1.
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
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The National September 11 Memorial & Museum are the principal memorial and museum, respectively. They commemorate the September 11,2001 attacks, which killed 2,977 victims, and the World Trade Center bombing of 1993, which killed six. The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the location of the Twin Towers. It is operated by a corporation whose mission is to raise funds for, program, own. A memorial was planned in the aftermath of the attacks. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, a forest of trees with two square pools in the center where the Twin Towers stood. In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007. On September 11,2011, a ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial. It opened to the public the day, the museum was dedicated on May 15,2014. Three months after its opening, the memorial had been visited by over a million people, in 2012, the 9/11 Tribute Center collaborated with the 9/11 Memorial to offer private tours, which are hosted by family members of victims, first responders, and survivors. In September 2007 the Memorial & Museum began a four-month national-awareness tour of 25 cities in 25 states, the tour began at Finlay Park in Columbia, South Carolina, ending at Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida. Highlights included an exhibition of photographs, artifacts from the site, the main attractions of the 2007 national tour were steel beams, later used in the construction of the memorial, for visitors to sign. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum conducts a cobblestone campaign, donors are recognized on the Memorials website. When it is completed, a donor will be able to locate their cobblestone or paver by entering their name at a kiosk on the Memorial Plaza. In 2008 the Memorial conducted two holiday cobblestone campaigns, the first for Fathers Day, and the second for the December holiday season, the legislation was presented to the U. S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 19,2011. In return for federal funding S and its board of directors met for the first time on January 4,2005, and it reached its first-phase capital-fundraising goal in April 2008. This money and additional funds raised will be used to build the memorial and museum, individuals and teams from around the world submitted design proposals. On November 19,2003, the jury selected eight finalists
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
Oklahoma City
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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population, the population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 631,346 as of July 2015. Oklahoma Citys city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, the city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area. Oklahoma City has the largest municipal population of any city in the Great Plains region of the central United States as well as all neighboring states to Oklahoma, excluding Texas, lying in the Great Plains region, Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy, the city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor, which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the citys northeast section lies in a region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, the city was the scene of the April 19,1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11,2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U. S. history. Oklahoma City was settled on April 22,1889, when the known as the Unassigned Lands was opened for settlement in an event known as The Land Run. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma, the town grew quickly, the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser, by the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City, before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits, Oklahoma City became a center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and it was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 8. 6% black and 90. 7% white, patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the citys first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U. S. city with over 350,000 residents. As with many other American cities, center city population declined in the 1970s and 1980s as families followed newly constructed highways to move to housing in nearby suburbs
4.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Oklahoma City bombing
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The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City, in the U. S. state of Oklahoma, on April 19,1995. Carried out by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, the bombing destroyed one-third of the building, killed 168 people, and injured more than 680 others. Extensive rescue efforts were undertaken by local, state, federal, and worldwide agencies in the wake of the bombing, the Federal Emergency Management Agency activated eleven of its Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces, consisting of 665 rescue workers who assisted in rescue and recovery operations. Within 90 minutes of the explosion, McVeigh was stopped by Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger for driving without a license plate, forensic evidence quickly linked McVeigh and Nichols to the attack, Nichols was arrested, and within days, both were charged. Michael and Lori Fortier were later identified as accomplices, McVeigh, a U. S. militia movement sympathizer who was a Gulf War veteran, had detonated a Ryder rental truck full of explosives parked in front of the building. McVeighs co-conspirator, Nichols, had assisted in the bomb preparation, motivated by his hatred of the U. S. The official investigation, known as OKBOMB, saw FBI agents conduct 28,000 interviews, amass 3.5 short tons of evidence, the bombers were tried and convicted in 1997. McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11,2001, as a result of the bombing, the U. S. On April 19,2000, the Oklahoma City National Memorial was dedicated on the site of the Murrah Federal Building, commemorating the victims of the bombing, annual remembrance services are held at the same time of day as the explosion occurred. It was the deadliest terrorist attack on American soil until the September 11 attacks, the chief conspirators, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, met in 1988 at Fort Benning during basic training for the U. S. Army. Michael Fortier, McVeighs accomplice, was his Army roommate, the three shared interests in survivalism. In March 1993, McVeigh visited the Waco site during the standoff, McVeigh later decided to bomb a federal building as a response to the raids. He initially intended only to destroy a building, but he later decided that his message would be better received if many people were killed in the bombing. He regarded the presence of law enforcement agencies, such as the Secret Service or the U. S. Marshals Service. McVeigh, a resident of Kingman, Arizona, considered targets in Missouri, Arizona, Texas, in December 1994, McVeigh and Fortier visited Oklahoma City to inspect McVeighs target, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The Murrah building had previously targeted in October 1983 by white supremacist group The Covenant, The Sword. The group had plotted to park a van or trailer in front of the Federal Building, after Snells appeal for murdering two people in unrelated cases was denied, he was executed the same day as the Murrah bombing. In addition, McVeigh believed that the space around the building would provide better photo opportunities for propaganda purposes
8.
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
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The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was a United States federal government complex located at 200 N. W. 5th Street in Downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. The building was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19,1995, half of the building collapsed seconds after the truck bomb detonated. The remains of the building were imploded a month after the attack, the federal building was designed by architect Wendell Locke of Locke, Wright and Associates and constructed using reinforced concrete in 1977 at a cost of $14.5 million. The building, named for federal judge Alfred P. Murrah, by the 1990s, the building contained regional offices for the Social Security Administration, the U. S. The building also contained recruiting offices for both the Army and the Marine Corps, the building also housed a childrens day care center. While the CSA was building a rocket launcher to attack the building, the CSA took this as divine intervention and called off the planned attack. Snell reportedly spent his last day watching news coverage of the bombing and laughing to himself, as a result of the massive explosion,168 people were killed, including 19 children, and over 800 others were injured. It was the deadliest terrorist attack, with the most property damage and it remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in American history. Timothy McVeigh was found guilty of the attack in a trial and was sentenced to death. A co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, is serving life sentences in a federal prison. Third and fourth subjects, Michael Fortier and his wife Lori and they testified against both McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a 12-year prison term for Michael Fortier and immunity for Lori. Fortier was released into the protection program in January 2006. McVeigh said that he bombed the Murrah building on the anniversary of the Waco siege in 1993 to retaliate for U. S. government actions there. Before his execution, McVeigh said that he did not know a day care center was in the building, the FBI said that McVeigh scouted the interior of the building in December 1994 and likely knew of the day-care center before the bombing. Many works of art were in the Murrah Building when it was destroyed in the Oklahoma City bombing, the Oklahoma City National Memorial displays art that survived the bombing. Lost, Sky Ribbons, An Oklahoma Tribute, Fiber sculpture by Gerhardt Knodel Columbines at Cascade Canyon, an untitled acrylic sculpture by Fred Eversley was severely damaged, but survived the blast. Rescue and recovery efforts were concluded at 11,50 pm on May 1, with the bodies of all, for safety reasons, the building was to be demolished shortly afterward. However, McVeighs attorney, Stephen Jones, called for a motion to delay the demolition until the team could examine the site in preparation for the trial
9.
National Memorial
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National memorial is a designation in the United States for a protected area that memorializes a historic person or event. The memorial need not be located on a directly related to the subject and many, such as the Lincoln Memorial. There are 30 national memorials owned and administered by the National Park Service as official units, five more are administered by other organizations but receive assistance from and are considered affiliated areas of the NPS. The earliest and perhaps most recognizable is the uniquely designated Washington Monument, the most recent is the World War I Memorial, designated in 2014. National memorials are in 14 states and the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. has the most,11, followed by Pennsylvania and New York, each with three. The affiliated areas are in a three states and the Northern Mariana Islands. Nine national memorials commemorate U. S. presidents, six commemorate other historic figures, occasionally, a private organization will erect a memorial and use the word national in the name without Congressional authorization. One example is the George Washington Masonic National Memorial, list of areas in the United States National Park System Presidential memorials in the United States U. S. National Monument
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
12.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
13.
Timothy McVeigh
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Commonly referred to as the Oklahoma City bombing, the attack killed 168 people and injured over 600. McVeigh hoped to inspire a revolt against the federal government and he was convicted of eleven federal offences and sentenced to death. Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier were also convicted as conspirators in the plot, Terry Nichols was sentenced to 161 life terms without parole. Fortier was sentenced to 12 years and has since been released, McVeigh was born in Lockport, New York, the only son and the second of three children of Mildred Mickey Noreen and William McVeigh. His Irish American parents divorced when he was ten years old, McVeigh claimed to have been a target of bullying at school, and he took refuge in a fantasy world where he imagined retaliating against the bullies. At the end of his life, he stated his belief that the United States government is the ultimate bully, most who knew McVeigh remember him as being very withdrawn and shy, with a few describing him as an outgoing and playful child who withdrew as an adolescent. McVeigh is said to have had one girlfriend during his early childhood. While in high school, McVeigh became interested in computers and hacked into government computer systems on his Commodore 64, under the handle The Wanderer, borrowed from the song by Dion DiMucci. In his senior year, McVeigh was named Starpoint Central High Schools most promising computer programmer, McVeigh was introduced to firearms by his grandfather. He told people he wanted to be a gun shop owner and he briefly attended Bryant & Stratton College before dropping out. In May 1988, at the age of 20, McVeigh graduated from the U. S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, while in the military, McVeigh used much of his spare time to read about firearms, sniper tactics, and explosives. McVeigh was reprimanded by the military for purchasing a White Power T-shirt at a Ku Klux Klan protest against black servicemen who wore Black Power T-shirts around the army base, McVeigh was awarded a Bronze Star medal for his service as a vehicle crewman in the Persian Gulf War. He was a gunner with the 25mm cannon of the Bradley Fighting Vehicles used by his 1st Infantry Division. He was stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, before being deployed on Operation Desert Storm and he said he later was shocked to be ordered to execute surrendering prisoners and to see carnage on the road leaving Kuwait City after U. S. troops routed the Iraqi army. McVeigh received several awards, including the Bronze Star Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Southwest Asia Service Medal, Army Service Ribbon. McVeigh aspired to join the United States Army Special Forces, after returning from the Gulf War, he entered the selection program. However, he washed out on the day of the 21-day assessment. McVeigh decided to leave the Army and was discharged in 1991
14.
Acre
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The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is defined as the area of 1 chain by 1 furlong, lucia, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, the United Kingdom, the United States and the US Virgin Islands. The international symbol of the acre is ac, the most commonly used acre today is the international acre. In the United States both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but differ by two parts per million, see below. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land, one international acre is defined as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. An acre was defined in the Middle Ages, being the amount of land that could be ploughed in one day with a yoke of oxen. One acre equals 0.0015625 square miles,4,840 square yards,43,560 square feet or about 4,047 square metres. While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are definitions of a yard. A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, as a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape, any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre. In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States, consequently, the international acre is exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872609874252 square metres, its value is based on an inch defined by 1 metre =39.37 inches exactly. Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre. Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet of paper, areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable. In India, residential plots are measured in cents or decimal, in Sri Lanka the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75 percent of a 100 yards long by 53.33 yards wide American football field, the full field, including the end zones, covers approximately 1.32 acres. For residents of countries, the acre might be envisaged as approximately half of a 105 metres long by 68 metres wide association football pitch. It may also be remembered as 44,000 square feet, in English it was historically spelled aker. The acre was approximately the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day and this explains one definition as the area of a rectangle with sides of length one chain and one furlong
15.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
16.
Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
17.
Reflecting pool
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A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a water feature found in gardens, parks, and at memorial sites. It usually consists of a pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets. Reflecting pools are designed with the outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation. They can be as small as a bath to as large as a major civic element. Their origins are from ancient Persian gardens, the Miroir deau on Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, France, is the worlds largest reflecting pool. The Mughal garden reflecting pools at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Chehel Sotoun in Iran The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the modernist Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada in Brasília, Brazil The King Center in Atlanta, Georgia commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located in New York City, has two reflecting pools on the location where the Twin Towers stood
18.
Glass
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Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are silicate glasses based on the chemical compound silica, the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material. Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, giving rise to their use as window panes. Glass can be coloured by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels and these qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures, because glass can be formed or moulded into any shape, it has been traditionally used for vessels, bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also used for paperweights, marbles. Some objects historically were so commonly made of glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses. Porcelains and many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are glasses and these sorts of glasses can be made of quite different kinds of materials than silica, metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. For many applications, like glass bottles or eyewear, polymer glasses are a lighter alternative than traditional glass, silica is a common fundamental constituent of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when lightning strikes sand, forming hollow, fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2. It has excellent resistance to shock, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature and viscosity make it difficult to work with, normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate, which lowers the transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is undesirable, so lime, some magnesium oxide. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass, soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass. Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties, lead glass or flint glass is more brilliant because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index, iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths
19.
Ulmus americana
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The American elm is an extremely hardy tree that can withstand winter temperatures as low as −42 °C. Trees in areas unaffected by Dutch elm disease can live for several hundred years, for over 80 years, U. americana has been identified as a tetraploid, i. e. having double the usual number of chromosomes, making it unique within the genus. However, a study published in 2011 by the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA revealed that about 20% of wild American elms are diploid, and may even constitute another species. Moreover, several trees known only in cultivation, such as Jefferson, are possessed of a high degree of resistance to Dutch elm disease which ravaged American elms in the 20th century. This suggests that the parent trees, which have markedly smaller cells than the tetraploid. Ulmus americana was first described and named by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum, no subspecies or varieties are currently recognized within the species. The leaves are alternate, 7–20 cm long, with double-serrate margins, the perfect flowers are small, purple-brown and, being wind-pollinated, apetalous. The flowers are protogynous, the female parts maturing before the male, thus reducing, but not eliminating, self-fertilization. The fruit is a flat samara 2 cm long by 1.5 cm broad, as in the closely related European White Elm Ulmus laevis, the flowers and seeds are borne on 1–3 cm long stems. American Elm is wholly insensitive to daylight length, and will continue to grow well into autumn until injured by frost, on more elevated terrain, as in the Appalachian Mountains, it is most often found along rivers. The species wind-dispersed seeds enable it to spread rapidly as suitable areas of habitat become available, American elm produces its seed crop in late spring and the seeds usually germinate right away with no cold stratification needed. A sugar maple-ironwood-American elm cover type occurs on some hilltops near Témiscaming, the leaves of the American elm serve as food for the larvae of various lepidopterans. The American elm is susceptible to Dutch elm disease and elm yellows. In north America, there are three species of elm bark beetles, one native, Hylurgopinus rufipes, and two invasive, Scolytus multistriatus and Scolytus schevyrewi, although intensive feeding by elm bark beetles can kill weakened trees, their main impact is as vectors of DED. U. americana is also the most susceptible of all the elms to verticillium wilt, however, the condition is far less serious, and afflicted trees should recover the following year. Dutch elm disease is a disease which has ravaged the American elm. It has been estimated that only approximately 1 in 100,000 American elm trees is DED-tolerant, however, in some areas still not populated by Dutch elm disease, the American elm continues to thrive, notably in Florida, Alberta and British Columbia. Spores introduced outside of this period remain largely static within the xylem and are relatively ineffective
20.
Chain-link fencing
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A chain-link fence is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized or LLDPE-coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into a zig-zag pattern so that each zig hooks with the wire immediately on one side and this forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of fence. In the United Kingdom, the firm of Barnard, Bishop & Barnard was established in Norwich to produce chain-link fencing by machine, the process was developed by Charles Barnard in 1844 based on cloth weaving machines. The Anchor Post Fence Co. established in 1891, bought the rights to the machine and was the first company to manufacture chain-link fencing in the United States. Anchor Fence also holds the first United States patent for chain-link, the machine was purchased from a man in 1845 from Belgium who originally invented the wire bending machine. In the United States, fencing usually comes in 20 rod and 50 ft rolls, which can be joined by unscrewing one of the end wires and then screwing it back in so that it hooks both pieces. Common heights include 3 ft,3 ft 6 in,4 ft,5 ft,6 ft,7 ft,8 ft,10 ft, common mesh gauges are 9,11, and 11.5. Mesh length can vary based on need, with the standard mesh length being 2. For tennis courts and ball parks, the most popular height is 10 ft, the popularity of chain-link fence is from its relatively low cost and that the open weave does not obscure sunlight from either side of the fence. One can make a chain-link fence semi-opaque by inserting slats into the mesh, the installation of chain-link fence involves setting posts into the ground and attaching the fence to them. The posts may be steel tubing, timber or concrete and may be driven into the ground or set in concrete. End, corner or gate posts, commonly referred to as terminal posts, posts set between the terminal posts are called line posts and are set at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. The installer attaches the fence at one end, stretches it, finally, the installer ties the fence to the line posts with aluminum wire. Top horizontal rails are used on most chain-link fences, although not necessary, bottom rails may be added in lieu of bottom tension wires, and for taller fences,10 feet or more, intermediate horizontal rails are often added. Once stretched, a bottom wire should be secured to the line posts, one generally installs this wire before installing the chain-link mesh. The manufacturing of chain-link fencing is called weaving, a metal wire, often galvanized to reduce corrosion, is pulled along a rotating long and flat blade, thus creating a somewhat flattened spiral. The spiral continues to rotate past the blade and winds its way through the spiral that is already part of the fence. When the spiral reaches the far end of the fence, the spiral is cut near the blade, next, the spiral is pressed flat and the entire fence is moved up, ready for the next cycle
21.
Cercis
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Cercis /ˈsɜːrsᵻs/, is a genus of about 10 species in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm temperate regions. It contains small deciduous trees or large shrubs commonly known as redbuds and they are characterised by simple, rounded to heart-shaped leaves and pinkish-red flowers borne in the early spring on bare leafless shoots, on both branches and trunk. Cercis is derived from the Greek word κερκις meaning weavers shuttle, Cercis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Mouse Moth. The bark of C. chinensis has been used in Chinese medicine as an antiseptic. Cercis fossils have found that date to the Eocene. – Oklahoma redbud Cercis occidentalis Torr, in early spring it is covered with a profusion of magenta pink flowers, which appear before the leaves. The flowers have an agreeably acidic bite, and are eaten in mixed salad or made into fritters, the tree frequently figured in the 16th and 17th century herbals. A smaller Eastern American woodland understory tree, the eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, is common from southernmost Canada to Piedmont, Alabama and it differs from C. siliquastrum in its pointed leaves and slightly smaller size. The flowers are used in salads and for making pickled relish. The related western redbud, Cercis occidentalis, ranges from California east to Utah primarily in foothill regions and its leaves are more rounded at the tip than the relatively heart-shaped leaves of the eastern redbud. The tree often forms multi-trunked colonies that are covered in pink flowers in early spring. It buds only once a year, the chain-flowered redbud from western China is unusual in the genus in having its flowers in pendulous 10 cm racemes, as in a Laburnum, rather than short clusters. The status of the species is unresolved, Cercis dilatata Greene Cercis ellipsoidea Greene Cercis florida Salisb. Cercis funiushanensis S. Y. Wang & T. B. Chao Cercis georgiana Greene Cercis gigantea ined. —giant redbud Cercis japonica Siebold ex Planch, Cercis latissima Greene Cercis nephrophylla Greene Cercis nitida Greene Cercis pumila W. Young Cercis siliquosa St. -Lag. Cercis × yaltirikii Ponert The wood is medium weight, somewhat brittle, of light tan color with a noticeably large heartwood area of darker brown, the wood has attractive figuring and is used in wood turning, for making decorative items and in the production of wood veneer. Davis, Charles C. Peter W. Fritsch, Jianhua Li, phylogeny and Biogeography of Cercis, Evidence from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast ndhF Sequence Data
22.
Acer ginnala
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Acer ginnala is a plant species with woody stems native to northeastern Asia from easternmost Mongolia east to Korea and Japan, and north to the Russian Far East in the Amur River valley. It is a small maple with deciduous leaves that is grown as a garden subject or boulevard tree. Acer ginnala is a spreading shrub or small tree growing to 3–10 m tall. The bark is thin, dull gray-brown, and smooth at first, the leaves turn brilliant orange to red in autumn, and are on slender, often pink-tinged, petioles 3–5 cm long. The flowers are yellow-green, 5–8 mm diameter, produced in spreading panicles in spring as the leaves open, the fruit is a paired reddish samara, 8–10 mm long with a 1. 5–2 cm wing, maturing in late summer to early autumn. Amur maple is closely related to Acer tataricum, and some treat it as a subspecies A. tataricum subsp. The glossy, deeply lobed leaves of A. ginnala distinguish it from A. tataricum, Acer ginnala is grown as an ornamental plant in northern regions of Europe and North America. It is the most cold-tolerant maple, hardy to zone 2 and it is naturalised in parts of North America. Planted on exceptional sites facing south west with consistent moisture and light loamy soils and it is often planted as a shrub along borders. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit and it is also valued in Japan and elsewhere as a species suitable for bonsai. It is a invasive species in parts of northern America. Cultivars have emerged for those wanting these attributes, flame Xu, Tingzhi, Chen, Yousheng, de Jong, Piet C. Media related to Acer ginnala at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Acer ginnala at Wikispecies Winter ID pictures
23.
Pistacia chinensis
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Pistacia chinensis is a small to medium-sized tree in the genus Pistacia in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, native to central and western China. It is hardy, can withstand harsh conditions and poor quality soils, the leaves are deciduous, alternate, pinnate, 20–25 cm long, with 10 or 12 leaflets, the terminal leaflet usually absent. The flowers are produced in panicles 15–20 cm long at the ends of the branches, it is dioecious, the fruit is a small red drupe, turning blue when ripe, containing a single seed. This species is planted as a tree in temperate areas worldwide due to its attractive fruit. Synonyms include, Pistacia formosana Matsumura, P. philippinensis Merrill & Rolfe, Rhus argyi H. Léveillé, R. gummifera H. Léveillé. Some botanists merge Pistacia integerrima into this species as the subspecies P. chinensis ssp. integerrima and its native range is on hill and mountain forests on rocky soils at 100–3600 m above sea level. It is found in China and Taiwan and it is planted for its impressive fall colors, which develop at least as far south as Orlando, Florida. In the low-elevation deserts of Arizona, it is the tree whose leaves turn scarlet in fall. Horticulturally, it is a choice for street trees in urban settings because it is very drought tolerant. It is also used as an understock for Pistacia vera, in China, the oil from the seeds is used for biodiesel production. The wood is used for production of furniture and yields a yellow dye and it is used in classical Chinese garden design
24.
Ulmus parvifolia
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Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese elm or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, and Vietnam. It has been described as one of the most splendid elms, the tree was introduced to the UK in 1794 by James Main, who collected in China for Gilbert Slater of Low Layton, Essex. A small to medium deciduous, semi-deciduous tree growing to 10–18 m tall and 15–20 m wide with a slender trunk and crown. The leathery, lustrous green single-toothed leaves are small, 2–5 cm long by 1–3 cm broad, the apetalous wind-pollinated perfect flowers are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous. The fruit is a samara, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–13 mm long by 6–8 mm broad, the samara is mostly glabrous, the seed at the centre or toward the apex, borne on a stalk 1–3 mm in length, it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn. Many nurserymen and foresters mistakenly refer to Ulmus pumila, the growing, disease-ridden, relatively short-lived, weak-wooded Siberian elm. This has given the true Chinese elm an undeserved bad reputation, the two elms are very distinct and different species. Elms, hickory and ash all have remarkably hard, tough wood that has made popular for things like tool handles, bows. Chinese elm is considered the hardest of the elms, owing to its superior hardness, toughness and resistance to splitting, Chinese elm is said to be the best of all woods for chisel handles and similar uses. Chinese elm lumber is used most for furniture, cabinets, veneer and hardwood flooring, as well as specialty uses such as long bow construction, most of the commercially milled lumber goes directly to manufacturers rather than to retail lumber outlets. Chinese elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish brown to tan or flesh coloured. The grain is often handsome and dramatic, unlike other elms, freshly cut Chinese elm has a peppery or spicy odour. While it turns easily and will take a nice polish off the lathe without any finish, and it holds detail well, Chinese elm contains silica which is hard on planer knives and chainsaws, but it sands fairly easily. Like other woods with interlocking grain, planes should be kept sharp to prevent tearing at the grain margins. It steam-bends easily, holds screws well but pilot holes and countersinking are needed and it tends to be a lively wood, tending to warp and distort while drying. This water resistant wood easily takes most finishes and stains, subspecies, varieties, and forms, Ulmus parvifolia var. coreana Nakai Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata Ueki The Chinese elm is highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease. It is also resistant to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola. Cottony cushion scale or mealy bugs often protected and herded by ants exude a sticky, sweet honeydew which can mildew leaves and be an annoyance by dripping on cars
25.
Journal Record Building
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The Journal Record Building, also known as the Law Journal Record Building and the India Temple Shrine Building, is a Classical Revival style building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was completed in 1923 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and it was damaged in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum. The 16 Masonic lodges of Oklahoma City combined their resources to construct a large enough to house all of their activities. They hired the prominent local firm of Layton, Hicks. Construction of the India Temple Shrine Building was started in October 1922, financial conditions during the Great Depression forced the Masons to vacate the India Temple Shrine Building less than 10 years after it opened. It sat empty until December 1945, when it was sold at auction to Joe D. Morris, president, Morris paid $201,000 for the building, which he converted to office space. The building was sold in December 1977 to Dan Hogan, owner of the Law Journal Record Publishing Company, the Journal Record Building received significant damage in the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19,1995, which destroyed the nearby Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Following the bombing, the building was restored and became the home of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum and it also houses the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. The building is a six-story Neoclassical structure measuring 260 feet by 140 feet, two sides are faced with limestone and decorated with Ionic columns, the remaining two sides are unornamented and faced with brick. The exterior has undergone few changes other than the 1947 addition of a constructed of limestone blocks. The original centerpiece of the building was the Shrine Auditorium, with 2,062 seats, a 44-foot by 80-foot stage,2,400 lights, and it was described as the second largest auditorium in the American West. When built, the rooms and halls throughout the building were decorated in styles including Egyptian, Greek, Roman. By 1947, most of the ornamentation was gone as a result of the directed by Morris. The theatre was successful at first, but its finances declined, and in 1952 the auditorium was gutted, National Register Properties in Oklahoma, India Temple Shrine Building Journal Record in Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
26.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
27.
St. Joseph Old Cathedral (Oklahoma City)
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St. Joseph Old Cathedral is a parish church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City located in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It was the seat of the Diocese of Oklahoma City-Tulsa from 1905-1931, the cathedral building was severely damaged during the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. The Rev. Nicolas F. Scallon arrived in Oklahoma City on April 22,1889 and he was the first priest to serve in the recently formed town. He located other Catholic settlers and looked for a place to celebrate Mass, for the most part in those early days Mass was celebrated in a tent that normally functioned as McGinleys General Store. Less than two weeks later three lots were purchased for $225, construction on a church building that measured 24 by 40 feet was begun on July 1,1889 and was completed a month later. A 650-pound bell was purchased for $101 and the first Mass was celebrated in St. Joseph’s Church on August 4, by the turn of the 20th century the congregation began to outgrow its wood frame building and plans were made for a larger church. Work began on October 19,1901 and it was finished the following year and it was dedicated by Bishop Theophile Meerschaert of the Vicariate Apostolic of Indian Territory on December 18,1904. The church was constructed of Coffeyville brick in the Gothic Revival style and it features a central tower with a spire that is flanked by two shorter towers that are crenellated at the top. The building measures 137 by 64 feet, the year after the church was dedicated St. Pius X established the Diocese of Oklahoma City on August 23,1905. St. Joseph’s became the first cathedral in Oklahoma and it served the diocese as its cathedral until 1931 when Pope Pius XI named Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church as the diocesan cathedral. St. Joseph continued to serve the area as a parish church. St. Joseph’s Old Cathedral was extensively damaged when a bomb exploded at the nearby Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building on April 19,1995, most of the stained glass windows on the east side of the church were shattered, and the pipe organ was extensively damaged. The explosion raised the roof several inches off its steel pillars, plaster fell from the walls and ceiling and the painted, symbolic plaster medallions were destroyed. The church was closed for two years. A statue carved from Italian marble entitled And Jesus Wept was created to commemorate the event and is adjacent to the Oklahoma City National Memorial and it was dedicated in May 1997 and the church was rededicated on December 1 of the same year. An interfaith prayer service was held in St. Joseph’s on September 12,2001 in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Archbishop Eusebius J. Beltran said during the service, “This building was rebuilt as a sign of faith and remembrance of those people who were killed at the site of the Murrah Bombing. We gather here today to mourn the loss of our brothers and sisters in New York City and in Washington, D. C. ”St. Joseph Old Cathedral Web Site
28.
United States Department of the Interior
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The United States Department of the Interior is the United States federal executive department of the U. S. About 75% of federal land is managed by the department. The Department is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, the current Secretary is Ryan Zinke. The Inspector General position is vacant, with Mary Kendall serving as acting Inspector General. Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the ministries of other nations. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the Department of Homeland Security primarily, the Department of the Interior has often been humorously called The Department of Everything Else because of its broad range of responsibilities. A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, the idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The 1846–48 Mexican–American War gave the new steam as the responsibilities of federal government grew. Polks Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, became a champion of creating the new department. In 1849, Walker stated in his report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be together in a new Department of the Interior. A bill authorizing its creation of the Department passed the House of Representatives on February 15,1849, the Department was established on March 3,1849, the eve of President Zachary Taylors inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Democrats in Congress who were reluctant to create more patronage posts for the incoming Whig administration to fill, the first Secretary of the Interior was Thomas Ewing. Many of the concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, however, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior. As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres of surface land, energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28% of the nations energy production. Within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs handles some federal relations with Native Americans, the current acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin. Several cases have sought accounting of such funds from the departments of Interior, in addition, some Native American nations have sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US
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History of Oklahoma City
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The history of Oklahoma City refers to the history of city of Oklahoma City, and the land on which it developed. Oklahoma City was first settled on April 22,1889, when the known as the unassigned lands was opened for settlement in an event known as The Land Run. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area now known as Oklahoma City, by the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had supplanted Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Early city leaders John Shartel, Anton Classen, James W, the city, now with a population of 64,000, put in a petition to become the new state capital. A popular vote was held, with Governor Charles N. Haskell as one of the strongest advocates for Oklahoma Citys candidacy, the Oklahoma State Capitol was established at N. E. The capitol lacked a dome after its construction, it could not be added by the time the building was completed in 1919 due to lack of funds. A dome was added to the building in 2002. The new city continued to grow at a steady rate until December 4,1928, oil wells popped up everywhere, even on the south lawn on the capitol building, and the sudden influx of oil money within the city and throughout the state greatly accelerated the citys growth. While those who had made money during this early oil boom largely escaped the Depression, by 1935, rural migrants and unemployed workers had built a massive shanty town on the south bank of the North Canadian River. The river often flooded, bringing disease and misery to the living there. A municipal-owned Elm Grove camp built in 1932 and which offered better amenities to residents who paid $1 a day or donated eight hours or labor, the camp was eliminated in 1933 because of a fear that it would attract more homeless residents to the city. A May Avenue Camp continued to exist in 1939, as the civil rights era dawned, downtown Oklahoma City became the site of a revolution in civil rights tactics. History teacher Clara Luper and some of her students from nearby Douglass High School led the first sit in in American history to desegregate the lunch counter at a department store in 1958. When they succeeded, the tactic was adopted throughout the country, from February 3 to July 29,1964, Oklahoma City was subjected to eight sonic booms per day in a controversial experiment known as the Oklahoma City sonic boom tests. The intent was to quantify the sociological and economic costs of a transport aircraft. The experiment resulted in 15,400 damage claims, the embarrassment over the Oklahoma City experiments partially contributed to the demise of the Boeing 2707 SST project seven years later. As the 1960s continued, however, Oklahoma City began to decline, by 1970, white flight and suburbanization had drained the life from the central business district and the surrounding areas. The oil beneath the city had begun to dry up, the city leaders then engaged in a disastrous program of urban renewal which succeeded primarily in demolishing much of the aging theater district
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Transportation in Oklahoma City
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Oklahoma City is near the geographic center of the United States and is an integral point on the U. S. The city is served by roads and highways, toll roads. Oklahoma City is served by a freeway network. The citys network serves every major city in the region and are 6–8 lanes, most have a level of congestion significantly lower than most comparably sized cities. In fact, OKCs freeways are congested with the stop. It is often said that one can get from any part of the OKC Metro area to downtown in 30 minutes or less by freeway, the city streets are on a N–S–E–W grid network with major streets one mile separated. The former section of I-40 directly adjacent to downtown was known as the Crosstown Expressway, the I-40 Crosstown Construction Project relocated the original elevated stretch of highway several blocks to the south. It opened to the public in 2012, three major interstate routes serve the city in addition to two secondary interstates. Oklahoma City is the city in the nation dissected by two interstate highways that reach the entire length of the nation. Interstate 35 Major cities connected, Wichita, Kansas City, Minneapolis, interstate 40 Major cities connected, Amarillo, Albuquerque, Los Angeles/Riverside area. Interstate 44 Major cities connected, Tulsa, Saint Louis, will Rogers also serves as a major maintenance facility with numerous companies providing maintenance to large passenger aircraft. In addition, JPATS has its hub facility at the airport and numerous cargo carriers, wiley Post Airport is located in the West Oklahoma City suburb of Bethany and is the FAA-designated reliever airport for Will Rogers World Airport. It also is the general and corporate aviation airport for the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Tinker Air Force Base is the largest military air depot in the nation and is located in SE Oklahoma County, clarence E. Page Municipal Airport is a city-owned public use airport located in Canadian County. Sundance Airpark is a privately owned public use airport located in Canadian County, Oklahoma City is experiencing a new renaissance in rail service. What began with only service in the early 1990s was transformed by the arrival of the Heartland Flyer. With its daily service to Fort Worth, the Heartland Flyer provides access to the rail network and has given Oklahoma City yet another option for inter-state transportation. There were plans in the early 1990s to build a rail system for the city as part of the MAPS urban redevelopment program
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Neighborhoods of Oklahoma City
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The City of Oklahoma City uses Special Zoning Districts as a tool to maintain the character of many neighborhood communities. Downtown Oklahoma City itself is undergoing a renaissance. Between the mid-1980s and 1990s, downtown was unchanged and largely vacant and it was the scene of the bombing of the Alfred P. Many other buildings, such as the international style YMCA building. White flight during the 1950s and 1960s left much of the city abandoned. During the Urban Renewal days of the early 1980s, controversial urban planning allowed for the destruction of almost 50 historic buildings and skyscrapers. Examples include the Biltmore Hotel, which was imploded to make way for the I. M. Pei-designed Myriad Botanical Gardens, many of the buildings which were not destroyed in the Central Business District were covered by new façades or left to Class-C office space. The removal of historic structures left downtown without much retail presence, in stark contrast to the promise of Urban Renewal, Downtown had not seen a new skyscraper or any sort of major construction project for many years. The last major skyscraper built downtown was the First Oklahoma Tower in 1982, Leadership Square was originally intended to be a single 60+ floor skyscraper but was later scaled down to two connected towers due to economic downturn. Downtown and surrounding areas such as Bricktown and Midtown have seen a significant revival in the wake of the MAPS program, leading this charge is the renovation of the historic Skirvin Hotel, where numerous presidents and dignitaries have stayed. The historic Colcord Building, Oklahoma Citys first skyscraper, was converted from office space to a boutique hotel in 2006. The building is expected to bring new life to the west side of downtown, the Devon Tower, which became the tallest building in the state of Oklahoma at 844 feet, was completed in 2012. Other development projects, which are either in planning or have since completed, include. The improvements allowed for offices and new rooms for the Oklahoma City Thunder NBA team, new restaurants and bars, rooftop terraces, a new grand entrance. Block 42 is a condominium project offering luxury condos with a modern. The project was completed in the summer of 2008, the Hill is a project with almost 200 town homes being built on a hill overlooking the Deep Deuce district and Bricktown. The project is currently under construction, the Triangle is a project by TAP Architecture that will include 700 loft units, office and retail space. The Central Avenue Villas which has 30 loft units, a new Hampton Inn and Suites in Bricktown
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.