World War II, interest in Maurice has expanded, John Frederick Denison Maurice was born in Normanton, Suffolk, on 29 August 1805, the only son of Michael Maurice and his wife, Priscilla. Michael Maurice was the preacher in a Unitarian chapel. Deaths in the family brought about changes in the religious convictions. Maurice later wrote about these disagreements and their effect on him and he wished me to be one also. He had a feeling against the English Church, and against Cambridge as well as Oxford. My elder sisters, and ultimately my mother, abandoned Unitarianism, but they continued to be Dissenters, they were not less, but some of them at least more, averse from the English Church than he was. I was much confused between the opinions in our household. What would surprise many, I felt a drawing towards the side, not from any religious bias. Early education Michael was of no little learning and gave his son his early education, the son appears to have been an exemplary child, responsive to teaching and always dutiful. He read a good deal on his own account, but had little inclination for games, serious and precocious, he even at this time harboured ambitions for a life of public service. With John Sterling Maurice founded the Apostles Club and he moved to Trinity Hall in 1825. In 1826, Maurice went to London to read for the bar, during the 1827–1830 break in his higher education, Maurice lived in London and Southampton. While in London, he contributed to the Westminster Review and made the acquaintance of John Stuart Mill, with Sterling he also edited the Athenaeum. The magazine did not pay and his father had lost money which entailed moving the family to a house in Southampton. During his time in Southampton, Maurice rejected his earlier Unitarianism, higher education in theology Maurice entered Exeter College Oxford in 1830 to prepare for ordination. He was older than most of students, he was poor and he kept to himself. However, his honesty and intellectual powers impressed others, in March 1831, Maurice was baptised in the Church of England
11.
Henry Mayhew
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Henry Mayhew was an English social researcher, journalist, playwright and advocate of reform. He was one of the co-founders of the satirical and humorous magazine Punch in 1841 and he was born in London, one of seventeen children of Joshua Mayhew. He was educated at Westminster School before running away from his studies to sea and he then served with the East India Company as a midshipman on a ship bound for Calcutta. He returned after several years, in 1829, becoming a lawyer in Wales. He left this and became a freelance journalist and he contributed to The Thief, a readers digest, followed quickly by editing a weekly journal – Figaro in London. Mayhew reputedly fled his creditors and holed up at The Erwood Inn, in 1835 Mayhew found himself in a state of debt and, along with a fellow writer, escaped to Paris to avoid his creditors. He spent his time writing and in the company of writers including William Thackeray. Mayhew spent over ten years in Paris returning to England in the 1850s whereby he was involved in several literary adventures, two of his plays – But, However and the Wandering Minstrel – were successful, whilst his early work Figaro in London was less successful. On 17 July 1841 Mayhew cofounded Punch magazine, at its founding the magazine was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. The two men hired a group of writers and also illustrators to aid them and these included Douglas Jerrold, Angus Reach, John Leech, Richard Doyle and Shirley Brooks. Initially it was subtitled The London Charivari, this being a reference to a satirical magazine published in France under the title Le Charivari. Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet Mr. Punch, Punch was an unexpected success, selling about 6,000 copies a week in the early years. However, sales of as many as 10,000 issues a week were required to cover all costs of the magazine. In December 1842, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, Mayhew resigned as joint editor, Mayhew eventually severed his connection with the magazine, writing his last article in February 1845. His brother Horace stayed on the board of Punch until his own death, the Punch years gave Mayhew the opportunity to meet talented illustrators who he later employed to work from daguerreotypes on London Labour and the London Poor. Following Punch magazine, Mayhew new launched Iron Times, a railway magazine, However this venture lost Mayhew so much money that he was forced to appear in a Court of Bankruptcy in 1846. In 1842 Mayhew contributed to the pioneering Illustrated London News, by this time Mayhew had become reasonably secure financially, had settled his debts and married Jane Jerrold, the daughter of his friend Douglas Jerrold. This Extra Volume took a general and statistical approach to its subject than Volumes 1 to 3
12.
Finchley
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Finchley is an area of north London, England, in the London Borough of Barnet. Finchley is on ground,11 km north of Charing Cross. It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, becoming a borough in 1933. It is predominantly a suburb, with three town centres, North Finchley, East Finchley and Finchley Church End. Finchley probably means Finchs clearing or finches clearing in late Anglo-Saxon, Finchley is not recorded in Domesday Book, but by the 11th century its lands were held by the Bishop of London. In the early period the area was sparsely populated woodland, whose inhabitants supplied pigs. Extensive cultivation began about the time of the Norman Conquest, by the 15th and 16th centuries the woods on the eastern side of the parish had been cleared to form Finchley Common. The medieval Great North Road, which ran through the common, was notorious for highwaymen until the early 19th century, St Mary-at-Finchley Church is first recorded in the 1270s. Near the northern gate to the Bishop of Londons park, the hamlet of East End, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway reached Finchley in 1867. It ran from Finsbury Park via Finchley to Edgware, the branch from Finchley to High Barnet opened in 1872. In 1905 tram services were established in Finchley, and extended shortly afterwards to Barnet and they were eventually replaced by trolleybuses. In 1933, the Underground New Works Programme, 1935-1940 to electrify the lines through Finchley, much of the work was carried out and East Finchley station was rebuilt, but the project was halted by the second world war. All passenger services from Finchley to Edgware ended in September 1939, nevertheless, Underground trains began running from central London to High Barnet in 1940, and to Mill Hill East, to reach the army barracks, in 1941. From around 1547 Finchley had a vestry, which became a local board in 1878, an urban district council in 1895. The area is now part of the London Borough of Barnet, from 1959 to 1992 the Finchley constituency was represented in Parliament by Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. Finchley is now included in the new constituency of Finchley and Golders Green, in February 2010, the Green Party held its spring party conference at the artsdepot in North Finchley. Finchley is on a plateau,90 metres above sea level 11 km north of Charing Cross and 6 km south of Barnet, to the west is the Dollis valley formed by Dollis Brook the natural western boundary of Finchley. Mutton Brook forms the boundary, joining the Dollis Brook to become the River Brent
13.
London Labour and the London Poor
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London Labour and the London Poor is a work of Victorian journalism by Henry Mayhew. In the 1840s he observed, documented, and described the state of working people in London for a series of articles in a newspaper, the Morning Chronicle, that were later compiled into book form. Mayhew went into deep, almost pedantic detail concerning the trades, habits, religion, much of the material comprises detailed interviews in which people candidly describe their lives and work. For instance, Jack Black talks about his job as rat and mole destroyer to Her Majesty, beyond this anecdotal material, Mayhews articles are particularly notable for attempting to justify numerical estimates with other information, such as census data and police statistics. The articles were collected and published in three volumes in 1851, London in the 1840s was more like a 21st-century Third World megalopolis than a 19th-century city. A significant portion of the population had no fixed place of work, in classic fashion, the city teemed with outsiders and migrants from other parts of Britain, even from other parts of Europe. Items of commerce, such as food, drink, textiles and household goods, were distributed by an army of carts, while goods were sold from storefronts, there were also thousands upon thousands of street-traders generally lumped together as costermongers. Mayhews perception as an observer is unsurpassed in early descriptions of Londons street scenes and his richly detailed descriptions are able to give an impression of what the street markets of his day were like. Here is a description by Mayhew, The pavement and the road are crowded with purchasers and street-sellers. The housewife in her shawl, with the market-basket on her arm, walks slowly on, stopping now to look at the stall of caps. Little boys, holding three or four onions in their hand, creep between the people, wriggling their way through every interstice, and asking for custom in whining tones, as if seeking charity. Then the tumult of the thousand different cries of the dealers, all shouting at the top of their voices, at one. “Chestnuts all‘ot, a penny a score, ” bawls another, “An ‘aypenny a skin, blacking, ” squeaks a boy. “Buy, buy, buy, buy, buy-- bu-u-uy. ”“Half-quire of paper for a penny, “Who‘ll buy a bonnet for fourpence. ”Three pair for a halfpenny, bootlaces. ”Beautiful whelks, a penny a lot. ”“Here‘s ha‘p‘orths, ” shouts the perambulating confectioner. “Come and look at ‘em. here‘s toasters. ”Bellows one with a Yarmouth bloater stuck on a toasting-fork, “Penny a lot, fine russets, ” calls the apple woman, and so the Babel goes on. The articles comprising London Labour and the London Poor were initially collected into three volumes in 1851. He wrote in one, I shall consider the whole of the metropolitan poor under three separate phases, according as they will work, they cant work, and they wont work. He described their clothes, how and where they lived, their entertainments and customs, the books make fascinating reading, showing how marginal and precarious many peoples lives were, in what, at that time, must have been the richest city in the world
14.
Anglicanism
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Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to the Magna Carta and before, adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. As the name suggests, the churches of the Anglican Communion are linked by bonds of tradition, affection and they are in full communion with the See of Canterbury, and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury, in his person, is a unique focus of Anglican unity. He calls the once-a-decade Lambeth Conference, chairs the meeting of primates, Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession, and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism, the word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans, as an adjective, Anglican is used to describe the people, institutions and churches, as well as the liturgical traditions and theological concepts developed by the Church of England. As a noun, an Anglican is a member of a church in the Anglican Communion, the word is also used by followers of separated groups which have left the communion or have been founded separately from it, although this is sometimes considered as a misuse. The word Anglicanism came into being in the 19th century, although the term Anglican is found referring to the Church of England as far back as the 16th century, its use did not become general until the latter half of the 19th century. Elsewhere, however, the term Anglican Church came to be preferred as it distinguished these churches from others that maintain an episcopal polity, as such, it is often referred to as being a via media between these traditions. Anglicans understand the Old and New Testaments as containing all necessary for salvation and as being the rule. Reason and Tradition are seen as means to interpret Scripture. Anglicans understand the Apostles Creed as the symbol and the Nicene Creed as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith. Anglicans celebrate the sacraments, with special emphasis being given to the Eucharist, also called Holy Communion. Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries and it was called common prayer originally because it was intended for use in all Church of England churches which had previously followed differing local liturgies. The term was kept when the church became international because all Anglicans used to share in its use around the world, in 1549, the first Book of Common Prayer was compiled by Thomas Cranmer, who was then Archbishop of Canterbury. The founding of Christianity in Britain is commonly attributed to Joseph of Arimathea, according to Anglican legend, Saint Alban, who was executed in 209 AD, is the first Christian martyr in the British Isles. A new culture emerged around the Irish Sea among the Celtic peoples with Celtic Christianity at its core, what resulted was a form of Christianity distinct from Rome in many traditions and practices
15.
Ragged school
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Ragged schools were charitable organisations dedicated to the free education of destitute children in 19th-century Britain. The schools were developed in working-class districts of the expanding industrial towns. In 1844, the Ragged Schools Union was established to combine resources throughout the country, providing education, food, clothing, lodging. The ragged school movement grew out of recognition that charitable and denominational schools were not beneficial for children in inner-city areas, working in the poorest districts, teachers initially utilised stables, lofts, and railway arches for their classes. There was an emphasis on reading, writing, arithmetic, the curriculum expanded into industrial and commercial subjects in many schools. It is estimated that about 300,000 children went through the London ragged schools alone between 1844 and 1881. There is a Ragged School Museum in the East End of London showing how a school would have looked. Several different schools claim to have pioneered truly free education for poor or ragged people, for many of the destitute children of London, going to school each day was not an option. At that time, there was no such thing as free education for everyone, from the 18th century onwards, ragged schools were few and far between. They had been started in areas where someone had been concerned enough to want to help disadvantaged children towards a better life, in the late 18th century Thomas Cranfield offered free education for poor children in London. While he was a tailor by trade, Cranfields educational background included studies at a Sunday school on Kingsland Road, in 1798, he established a free childrens day school on Kent Street near London Bridge. By the time of his death in 1838, he had established 19 free schools providing services for children and these opportunities and services were offered days, nights, and on Sundays, for the destitute children of poor families throughout London. John Pounds, a Portsmouth shoemaker, provides one of the earliest well-documented examples of the movement, when he was 12 years old, Pounds father arranged for him to be apprenticed as a shipwright. Three years later, he fell into a dry dock and was crippled for life, unable to work as a shipwright, John became a shoemaker and by 1803 had his own shop in St Mary Street, Portsmouth. In 1818, Pounds, known as the cobbler, began teaching poor children without charging fees. He actively recruited children and young people to his school and he spent time on the streets and quays of Portsmouth making contact and even bribing them to come with the offer of baked potatoes. He began teaching local children reading, writing, and arithmetic and his reputation as a teacher grew and he soon had more than 40 students attending his lessons. He also gave lessons in cooking, carpentry and shoemaking, after Pounds death, Thomas Guthrie wrote Plea for Ragged Schools and proclaimed him as the originator of this idea
16.
Bloomsbury
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Bloomsbury is an area of the London Borough of Camden, between Euston Road and Holborn. It was developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a residential area. It is notable for its garden squares, literary connections, and numerous cultural, educational, Bloomsbury Square was laid out in 1660 by Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton. Much of the district was planned and built by James Burton and it is also home to the University of Law and New College of the Humanities. London Contemporary Dance School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and are located in the area. Bloomsbury is in the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. The western half of the district comprises Bloomsbury ward, which three councillors to Camden Borough Council. The earliest record of what would become Bloomsbury is in the 1086 Domesday Book, but it is not until 1201 that the name Bloomsbury is first noted, when William de Blemond, a Norman landowner, acquired the land. The name Bloomsbury is a development from Blemondisberi – the bury, or manor, at the end of the 14th century, Edward III acquired Blemonds manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks of the London Charterhouse, who kept the area mostly rural. In the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII took the back into the possession of the Crown and granted it to Thomas Wriothesley. In the early 1660s, the Earl of Southampton constructed what eventually became Bloomsbury Square, the Yorkshire Grey public house on the corner of Grays Inn Road and Theobalds Road dates from 1676. The area was laid out mainly in the 18th century, largely by landowners such as Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford, who built Bloomsbury Market, William de Blemond in the 13th century, a Norman, was the first landowner. Edward III acquired Blemonds manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks who governed it until Henry VIII granted it to the Earl of Southampton, the Russell family became landowners in the 18th century. The area lay within the parishes of St Giles in the Fields and St Georges, Bloomsbury and it is now controlled by the London Borough of Camden and part of the district is contained within the Bloomsbury ward. The district is situated in the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. Bloomsbury merges gradually with Holborn in the south, with St Pancras and Kings Cross in the north-east, the road runs from Euston and Somers Town in the north to Holborn in the south. East of Southampton Row/Woburn Place are the Grade II listed Brunswick Centre, a residential and shopping centre, the area west of Southampton Row/Woburn Place is notable for its concentration of academic establishments, museums, and formal squares. Bloomsbury contains some of Londons finest parks and buildings, and is known for its formal squares
17.
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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Dulwich Picture Gallery is an art gallery in Dulwich, South London. The gallery, designed by Regency architect Sir John Soane using an innovative and influential method of illumination and it is the oldest public art gallery in England and was made an independent charitable trust in 1994. Until this time the gallery was part of Alleyns College of Gods Gift, Edward Alleyn was an actor who became an entrepreneur in Elizabethan theatre. His commercial interests in the Rose and Fortune Theatres, gave him sufficient wealth to acquire the Manor of Dulwich in 1605 and he founded a college at Dulwich, the College of Gods Gift, and endowed it with his estate. It was a school for boys and next to it were almshouses for the local poor, the college became three separate beneficiary schools – Dulwich College, Alleyns School, and James Allens Girls School, named after an early-18th century headmaster. The college, the almshouses and chapel survive next to the gallery on Gallery Road. Alleyn bequeathed the college of a collection of works including portraits of the kings, the college retained connections with the theatre and in 1686, the actor William Cartwright bequeathed a collection of 239 pictures, of which 80 are now identifiable at Dulwich. In the 18th century, the collection was displayed on the first floor of the wing of the Old College and it attracted few additions during this period, and recorded descriptions of the gallery suggest disappointment and apathy from its visitors. The art historian and Whig politician Horace Walpole wrote that he saw a hundred mouldy portraits among apostles sibyls, the Dulwich collection was improved in size and quality by Sir Francis Bourgeois, originally from Switzerland, and his business partner, Frenchman Noël Desenfans. Their involvement saw the Gallery make significant steps towards its present state, Desenfans had lobbied the British Government to create a similar British national collection and offered to contribute to it, but was unenthusiastically received. Touring around Europe buying fine art, Bourgeois and Desenfans took five years to assemble the collection, Bourgeois and Desenfans attempted to sell the collection but were unsuccessful. Instead, they sold small pieces to fund the purchase of other important works, after the death of Desenfans in 1807, Bourgeois inherited the collection. He commissioned Sir John Soane to design and construct a mausoleum at Desenfans house, Bourgeois bequeathed his collection to the College of Gods Gift on the advice of the actor John Philip Kemble, a friend of both dealers. Bourgeois left instructions in his will for the construction of a gallery in Dulwich, designed by Soane and it was next to the original college buildings by the chapel. He also left £2,000 for construction costs and £4,000 was contributed by Desenfans widow. The gallery was opened to students of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1815 and it became a popular venue for copyists from London schools of art. Charles Dickens mentions Dulwich Picture Gallery in his novel The Pickwick Papers, as Samuel Pickwick, barbara and The Three Graces, and one, A Lady Playing on the Clavicord by Gerrit Dou and Susannah and the Elders by Adam Elsheimer. They were worth at least £3 million but a reward of just £1,000 was offered for their return, within a few days all the paintings were recovered after an investigation led by Detective Superintendent Charles Hewett, who had previously investigated suspected serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams
18.
National Gallery
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The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the century to 1900. The Gallery is a charity, and a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media. Its collection belongs to the public of the United Kingdom and entry to the collection is free of charge. It is among the most visited art museums in the world, after the Musée du Louvre, the British Museum, unlike comparable museums in continental Europe, the National Gallery was not formed by nationalising an existing royal or princely art collection. It came into being when the British government bought 38 paintings from the heirs of John Julius Angerstein, after that initial purchase the Gallery was shaped mainly by its early directors, notably Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, and by private donations, which comprise two-thirds of the collection. It used to be claimed that this was one of the few national galleries that had all its works on permanent exhibition, the present building, the third to house the National Gallery, was designed by William Wilkins from 1832 to 1838. Only the façade onto Trafalgar Square remains essentially unchanged from this time, wilkinss building was often criticised for the perceived weaknesses of its design and for its lack of space, the latter problem led to the establishment of the Tate Gallery for British art in 1897. The Sainsbury Wing, an extension to the west by Robert Venturi, the current Director of the National Gallery is Gabriele Finaldi. The late 18th century saw the nationalisation of royal or princely art collections across mainland Europe, great Britain, however, did not emulate the continental model, and the British Royal Collection remains in the sovereigns possession today. In 1777 the British government had the opportunity to buy an art collection of international stature, the MP John Wilkes argued for the government to buy this invaluable treasure and suggested that it be housed in a noble gallery. The twenty-five paintings from that now in the Gallery, including NG1, have arrived by a variety of routes. This offer was declined and Bourgeois bequeathed the collection to his old school, Dulwich College, the collection opened in Britains first purpose-built public gallery, the Dulwich Picture Gallery, in 1814. The British Institution, founded in 1805 by a group of aristocratic connoisseurs, the members lent works to exhibitions that changed annually, while an art school was held in the summer months. However, as the paintings that were lent were often mediocre, some resented the Institution. One of the Institutions founding members, Sir George Beaumont, Bt, in 1823 another major art collection came on the market, which had been assembled by the recently deceased John Julius Angerstein. Angerstein was a Russian-born émigré banker based in London, his collection numbered 38 paintings, including works by Raphael, on 1 July 1823 George Agar Ellis, a Whig politician, proposed to the House of Commons that it purchase the collection. The appeal was given added impetus by Beaumonts offer, which came with two conditions, that the government buy Angersteins collection, and that a building was to be found
19.
Henrietta Barnett
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Dame Henrietta Octavia Weston Barnett, DBE was a notable English social reformer, educationist, and author. She and her husband, Samuel Augustus Barnett, founded the first University Settlement at Toynbee Hall in 1884 and they also worked to establish the model Hampstead Garden Suburb in the early 20th century. Born in Clapham, London, Henrietta Octavia Weston Rowland lost her mother at an early age, at age 16, Henrietta was sent to a boarding school in Devon run by the Haddon sisters, who, influenced by James Hinton, were committed to social altruism. When her father died in 1869, Henrietta moved with two sisters to Bayswater, where she met and helped social activist and housing reformer Octavia Hill. Hill introduced Henrietta to the writings of John Ruskin, as well as influential people similarly interested in improving the condition of Londons poor. Through Hill, Henrietta met Canon Samuel Barnett, then the curate of St Marys, the newlyweds soon moved to the impoverished Whitechapel parish of St Judes, intent on improving social conditions. Henrietta continued her parish visiting activities, with a focus on women and children, in 1875, Henrietta became a woman guardian for the parish, and the following year was named a school manager for the Poor Law district schools in Forest Gate. The Barnetts experiment in sending slum children for country holidays grew into the Childrens Fresh Air Mission, established in 1877, Henrietta Barnett promoted Homes for Workhouse Girls starting in 1880, and founded the London Pupil Teachers Association in 1891. She also served as vice-president of the National Association for the Welfare of the Feeble-Minded, in 1897 annual loan exhibitions of fine art began at the nearby Whitechapel Gallery through the Barnetts efforts. In 1903 Richard Tawney began working with them, the Childrens Country Holiday Fund, william Beveridge and Clement Attlee also worked with the Barnetts as they started their own careers. A visit to Toynbee Hall inspired Jane Addams to found Hull House in Chicago, in 1889 the activist couple acquired a weekend home at Spaniards End in the Hampstead area of north-west London. The Barnetts became inspired by Ebenezer Howard and the housing development movement. In 1904, they established trusts which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to Golders Green, in 1909, an adult education institute opened in the middle of the new Hampstead Garden Suburb, with cultural programmes and discussion groups. Soon a school for girls was established and named the Henrietta Barnett School, the Barnetts never had children of their own. They adopted Dorothy Woods, and Henrietta also served as guardian for her brain-damaged elder sister. After Samuel died in 1913, Henrietta founded Barnett House at Oxford in his memory and she helped it become the universitys centre for social work and social policy education. Barnett wrote several books, alone and with her husband and their Christian Socialist beliefs are set out in Practicable Socialism and Toward Social Reform. Her early books concerned domestic issues, The Making of the Home, How to Mind the Baby, with Kathleen Mallam, Henrietta Barnett also edited a collection of essays entitled Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children
20.
Gertrude Bell
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Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq. During her lifetime she was esteemed and trusted by British officials. She has been described as one of the few representatives of His Majestys Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection. Bell was born on 14 July 1868 in Washington New Hall, County Durham, England – now known as Dame Margaret Hall – to a family whose wealth ensured her education and enabled her travels. Her personality was characterised by energy, intellect, and a thirst for adventure which shaped her path in life and her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament, in Benjamin Disraelis second term. His role in British policy-making exposed Gertrude at an age to international matters and most likely encouraged her curiosity for the world. Bells mother, Mary Shield Bell, died in 1871 while giving birth to a son, throughout her life, Gertrude consulted on political matters with her father, who had also served for many years in various governmental positions. Some biographies suggest that the loss of her mother caused underlying childhood trauma, revealed through periods of depression, but at the age of seven Gertrudes father remarried, providing her a stepmother, Florence Bell, and eventually, three half-siblings. Florence Bell was a playwright and author of stories, as well as the author of a study of Bell factory workers. She instilled concepts of duty and decorum in Gertrude and contributed to her intellectual development, Florence Bells activities with the wives of Bolckow Vaughan ironworkers in Eston, near Middlesbrough, may have helped influence her step-daughters later stance promoting education of Iraqi women. Gertrude Bell received her education from Queens College in London and then later at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University. History was one of the few women were allowed to study. She specialised in history, in which she received a first class honours degree in two years. Bell never married or had children and she befriended British colonial administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore with her brother Hugo in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with him until 1909. She had a brief but passionate affair with Swettenham following his retirement to England in 1904 and she also had an unconsummated affair with Maj. Charles Doughty-Wylie, a married man, with whom she exchanged love letters from 1913 to 1915. After his death in 1915 during the Battle of Gallipoli, Bell launched herself into her work, Bells uncle, Sir Frank Lascelles, was British minister at Tehran, Persia. In May 1892, after leaving Oxford, Bell travelled to Persia to visit him and she described this journey in her book, Persian Pictures, which was published in 1894. She spent much of the next decade travelling around the world, mountaineering in Switzerland and she had become fluent in Arabic, Persian, French and German as well as also speaking Italian and Turkish
21.
Frederick Temple
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Frederick Temple was an English academic, teacher, churchman, and Archbishop of Canterbury, from 1896 until his death. Temple was born in Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands, the son of Major Octavius Temple, on his retirement, Major Temple settled in Devon and contemplated a farming life for his son Frederick, giving him a practical training to that end. Temples grandfather was William Johnson Temple, Rector of Mamhead in Devon, Temple was sent to Blundells School, Tiverton, and soon showed signs of being suited to a different career. He retained an affection for the school, where he did well both academically and at physical activities, especially walking. The family was not wealthy, and Temple knew he would have to earn his own living and he took the first step by winning a Blundell scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford, before he was seventeen. The Tractarian Movement had begun five years earlier, but the memorable Tract 90 had not yet been written, in the intellectual and religious excitement, he drew closer to the camp of the Oxford Liberal Movement. In 1842 he took a double first and was elected fellow of Balliol, the experiment was not successful, and Temple himself advised its abandonment in 1855. He then accepted a school-inspectorship, which he held until he went to teach at Rugby School in 1858, in the meantime he had attracted the admiration of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and in 1856 he was appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria. In 1857 he was preacher at his university. At Rugby School, Thomas Arnold had died in 1842 and had succeeded by Archibald Campbell Tait. Upon the resignation of the latter the trustees appointed Temple, who in that year had taken the degrees of B. D. and D. D and his life at Rugby School was marked by great energy and bold initiative. Temple strengthened the schools reputation in the classics, but also instituted scholarships in natural science, built a laboratory. He reformed the sporting activities, in spite of all the traditions of the playing fields and his own tremendous powers of work and rough manner intimidated the pupils, but he soon became popular, and raised the schools reputation. His school sermons made an impression on the boys, teaching loyalty, faith. It was two years after he had taken up his work at Rugby that the volume entitled Essays, the first essay in the book, The Education of the World, was by Temple. Though accepted as harmless, it was blamed for being in the book, Temple refused to repudiate his associates, and it was only at a much later date that he decided to withdraw his essay. In the meantime, he printed a volume of his Rugby sermons, in politics Temple was a follower of William Ewart Gladstone, and he approved of the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. He also wrote and spoke in favour of the Elementary Education Act 1870 of William Edward Forster, in 1869, Gladstone offered him the deanery of Durham, but he declined because he wanted to stay at Rugby School
22.
Marylebone
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Marylebone is an affluent inner-city area of central London, England, located within the City of Westminster and part of the West End. It is sometimes written as St. Marylebone, Marylebone is roughly bounded by Oxford Street to the south, Marylebone Road to the north, Edgware Road to the west and Great Portland Street to the east. The area east of Great Portland Street up to Cleveland Street and this stream rose further north in what is now Swiss Cottage, eventually running along what is now Marylebone Lane, which preserves its curve within the grid pattern. The church and the area later became known as St Mary at the Bourne which, over time, became shortened to its present form. It is a common misunderstanding that the name is a corruption of Marie la Bonne, the manor of Tyburn is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a possession of Barking Abbey valued at 52 shillings, with a population no greater than 50. Early in the 13th century it was held by Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford. Tyburn manor remained with the Crown until the part was sold in 1611 by James I, who retained the deer park, to Edward Forest. Forests manor of Marylebone then passed by marriage to the Austen family, the deer park, Marylebone Park Fields, was let out in small holdings for hay and dairy produce. The Harley heiress Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley married William, 2nd Duke of Portland, such place names in the neighbourhood as Cavendish Square and Portland Place reflect the Dukes of Portland landholdings and Georgian-era developments there. In 1879 the fifth Duke died without issue and the estate passed through the line to his sister, Lucy Joan Bentinck. A large part of the area directly to the west was constructed by the Portman family and is known as the Portman Estate, both estates have aristocratic antecedents and are still run by members of the aforementioned families. The Crown repurchased the northern part of the estate in 1813, mansfield Street is a short continuation of Chandos Street built by the Adam brothers in 1770, on a plot of ground which had been underwater. Most of its houses are fine buildings with exquisite interiors, which if put on the market now would have a price in excess of £10 million. Immediately across the road at 61 New Cavendish Street lived Natural History Museum creator Alfred Waterhouse, Queen Anne Street is an elegant cross-street which unites the northern end of Chandos Street with Welbeck Street. The painter JMW Turner moved to 47 Queen Anne Street in 1812 from 64 Harley Street, now divided into numbers 22 and 23, the building is one of the finest surviving Adam houses in London, and now lets rooms. Wimpole Street runs from Henrietta Place north to Devonshire Street, becoming Upper Wimpole en route – the latter where Arthur Conan Doyle opened his practice at number 2 in 1891. Today, at the end of Wimpole at Wigmore can be found a sandwich shop named Barretts. Bentinck Street leaves Welbeck Street and touches the middle of winding Marylebone Lane, more recently, Cambridge spies Anthony Blunt and Guy Burgess lived at 5 Bentinck Street during the Second World War
23.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
24.
Emma Cons
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Emma Cons was a British social reformer, educationalist and theatre manager. As Conss father Frederick Cons was suffering ill health, she needed to work. Cons also tried working as an engraver, and as a stained glass designer. From 1864, Cons worked for Octavia Hill as a rent collector, starting work at Barretts Court, later Cons moved to South London, and in 1879 she established the South London Dwellings Company around Surrey Lodge, Lambeth, near to Waterloo station. In 1889 Cons became the first female alderman on the London County Council, working alongside the first elected women members Jane Cobden and Lady Sandhurst. The elections were challenged by anti-suffragists, but as Cons had not been elected, she had been asked by the LCC Progressives to become an alderman, and it was difficult to challenge her position. When she voted, however, she became liable for a fine, De Souza v. Cobden, in 1880, Emma Cons, re-opened what is now the Old Vic Theatre in Lambeth, south London, as the Royal Victoria Coffee and Music Hall. It was a cheap and decent place of amusement on strict temperance lines, through this initiative, she brought the plays of William Shakespeare and also opera to working class people. In 1882, Samuel Morley began to take an interest in the affairs of the theatre and he contributed a large amount of money to the scheme, and his business advice was of value. Morley College developed from the lectures given at the Old Vic, in 1896, Cons devoted her autumn holiday in Cyprus to trying to help refugee Armenians, who had fled from persecution in Turkey. In 1908, Cons became the first woman to speak at the Institute of Directors, Emma Cons died on 24 July 1912, of a cerebral haemorrhage, at Chippens Bank, Hever, Kent, home of her friend, Ethel Everest. Her niece, Lilian Baylis, assisted in running the Old Vic and her sister, Ellen Cons, was also closely associated with many philanthropic schemes, and was one of the governors of the Old Vic. Plaques honouring Emma Cons are displayed outside the Old Vic on the corner with Waterloo Road, another round blue plaque was put up by the Greater London Council, on the street wall of 136 Seymour Place, Marylebone, where she lived and worked. Today, The West London Day Centre is in this building, Old Vic history Morton Place, Lambeth Ladies First information
25.
Army Cadet Force
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The Army Cadet Force is a national youth organisation sponsored by the United Kingdoms Ministry of Defence and the British Army. Along with the Sea Cadet Corps and the Air Training Corps and it is a separate organisation from the Combined Cadet Force which provides similar training within principally independent private schools. Although sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, the ACF is not part of the British Army or Army Reserve, and as such cadets are not subject to military call up. Some cadets do, however, go on to enlist in the forces in later life. The Army Cadet Force Association is a charity that acts in an advisory role to the Ministry of Defence. The Army Cadet Force is also a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services, as an organisation with a voluntary, as of 1 April 2015 there are 50,540 Cadets and Cadet Force Adult Volunteers. In 1859 local Militia units, were organised into a nationwide Volunteer Reserve Force because of the threat of French invasion, the first unit of the ACF to be formed was the Robin Hood Rifles formed by Mrs Octavia Hill on Frimley Park in 1859. These new Volunteer units formed Cadet Companies and eight public schools formed independent cadet units. The late Victorian period was when the time of change began to take hold in Britain. The formation of Cadet units also spread to the colonies and its cadets wore the cap badge of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, to which the Bermuda Cadet Corps was attached. In 1914 all independent Cadet units were taken under control by the War Office, during the war, the War Office extended the earning of Certificate A, which with Certificate B, had been used by the OTCs, to the Cadets. This became the goal for most cadets until the APC tests were introduced, the tests covered many aspects of infantry training, including drill, map reading, weapon training and shooting, fieldcraft, fitness, and command instruction. The award of the certificate permitted the holder to have a star on the lower sleeve The star was red with khaki edgings. A technical certificate was developed, in 1943, covering engineering knowledge. The award of this gave another four-pointed star, but with the centre in blue, the holder of a Certificate T was assured the entry into one of the technical corps on being called-up. The Certificate A holder was given a training period. In 1923 as a result of Defence cutbacks all Governmental and Military support for the ACF was withdrawn, from 1939 the Cadet Forces supported the Home Guard at a time when the threat of German invasion was very real, because of this in 1942 the ACF was re-formed. Following a Government review of the Armed Forces in 1957 the ACF assumed its role of a youth organisation sponsored by the Ministry of Defence
26.
Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade
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The Church Lads and Church Girls Brigade is an Anglican youth organisation with branches in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Bermuda, Kenya, South Africa, Newfoundland and St Helena. The two respective founders were Walter M Gee and the Reverend Thomas Milner, the two brigades amalgamated in 1978 to form the Church Lads and Church Girls Brigade. The brigades patron saint is Martin of Tours, a banner depicting St Martin, which was presented by the brigade in 1921 to honour those members who died in the First World War, is kept at Westminster Abbey. The brigade is structured by location, each location has a regiment or a diocesan battalion, this then divides into battalions and then into companies. Generally, each regiment has more than one battalion and each battalion has more than one company, in Newfoundland, the brigade is composed of the Eastern Diocesan Regiment, split between the Avalon Battalion and the Trinity-Conception Battalion. Those battalions are further split into companies, there once were many more battalions, but unfortunately the brigade has seen a decrease in membership in recent years and many companies have now become defunct. The brigade is split into groups and these correspond with the age of the members, The Martins,4 to 7 years of age. The Y Team,7 to 10 years of age, JTC,10 to 13 years of age. Seniors,13 to 21 years of age, members can become leaders and staff and continue to contribute to the CLCGB for long periods of time. The following are the designations for the CLB in Newfoundland. YTC,7 to 9 years of age, JTC,10 to 12 years of age. SC,13 to 18 years of age, can include commissioned officers or non-uniformed instructors. In Newfoundland, LTC and YTC sections only ever hold the rank of private, privates bear no chevrons or sashes. Ranks that merit chevrons wear the chevron on the mid-upper arm, youth ranks that merit Crowns wear them on the lower arm, below the elbow. Officer ranks, be it in the form of pips, crowns, warrant officer, second class Many that hold this rank also hold the position of sergeant major. The rank is often shortened to WO2 when addressing someone of this rank, a W. O. proficiency course, along with having been a sergeant for at least one year and being over the age of 17, is required to achieve this rank. Warrant officer, first class Those who are awarded this rank also hold the position of sergeant major. For this reason, there are only two in the brigade at any given time
27.
Derbyshire Regiment
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The Sherwood Foresters was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for just under 90 years, from 1881 to 1970. The lineage of the Sherwood Foresters is now continued by the 2nd Battalion, the regiment was formed on 1 July 1881 as part of the Childers Reforms. The 45th Regiment of Foot and the 95th Regiment of Foot were redesignated as the 1st, Henry Cooper (ex 45th Foot 1881-.1889, Gen. John Studholme Brownrigg, CB (ex 95th Foot 188n–. Sir Daniel Lysons, GCB (ex 45th Foot 1898–1900, Gen. Frederic Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, GCB, GCVO 1900–1902, sir Mark Walker, VC, KCB 1902–1905, Lt-Gen. Sir William Bellairs, KCMG, CB 1905–1930, Gen, sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien, GCB, GCMG, DSO 1930–1935, Lt-Gen. Sir William Raine Marshall, GCMG, KCB, KCSI 1935–1941, sir Frederick Barton Maurice, KCMG, CB 1941–1946, Lt-Gen. Sir Douglas Studholme Brownrigg Wellesley, KCB, DSO 1946–1947, Lt-Gen, sir Henry Beresford Dennitts Willcox, KCIE, CB, DSO, MC 1947–1958, Maj-Gen. Percival Napier White, CB, CBE 1958–1965, Maj-Gen, cecil Benfield Fairbanks, CB, CBE 1965–1970, Brig. Built on the site of a tower called Crich Stand. It is 1,000 feet above sea level, and has 52 steps to the top, from there eight counties can be seen, including landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral. In 1931, the Sherwood Foresters were officially allied with the Simcoe Foresters, the Sherwood Foresters stable belt continues to be used by the East Midlands Universities Officer Training Corps. Anon, The Robin Hoods, 1/7th, 2/7th and 3/7th Battns Sherwood Foresters, J & H Bell, 1921/Uckfield, Naval and Military Press,2009, ISBN 1-847349-92-7 Bellis, regiments of the British Army 1939–1945. George Forty, British Army Handbook 1939-1945, Stroud, Sutton Publishing,1998, the Sherwood Foresters in the Great War 1914 -1919, History of 1/8th Battalion at Project Gutenberg. ISBN 1-4365-8981-9 BBC - WW2 Peoples War - History of the Sherwood Foresters
28.
Speenhamland system
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The Speenhamland system was a form of outdoor relief intended to mitigate rural poverty in England at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The law was an amendment to the Elizabethan Poor Law and it was created as an indirect result of Britain’s involvements in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The increase in the price of grain may have occurred as a result of a poor harvest in the years 1795–96, many blamed middlemen and hoarders as the ultimate architects of the shortage. The authorities at Speenhamland approved a means-tested sliding-scale of wage supplements in order to mitigate the worst effects of rural poverty, families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level according to a table. This level varied according to the number of children and the price of bread, for example, if bread was 1s 2d a loaf, the wages of a family with two children were topped up to 8s 6d. If bread rose to 1s 8d the wages were topped up to 11s 0d, the immediate impact of paying the poor rate fell on the landowners of the parish concerned. They then sought other means of dealing with the poor, such as the workhouse funded through parish unions, eventually pressure due to structural poverty caused the introduction of the new Poor Law. The system was popular in the south of England, william Pitt the Younger attempted to get the idea passed into legislation but failed. The system was not adopted nationally but was popular in the counties which experienced the Swing Riots during the 1830s, the Poor Law Commissioners Report of 1834 called the Speenhamland System a universal system of pauperism. So the workers low income was unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers, thomas Malthus believed a system of supporting the poor would lead to increased population growth rates because the Poor Laws encouraged early marriage. No empirical evidence shows a correlation between population rates and Speenhamland though. This system of relief, and others like it, lasted until the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. Allowances, or supplements, to wages were used generally as a measure. Speenhamland appears to have been one among many systems of bread scales, eden attacked the system as an impediment to agricultural progress. UK labour law Earned income tax credit Roundsman Labour Rate Poor Law Timeline of childrens rights in the United Kingdom NREGA Geary, Frank Land Tenure and Unemployment Poynter, society and Pauperism Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class Himmelfarb, Gertrude The Idea of Poverty Polanyi, Karl The Great Transformation Block, Fred, Somers, chapter 5, In the Shadow of Speenhamland. The Power Of Market Fundamentalism, Karl Polanyis Critique
29.
Sevenoaks
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Sevenoaks is a town and civil parish with a population of 29,506 situated south-east of London in western Kent, England. The population of the parish had reduced to 20,409 at the 2011 Census and it is served by a commuter main line railway and is 21 miles from London Charing Cross. It is the town of the Sevenoaks district, followed by Swanley. A settlement was recorded in the 13th century, when a market was established, construction of Knole House in the 15th century helped develop the village. Sevenoaks became part of the communications network when one of the early turnpikes was opened in the 18th century. In the 21st century, it has a large commuting population, located to the south-east of the town is Knole Park, within which lies Knole House. Educational establishments in the include the independent Sevenoaks School and Knole Academy. The towns name is derived from the Old English word Seouenaca, there are few records earlier than the 13th century for the town, when it was given market status. The weekly cattle market was held in Hitchen Hatch Lane until 1999 and it was closed to make way for the 160 BT building in London Road. A food market is held in the centre of town every Saturday, in the Middle Ages two hospitals were provided by religious orders for the care of old or sick people, especially those going on pilgrimage. Sevenoaks School, at the end of High Street, is one of the oldest lay foundations in England. It was founded by William Sevenoke in 1432, Sevenoke, a foundling, had been brought up in the town. In later life he became a merchant and served as alderman, sheriff, founding the school and adjacent almshouses was his thanks to the town. In 1560 the school was granted letters patent by Queen Elizabeth I and it was for the education of boys and youths in grammar and learning. In 1456 Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, purchased the Knole estate, the eponymous oak trees in Knole Park have been replaced several times over the centuries. In 1902 seven oaks were planted on the side of The Vine cricket ground to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII. During the Great Storm of 1987, six of those trees were blown down, the trees have been replaced and eight Oak trees of varying ages line The Vine. A serious railway accident occurred nearby on 24 August 1927, Southern Railway K class passenger tank engine No
30.
Wicken Fen
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Wicken Fen is a 254.5 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Wicken in Cambridgeshire. It is also a National Nature Reserve, a Special Area of Conservation, a Ramsar wetland site of international importance, a large part of it is owned and managed by the National Trust. It is one of Britains oldest nature reserves, and was the first reserve cared for by the National Trust, the first parcel of land for the reserve was donated to the Trust by Charles Rothschild in 1901. The reserve includes fenland, farmland, marsh, and reedbeds, Wicken Fen is one of only four wild fens which still survive in the enormous Great Fen Basin area of East Anglia, where 99. 9% of the former fens have now been replaced by arable cultivation. Much of the management tries to recreate the old systems of fen working which persisted for hundreds of years, for example, the sedge plant, Cladium mariscus, is harvested every year and sold for thatching roofs. The first recorded sedge harvest at Wicken was in 1414, and ever since then, the sedge-cutting has allowed an array of plants and animals to colonize the area that depend on regular clearance of the sedge in order to survive. As part of the management plan for Wicken Fen, Konik ponies, the present appearance of Wicken Fen is the result of centuries of management by human beings. Many of the practices now undertaken have changed little since medieval times, in surrounding areas, the landscape has changed so completely that it is almost impossible to imagine how it must once have all looked. Only a very few places survive where it is possible to experience this primitive landscape first hand, tracks in and around Wicken Fen became visible on Google Street View before many towns and urban areas in Britain were covered. Wicken Fen features the last surviving wooden windpump in the Fens and it is a small smock wind pump, which was probably built about 1912 at Adventurers Fen for land drainage. The pump was moved to its present site and restored in 1956 by the National Trust, the Windpump now pumps water from the drainage channel up into the Fen to maintain a high water table. The nearby museums, Stretham Old Engine and Prickwillow Museum tell the story of how windpumps were succeeded by steam engines in the nineteenth century, the Fen has been long associated with natural history. Many eminent Victorian naturalists collected beetles, moths and butterflies at Wicken Fen, from the 1920s onwards the fathers of modern ecology and conservation, the Cambridge botanists Sir Arthur Tansley and Sir Harry Godwin carried out their pioneering work on the reserve. One of the worlds longest running science experiments, the Godwin Plots, a Bibliography can be downloaded from the Wicken website and the latest Newsletter. The Fen is open to the public, the site is open all year round from dawn to dusk except for Christmas Day. Some paths are closed in wet weather, and some areas are inaccessible. However, there is a boardwalk, leading to two bird hides that is all of the time. There are several hides and many miles of trails for visitors to follow
31.
Wimbledon Common
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Wimbledon Common is a large open space in Wimbledon, south-west London, totalling 460 hectares. There are three named areas, Wimbledon Common, Putney Heath, and Putney Lower Common, which together are managed under the name Wimbledon, Putney Lower Common is separated from the rest of the Common by about 1.5 miles of built-up area of southwest Putney. Wimbledon Common, together with Putney Heath and Putney Lower Common, is protected by the Wimbledon, the common is for the benefit of the general public for informal recreation, and for the preservation of natural flora and fauna. It is the largest expanse of heathland in the London area, there is an area of bog with unique flora. The western slopes, which lie on London Clay, support mature mixed woodland, the Commons are also an important site for the stag beetle. Most of the Common is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, english Nature works with the Conservators on the management plan for the area. Wimbledon Common and Putney Heath are also a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation, the Commons are administered by eight Conservators. Five of them are elected triennially and the three are appointed by three government departments, the Department of the Environment, Ministry of Defence and Home Office. The Commons are managed by the Clerk and Ranger, supported by a Deputy, a Wildlife & Conservation Officer, there are seven Mounted Keepers, two groundsmen, six maintenance workers and one property maintenance worker – some 23 employees in total. There are at least four horses which are used by the Keepers on mounted patrol, the Conservators are responsible for the annual budget of around £1m. Most of the revenue comes from a levy on houses within 3⁄4 mile of the Commons. The levy payers are entitled to vote for the five elected Conservators, the levy payers fall within three London boroughs, Merton, Wandsworth and Kingston. A windmill stands near the centre of Wimbledon Common as usually understood, here Robert Baden-Powell wrote parts of Scouting for Boys, which was published in 1908. In the 19th century the windmill was the headquarters of the National Rifle Association, eventually the headquarters were moved to ranges at Bisley. Two broad, shallow pools, Kingsmere and Rushmere, lie near roads on the parts of Wimbledon Common. The more remote Queensmere is somewhat deeper, being impounded in a small valley, Beverley Brook runs along the western edge of Wimbledon Common. The watercourse was the south west London boundary. Near Beverley Brook and Warren Farm are two Local Nature Reserves managed by the London Wildlife Trust, Farm Bog and Fishpond Wood and it may have been taken by the Legio II Augusta under Vespasian in their push westwards in AD44
32.
Epping Forest
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Epping Forest is an area of ancient woodland near Epping, straddling the border between Greater London and Essex. It is a royal forest, and is managed by the City of London Corporation. It covers 2,476 hectares and contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds, and most of it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding, its elevation and thin gravelly soil historically made it unsuitable for agriculture and it gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district which covers part of it. The name Epping Forest was first recorded in the 17th century, the area which became known as Waltham, and then Epping Forest has been continuously forested since Neolithic times. The former lime/linden Tilia-dominated woodland was permanently altered during Saxon times by cutting of trees. Todays beech-birch and oak-hornbeam-dominated forest was the result of partial forest clearance in Saxon times, the forest is thought to have been given legal status as a royal forest by Henry II in the 12th century. This status allowed commoners to use the forest to gather wood and foodstuffs, and to graze livestock and turn out pigs for mast, but only the king was allowed to hunt there. Forest in the sense of royal forest meant an area of land reserved for royal hunting, where the forest laws applied. In Tudor times, Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have hunted in the forest, in 1543, Henry commissioned a building, known as Great Standing, from which to view the chase at Chingford. The building was renovated in 1589 for Queen Elizabeth I and can still be today in Chingford. The building is now known as Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge, and is open to the public, there is another hunt standing, which now forms the core of the Forest HQ at the Warren, Loughton. There were disputes between landowners and commoners, one group of commoners was led by Thomas Willingale who on behalf of the villagers of Loughton continued to lop the trees after the Lord of the Manor had enclosed 550 hectares of forest in Loughton. This led to an injunction against further enclosures, the Epping Forest Act 1878 was passed, saving the forest from enclosure, and halting the shrinkage of the forest that this had caused. Epping Forest ceased to be a royal forest and was placed in the care of the City of London Corporation who act as Conservators, in addition, the Crowns right to venison was terminated, and pollarding was no longer allowed, although grazing rights continued. This act laid down a stipulation that the Conservators shall at all times keep Epping Forest unenclosed and unbuilt on as a space for the recreation. In compensation for the loss of lopping rights, Lopping Hall in Loughton was built as a community building, the City of London Corporation still manages Epping Forest in strict conformity with the Epping Forest Act. This care is funded from Citys Cash, the funds of the Corporation rather than any money for its upkeep coming from local rates or taxes
33.
Windsor Great Park
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Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2020 hectares, including a deer park, to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England. The park was, for centuries, the private hunting ground of Windsor Castle. Historically the park covered an area many times the known as Windsor Forest. The park is managed and funded by the Crown Estate, most parts of the park are open to the public, free of charge, from dawn to dusk, although there is a charge to enter Savill Garden. The park is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks, the Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape. It has sweeping deer lawns, small woods, coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient oak trees, there is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet. The River Bourne runs through a number of ponds to the south, chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond, near the great lake of Virginia Water. The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the Long Walk runs between here and Windsor Castle, the main Sheet Street Road into Windsor runs through the north-east of the park. On the western side of the park is The Village, built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers, other buildings include the Royal Lodge, Cumberland Lodge, the Cranbourne Tower and Norfolk Farm. The park lies mostly within the parish of Old Windsor, though the eastern regions are in the Borough of Runnymede and there are small areas in the parishes of Winkfield. Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park, but not officially within its borders include the Home Park, Mote Park, Flemish Farm, Cranbourne Chase, Forest Lodge, the modern enclosed Deer Park is at the northern end of the Great Park. It is home to a herd of semi-wild deer, reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park. The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to the 1829 Copper Horse statue of King George III atop Snow Hill where there are views of the castle. It is 2.65 miles from George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse, other equestrian statues in the park include one of the Prince Consort, to the west of the polo grounds, and one of Queen Elizabeth II near the Village. The Royal Lodge was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Rangers house and it was made in to a retreat for the Prince Regent from 1812, but was largely pulled down after his death. The remains were renovated, in the 1930s, as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and it is now the official residence of the Prince Andrew, Duke of York and not accessible by the public. The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built after the chapels of the Royal, the chapel was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyattville and regularly used by George IV during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle. It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by Samuel Sanders Teulon, Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth
34.
Toys Hill
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Toys Hill is a hamlet which lies within Brasted civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. It lies to the south of Brasted Chart, also in the parish, the hamlet is situated on the steep scarp slope of the Greensand Ridge, a prominent escarpment principally formed of Lower Greensand sandstone. The escarpment here presents itself as a high, thickly wooded ridge running from west to east, the summit of Toys Hill, from which the hamlet takes its name, is 235 metres above mean sea level. Within the hamlet, there are outstanding views of the Weald from a terrace, the terrace was donated in 1898 by Octavia Hill, one of the founders of the National Trust, who lived at nearby Crockham Hill, and it was one of the National Trusts first properties. The National Trusts Toys Hill estate now runs to more than 200 acres of woodland, the area has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of its abundant wildlife, and much of it is recognised as a Grade I site of national importance for nature conservation. Toys Hill probably took its name in the Middle Ages from a local land-owning family. In 1295, Robert Toys paid 12d to the Manor of Otford for the right to keep pigs in Otford Woods and it is likely that he or his family gave their name to this area of Brasted Chart. Toys Hill was part of the Common of Brasted Chart where local people kept pigs and cattle, gathered peat and firewood and quarried Chertstone for their roads. The dense woodlands that crown Toys Hill and the plateau were badly affected by the Great Storm of 1987. Toys Hill used to be known for its groves of ancient beech pollards, dating back to the early days of grazing. The woods have since regenerated with sessile oak, beech and birch saplings, parts of one woodland, Scords Wood, are managed on a non-intervention ‘hands off’ basis, so that natural development after the storm can be studied by Natural England. Toys Hill Toys Hill information at the National Trust
35.
Ide Hill
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Ide Hill is a village within the civil parish of Sundridge with Ide Hill, in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It stands on one of the highest points of the ridge about five miles south-west of Sevenoaks. Its name first appears on record in 1250 as Edythehelle and it is an eponymic denoting Ediths hill, from the Old English hyll hill. As per the church, the pitch has the distinction of being the highest in Kent. Two of Kents places of interest are near Ide Hill, Bough Beech Reservoir, Bough Beech Reservoir was completed in 1969. A large area round it is leased to the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation as a nature reserve, Emmetts Garden is in the care of the National Trust. It was laid out in the late 19th century, there is a stone seat near the village church to commemorate Octavia Hill, one of the Trusts founders. Goathurst Common is a hamlet within the parish of Sundridge with Ide Hill. It lies to the west of Ide Hill and its road, Bessels Green Road, leads through Whitley Forest to the village of Bessels Green, near Sevenoaks to the south. There is no current chapel or church, the hamlet did have two but they have been converted into houses. It is a residential area consisting of about sixty houses built since the early 1920s. Goathurst Common is separated from Ide Hill by Stubbs Wood, Ide Hill Village The Parish Churches and Community Information Bough Beech Reservoir Emmetts Garden Ide Hill Conservation Area Appraisal
36.
Buttermere
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Buttermere is a lake in the English Lake District in North West England. The adjacent village of Buttermere takes its name from the lake, historically in Cumberland, the lake is now within the county of Cumbria. It is owned by the National Trust, forming part of their Buttermere, the lake is 1.25 miles by.25 miles wide, and is 75 feet deep. It has an elevation above sea level of 329 feet, the village of Buttermere stands at the north western end of the lake, and beyond this is Buttermeres twin, Crummock Water. There is a path around the lake which is about 4.5 miles long, access is by road, from Cockermouth in the north west, from Borrowdale via the Honister Pass, or from Braithwaite and the Newlands Valley via Newlands Hause. There are two origins for the name Buttermere, One, that Buttermere means the lake by the dairy pastures. Two, that it is the form of a personal name. Robert Ferguson asserts in his 1866 work, The Northmen in Cumberland and Westmoreland that Buttermere derives from the Old Norse personal name Buthar and this accords with local tradition, which says that the valley of Buttermere was part of the holdings of an 11th-century Norse chieftain called Buthar. See article on Buttermere at the English Lakes. com website, in 1072 King William set up a garrison at Carlisle, but the isolated garrison needed constant reinforcement and supplies. The extent to which Jarl Buthar is a figure is unclear. He is apparently mentioned in 12th century Norman documents, but much of his story appears to be based on legend and archaeology. It was clearly inspired by Nicholas Sizes history, which it closely follows, mary Robinson, known as the Maid of Buttermere and the subject of Melvyn Braggs novel of that name, was the daughter of the landlord of the Fish Inn in Buttermere village. Buttermere information at the National Trust, robert Ferguson The Northmen in Cumberland and Westmoreland, pub. 1866, an etymology which comprehensively examines the influence of the Old Norse language. Buttermere Walk - Lake District Walks
37.
Lake District
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The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous for its lakes, forests and mountains and its associations with the early 19th century writings of William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets. It is located in the county of Cumbria, and all the land in England higher than 3,000 feet above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, respectively Wast Water, the Lake District National Park includes nearly all of the Lake District, though the town of Kendal and the Lakeland Peninsulas are currently outside the park boundary. Its aim is to protect the landscape by restricting unwelcome change by industry or commerce, Most of the land in the park is in private ownership, with about 55% registered as agricultural land. Landowners include, Individual farmers and other landowners, with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners. The National Trust owns about a quarter of the total area, the Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland. United Utilities owns 8% Lake District National Park Authority The National Park Authority is based at offices in Kendal and it runs a visitor centre on Windermere at a former country house called Brockhole, Coniston Boating Centre, and Information Centres. Much of the land has statutory open access rights, which cover around 50% of the park. The lakes and mountains combine to form impressive scenery, farmland and settlement have altered the natural scenery, and the ecology has been modified by human influence for millennia and includes important wildlife habitats. However, in 2016 the English Lake District bid for World Heritage Status was submitted to UNESCO in the category of cultural landscape, a decision is expected in 2017. In December 2009, Natural England proposed extending the National Park in the direction of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and this would include land of high landscape value in the Lune Valley. The proposal was opposed by Cumbria County Council who said it would lead to less democratic control, a public inquiry was held into the proposals, which required a decision by the Secretary of State. The decision to recommend approval was announced on October 23,2015, the precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally, but is slightly larger than that of the National Park, the total area of which is about 912 square miles. The park extends just over 32 miles from east to west, the Lake District is one of the most highly populated national parks. There are, however, only a handful of settlements within this mountainous area, the towns of Keswick, Windermere, Ambleside. Villages such as Coniston, Threlkeld, Glenridding, Pooley Bridge, Broughton-in-Furness, Grasmere, Newby Bridge, Staveley, Lindale, Gosforth, the economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism. Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads, some of which are tied to agriculture
38.
Hardwicke Rawnsley
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Canon Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley, was a Church of England clergyman, poet, hymn writer, local politician, and conservationist. He was also one of the founders of the National Trust, living in the English Lake District for more than thirty years, he worked for the protection of the countryside and secured the support of people of influence for his campaigns. Rawnsley was born at the rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire, England, an older brother, Willingham Franklin Rawnsley, became an author and schoolmaster. He was educated at Uppingham School and Balliol College, Oxford and he gained a third class degree in natural science in 1874 and was awarded his Master of Arts degree in 1875. In the same year he was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England and became the first chaplain of Clifton College mission, ministering to one of Bristols poorest areas. In 1877 Rawnsley was ordained as a priest, and in 1878 he took up the post of Vicar of Wray, Windermere, in January 1878, he married Edith Fletcher, and the couple had one child, a son, Noel. In 1882, the young Beatrix Potter holidayed in nearby Wray Castle with her parents and they entertained many eminent guests, including Rawnsley. His views on preserving the beauty of Lake District had a lasting effect on Potter. He was the first published author she met, and he took a great interest in her drawings, later encouraging her to publish her first book, Rawnsley became engaged in local campaigns to protect the countryside. This success led to the formation of the Lake District Defence Society, besides Rawnsley, members included Robert Browning, the Duke of Westminster, Ruskin, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, with whom Rawnsley had a family connection. In 1883 Rawnsley was appointed Vicar of Crosthwaite, near Keswick, in 1891 was appointed as an honorary canon of Carlisle Cathedral. In 1884 he and his wife began organising classes in metalwork and wood carving, which resulted in the establishment of a School of Industrial Art in Keswick, which remained in operation until 1986. His interest in education led him to take a large part in founding Keswick High School. In 1888 Rawnsley was elected as a member of the new Cumberland County Council and he stood out against the construction of roads over lakeland passes, secured controls over mining pollution, and promoted adequate signposting of footpaths. Other targets for his reforming zeal included the brewing industry and in years the cinema. While he opposed what he saw as excessive numbers of public houses, the Trust became a reality in 1895, its co-founders were Rawnsley, Octavia Hill and Sir Robert Hunter. Until his death, Rawnsley worked as Honorary Secretary to the Trust and he was responsible for the campaign to raise money to buy Brandlehow Wood, the National Trusts first purchase in the Lake District. In 1912 he was appointed to the honorary position of chaplain to the King
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Robert Hunter (National Trust)
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Sir Robert Hunter, KCB was a solicitor, civil servant and co-founder of the National Trust. From the 1860s Hunter was interested in conservation of open spaces. After acting as adviser to Hill in her campaigns to save Hampstead Heath and other open spaces, in 1893 the three campaigners agreed to set up a national body to acquire vulnerable properties and preserve them for the nation. At Hunters suggestion it was entitled the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, Hunter was the founding chairman of the trusts executive board. From 1882 until the year of his death Hunter was solicitor to the General Post Office and his negotiations in that capacity were estimated to have saved the British taxpayer many millions of pounds. Hunter was born in the south London suburb of Camberwell, the child and only son of Robert Lachlan Hunter, a master mariner and shipowner. He was educated privately until 1861 when he was admitted to University College, in the same year his family left London for Dorking, which was his first contact with the commons and hills of Surrey which he would come to love in later life. Hunter was awarded a degree in logic and moral philosophy in 1863. At his fathers suggestion he took up a post as a clerk in a firm of solicitors in London. Finding the work uninteresting he read for a Masters degree in his spare time, in 1866 the philanthropist and politician Henry Peek ran a contest offering prizes of £400 for essays on the best means of preserving common land for the public. Hunters entry, The Preservation of Commons in the Neighbourbood of the Metropolis, was one of six winning essays and he traced the history and legal standing of the rights of common, substantial privileges which were maintainable at law. The six essays were published in one volume in 1867, in the same year Hunter was admitted solicitor. He became a partner in Fawcett, Horne, and Hunter, Hunter worked with the society to save common land from enclosure. He instituted legal actions that ensured protection of Hampstead Heath, and Berkhamsted, Plumstead, Wimbledon and Tooting commons, most of the principles of public interest expounded in his 1866 essay were incorporated into English law in 1875. From the latter year onwards, Hunter was Octavia Hills adviser on the protection of open spaces in London, one of Hunters most celebrated successes was the rescue from enclosure of 3,000 acres of Epping Forest, with the support of the corporation of the City of London. The case was bitterly contested across three years, Hunter acted with the corporations solicitor, Sir Thomas Nelson, in the conduct of the legal proceedings. In 1882 Queen Victoria went to the forest and formally declared it available for her peoples enjoyment, a leading member of the Commons Preservation Society during this period was the Liberal politician Henry Fawcett. He was appointed Postmaster General by Gladstone in 1880, when the post of solicitor to the General Post Office became vacant in 1881 Fawcett decided that Hunter would be the best choice for the position
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Alfriston Clergy House
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Alfriston Clergy House in Alfriston, Polegate, East Sussex, England, was the first built property to be acquired by the National Trust. It was purchased in 1896 for £10, the house lies adjacent to the Church of St. Andrew. The house is a 14th-century Wealden hall house, although the name reflects the fact that the parish priest and his housekeeper used it, the house was originally built as a farmers house. It is a very modest property — not at all like the grand rectories that many Church of England clergy occupied by the 19th century and it is a low-ceilinged, two-storey, timber-framed building with a thatched roof. Part of the house was rebuilt in the 17th century and it is commonly said that a detail on a cornice wood carving of an oak leaf, may have inspired the National Trusts emblem, but there is no evidence to prove that claim. It has a chalk and sour milk floor. Outside there is a small but well-planted cottage garden, which was designed by Graham Stuart Thomas, the house is open to the public. It was also influential in promoting more widely a much more conservative attitude to the restoration of buildings than had been common practice in the 19th century. This was a result of the close links between the newly formed National Trust and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. The SPAB had been founded by William Morris 18 years earlier as a protest against excessive restoration which robbed buildings of their true value and interest. The early Founders of the Trust knew William Morris and were horrified by the damage that had been done, mostly to churches. The Clergy House was severely derelict in 1890 when the new vicar, in 1891 Beynon contacted the SPAB for advice and after £124 was raised by appeal some work was undertaken. But the project got into difficulties, in July 1894 Beynon asked the SPAB for its view of the nascent, but unknown, National Trust to see if it might be interested in taking on the Clergy House. The SPAB put him in touch with Canon Rawnsley, one of the National Trusts founders, before the Trust decided to acquire the building another founder of the Trust, Octavia Hill, contacted the Society for advice. In her letter she said that they will be asked to restore it and this set the pattern for all its later acquisitions. In June the Ecclesiastical Commissioners agreed to sell the building for £10 and this was entirely in line with SPABs views about the best and most careful way to repair an old building. The SPAB suggested Alfred Powell, who undertook the repairs, though the National Trusts first ever appeal for funds proved disappointing, as a result of this early co-operation the National Trust and SPAB developed a close working relationship which continues to this day. Alfriston Clergy House at National Trust The Old Clergy House at English Heritage
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Nature reserve
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Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws, early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the evil forest areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by ancient cultures worldwide. The worlds first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall and he spent £9000 on the construction of a 3 mile long,9 ft tall wall to enclose his park from poachers. He tried to encourage birdlife by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for owls to nest in and he also invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, jackdaws and sand martins and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy. Drachenfels was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany, in Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia. The term “nature reserve” is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a national statute. As of 2014,1767 out of a total of 10339 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term “nature reserve in their names, in Brazil, nature reserves are classified as ecological stations or biological reserves by the National System of Conservation Units. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the balance, biological diversity. Ecological stations are allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits for the purpose of scientific research. A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, there are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no, 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to protect the natural resources. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba in the southeast, denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 and is part of Thy National Park, in Sweden there are 29 national parks. The first of them were established in 1909, in fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks. There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden and they comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Enironmental Code
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