1.
High Court of Justice
–
Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England is, together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, one of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes and it has three main divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division. The jurisdictions overlap in some cases, and cases started in one division may be transferred by order to another where appropriate. Most High Court proceedings are heard by a judge, but certain kinds of proceedings, especially in the Queens Bench Division, are assigned to a Divisional Court. Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury, but in practice only in defamation cases or cases against the police. Litigants are normally represented by counsel, but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience, in principle the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions, but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent. In criminal matters appeals from the Queens Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court, the High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand in the City of Westminster, London. It has district registries across England and Wales and almost all High Court proceedings may be issued, the High Court is headed by the Lord Chief Justice. The High Court is organised into three divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division, a list of hearings in the High Courts divisions is published daily. The Queens Bench Division – or Kings Bench Division when the monarch is male – has two roles and it hears a wide range of common law cases and also has special responsibility as a supervisory court. Until 2005, the head of the QBD was the Lord Chief Justice, Sir Igor Judge was the first person to hold this office, appointed in October 2005. A single judge first decides whether the matter is fit to bring to the court, in addition, the Queens Bench Divisional Court hears appeals on points of law from the Magistrates Court and from the Crown Court. These are known as appeals by way of case stated, since the questions of law are considered solely on the basis of the facts found, other specialised courts of the Queens Bench Division include the Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, and the Admiralty Court. The specialised judges and procedures of these courts are tailored to their type of business, appeals from the High Court in civil matters are made to the Court of Appeal, in criminal matters appeal from the Divisional Court is made only to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Chancery Division deals with law, trusts law, probate law, insolvency. It has specialist courts which deal with patents and registered designs, all tax appeals are assigned to the Chancery Division. The head of the Chancery Division was known as the Vice-Chancellor until October 2005, the first Chancellor was Sir Andrew Morritt, who retired in 2013 to be succeeded by Sir Terence Etherton. In 2016, Sir Geoffrey Vos succeeded Sir Terence as Chancellor on the appointment as Master of the Rolls
High Court of Justice
–
Royal Courts of Justice on
the Strand
2.
Royal Courts of Justice
–
The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in London which houses both the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. Designed by George Edmund Street, who died before it was completed, it is a grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic style built in the 1870s. It is one of the largest courts in Europe and it is located on the Strand within the City of Westminster, near the border with the City of London. It is surrounded by the four Inns of Court, Kings College London, the nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Temple. The courts within the building are open to the public, although there may be some restrictions depending upon the nature of the cases being heard and those in court who do not have legal representation may receive some assistance within the building. There is a citizens advice bureau based within the Main Hall which provides free, there is also a Personal Support Unit where litigants in person can receive emotional support and practical information about court proceedings. The search for a design for the Law Courts was by way of a competition, an approach to selecting a design. The competition ran from 1866-7 and the twelve architects competing for the contract each submitted designs for the site, in 1868 it was finally decided that George Edmund Street was the winner. Building was started in 1873 by Messrs Bull & Sons of Southampton, there was a serious strike of masons at an early stage which threatened to extend to the other trades and caused a temporary stoppage of the works. In consequence, foreign workmen were brought in – mostly Germans and this aroused bitter hostility on the part of the men on strike, and the newcomers had to be housed and fed within the building. However, these disputes were settled and the building took eight years to complete. Street died before the building was opened, overcome by the work, much of the preparatory legal work was completed by Edwin Wilkins Field including promotion of the Courts of Justice Building Act of 1865 and the Courts of Justice Concentration Act of 1865. A statue of Field stands in the building, parliament paid £1,453,000 for the 6-acre site upon which 450 houses had to be demolished. The building was paid for by cash accumulated in court from the estates of the intestate to the sum of £700,000. Oak work and fittings in the court cost a further £70,000 and with decoration, the dimensions of the building are,470 feet from east to west,460 feet from north to south,245 feet from the Strand level to the tip of the fleche. Entering through the gates on the Strand, one passes under two elaborately carved porches fitted with iron gates. The carving over the porch consists of heads of the most eminent judges. Also at the front, over the Judges entrance are a stone cat
Royal Courts of Justice
–
Sign on the Royal Courts of Justice building
Royal Courts of Justice
–
The Royal Courts of Justice building on the Strand in central London
Royal Courts of Justice
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The Great Hall in 1882
Royal Courts of Justice
–
The decorated floor of the Great Hall
3.
England and Wales
–
The devolved National Assembly for Wales was created in 1999 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom under the Government of Wales Act 1998 and provides a degree of self-government in Wales. The powers of the Assembly were expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006, which allows it to pass its own laws, there is no equivalent body for England, which is directly governed by the Parliament and the government of the United Kingdom. During the Roman occupation of Britain, the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, at that time, most of the native inhabitants of Roman Britain spoke Brythonic languages, and were all regarded as Britons, divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit and this aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law. Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the Kingdom of England. Prior to 1746 it was not clear whether a reference to England in legislation included Wales and this specified that in all prior and future laws, references to England would by default include Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in 1967, although the definition of England it created is preserved for acts passed prior to its repeal. Since the Acts repeal what was referred to as England is now England and Wales, while references to England, England and Wales are treated as a single unit, for most purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of Scots law was guaranteed under the 1706 Treaty of Union that led to the Acts of Union 1707, thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England, examples are the Welsh Language Acts 1967 and 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998. Measures and Acts of the National Assembly for Wales passed since the Government of Wales Act 2006 also apply in Wales, following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the National Assembly for Wales can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a referendum on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Assembly gained direct law-making powers and this was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an Act of the Assembly, outside of the legal system the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as England and Wales, others are separate, some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, but also small denominations, e. g. the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Prior to the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920, the Electoral Commission maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates. The order of precedence in England and Wales is distinct from those of Northern Ireland and Scotland, the national parks of England and Wales have a distinctive legislative framework and history. Courts of England and Wales Judiciary of England and Wales Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English Geography of Wales Geography of England British Isles
England and Wales
–
The Roman province of
Britannia in 410
England and Wales
–
Location of England and Wales (dark green) – in
Europe (green & dark grey) – in the
United Kingdom (green)
England and Wales
–
The
Royal Courts of Justice of England and Wales
4.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
5.
EC postcode area
–
The EC postcode area, also known as the London EC postal area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes almost all of the City of London and parts of the London Boroughs of Islington, Camden, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, the area covered is of very high density development. Deliveries for the EC postcode area are made from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre, the current postcode districts are relatively recent divisions of the EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 districts established in 1917. Where the districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs. Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
EC postcode area
–
EC postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby
E,
N,
SE and
WC postcode areas.
6.
Recorder of London
–
The Recorder of London is an ancient legal office in the City of London. The Recorder of London is appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the City of London Corporation with the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor, the Recorder is the senior Circuit Judge at the Central Criminal Court, hearing trials of criminal offences. The Recorders deputy is the Common Serjeant of London, appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor, the current Recorder of London is Nicholas Hilliard QC. The first Recorder of London was appointed in 1298, originally it seems likely that the Recorder would have recorded pleas in the court of the Lord Mayor and the Aldermen and delivered their judgments. A charter granted by Henry VI in 1444 appointed the Recorder ex office a conservator of the peace, the Recorder increasingly exercised judicial functions in the following years, eventually becoming the principal judge in the City of London. The Recorder of London became a judge at the Central Criminal Court when it was created by Parliament in 1834. The Central Criminal Court became a Crown Court under the Courts Act 1971, in addition to hearing criminal trials at the Central Criminal Court, the Recorder of London is responsible for managing the court lists and allocation of cases to the courts judges. He also provides advice to the Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen. On the occasion of a State visit, the Recorder usually presents an Address of Welcome on behalf of the City, the Recorder can act as the deputy of the Common Serjeant in the election of the Sheriff and their presentation to the Queens Remembrancer at the Quit Rent ceremony. The current Recorder is Nicholas Hilliard, QC, who succeeded Brian Barker QC in January 2015, 282–284 The Bar and the Old Bailey, 1750–1850, p.45,151 The Office of Recorder of the City of London, Sir Lawrence Verney,30 October 2000
Recorder of London
–
The Central Criminal Court, commonly called the
Old Bailey after the street on which it is located.
7.
Court
–
Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is known as the judiciary. The place where a court sits is known as a venue, the practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction – the courts power to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. It is also usual in the courts to have barristers, and attorneys or counsel, as assistants, though, often, courts consist of additional barristers, bailiffs, reporters. The term the court is used to refer to the presiding officer or officials. The judge or panel of judges may also be referred to as the bench. In the United States, and other common law jurisdictions, the court by law is used to describe the judge himself or herself. In the United States, the authority of a court to take action is based on personal jurisdiction, subject-matter jurisdiction. The English word court is a cognate of the Latin word hortus, the verb to court, meaning to win favor, derives from the same source since people traveled to the sovereigns court to win his favor. The word jurisdiction comes from juris and dictio, jurisdiction is defined as the official authority to make legal decisions and judgements over an individual or materialistic item within a territory. Whether a given court has jurisdiction to preside over a case is a key question in any legal action. Three basic components of jurisdiction are jurisdiction over the person (personal jurisdiction, jurisdiction over the subject matter or thing. Other concepts of jurisdiction include general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, territorial jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, trial courts are courts that hold trials. Sometimes termed courts of first instance, trial courts have varying original jurisdiction, trial courts may conduct trials with juries as the finders of fact or trials in which judges act as both finders of fact and finders of law. Juries are less common in court systems outside the Anglo-American common law tradition, appellate courts are courts that hear appeals of lower courts and trial courts. Some courts, such as the Crown Court in England and Wales may have both trial and appellate jurisdictions, the two major legal traditions of the western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. These two great legal traditions are similar, in that they are products of western culture although there are significant differences between the two traditions, civil law courts are profoundly based upon Roman Law, specifically a civil body of law entitled Corpus iuris civilis. Civil law is firmly ensconced in the French and German legal systems, Common law courts were established by English royal judges of the Kings Council after the Norman Invasion of Britain in 1066
Court
–
A trial at the
Old Bailey in
London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808–11).
8.
Crown Court
–
The Crown Court of England and Wales is, together with the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal, one of the constituent parts of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. It is the court of first instance in criminal cases, however, for some purposes the Crown Court is hierarchically subordinate to the High Court. The Crown Court sits in around 92 locations in England and Wales, the administration of the Crown Court is conducted through HM Courts and Tribunals Service. Previously conducted across six circuits, HM Courts and Tribunals Service is now divided into seven regions, Midlands, North East, North West, South East, South West, London and Wales. The Wales region was identified separately, having regard to the legislative powers of the Welsh Assembly Government. When the Crown Court sits in the City of London it is known as the Central Criminal Court, the average time from receipt by the Crown Court to completion was 177 days by the start of 2016. Rather than speaking of a location at which the Crown Court sits, it is practice to refer to any venue as a Crown Court. In 2015 the Crown Court heard 11,348 appeals against conviction, at the conclusion of the hearing the Crown Court has the power to confirm, reverse or vary any part of the decision under appeal. The average waiting time for appeals was 8.8 weeks in 2015, in 2015 the Crown Court dealt with 30,802 cases for sentencing from the magistrates courts. Committals may also arise from breaches of the terms of a Community Rehabilitation Order or a sentence of imprisonment. The court performance target is that cases committed for sentence should be heard within 10 weeks, when the Crown Court is dealing with a matter connected with a trial on indictment, appeal lies to the criminal division of the Court of Appeal and thence to the Supreme Court. In all other cases, appeal from the Crown Court lies by way of case stated to a Divisional Court of the High Court, the judges who normally sit in the Crown Court are High Court judges, Circuit judges and Recorders. Circuit judges also sit in the County Court, Recorders are barristers or solicitors in private practice, who sit part-time as judges. The most serious cases are allocated to High Court judges and Senior Circuit judges, the remainder are dealt with by Circuit judges and Recorders, although Recorders will normally handle less serious work than Circuit judges. The allocation is conducted according to directions given by the Lord Chief Justice of England, the Crown Court was established on 1 January 1972 by the Courts Act 1971, acting on the recommendations of the commission. The quarter sessions were local courts assembled four times a year to dispose of cases which were not serious enough to go before a High Court judge. The Crown Court and a county court may sit in the same building, since the establishment of Her Majestys Courts Service in April 2005 there is an increased sharing of facilities between the Crown Court, county courts and magistrates courts. At the front of the court, on a platform, is a large bench
Crown Court
–
Crown Court and
County Court in
Oxford.
Crown Court
Crown Court
–
Crown Court in
Reading
Crown Court
–
Simplified Layout of a typical Crown Court
9.
Newgate Prison
–
Newgate Prison was a prison in London, at the corner of Newgate Street and Old Bailey just inside the City of London. It was originally located at the site of Newgate, a gate in the Roman London Wall, the gate/prison was rebuilt in the 12th century, and demolished in 1904. The prison was extended and rebuilt many times, and remained in use for over 700 years, in the early 12th century, Henry II instituted legal reforms that gave the Crown more control over the administration of justice. As part of his Assize of Clarendon of 1166, he required the construction of prisons, in 1188, Newgate was the first institution established to meet that purpose. The addition included new dungeons and adjacent buildings, which would remain unaltered for roughly two centuries, by the 15th century, however, Newgate was in need of repair. The building was collapsing and decaying, and many prisoners were dying from the quarters, overcrowding, rampant disease. Indeed, one year,22 prisoners died from gaol fever, the situation in Newgate was so dire that in 1419, city officials temporarily shut down the prison. Some Londoners bequeathed their estates to repair the prison, two decades later, the executors of Lord Mayor Dick Whittington were granted a license to renovate the prison in 1422. The gate and gaol were pulled down and rebuilt, there was a new central hall for meals, a new chapel, and the creation of additional chambers and basement cells with no light or ventilation. The prison housed male and female felons and debtors and separated the prisoners into wards by gender. By the mid-15th century, Newgate could accommodate roughly 300 prisoners, though the prisoners lived in separate quarters, they mixed freely with each other and visitors to the prison. There were three main wards—the Master’s side for those could afford to pay for their own food and accommodations, the Common side for those who were too poor, and a Press Yard for special prisoners. The king often used Newgate as a place for heretics, traitors. The prison was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, the work followed the designs of George Dance and was almost finished when it was stormed by a mob during the Gordon riots in June 1780. The building was gutted by fire, and the badly damaged. The cost of repairs was estimated at £30,000, dance’s new prison was finally completed in 1782. The new prison was constructed to a terrible design intended to discourage law-breaking. The building was laid out around a courtyard, and was divided into two sections, a Common area for poor prisoners and a State area for those able to afford more comfortable accommodation
Newgate Prison
–
Newgate, the old city gate and prison
Newgate Prison
–
The second Newgate in a 19th-century print: A West View of Newgate by
George Shepherd
Newgate Prison
–
A plan of Newgate Prison published in 1800
Newgate Prison
–
An execution taking place at Newgate
10.
City of London
–
The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
City of London
–
The City of London skyline in December 2013
City of London
–
The
Waterloo Helmet, c. 150–50 BC, found in the
River Thames
City of London
–
A surviving fragment of the
London Wall, built around 200 AD, close to
Tower Hill
City of London
–
Plaque near
Southwark Bridge noting the activities around the time of
King Alfred.
11.
Motte-and-bailey
–
The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales following their invasion in 1066. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, the Low Countries, by the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries. The term motte and bailey is a modern one, and is not medieval in origin. The word bailey comes from the Norman-French baille, or basse-cour, in medieval sources, the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles. One contemporary account of these comes from Jean de Colmieu around 1130. De Colmieu described how the nobles would build a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible. The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs, inside the enclosure is a citadel, or keep, which commands the whole circuit of the defences. Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top, some were also built over older artificial structures, such as Bronze Age barrows. The size of mottes varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height and this minimum height of 3 metres for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes. In England and Wales, only 7% of mottes were taller than 10 metres high, a motte was protected by a ditch around it, which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself. A keep and a wall would usually be built on top of the motte. Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers, wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege. The bailey was a courtyard overlooked by the motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade. The bailey was often kidney-shaped to fit against a circular motte, the bailey would contain a wide number of buildings, including a hall, kitchens, a chapel, barracks, stores, stables, forges or workshops, and was the centre of the castles economic activity. The bailey was linked to the motte either by a bridge stretching between the two, or, more popularly in England, by steps cut into the motte. Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined, forming a figure of eight around the castle, wherever possible, nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted, creating water-filled moats, artificial lakes and other forms of water defences. In practice, there was a number of variations to this common design. A castle could have more than one bailey, at Warkworth Castle an inner, some baileys had two mottes, such as those at Lincoln
Motte-and-bailey
–
A reconstruction of the English city of
York in the 15th century, showing the motte and bailey fortifications of
Old Baile (left) and
York Castle (right)
Motte-and-bailey
–
Plan of
Topcliffe Castle in England, an archetypal motte-and-bailey design
Motte-and-bailey
–
The motte and bailey defences of
Launceston Castle in England
Motte-and-bailey
–
Windsor Castle, built with a motte (centre) and two baileys (left and right)
12.
Ludgate Hill
–
Ludgate Hill is a hill in the City of London, near the old Ludgate, a gate to the City that was taken down, with its attached gaol, in 1780. It is the site of St. Pauls Cathedral, traditionally said to have been the site of a Roman temple of the goddess Diana and it is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others being Tower Hill and Cornhill. The highest point is just north of St. Pauls, at 17.6 metres above sea level, Ludgate Hill is also the name of a street which runs between St. Pauls Churchyard and Ludgate Circus, from where it becomes Fleet Street. It was formerly a much narrower street called Ludgate Street, many small alleys on Ludgate Hill were swept away in the late 1860s to build Ludgate Hill railway station between Water Lane and New Bridge Street, a station of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. This also involved the regrading of the slope of Ludgate Hill at the junction, there is a blue plaque near the bottom of the hill with these words, In a house near this site was published in 1702 The Daily Courant first London daily newspaper. About halfway up Ludgate Hill is the church of St. Martin, Ludgate, paternoster Square, home of the London Stock Exchange since 2004, lies on the hill, immediately to the north of St. Pauls Cathedral. Ludgate is mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae, written around 1136, according to the pseudohistorical work the name comes from the mythic Welsh king Lud son of Heli whom he claims also gave his name to London. One proposed derivation, entirely prosaic, is that the name is a variation on Fleodgaet, at the bottom of Ludgate Hill, on the north side, is Limeburner Lane. This may sound like a quaint survival from medieval times, but it was constructed in the 1990s. This was the location of the Bell Savage Inn, first mentioned in 1452 where plays were performed, according to surveyor John Stow the name was derived from Isabella Savage, but Addison claimed it was La belle Sauvage, a woman in the wilderness. The clown Richard Tarlton used to perform here and it is mentioned in Thomas Hughes Tom Browns Schooldays and Charles Dickens The Pickwick Papers. In October 1684, a Rynoceros lately brought from the East Indies was put on show there, the inn was demolished in 1873. In 1851, part of it was rented out to John Cassell, at this time it was still called La Belle Sauvage Yard and the firm of Cassell used la Belle Sauvage in some of their imprints. Thomas Malory was imprisoned in the Ludgate prison in the 1460s and he later wrote Le Morte dArthur. The prison is mentioned in Daniel Defoes Roxana, The Fortunate Mistress, from 1731, the London Coffee House was next to St. Martins, Ludgate, at 24-26 Ludgate Hill. It was frequented by Joseph Priestley and Benjamin Franklin, when the juries at the Old Bailey failed to reach a verdict, they were housed here overnight. In 1806, a Roman hexagonal altar dedicated to Claudia Martina by her husband, the London Coffee House was closed in 1867, and is now occupied by a pub called Ye Olde London. Edmund Spensers Shepheardes Calender was printed by Hugh Singleton at the sign of the Gylden tunne in Creed Lane in 1579, John Evelyn lived in the Hawk and Pheasant on Ludgate Hill in 1658-59
Ludgate Hill
–
Ludgate Hill looking east from the foot of Fleet Street, 1970
Ludgate Hill
–
Ludgate Hill - A block in the street, by
Gustave Doré (1872)
Ludgate Hill
–
Ludgate Hill in 2006
13.
Holborn Viaduct
–
Holborn Viaduct is a road bridge in London and the name of the street which crosses it. It links Holborn, via Holborn Circus, with Newgate Street, in the City of London financial district, passing over Farringdon Street, the viaduct spans the steep-sided Holborn Hill and the River Fleet valley at a length of 1,400 feet and 80 feet wide. City surveyor William Haywood was the architect and the engineer was Rowland Mason Ordish and it was opened by Queen Victoria at the same time as the inauguration of the other thoroughfares with a formal coach drive procession. The viaduct effected a more level approach on the crossing of this section of the Holborn/Fleet valley from east to west, across Farringdon Street. Holborn Viaduct railway station, opened in 1874, was at the end with a low-level through route towards Farringdon. In 1882 the viaduct became home to the worlds first coal-fired power station, the Edison Electric Light Station
Holborn Viaduct
–
Holborn Viaduct pictured in 2005.
Holborn Viaduct
–
A royal procession under Holborn Viaduct in 1869.
14.
Greater London
–
London, or Greater London, is a region of England which forms the administrative boundaries of London. It is organised into 33 local government districts, the 32 London boroughs, the Greater London Authority, based in Southwark, is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963, administratively, Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986. The area was re-established as a region in 1994, and the Greater London Authority formed in 2000, the region covers 1,572 km2 and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census. In 2012, it had the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom at £37,232, the Greater London Built-up Area—used in some national statistics—is a measure of the continuous urban area of London, and therefore includes areas outside of the administrative region. The term Greater London has been and still is used to different areas in governance, statistics, history. In terms of ceremonial counties, London is divided into the small City of London, outside the limited boundaries of the City, a variety of arrangements has governed the wider area since 1855, culminating in the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965. The Greater London Arterial Road Programme was devised between 1913 and 1916, one of the larger early forms was the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles and included 9 million people. The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the First World War, noting that within the Metropolitan, a Royal Commission on London Government was set up to consider the issue. The LCC proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the home counties, protests were made at the possibility of including Windsor, Slough and Eton in the authority. The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCCs scheme, two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions. The London Traffic Act 1924 was a result of the Commission, Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council sharing power with the City of London Corporation and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards. Greater London was used to form the London region of England in 1994, a referendum held in 1998 established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region. The Greater London Authority, London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London were created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999, in 2000, the outer boundary of the Metropolitan Police District was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The 2000 and 2004 mayoral elections were won by Ken Livingstone, the 2008 and 2012 elections were won by Boris Johnson. The 2016 election was won by Sadiq Khan, Greater London continues to include the most closely associated parts of the Greater London Urban Area and their historic buffers. Thus it includes, in five boroughs, significant parts of the Metropolitan Green Belt which protects designated greenfield land in a way to the citys parks
Greater London
–
London
Greater London
–
Greater London shown within England
Greater London
–
The Greater London Authority is based in
City Hall
Greater London
–
High resolution view from the top of Tolworth Tower in South West London over the sprawling suburban housing that is typical in some areas of Greater London
15.
Trial
–
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court, the tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute. Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial. Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, trials can also be divided by the type of dispute at issue. A criminal trial is designed to resolve accusations brought against an accused of a crime. In common law systems, most criminal defendants are entitled to a trial held before a jury, because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials, a civil trial is generally held to settle lawsuits or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity, the rules of civil procedure provide rules for civil trials. Although administrative hearings are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more formal trial settings, when the dispute goes to judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these hearings is governed by administrative law, labor law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees, in Canada, employment laws related to unionized workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no distinction is made. However, there are two categories of labour law. First, collective labour law relates to the relationship between employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees rights at work and through the contract for work, the labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the industrial revolution, there are two primary systems for conducting a trial, Adversarial, In common law systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate guilt or innocence. In several jurisdictions in more cases, there is a jury to determine the facts. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, to maintain fairness, there is a presumption of innocence, and the burden of proof lies on the prosecution
Trial
–
Trial of
Jean II, Duke of Alençon, October 1458.
Trial
–
A trial in the United States. The
judge is seated at the front of the room.
Trial
–
The
Old Bailey in
London (in 1808) was the venue for more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834.
16.
Lord Mayor of London
–
The Lord Mayor of London is the City of Londons mayor and leader of the City of London Corporation. This office differs from the Mayor of London, which is an elected position. However, the legal and commonly used title remains Lord Mayor of London, the Lord Mayor is elected at Common Hall each year on Michaelmas, and takes office on the Friday before the second Saturday in November, at The Silent Ceremony. One of the worlds oldest continuously elected civic offices, the Lord Mayors main role nowadays is to represent, support and promote the businesses and residents in the City of London. As leader of the Corporation of the City of London, the Lord Mayor serves as the key spokesman for the local authority, all Lord Mayors of London are apolitical. The Lord Mayor of London typically delivers dozens of speeches and addresses per year, many incumbents of the office make overseas visits while Lord Mayor of London. Currently serving is the 689th Lord Mayor Dr Andrew Parmley Of the 69 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors. The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable, the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of York, Cardiff and Belfast, the latter prefix applies only to Privy Counsellors. A woman who holds the office is known as a Lord Mayor. The wife of a male Lord Mayor is styled as Lady Mayoress, a female Lord Mayor or an unmarried male Lord Mayor may appoint a female consort, usually a fellow member of the corporation, to the role of Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as My Lord Mayor, and it was once customary for Lord Mayors to be appointed knights upon taking office and baronets upon retirement, unless they already held such a title. This custom was followed with a few inconsistencies from the 16th until the 19th centuries, however, from 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary titles such as baronetcies was phased out, so subsequent Lord Mayors were offered knighthoods. Furthermore, foreign Heads of State visiting the City of London on a UK State Visit, for example, in 2001, Sir David Howard was created a Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence of Jordan by King Abdullah II. Recently Lord Mayors have been appointed at the beginning of their term of office Knights or Dames of St John, as a mark of respect, by HM The Queen, Sovereign Head of the Order of St John. The office of Lord Mayor was instituted in 1189, the first holder of the office being Henry Fitz-Ailwin de Londonestone. The Mayor of the City of London has been elected by the City, rather than appointed by the Sovereign, the title Lord Mayor came to be used after 1354, when it was granted to Thomas Legge by King Edward III. Lord Mayors are elected for terms, by custom, they do not now serve more than one consecutive term. Almost 700 people have served as Lord Mayor, Dame Mary Donaldson, elected in 1983, and Dame Fiona Woolf, elected in 2013, are the only women to have held the office
Lord Mayor of London
–
Incumbent
Alan Yarrow since 7 November 2014
Lord Mayor of London
–
In 1747, the Lord Mayor proceeded to Westminster Hall via
barge on the River Thames.
Lord Mayor of London
–
Sir William McArthur, Lord Mayor of London,
caricatured by
Leslie Ward, 1881
Lord Mayor of London
–
Copy of admission ticket as issued to the Chairman of P & O Navigation Company for Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Gabriel's reception of H.I.M. The Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz Khan at Guildhall, 18 July 1867
17.
Middlesex
–
Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century
Middlesex
–
The County of Middlesex
Middlesex
–
Flag
Middlesex
–
Map of Middlesex, 1824. Note: west is at the top.
Middlesex
–
Map in 1882 shows complete urbanisation of the East End
18.
Richard Whittington
–
Sir Richard Whittington was an English merchant and a politician of the late medieval period. He is also the inspiration for the English folk tale Dick Whittington. He was four times Lord Mayor of London, a member of parliament, in his lifetime he financed a number of public projects, such as drainage systems in poor areas of medieval London, and a hospital ward for unmarried mothers. He bequeathed his fortune to form the Charity of Sir Richard Whittington which, nearly 600 years later, continues to assist people in need. He was born at Pauntley in Gloucestershire, England, although his family originated from Kinver in Staffordshire, England and his date of birth is variously given as in the 1350s and he died in London in 1423. However, he was a son and so would not inherit his fathers estate as the eldest son might expect to do. Consequently he was sent to the City of London to learn the trade of mercer and he became a successful trader, dealing in valuable imports such as silks and velvets, both luxury fabrics, much of which he sold to the Royal and noble court from about 1388. There is indirect evidence that he was also an exporter to Europe of much sought after English woollen cloth such as broadcloth. From 1392 to 1394 he sold goods to Richard II worth £3,500 and he also began money-lending in 1388, preferring this to outward shows of wealth such as buying property. By 1397 he was also lending large sums of money to the King, in 1384 Whittington had become a Councilman. In 1392 he was one of the delegation to the King at Nottingham at which the King seized the City of Londons lands because of alleged misgovernment. By 1393, he had become an alderman and was appointed Sheriff by the incumbent mayor, William Staundone, as well as becoming a member of the Mercers Company. When Adam Bamme, the mayor of London, died in June 1397, within days Whittington had negotiated with the King a deal in which the city bought back its liberties for £10,000. He was elected mayor by a grateful populace on 13 October 1397, the deposition of Richard II in 1399 did not affect Whittington and it is thought that he merely acquiesced in the coup led by Bolingbroke. Whittington had long supplied the new king, Henry IV, as a prominent member of the landowning elite and he also lent the new king substantial amounts of money. He was elected again in 1406—during 1407 he was simultaneously Mayor in both London and Calais—and in 1419. For example, Henry V employed him to supervise the expenditure to complete Westminster Abbey, despite being a moneylender himself he was sufficiently trusted and respected to sit as a judge in usury trials in 1421. Whittington also collected revenues and import duties, a long dispute with the Company of Brewers over standard prices and measures of ale was won by Whittington
Richard Whittington
–
Vera Effigies or "True Portaicture" of Richard Whittington, engraving by
Reginald Elstrack (1570 – after 1625). Original engraving depicted a skull under his palm, but printseller
Peter Stent requested it changed to a cat, to meet popular expectations.
Richard Whittington
–
Dick Whittington as portrayed in the stained glass of the Guildhall in London
Richard Whittington
–
Sir Richard Whittington and his Cat. Printed in New Wonderful Museum, Vol. III (1805). "from the original painting at
Mercer's Hall ".
19.
Great Fire of London
–
The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday,2 September to Wednesday,5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall and it threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles IIs Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses,87 parish churches, St Pauls Cathedral and it is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the Citys 80,000 inhabitants. The death toll is unknown but traditionally thought to have been small, a melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane, where the fire started, shows that the temperature reached 1250 °C. The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday,2 September, by the time that large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City, order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the focused on the French and Dutch, Englands enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming, evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire, by the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. By inartificial, Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift, the result of organic growth, London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall. It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch, Holborn, and Southwark, the City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived. The City was then, as now, the heart of the capital. The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the suburbs, or in the exclusive Westminster district. The relationship was tense between the City and the Crown. The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War and they were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son, and when the Great Fire threatened the City, they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources. Even in such an emergency, the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite, by the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor, the fire was already out of control. The City was essentially medieval in its plan, an overcrowded warren of narrow, winding. It had experienced major fires before 1666, the most recent in 1632
Great Fire of London
–
Detail of the Great Fire of London by an unknown painter, depicting the fire as it would have appeared on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666 from a boat in the vicinity of
Tower Wharf. The
Tower of London is on the right and
London Bridge on the left, with
St Paul's Cathedral in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.
Great Fire of London
–
Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by
Claes Visscher. Note the
tenement housing on
London Bridge (far right), a notorious death-trap in case of fire, although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632.
Great Fire of London
–
Charles II.
Great Fire of London
–
Advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth-century
fire engine on wheels: "These Engins, (which are the best) to quinch great Fires; are made by John Keeling in
Black Fryers (after many years' Experience)."
20.
City of London Corporation
–
In 2006 the name was changed from Corporation of London to avoid confusion with the wider London local government, the Greater London Authority. The Corporation is probably the worlds oldest continuously-elected local government authority, the corporations structure includes the Lord Mayor, the Court of Aldermen, the Court of Common Council, and the Freemen and Livery of the City. In Anglo-Saxon times, consultation between the Citys rulers and its citizens took place at the Folkmoot, administration and judicial processes were conducted at the Court of Husting and the non-legal part of the courts work evolved into the Court of Aldermen. Numerous subsequent Royal Charters over the centuries confirmed and extended the citizens rights, around 1189, the City gained the right to have its own mayor, later being advanced to the degree and style of Lord Mayor of London. The individual commissioners were nominated by the Corporation, but it was a separate body. Local government legislation often makes special provision for the City to be treated as a London borough, the Chief Executive of the administrative side of the Corporation holds the ancient office of Town Clerk of London. The Chamberlain, the City Treasurer and Finance Officer, the City Remembrancer, who is responsible for protocol, ceremonial, security issues as well as legislative matters that may affect the Corporation and is legally qualified. The Comptroller and City Solicitor, legal officer. e, former Lord Mayors, and the junior Aldermen. The Common Serjeant, the senior judge at the Central Criminal Court Old Bailey. C) The Ward Beadles, responsible to a specific Ward from which they are elected, largely ceremonial support to their respective Aldermen, and also perform a formal role at Ward Motes. In 1801, the City had a population of about 130,000 and it has risen slightly to around 9,000 since, largely due to the development of the Barbican Estate. As it has not been affected by other municipal legislation over the period of time since then, therefore, the non-residential vote, abolished in the rest of the country in 1969, became an increasingly large part of the electorate. The non-residential vote system used disfavoured incorporated companies, the City of London Act 2002 greatly increased the business franchise, allowing many more businesses to be represented. In 2009, the vote was about 24,000. Each body or organisation, whether unincorporated or incorporated, whose premises are within the City of London may appoint a number of based on the number of workers it employs. Limited liability partnerships fall into this category, though workers count as part of a workforce regardless of nationality, only certain individuals may be appointed as voters. The City of London is divided into twenty-five Wards, each of which is a division, electing one Alderman. The numbers below reflect the changes caused by the City of London Act, there are over one hundred livery companies in London
City of London Corporation
–
The Swordbearer and Macebearer walk ahead of the Lord Mayor, who is escorted by his Ward Beadle
City of London Corporation
–
Arms of the Corporation of the City of London: Argent, a cross gules in the first quarter a sword in pale point upwards of the last;
Supporters: Two dragons with wings elevated and addorsed argent on each wing a cross gules;
Crest: On a dragon's wing displayed
sinister a cross gules;
Motto: Domine Dirige Nos ("O Lord direct us")
City of London Corporation
–
London
City of London Corporation
–
The north wing of Guildhall, which houses most of the administration of the City
21.
William Palmer (murderer)
–
William Palmer, also known as the Rugeley Poisoner or the Prince of Poisoners, was an English doctor found guilty of murder in one of the most notorious cases of the 19th century. Charles Dickens called Palmer the greatest villain that ever stood in the Old Bailey, Palmer was convicted for the 1855 murder of his friend John Cook, and was executed in public by hanging the following year. Born in Rugeley, Staffordshire, William Palmer was the sixth of eight children to Sarah and his father worked as a sawyer, and died when William was 12, leaving Sarah with a legacy of some £70,000. As a seventeen-year-old, Palmer worked as an apprentice at a Liverpool chemist and he studied medicine in London, and qualified as a physician in August 1846. After returning to Staffordshire later that year he met plumber and glazier George Abley at the Lamb and Flag public house in Little Haywood, and challenged him to a drinking contest. Abley accepted, and an hour later was carried home, where he died in bed later that evening, nothing was ever proven, but locals noted that Palmer had an interest in Ableys attractive wife. He returned to his town of Rugeley to practice as a doctor. His new mother-in-law, also called Ann Thornton, had inherited a fortune of £8,000 after Colonel Brookes committed suicide in 1834 and she died on 18 January 1849, two weeks after coming to stay with Palmer, she was known to have lent him money. An elderly Dr Bamford recorded a verdict of apoplexy, Palmer was disappointed with the inheritance he and his wife gained from the death, having expected it to be much greater. Palmer became interested in racing and borrowed money from Leonard Bladen. Bladen lent him £600, but died in agony at Palmers house on 10 May 1850, bladens death certificate listed Palmer as present at the death, and stated the cause of death as injury of the hip joint,5 or 6 months, abscess in the pelvis. His first son, William Brookes Palmer, was born in either 1848 or 1850 and he outlived his father, dying on 29 April 1926. William and Ann had four children, who all died in infancy. She was about two and a half months old at the time of death and he was about a month old. Died on 19 December 1852, only 7 hours following his birth and he was three or four days old. By 1854 Palmer was heavily in debt, and he began forging his mothers signature to pay off creditors and he took out life insurance on his wife with the Prince of Wales Insurance Company, and paid out a premium of £750 for a policy of £13,000. The death of Ann Palmer followed on 29 September 1854, at only 27 years old and she was believed to have died of cholera, as a cholera pandemic was affecting Great Britain. Still heavily in debt, with two creditors threatening to speak to his mother, Palmer attempted to take out insurance on his brother, Walter
William Palmer (murderer)
–
William Palmer (drawing by Joseph Simpson)
William Palmer (murderer)
–
Palmer's diary recording the death of Cook
William Palmer (murderer)
–
Death mask of William Palmer
22.
Staffordshire
–
Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority, Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford, Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek, smaller towns include Stone, Uttoxeter, and Rugeley, and large villages Eccleshall, Wombourne, Kinver, Penkridge, Tutbury and Stretton. Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest, Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich, and Smethwick were historic Staffordshire towns until local government reorganisation created the West Midlands county in 1974. Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, the historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth and Burton upon Trent united entirely in Staffordshire, in 1553 Queen Mary made Lichfield a county separate from the rest of Staffordshire. Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another town in the Black Country in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, a major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a part of Worcestershire, expanded. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a district in Staffordshire. On 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, in July 2009 the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found in Britain was discovered in a field near Lichfield. The artefacts, known as The Staffordshire Hoard have tentatively dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Some nationally and internationally known companies have their base in Staffordshire. They include the Britannia Building Society which is based in Leek, JCB is based in Rocester near Uttoxeter and bet365 based in Stoke-on-Trent. The theme park Alton Towers is in the Staffordshire Moorlands and several of the worlds largest pottery manufacturers are based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11–16 or 18, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13–18, there are two universities in the county, Keele University in Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire University, which has campuses in Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Lichfield and Shrewsbury. The modern county of Staffordshire currently has three football clubs – Stoke City and Port Vale, both from Stoke-on-Trent, and Burton Albion, who play in Burton upon Trent. They were among the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888, in 1972, the club finally won a major trophy when they lifted the Football League Cup, but after relegation from the First Division in 1985 they would not experience top flight football for 23 years
Staffordshire
Staffordshire
–
Staffordshire shown within England
Staffordshire
–
Lichfield Cathedral
Staffordshire
–
The
Staffordshire Hoard, discovered in a field near
Lichfield in July 2009, is perhaps the most important collection of
Anglo-Saxon objects found in England
23.
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
–
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, also known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is an Anglican church in the City of London. It is located on Holborn Viaduct, almost opposite the Old Bailey, in medieval times it stood just outside the now-demolished old city wall, near the Newgate. It has been a living of St Johns College, Oxford, the original Saxon church on the site was dedicated to St Edmund the King and Martyr. In 1137 it was given to the Priory of St Bartholomew, the name eventually became contracted to St Sepulchre. The church is today the largest parish church in the City and it was completely rebuilt in the 15th century but was gutted by the Great Fire of London in 1666, which left only the outer walls, the tower and the porch standing -. Modified in the 18th century, the church underwent extensive restoration in 1878 and it narrowly avoided destruction in the Second World War, although the 18th-century watch-house in its churchyard was completely destroyed and had to be rebuilt. The interior of the church is a wide, roomy space with a ceiling installed in 1834. The Vicars old residence has recently been renovated into a living quarter. During the reign of Mary I in 1555, St Sepulchres vicar, St Sepulchre is named in the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons as the bells of Old Bailey. This handbell, known as the Execution Bell, now resides in a case to the south of the nave. On the day of the execution, the bells were tolled as the condemned were led to Tyburn, the church has been the official musicians church for many years and is associated with many famous musicians. Its north aisle is dedicated as the Musicians Chapel, with four windows commemorating John Ireland, the singer Dame Nellie Melba, Walter Carroll and the conductor Sir Henry Wood respectively. Wood, who at the age of fourteen, learned to play the organ at church and later became its organist. The south aisle of the holds the regimental chapel of the Royal Fusiliers. The west end of the aisle has various memorials connected with the City of London Rifles. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950, thomas Culpeper, buried here Sir Anthony St Leger and his first wife Eleanor, buried here. Smith is commemorated by a window designed by Francis Skeat. Sir Henry Wood, conductor Samuel Gurney erected the first drinking fountain for the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and it was restored to the original location in 1913 and remains there
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
–
Photo of St. Sepulchre-without-Newgate
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
–
The interior of St Sepulchre
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
–
Newgate Execution Bell
24.
E. W. Mountford
–
Edward William Mountford was an English architect, noted for his Edwardian Baroque style, who designed the Old Bailey. He was born in Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire and was educated privately and he married twice, to Jessie Smith and, following her death, Dorothy Hounsham. He had a son from his first marriage, and a daughter from his second and he died in London on 7 February 1908. He was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and President of the Architectural Association
E. W. Mountford
–
The Old Bailey
E. W. Mountford
–
Sheffield Town Hall
E. W. Mountford
–
Lancaster Town Hall
25.
King Edward VII
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
King Edward VII
–
Coronation portrait by Sir
Luke Fildes
King Edward VII
–
Portrait of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, by
Winterhalter, 1846
King Edward VII
–
Edward at
Niagara Falls, 1860
King Edward VII
–
Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
26.
Lady Justice
–
Lady Justice is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems. Her attributes are a blindfold, a balance, and a sword and she often appears as a pair with Prudentia, who holds a mirror and a snake. Lady Justice is also known as Iustitia or Justitia after Latin, Iustitia, the Roman goddess of Justice, the personification of justice balancing the scales dates back to the Goddess Maat, and later Isis, of ancient Egypt. The Hellenic deities Themis and Dike were later goddesses of justice, Themis was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom, in her aspect as the personification of the divine rightness of law. There are three features of Lady Justice, a set of scales, a blindfold, and a sword. Lady Justice is most often depicted with a set of scales typically suspended from her hand, upon which she measures the strengths of a cases support. The depiction dates back to ancient Egypt, where the God Anubis was frequently depicted with a set of scales on which He weighed a deceaseds heart against the Feather of Truth, since the 16th century, Lady Justice has often been depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents impartiality, the ideal that justice should be applied without regard to wealth, the earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered. Justitia was only represented as blind since about the end of the 15th century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Giengs 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in Berne, instead of using the Janus approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, an example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee. The cover of a 2006 issue of Rolling Stone proclaimed TIME TO GO. focusing on the corruption that dominated Congress. The drawing showed a bunch of figures evoking reactionary politics emerging from the Capitol, one of the figures was Lady Justice lifting her blindfold, implying that the then-composition of Congress had politicized the criminal justice system. The last distinctive feature of Lady Justice is her sword, the sword represented authority in ancient times, and conveys the idea that justice can be swift and final. The Greco-Roman garment symbolizes the status of the attitude that embodies justice. Justice in sculpture Justice in painting Lady Justice and her symbols are used in heraldry, especially in the arms of legal government agencies. com
Lady Justice
–
Themis armed with sword and
balance scales (
Court of Final Appeal,
Victoria,
Hong Kong)
Lady Justice
–
The Ancient Egyptian
Book of the Dead depicts a scene in which a scribe's heart is weighed against the
feather of truth.
Lady Justice
–
Lady Justice with sword, scales and blindfold on the
Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in
Berne,
Switzerland —1543
Lady Justice
–
Supreme Court of Brazil, 1961
27.
F. W. Pomeroy
–
Frederick William Pomeroy RA was a prolific British sculptor of architectural and monumental works. He was one of the so-called New Sculptors identified by Edmund Gosse in 1894 – a group distinguished by a turn towards naturalism. He was born in London, the son of an artist-craftsman and he trained with William Silver Frith at the South London Technical School of Art, where he was also taught by Jules Dalou. In 1880, he was able to enter the Royal Academy Schools, where he won a travelling scholarship and he was elected ARA in 1906, and RA in 1917. On returning to London Pomeroy carved Frederic Leightons marble group, Athlete wrestling with a python, in 1887 he joined the Art Workers Guild, and from 1888 he exhibited with the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society. He became a sculptor in the New Sculpture movement, both in London and elsewhere in Britain. His work in London includes the figure of Justice above the Central Criminal Court, pomeroys largest outdoor works are the four enormous bronze figures on the upstream side of Vauxhall Bridge in London. Dating from 1907, they represent, Pottery, Engineering, Architecture and Agriculture, with her he had two sons. In May 1924 Pomeroy offered a prize for the most perfect pair of feet, with the result that the actress Daisy Burrell and the dancer Margery Prince tied for the first prize of £50
F. W. Pomeroy
–
Statue Of 'Justice' on the
Old Bailey
F. W. Pomeroy
–
Belfast City Hall
F. W. Pomeroy
–
Pottery on
Vauxhall Bridge
F. W. Pomeroy
–
Oliver Cromwell in
St Ives, Huntingdonshire
28.
Blind justice (concept)
–
Lady Justice is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems. Her attributes are a blindfold, a balance, and a sword and she often appears as a pair with Prudentia, who holds a mirror and a snake. Lady Justice is also known as Iustitia or Justitia after Latin, Iustitia, the Roman goddess of Justice, the personification of justice balancing the scales dates back to the Goddess Maat, and later Isis, of ancient Egypt. The Hellenic deities Themis and Dike were later goddesses of justice, Themis was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom, in her aspect as the personification of the divine rightness of law. There are three features of Lady Justice, a set of scales, a blindfold, and a sword. Lady Justice is most often depicted with a set of scales typically suspended from her hand, upon which she measures the strengths of a cases support. The depiction dates back to ancient Egypt, where the God Anubis was frequently depicted with a set of scales on which He weighed a deceaseds heart against the Feather of Truth, since the 16th century, Lady Justice has often been depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents impartiality, the ideal that justice should be applied without regard to wealth, the earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered. Justitia was only represented as blind since about the end of the 15th century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Giengs 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in Berne, instead of using the Janus approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, an example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee. The cover of a 2006 issue of Rolling Stone proclaimed TIME TO GO. focusing on the corruption that dominated Congress. The drawing showed a bunch of figures evoking reactionary politics emerging from the Capitol, one of the figures was Lady Justice lifting her blindfold, implying that the then-composition of Congress had politicized the criminal justice system. The last distinctive feature of Lady Justice is her sword, the sword represented authority in ancient times, and conveys the idea that justice can be swift and final. The Greco-Roman garment symbolizes the status of the attitude that embodies justice. Justice in sculpture Justice in painting Lady Justice and her symbols are used in heraldry, especially in the arms of legal government agencies. com
Blind justice (concept)
–
Themis armed with sword and
balance scales (
Court of Final Appeal,
Victoria,
Hong Kong)
Blind justice (concept)
–
The Ancient Egyptian
Book of the Dead depicts a scene in which a scribe's heart is weighed against the
feather of truth.
Blind justice (concept)
–
Lady Justice with sword, scales and blindfold on the
Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in
Berne,
Switzerland —1543
Blind justice (concept)
–
Supreme Court of Brazil, 1961
29.
The Blitz
–
By September 1940—two months into the battle—faulty German intelligence suggested that the Royal Air Force was close to defeat at the hands of the Luftwaffe. The German air fleets were ordered to attack London, thereby drawing up the last remnants of RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation, Adolf Hitler and commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, sanctioned the change in emphasis on 6 September 1940. From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days, on 15 September 1940, a large daylight attack against London was repulsed with significant German losses. Thereafter, the Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of nocturnal attacks, ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, the North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to raids in the Hull Blitz during the war. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, by May 1941, the threat of an invasion of Britain had ended, and Hitlers attention turned to Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy, the eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The German offensives greatest effect was forcing the dispersal of aircraft production, British wartime studies concluded that cities generally took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely but exceptions like Birmingham took three months. The German air offensive failed for several reasons, discussions in OKL revolved around tactics rather than strategy. Poor intelligence on British industry and economic efficiency was also a factor, in the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night, enemy industry, seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the state, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and the United States Army Air Corps, the policy of RAF Bomber Command became an attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry. In the Luftwaffe, there was a view of strategic bombing. OKL did not believe that air power alone could be decisive, contrary to popular belief, evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942. The vital industries and transport centres that would be targeted for shutdown were valid military targets and it could be claimed civilians were not to be targeted directly, but the breakdown of production would affect their morale and will to fight. German legal scholars of the 1930s carefully worked out guidelines for what type of bombing was permissible under international law. Wever outlined five points of air strategy, To destroy the air force by bombing its bases and aircraft factories
The Blitz
–
The undamaged
St Paul's Cathedral surrounded by smoke and bombed-out buildings in December 1940 in the iconic
St Paul's Survives photo
The Blitz
–
Walter Wever
The Blitz
–
Hitler and Göring, March 1938
The Blitz
–
RAF pilots with one of their
Hawker Hurricanes, October 1940
30.
Stenography
–
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used widely in the past, before the invention of recording. Shorthand was considered a part of secretarial training and police work. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, for example, healthcare professionals may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece and this shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older, the oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the semeiographer Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs, over time, many syllabic signs were developed. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro, a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, the Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations and of word ending abbreviations. The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs, but new signs were introduced, in order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were known and taught. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten, when many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered. In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and these records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the signature, personal seal, or thumbprint. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, an interest in shorthand or short-writing developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie, An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word
Stenography
–
Dutch stenography using the "System Groote"
Stenography
–
The
Lord's Prayer in
Gregg and a variety of 19th-century systems
Stenography
–
Sun Guoting 's Treatise on Calligraphy, an example of cursive writing of Chinese characters.
Stenography
–
Tombstone of
Heinrich Roller, inventor of a
German shorthand system, with a sample of his shorthand
31.
Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
–
The Belfast Brigade of the Provisional IRA was the largest of the organisations command areas, based in the city of Belfast. The Belfast Brigade was one of the first active units of the Provisional IRA, Billy McKee accused Billy McMillen, the IRAs Belfast commander, and the Dublin-based IRA leadership, of having failed to provide arms, planning or manpower to defend Catholic streets. On 22 September, McKee and a number of other IRA men, arrived armed at a meeting called by McMillen and they did not succeed, but announced that they would no longer be taking orders from the IRA leadership in Dublin. McKee sided with the Provisionals and sat on the first Provisional Army Council in September 1970, nine out of thirteen IRA units in Belfast sided with the Provisionals in 1969, roughly 120 activists and 500 supporters. McKee became the first Officer Commanding of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade, from the start, there was intermittent feuding between McKees men and his former comrades in the Official IRA, as they vied for control of nationalist areas. The Provisionals, however, rapidly gained the hand, due to their projection of themselves as the most reliable defenders of the Catholic community. McKee himself contributed greatly to this image by an action he undertook on 27 June 1970, rioting broke out in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast after an Orange Order parade, and three Protestants were killed in gun battles between the Provisional IRA and loyalists. In response, loyalists prepared to attack the vulnerable Catholic enclave of Short Strand in east Belfast, when McKee heard about this, he drove to Short Strand with some men and weapons and took up position at St Matthews Church. In the ensuing gun battle, McKee was wounded and one of his men was killed. This only became practicable, however, after the Catholic communitys relationship with the British Army deteriorated rapidly over the course of 1970 and this deterioration was due to the British Armys heavy-handed treatment of Catholics and nationalists in their efforts to combat republican paramilitaries. For example, on 5–7 July 1970, up to 3,000 troops sealed off the lower Falls area, five civilians were killed and over 60 injured in gun battles between the troops and the Official IRA. Over 300 people were arrested and the area was flooded with CS gas, after this point, the Belfast Brigades strategy shifted from defence to retaliation and in January 1971, they began seeking out and attacking British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary patrols. On 5 February 1971, the Belfast Provisionals killed their first soldier, Robert Curtis, who was killed by Billy Reid in a gun battle in the New Lodge area. By July 1971, ten soldiers had died at the hands of the IRA in the city On 15 April 1971, McKee, along with Proinsias MacAirt, was arrested by the British Army when found in possession of a hand gun. He was charged and convicted for possession of the weapon and imprisoned in Crumlin Road Gaol, in the early years of the Troubles, the Provisional IRA in Belfast expanded rapidly. In August 1969, the Brigade had just 50 active members, by the end of 1971, it had 1,200 members, giving it a large but loosely controlled structure. It was during this period that the IRA campaign got off the ground in the city, Joe Cahill authorised the beginning of the IRAs bombing operations as well as attacks on troops and the RUC. He based himself in a house in Andersonstown and toured the city, on 9 August 1971, the Army mounted Operation Demetrius, introducing internment in an effort to arrest the IRAs leaders
Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
–
Provisional IRA memorial in Belfast
32.
Provisional IRA
–
It was the biggest and most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called simply the Irish Republican Army. It was also referred to as such by others. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, following a split in the republican movement, the IRA initially focused on defence, but it began an offensive campaign in 1971. The IRAs primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland and it used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas. It also carried out a campaign in Northern Ireland and England against what it saw as political. The IRA called a ceasefire in July 1997, after Sinn Féin was re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. It supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and in 2005 it disarmed under international supervision, the campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya and from some Irish American groups. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as the Long War and this saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increased emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin. The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy, with more time, the British demand was quickly dropped after the May 1997 general election in the UK. The IRA ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997 and Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. The IRAs armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, the dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at times over the 30-year period. The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK, two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity and this new IRA group is estimated by Police Service of Northern Ireland intelligence sources to have between 250 and 300 active militants and many more supporting associates. The Provisional IRA was organised hierarchically, at the top of the organisation was the IRA Army Council, headed by the IRA Chief of Staff. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to IRA General Army Conventions, the GAC was the IRAs supreme decision-making authority. Since 1969, there have only three, in 1970,1986, and 2005, owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret
Provisional IRA
–
IRA members showing an
improvised mortar and an
RPG (1992)
Provisional IRA
–
IRA re-enactment in
Galbally, County Tyrone (2009)
Provisional IRA
–
Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of "Dublin Brigade IRA".
Provisional IRA
–
An IRA badge – the
phoenix is frequently used to symbolise the origins of the Provisional IRA.
33.
Common Serjeant of London
–
He presents the Sheriffs to the Queens Remembrancer at the annual Quit Rents ceremony, and is in attendance on most other major ceremonial occasions. The Common Serjeant is appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor, formerly, the Common Serjeant of London was a legal officer of the City Corporation of London. The Common Serjeant of London attended on the Lord Mayor of London and the Court of Aldermen on court days, and acted with them in council. He also attended the Court of Aldermen and Common Council, and had charge of the Orphans Estates The 81st incumbent is His Honour Judge Richard Marks, QC, who was appointed on 3 March 2015. Appointment of Common Serjeant of London Common Serjeant of London on the Ministry of Justice website Common Serjeant of London on the Probert Encyclopaedia
Common Serjeant of London
–
Sir
Henry Dickens,
KC, Common Serjeant of London 1917 – 1932
Common Serjeant of London
–
Sir Robert Broke, Common Serjeant of London in 1536
Common Serjeant of London
–
Judge George Jeffreys, Common Serjeant of London in 1671
Common Serjeant of London
–
Sir John Silvester, Common Serjeant 1790-1803
34.
Recorder (judge)
–
A Recorder is a judicial officer in England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions. In the courts of England and Wales the term Recorder has two distinct meanings, the senior circuit judge of a borough or city is often awarded the title of Honorary Recorder. However, Recorder is also used to denote a barrister or solicitor who sits as a circuit judge. In England and Wales, originally a recorder was a magistrate or judge having criminal. Such incorporated bodies were given the right by the Crown to appoint a recorder and he was a person with legal knowledge appointed by the mayor and aldermen of the corporation to record the proceedings of their courts and the customs of the borough or city. Such recordings were regarded as the highest evidence of fact and it carried a great deal of prestige and power of patronage. He is a senior Circuit Judge sitting at the Central Criminal Court, the ancient recorderships of England and Wales now form part of a system of honorary recorderships which are filled by the most senior full-time circuit judges. At each Crown Court centre, a judge is appointed Resident Judge, leads the team of judges who sit there. In the larger city court centres, the Resident Judge is usually a Senior Circuit Judge who is recruited and appointed specifically to that post, an exception is the Corporation of the City of London which still follows ancient custom as stated above. In the many towns and cities where the resident judge is not a senior circuit judge. The resident judge is deployed specifically to that post by the Lord Chief Justice from the ranks of the circuit bench and they then hold office as Resident Judge for a set period, normally four years, although such appointments are renewable. Whilst the appointment of an honorary recorder has lain with the council since the Courts Act 1971. Some new positions have been created since 1971, for example for the Borough of Redbridge. This should not be done, however, when the judge is sitting in the Crown Court in another city or town, Honorary Recorders who are also Senior Circuit Judges are authorised by the Lord Chief Justice to wear red robes when sitting in court. These robes are based on the design of the worn by judges of the County Courts. They were designed for the Recorders of Manchester and Liverpool when Crown Courts were established in cities in 1956. The right to them in court was extended in the 1980s to the other Senior Circuit Judges appointed as Honorary Recorders. Accordingly, when sitting in court, Honorary Recorders who are not Senior Circuit Judges continue to wear the robes of a Circuit Judge sitting in the Crown Court
Recorder (judge)
–
The red-robed Honorary Recorder of Cardiff at a ceremonial event with her fellow Circuit Judges
35.
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
MBE as awarded in 1918
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
36.
Bridge House Estates
–
The Bridge House Estates is a charitable trust, established in 1282 by the City of London Corporation in London, England. It was originally established to maintain London Bridge and, subsequently, funded by bridge tolls and charitable donations, the trust acquired an extensive property portfolio which made it more than self-sufficient. As well as maintaining the bridges, the estates also makes other charitable grants through the City Bridge Trust, since it was established, the trust has maintained, and on several occasions replaced, London Bridge. The trust also built Blackfriars Bridge and Tower Bridge, and purchased Southwark Bridge from the private company that built it. Most recently it took ownership and maintenance of the new pedestrian-only Millennium Bridge. Until 1995, the trust was only permitted to use its income for expenditure on its bridges, however, with a surplus of income over expenditure, a cy-près scheme was adopted in that year to allow any surplus income to be used for other charitable purposes benefiting Greater London. These grants are made though the City Bridge Trust, the Trust took its name from Bridge House, which was the administrative and maintenance centre of Old London Bridge located on the south bank of the River Thames, near the site of St Olaves Church. The site, now covered by the London Bridge Hospital and the Cottons Centre, was constituted of at least two properties in Southwark, the first was that of Peter de Colechurch the warden of the bridge from 1163 and probably a monastic dwelling. The second property was the left by will of Henry Fitz Ailwyn, first named Mayor of London. Known as the Bridge Mark, the logo of Bridge House Estates was one of the earliest logos ever in continuous use and it has been the identifying emblem of the Bridge House Estates for many centuries. But it now uses the City of London arms as an emblem, the City Bridge Trust uses the mark as a logo It was thought likely that the mark as we know it today was designed by a famous 17th century surveyor, William Leybourn. It appears drawn on a plan of 1680 which it is thought he adapted from a similar mark drawn against plots owned by Bridge House Estates on a plan of St Georges Fields in Southwark. The City sword rest from the church of St Olave, Southwark has the Bridge Mark carved onto it to balance the Citys shield, the trust was established by Royal Charter in 1282, and the sole trustee is the City of London Corporation. The trustee does not own the property of the trust — it may only be used for the purposes for which the fund was created. The Bridge House Estates are run by a committee of the City of London Corporation the chairman of which holds the title of Chief Commoner. The chairmanship is held for one year as the responsibilities are so onerous. In addition to its Royal Charter of 1282, the Bridge House Estates operates with respect to legislative powers e. g. The Fund administered by the Bridge House Estates is solely responsible for the five City Bridges, there is no financial support from the Government or any other fund
Bridge House Estates
–
City sword rest, formerly in the church of St Olave Southwark, and now in Southwark Cathedral, showing the Bridge Mark
Bridge House Estates
–
The bridge mark of Bridge House Estates
37.
A Tale of Two Cities
–
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. In 1775, a man flags down the nightly mail-coach on its route from London to Dover, the man is Jerry Cruncher, an employee of Tellsons Bank in London, he carries a message for Jarvis Lorry, a passenger and one of the banks managers. Mr. Lorry sends Jerry back to deliver a response to the bank. The message refers to Alexandre Manette, a French physician who has released from the Bastille after an 18-year imprisonment. Once Mr. Lorry arrives in Dover, he meets with Dr. Manettes daughter Lucie, Lucie has believed her father to be dead, and faints at the news that he is alive, Mr. Lorry takes her to France to reunite with him. In the Paris neighborhood of Saint Antoine, Dr. Manette has been given lodgings by his former servant Ernest Defarge and his wife Therese, owners of a wine shop. He does not recognize Lucie at first but does see the resemblance to her mother through her blue eyes and long golden hair. Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him back to England, in 1780, French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown. The key witnesses against him are two British spies, John Barsad and Roger Cly, who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French, with Barsads eyewitness testimony now discredited, Darnay is acquitted. In Paris, the hated and abusive Marquis St. Evrémonde orders his carriage driven recklessly fast through the streets, hitting and killing the child of a peasant. The Marquis throws a coin to Gaspard to compensate him for his loss, as the Marquiss coach drives off, the coin is flung back into his coach by an unknown hand, enraging the Marquis. Arriving at his country château, the marquis meets with his nephew and heir, Out of disgust with his aristocratic family, Darnay has shed his real surname and adopted an anglicized version of his mothers maiden name, DAulnais. The following passage records the Marquis principles of aristocratic superiority, Repression is the only lasting philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, observed the Marquis, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof, looking up to it, shuts out the sky. That night, Gaspard, who followed the Marquis to his château by riding on the underside of the carriage, stabs, Gaspard leaves a note on the knife saying, Drive him fast to his tomb. After nearly a year on the run, he is caught, in London, Darnay gets Dr. Manettes permission to wed Lucie, but Carton confesses his love to Lucie as well. Knowing she will not love him in return, Carton promises to embrace any sacrifice for you, Stryver, the barrister who defended Darnay and with whom Carton has a working relationship, considers proposing marriage to Lucie, but Mr. Lorry talks him out of the idea. On the morning of the marriage, Darnay reveals his name and family lineage to Dr. Manette
A Tale of Two Cities
–
Cover of serial Vol. V, 1859
A Tale of Two Cities
–
"The Sea Rises", an illustration for Book 2, Chapter 21 by "
Phiz "
A Tale of Two Cities
–
The seamstress and Carton, an illustration for Book 3, Chapter 15 by
John McLenan (1859)
A Tale of Two Cities
–
Illustration from a serialised edition of the story, showing three
tricoteuses knitting, with the Vengeance standing in the center.
38.
Charles Dickens
–
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
Charles Dickens
–
Dickens in New York, 1867
Charles Dickens
–
Charles Dickens's birthplace, 393 Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Charles Dickens
–
2 Ordnance Terrace,
Chatham, Dickens's home 1817 – May 1821
Charles Dickens
–
Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the
Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster's Life of Dickens
39.
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan and to the works they jointly created. The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H. M. S, Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. Sullivan, six years Gilberts junior, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos and their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world. Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century. The operas have influenced political discourse, literature, film. Producer Richard DOyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration and he built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works and founded the DOyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivans works for over a century. Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 and his father, William, was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories, some of which included illustrations by his son. Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the Gilbertian style as follows, With great fluidity and freedom, First, within the framework of the story, he makes bizarre things happen, and turns the world on its head. Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff, the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes, and so on and his genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand, to blend the surreal with the real, and the caricature with the natural. In other words, to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a deadpan way. Gilbert developed his theories on the art of stage direction. At the time Gilbert began writing, theatre in Britain was in disrepute, Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre, especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas, or entertainments, for Thomas German Reed. At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments, Ages Ago, the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend, two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together. Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilberts theatrical style, Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842. His father was a bandmaster, and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight. In school he began to compose anthems and songs, in 1856, he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig, where he also took up conducting. His graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a suite of music to Shakespeares The Tempest. Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation and he began building a reputation as Englands most promising young composer, composing a symphony, a concerto, and several overtures, among them the Overture di Ballo, in 1870
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
W. S. Gilbert
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
Arthur Sullivan
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
One of Gilbert's illustrations for his
Bab Ballad "Gentle Alice Brown"
Gilbert and Sullivan
–
An early poster showing scenes from The Sorcerer, Pinafore, and Trial by Jury
40.
The Pirates of Penzance
–
The Pirates of Penzance, or, The Slave of Duty is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. The operas official premiere was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City on 31 December 1879, where the show was well received by both audiences and critics. Its London debut was on 3 April 1880, at the Opera Comique, the story concerns Frederic, who, having completed his 21st year, is released from his apprenticeship to a band of tender-hearted pirates. He meets Mabel, the daughter of Major-General Stanley, and the two people fall instantly in love. Frederic soon learns, however, that he was born on the 29th of February and his indenture specifies that he remain apprenticed to the pirates until his twenty-first birthday, meaning that he must serve for another 63 years. Bound by his own sense of duty, Frederics only solace is that Mabel agrees to wait for him faithfully, Pirates was the fifth Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration and introduced the much-parodied Major-Generals Song. The opera was performed for over a century by the DOyly Carte Opera Company in Britain and by other opera companies. Pirates remains popular today, taking its place along with The Mikado, Pinafore as one of the most frequently played Gilbert and Sullivan operas. The Pirates of Penzance was the only Gilbert and Sullivan opera to have its premiere in the United States. At the time, American law offered no protection to foreigners. After the pairs previous opera, H. M. S, however, Gilbert, Sullivan, and their producer, Richard DOyly Carte, failed in their efforts, over the next decade, to control the American performance copyrights to Pirates and their other operas. Fiction and plays about pirates were ubiquitous in the 19th century, walter Scotts The Pirate and James Fenimore Coopers The Red Rover were key sources for the romanticised, dashing pirate image and the idea of repentant pirates. Both Gilbert and Sullivan had parodied these ideas early in their careers, Sullivan had written a comic opera called The Contrabandista, in 1867, about a hapless British tourist who is captured by bandits and forced to become their chief. Gilbert had written several works that involved pirates or bandits. In Gilberts 1876 opera Princess Toto, the character is eager to be captured by a brigand chief. Gilbert had translated Jacques Offenbachs operetta Les brigands, in 1871, as in Les brigands, The Pirates of Penzance absurdly treats stealing as a professional career path, with apprentices and tools of the trade such as the crowbar and life preserver. While Pinafore was running strongly at the Opera Comique in London, Gilbert was eager to get started on his and Sullivans next opera and he re-used several elements of his 1870 one-act piece, Our Island Home, which had introduced a pirate chief, Captain Bang. Bang was mistakenly apprenticed to a band as a child by his deaf nursemaid
The Pirates of Penzance
–
Drawing of the Act I finale
The Pirates of Penzance
–
The Pirate Publisher – An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from
Puck, 1886: Gilbert is seen as one of the British authors whose works are stolen by the pirate publisher.
The Pirates of Penzance
–
George Grossmith as General Stanley, wearing
Wolseley 's trademark moustache
The Pirates of Penzance
–
Catherine Ferguson (Kate),
Nellie Briercliffe (Edith), and Ella Milne (Isabel), 1920
41.
The Paradine Case
–
The Paradine Case is a 1947 American film noir courtroom drama film, set in England, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and produced by David O. Selznick. The screenplay was written by Selznick and an uncredited Ben Hecht, from an adaptation by Alma Reville, the film stars Gregory Peck, Ann Todd, Alida Valli, Charles Laughton, Charles Coburn, Ethel Barrymore and Louis Jourdan. It tells of an English barrister who falls in love with a woman who is accused of murder and it is not clear whether she is a grateful and devoted wife who has been falsely accused, or whether she is instead a calculating and ruthless femme fatale. Mrs. Paradines solicitor Sir Simon Flaquer hires Anthony Keane, a brilliant and successful barrister, although Keane has been happily married for 11 years, he instantly becomes deeply infatuated with this exotic, mysterious, and fascinating client. Keanes kind-hearted wife Gay sees his infatuation, and although her husband offers to get off the case and she knows that a guilty verdict, followed by Paradines hanging, will mean that she will lose her husband emotionally forever. The only way that she can regain her husbands love and devotion is if he is able to obtain a not guilty verdict for Mrs. Paradine, meanwhile, Keane himself starts to focus his legal efforts on Colonel Paradines mysterious servant, André Latour. Consciously or unconsciously, Keane sees Latour as a suitable scapegoat on whom he can pin the crime of murder, after Keane has pressured Latour in court, triggering an angry outburst, word comes that Latour has killed himself. Anna Paradine is coldly furious that Keane has destroyed Latour, who was in fact her lover, on the witness stand she tells Keane she hates him, and that he has murdered the only person she loved. She goes so far as to say that she poisoned her husband in order to be with Latour, Keane is overwhelmed, physically, intellectually and emotionally. Attempting to sum up, he improvises a brief and faltering speech, admitting how poorly he has handled the case, but cannot continue speaking and he stays overnight at Sir Simons office, feeling that his career is in ruins. His wife finds him there, she offers reconciliation, and hope for the future, Gregory Peck as Anthony Keane, Counsel for the Defence Ann Todd as Gay Keane Alida Valli as Mrs. The Paradine Case was also the American film debut of Louis Jourdan as André Latour, Garbo did consider doing the film, but ultimately turned it down, as she decided to retire from acting. Howard Estabrook was assigned to write the script at that time and they also objected to the judge being portrayed as a sadist who enjoyed sending people to their deaths. A new draft of the script was submitted, but not for years, in 1942. In 1946, another version was sent in, and this was approved after the suicide was removed from the story. Hitchcock was also interested in Ronald Colman for the part, as well as Garbo or Ingrid Bergman for Mrs. Paradine. The Paradine Case was the last film made under Hitchcocks seven-year contract with Selznick, Gregory Peck said of the director, He seemed really bored with the whole thing. The film was in production from December 19,1946 to May 7,1947, unusually, the set had ceilings to allow for low camera angles
The Paradine Case
–
Theatrical release poster
The Paradine Case
–
Alfred Hitchcock and Gregory Peck in discussion on the set of The Paradine Case
42.
Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)
–
Witness for the Prosecution is a 1957 American courtroom drama film with film noir elements directed by Billy Wilder, set in the Old Bailey in London. The film, based on the play of the name by Agatha Christie. The first film adaptation of story, it stars Tyrone Power, Marlene Dietrich, and Charles Laughton. The film was adapted by Larry Marcus, Harry Kurnitz and Billy Wilder, Vole is accused of murdering Mrs Emily French, a rich, older widow who had become enamoured with him, going so far as to make him the main beneficiary of her will. Strong circumstantial evidence points to Vole as the killer, but Sir Wilfrid believes Vole is innocent, when Sir Wilfrid speaks with Voles German wife Christine, he finds her rather cold and self-possessed, but she does provide an alibi. Therefore, he is surprised when she is called as a witness for the prosecution. While a wife cannot be compelled to testify against her husband and she testifies that Leonard admitted to her that he had killed Mrs French, and that her conscience forced her to finally tell the truth. During the trial in the Old Bailey, Sir Wilfrid is contacted by a woman who, for a fee. The affair revealed by this correspondence gives Christine such a motive to have lied that the jury finds Leonard not guilty. However, Sir Wilfrid is troubled by the verdict and his instincts tell him that it was. too neat, too tidy, and altogether. too symmetrical. His belief proves correct when Christine, left alone with him by chance in the courtroom, Sir Wilfrid had told her before the trial that. no jury would believe an alibi given by a loving wife. She furthermore admits that she saved Leonard even though she knew he was guilty because she loves him, Leonard has overheard Christines admission and, now protected by double jeopardy, cheerfully confirms to Sir Wilfred that he had indeed killed Mrs French. Sir Wilfrid is infuriated at being had, Leonard then coldly tells Christine that he has met a younger woman and is leaving Christine. In a jealous rage, Christine grabs a knife, which had earlier used as evidence by the defence. After she is away by the police, Sir Wilfrid, urged on by Miss Plimsoll. He died during the filming of Solomon and Sheba, in real life, Lanchester was Charles Laughtons wife. Una OConnor was the member of the original Broadway plays cast to reprise her role on film. It was also her film, she retired from acting after its completion
Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)
–
Original poster
43.
Patriot Games
–
Patriot Games is a novel by Tom Clancy. It is chronologically the first book focusing on CIA analyst Jack Ryan and it is the indirect sequel to Without Remorse. In London, a kidnapping is attempted on the Mall, Jack Ryan manages to disrupt the attempt by force, saving the Prince and Princess of Wales, along with their infant firstborn son, from the attackers. These attackers are members of an ultra-radical Irish terrorist group splintered from the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ideologically, their group subscribes to Maoism, and they receive support from Libya. In the novel the organization is referred to as the Movement. The assassin sent to kill Ryan is intercepted before he manages to complete his task, however, Ryans pregnant wife Cathy and daughter Sally are injured when Sean Miller causes their car to crash on a freeway. The two casualties are flown by helicopter to the University of Maryland Medical Center, after the attack on his family, Jack accepts an offer from the Central Intelligence Agency to start working as an analyst at the agencys headquarters. Later, the Prince and Princess of Wales come to visit Ryan at his house in Maryland, ULA operatives make use of the fact that one of their key allies in the Movement is a Bell Atlantic telephone maintenance technician. They pose as fellow repairmen to make an attack on Ryan and his family. Although several guards, including Secret Service personnel, are killed, after a firefight and chase, Ryan, his friend Robby Jackson, and the Prince manage to kill or capture the terrorists. They receive assistance from police, US Marines, and sailors from the U. S. Naval Academy. The FBI Hostage Rescue Team is sent by helicopter, but by the time they arrive, although the ultimate fate of the terrorists is not stated in Patriot Games, the next novel reveals that all who survived the attack were condemned to death and executed by gas chamber. Ryan arrives at Bethesda after the final arrest to be with Cathy for the birth of their son, the novel was adapted as a feature film in 1992. It stars Harrison Ford as Jack Ryan and Sean Bean as Sean Miller, during the filming, an accident occurred during the final scene -- the struggle on the boat which ends in the ocean. Ford inadvertently struck Bean above the eyebrow with a boat hook. Although Bean recovered completely, the scar still remains
Patriot Games
–
First edition
44.
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy character)
–
Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy character)
–
Alec Baldwin portraying Jack Ryan
45.
Season of Migration to the North
–
Season of Migration to the North is a classic post-colonial Sudanese novel by the novelist Tayeb Salih. Originally published in Arabic in 1966, it has since translated into more than twenty languages. Salih was fluent in both English and Arabic, but chose to pen this novel in Arabic, the English translation was published in 1969 as part of the influential Heinemann African Writers Series. The novel is a narrative to Heart of Darkness. It was described by Edward Said as one of the six novels in Arabic literature. In 2001 it was selected by a panel of Arab writers, in January 1899, a compendium, or joint-authority, was established to rule over Sudan by Britain and Egypt. Sudan gained independence in 1956, but was engulfed in two prolonged civil wars for much of the remainder of the 20th century. This novel is set in the 1960s, a significant and tumultuous time in Sudans history, the unnamed narrator has returned to his native village in the Sudan after seven years in England furthering his education. It is the 1960s, and he is eager to make a contribution to the new life of his country. Mustafa betrays his past one drunken evening by wistfully reciting poetry in fluent English, leaving the narrator resolute to discover the strangers identity. The Narrator later asks Mustafa about his past, and Mustafa tells the Narrator much of his story, often saying I am no Othello, Othello was a lie, as well as I am a lie. The story of Mustafas troubled past in Europe, and in particular his love affairs with British women, Mustafa attracts the women by appealing to their Orientalist fantasies. All of the end in tragedy. Three of the women commit suicide and the fourth, Mustafas wife, is murdered by him and he stands trial for the murder and serves time in an English jail. In the dramatic present, Mustafa drowns in the Nile, and his widow and she refuses, because she does not want to marry after her husband. She tries to appeal to the Narrator, who was appointed the guardian of her sons in Mustafas will. The Narrator does try to foil the marriage before it can take place, Hosna is married to Wad Rayyes against her will, but when he attempts to consummate the marriage, she kills first him and then herself. Both are buried without a funeral, the stories of Mustafas past life in England, and the repercussions on the village around him, take their toll on the narrator, who is driven to the very edge of sanity
Season of Migration to the North
–
Front cover of Penguin Classics edition of the novel
46.
Tayeb Salih
–
Tayeb Salih was a Sudanese writer. Born in Karmakol, near the village of Al Dabbah in the Northern Province of Sudan, coming from a background of small farmers and religious teachers, his original intention was to work in agriculture. However, excluding a brief spell as a schoolmaster before coming to England, for more than ten years, Salih wrote a weekly column for the London-based Arabic language newspaper al Majalla in which he explored various literary themes. He worked for the BBCs Arabic Service and later director general of the Ministry of Information in Doha. He spent the last 10 years of his career with UNESCO in Paris. Tayeb Salehs writing is drawn from his experience of village life that is centered on people. It can be said that the motifs of his books are derived from his Islamic background and his experience of modern Africa, mawsim al-Hijra ila al-Shamal was published in Arabic in 1966, and in English as Season of Migration to the North in 1969. Once back, the narrator discovers a stranger among the faces of childhood. Salih achieved immediate acclaim when Season of Migration to the North was first published in Beirut, in 2001, the book was declared “the most important Arabic novel of the 20th century” by the Arab Literary Academy. The novel was banned in Salehs native Sudan for several years despite the fact that it won him prominence, the novel was adapted into a theater production in Israel. Urs al-Zayn is a novella published in 1969 centering on the unlikely nuptials of the town eccentric Zein. “The Wedding of Zein” was made into a drama in Libya, the year he stroke up the yearly award Yearly Award, Endorsed by Tayeb Salih during his life and organized by Abdelkarim Mirghani Cultural Centre, Omdurman, Sudan. A group of Salihs friends and fans formed a committee to honour him in 1998, the committee collected $20,000 for Tayeb Salih’s personal use. However, he indicated his desire to utilize the money in launching an initiative that supports literary life in Sudan. Abdelkarim Mirghani Cultural Centres Board of Trustees established an independent secretariat to administer the Prize award, a committee of writers and academics in Sudan receives and evaluates the participating novels, and selects the winners. The winners are announced on the 21st of October of each year, the award of the Prize is usually accompanied by a conference on various aspects of Sudanese literature. The first Prize was awarded in 2003, in 2008, Abdelkarim Mirghani Cultural Centre launched another prize under the name Tayeb Salih Short Story Writing Prize for Youth. Yearly Award, started after his death located Khartoum, Sudan in KICS and this award is only open to students of KICS and not the general public
Tayeb Salih
–
Tayeb Salih
47.
Vigilante
–
A vigilante is a civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity without legal authority. Vigilante justice is often rationalized by the concept that proper legal forms of punishment are either nonexistent, insufficient. Vigilantes normally see the government as ineffective in enforcing the law, persons alleged to be escaping the law or above the law are sometimes the victims of vigilantism. Vigilante conduct involves certain degrees of violence, Vigilantes could assault targets verbally and/or physically, damage and/or vandalize property, or even kill individuals. In a number of cases, vigilantism has involved targets with mistaken identities, in Britain in the early 2000s, there were reports of vandalism, assaults, and verbal abuse towards people wrongly accused of being pedophiles, following the murder of Sarah Payne. In Guyana in 2008, Hardel Haynes was beaten to death by a mob who mistook him for a thief, Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word vigilante was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual and psychological parallels between the Dark Age and medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy, when Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied Should he treat our sister as a harlot. Similarly, in 2 Samuel 13, Absalom kills Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, recourse to personal vengeance and dueling was considered a class privilege of the sword-bearing aristocracy before the formation of the modern centralized liberal-bureaucratic nation-state. In addition, sociologists have posited a complex legal and ethical interrelationship between vigilante acts and rebellion and tyrannicide, in the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and legendary outlaws. Vigilantism in literature, folklore and legend is connected to the issues of dissatisfied morality, injustice, the failures of authority. Formally-defined vigilantism arose in the early American colonies and these people would assault accused thieves, rapists and murderers. When they assaulted these thieves, they would steal their gold, other than reports and newspapers, there are not many records of vigilantes. Few names or groups are known, later in the United States, vigilante groups arose in poorly governed frontier areas where criminals preyed upon the citizenry with impunity. The death of Joseph Smith, Jr. on June 27,1844, in 1851 and 1856, San Francisco Vigilance Movement sought to eliminate crime, an element of this movement focused on immigrants like the Sydney Ducks. This touched off a cycle of retaliatory battles and raids by the two sides in which some 29 people were killed. In 1858 San Luis Obispo vigilantes ended the reign of the bandit gang of Pío Linares on El Camino Real between San Luis and Santa Barbara. In October 1862 in northern Texas, several Unionist sympathizers were arrested and taken to Gainesville, seven were tried and hanged, and 14 were hanged without trial. A few weeks later, Unionist sympathizers were hanged without trial across northern Texas, known as the Great Hanging at Gainesville, it may have been the deadliest act of vigilante violence in U. S. history
Vigilante
–
The
Bald Knobbers, an 1880s vigilante group from
Missouri, wearing crude "
blackface " masks typical of the
post-Reconstruction era in the United States – as portrayed in the 1919 film, The Shepherd of the Hills.
Vigilante
–
A lynching carried out by the
San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856
Vigilante
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"Great Hanging at Gainesville", 1862
48.
V (comics)
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V is the title character of the comic book series V for Vendetta, created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. He is a mysterious anarchist, vigilante, and freedom fighter who is recognizable by his Guy Fawkes mask, long hair. He strives to topple a government of a dystopian United Kingdom through grand acts of propaganda of the deed. According to Moore, he was designed to be morally ambiguous, Vs background and identity is unknown and is never revealed. While there, he is part of a group of prisoners who are subjected to medical experimentation, conducted by Dr. Delia Surridge. Lewis Prothero is the commandant, and a pedophile vicar. All prisoners so injected soon die under gruesome circumstances, with the exception of the man in room five. Although there is nothing wrong with him, Surridge theorizes that his mind had been warped by the experimentation. Still, his actions seem to maintain a twisted logic, the experiments actually yield some beneficial results, he develops Olympic-level reflexes, enhanced strength, speed and dexterity as well as incredibly expanded mental capacity. Over time, the man is allowed to grow roses and raise crops for camp officials, the man eventually starts taking surplus ammonia-based fertilizer back to his cell, where he arranges it in bizarre, intricate patterns on the floor. He then takes an amount of grease solvent from the gardens. In secret, the man uses the fertilizer and solvent to make mustard gas, on a stormy night, he detonates his homemade bomb and escapes his cell. Much of the camp is set ablaze, and many of the guards who rush in to see what happened are killed by the mustard gas, the camp is evacuated and closed down. He adopts the new identity, V, as well as dons a Guy Fawkes mask, V then spends the next five years planning his revenge on the fascist government, building his secret base, which he calls The Shadow Gallery. He then kills off most of the over 40 surviving personnel from Larkhill, however, he saves Prothero, Lilliman and Surridge for last, showing mercy only to the remorseful Surridge by injecting her with a painless poison in her sleep. Four years after his escape from Larkhill, V blows up The Old Bailey on November 5, in the process he stumbles across Evey Hammond as she is being accosted by several members of the secret police and saves her, bringing her back to his lair. V kills now-Bishop Lilliman by forcing him to eat a communion wafer laced with cyanide, Norsefire had used religion in their rhetoric, saying that those who were exterminated were not pure in the eyes of God. Vs black humor in his vendetta forces Lilliman to put some of his religious rhetoric to the test of transubstantiation, V then injects Surridge, the one Larkhill official who feels remorse for her actions, with a poison that kills her without pain
V (comics)
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V in
V for Vendetta Art by
David Lloyd.
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V for Vendetta
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V for Vendetta is a British graphic novel written by Alan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd, published by DC Comics. Later versions were published by Vertigo, an imprint of DC Comics, the fascist Norsefire party has exterminated its opponents in concentration camps and rules the country as a police state. Warner Bros. released an adaptation of the same title in 2006. The first episodes of V for Vendetta appeared in black-and-white between 1982 and 1985, in Warrior, a British anthology comic published by Quality Communications, but with five or six strips an issue, regular only needed two or three favorites to justify their buying the title. When the publishers cancelled Warrior in 1985, several attempted to convince Moore and Lloyd to let them publish. In 1988, DC Comics published a series that reprinted the Warrior stories in colour. The first new material appeared in issue No,7, which included the unpublished episodes that would have appeared in Warrior No.27 and No.28. Tony Weare drew one chapter and contributed art to two others, Steve Whitaker and Siobhan Dodds worked as colourists on the entire series. David Lloyds paintings for V for Vendetta in Warrior first appeared in black, the DC Comics version published the artwork colourised in pastels. Lloyd has stated that he had intended the artwork to appear in color. In writing V for Vendetta, Moore drew upon an idea for a strip titled The Doll, in Behind the Painted Smile, Moore revealed that the idea was rejected as DC Thomson balked at the idea of a transsexual terrorist. Years later, Skinn allegedly invited Moore to create a dark mystery strip with artist David Lloyd and he actually asked David Lloyd to recreate something similar to their popular Marvel UK Night Raven strip, a story with an enigmatic masked vigilante set in the United States in the 1930s. Lloyd asked for writer Alan Moore to join him, and the setting developed through their discussions, editor Dez Skinn came up with the name Vendetta over lunch with his colleague Graham Marsh — but quickly rejected it as sounding too Italian. Then V for Vendetta emerged, putting the emphasis on V rather than Vendetta, David Lloyd developed the idea of dressing V as Guy Fawkes after previous designs followed the conventional superhero look. During the preparation of the story, Moore made a list of what he wanted to bring into the plot, said the Ticktockman, Catman and The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World by the same author. Vincent Prices Dr. Phibes and Theatre of Blood, the writings of the New Worlds school of science fiction. Max Ernsts painting Europe After the Rain, the atmosphere of British Second World War films. However, Moore felt that fascists would quickly subvert a post-holocaust Britain, the February 1999 issue of The Comics Journal ran a poll on The Top 100 Comics of the Century, V for Vendetta reached 83rd place
V for Vendetta
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V for Vendetta collected edition cover, art by
David Lloyd
V for Vendetta
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Cover of Warrior #19, highlighting the comic's conflict between
anarchist and fascist philosophies.
V for Vendetta
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Protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks at
a protest against Scientology in London in 2008
V for Vendetta
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Anonymous (2013) by anonymous
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