1.
Chicago Water Tower
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The Chicago Water Tower is a contributing property and landmark in the Old Chicago Water Tower District. It is located at 806 North Michigan Avenue along the Magnificent Mile shopping district in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois in a small park, the tower was constructed to house a large water pump, intended to draw water from Lake Michigan. It is the second-oldest water tower in the United States, after the Louisville Water Tower in Louisville, the Chicago Water Tower now serves as a Chicago Office of Tourism art gallery known as the City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower. It features the work of photographers and artists. The tower, built in 1869 by architect William W. Boyington from yellowing Joliet limestone, is 154 feet tall, inside was a 138-foot high standpipe to hold water. In addition to being used for firefighting, the pressure in the pipe could be regulated to control water surges in the area, together with the adjacent Chicago Avenue Pumping Station, it drew clean water from water cribs in Lake Michigan. The tower gained prominence after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, while some incorrectly believe that the tower was the only building to survive the fire, a few other buildings in the burned district survived along with the tower. The tower was the public building in the burned zone to survive. In the years since the fire, the tower has become a symbol of old Chicago, in 1918, when Pine Street was widened, the plans were altered in order to give the Water Tower a featured location. The tower has undergone two renovations, the first took place during a three-year period, 1913–1916. At that time many of the blocks were replaced. The second renovation occurred in 1978 and this renovation consisted mostly of interior changes with only minor changes made to the exterior of the building. In 2014, the park the tower is sited in was named for former Chicago mayor Jane Byrne. The structure has not been universally admired, oscar Wilde said it looked like a castellated monstrosity with pepper boxes stuck all over it, although he did admire the arrangement and movement of the pumping machinery inside. The Water Towers castle-like style inspired the design of many White Castle restaurant buildings, the Tower was named an American Water Landmark in 1969. In 2004, the tower was featured in the finale of The Amazing Race 6, Chicago architecture Water tower Water Tower Place City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower - City of Chicago
2.
Chicago Avenue Pumping Station
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The Chicago Avenue Pumping Station is a historic district contributing property in the Old Chicago Water Tower District landmark district. It is located on Michigan Avenue along the Magnificent Mile shopping district in the Near North Side community area of Chicago and it is on the east side of Michigan Avenue opposite the Chicago Water Tower. The station was built in 1869 by architect William W. Boyington, in 1918, when Pine Street was widened, the plans were altered in order to give the Chicago Water Tower and Pumping Station a featured location. In 2003 and 2004 the building was awarded honors for adaptive reuse based on renovations which accommodated the Lookingglass Theatre Company. In fact, early in this decade four different redevelopment projects were occurring simultaneously at this landmark, the other projects included roof deck replacement, façade restoration, exterior architectural lighting improvements, landscaping improvements and lead paint abatement. Driehaus Foundation - DePaul University, Richard H
3.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
4.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
5.
Chicago Landmark
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Chicago Landmark is a designation of the Mayor of Chicago and the Chicago City Council for historic buildings and other sites in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Listed sites are selected after meeting a combination of criteria, including historical, economic, architectural, artistic, cultural, Mayor and the City Council appoint a nine-member Commission on Chicago Landmarks to develop landmark recommendations in accordance with a 1968 Chicago city ordinance. In Chicago, the preservation movement initially sought to ensure the survival of individual buildings of special significance. However, the movement has evolved to include districts and neighborhoods, preservation is now an integral element of urban planning and design. In 1957, Chicago City Council 5th ward Alderman Leon Despres began the preservation movement in Chicago. This led to the formation of the City Landmarks Commission, who chose 39 buildings as honorary landmarks, many landmarks have been designated with National Historic Landmark status by the United States Secretary of the Interior for historical significance. All of those and a number of districts, sites, buildings, structures. Not all Chicago Landmarks have been listed on the National Register, no Chicago Landmarks are classified as any other type of National Park System protected area including National Parks, National Monuments, or National Preserves. The charts below detail these designations for the city of Chicago-designated sites, for consistency, the list below uses the name from the Chicago Landmark website. Neighborhood names and boundaries are consistent with the Community areas in Chicago, as noted in the list above, there are many places that are designated as City landmarks but they have not been nationally registered. There are also approximately 200 nationally Registered Historic Places in Chicago that are not also designated Chicago Landmarks, of these,13 are further designated as U. S
6.
Michigan Avenue (Chicago)
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Michigan Avenue is a major north-south street in Chicago which runs at 100 east on the Chicago grid. The northern end of the street is at Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in the Gold Coast Historic District, the streets southern terminus is at Sibley Boulevard in the southern suburb of Harvey, though like many Chicago streets it exists in several disjointed segments. Michigan Avenue also is the commercial street of Streeterville. It includes all of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and most of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District, the oldest section of Michigan Avenue is the portion that currently borders Grant Park in the Chicago Loop section of the city. The name came from Lake Michigan, which until 1871 was immediately east of Michigan Avenue, the street at that time ran north to the Chicago River and south to the city limits. Originally, Michigan Avenue was primarily residential, and by the 1860s, large homes, but in the 1900-1907 Ads for the Chicago Musical College, the address was referred to as 202 Michigan Boul. As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue was referred to as Upper Boul Mich, pariss Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich. In the Great Fire of 1871, all buildings on Michigan Avenue from Congress Street north to the river were destroyed. Beginning in the 1880s, the expansion of the business district replaced houses on Michigan Avenue so that today. The first city showcase on Michigan Avenue was the Exposition Building, which was built on the current site of the Art Institute, the east side of Michigan at Adams, in 1874. By the 1890s, a wall of buildings was constructed on the west side of Michigan Avenue downtown, including the Auditorium Building. As the east side of Michigan Avenue downtown was developed as a park, in 1924, the first traffic lights in Chicago were installed on Michigan Avenue after John D. Hertz fronted the city $34,000 for the purchase, installation, historically, Illinois Route 1 and U. S. Route 41 were routed on Michigan Avenue. Illinois Route 1 has been truncated to Chicagos south side and U. S. Route 41 is now routed on Lake Shore Drive, as early as 1891 plans were proposed to extend Michigan Avenue north across the river. When the Michigan Avenue Bridge was completed, Pine Street was renamed Michigan Avenue, at its north end it merges into Lake Shore Drive near the Drake Hotel. Today, the north of the Chicago River is referred to as the Magnificent Mile. It contains a mixture of upscale department stores, restaurants, high-end retailers, office buildings and hotels, and caters primarily to tourists, the area also has a high concentration of the citys advertising agencies and major media firms, including the Chicago Tribune. North of the center can be found the famous John Hancock Center, the art deco Palmolive Building
7.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Magnificent Mile
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The Magnificent Mile, sometimes referred to as The Mag Mile, is an upscale section of Chicagos Michigan Avenue, running from the Chicago River to Oak Street in the Near North Side. The district is located adjacent to downtown, and one block east of Rush Street, the Magnificent Mile serves as the main thoroughfare between Chicagos Loop business district and its Gold Coast. It is generally the boundary of the Streeterville neighborhood, to its east. Real estate developer Arthur Rubloff of Rubloff Company gave the district its nickname in the 1940s, to date, rent on The Magnificent Mile is the eighth most expensive in the country, behind Fifth Avenue in New York and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. Several of the tallest buildings in the United States, such as the John Hancock Center, landmarks along the Magnificent Mile include Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, the Chicago Water Tower, and the Allerton Hotel. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, State Street in the downtown Loop, the convenience of mass transit including streetcars and elevated trains, supported a retail corridor along State Street from Lake Street to Van Buren Street. By the 1920s, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts, prior to the bascule bridge construction, swing bridges across the river were open for ship traffic during half the daylight hours. The Rush Street Bridge was the bridge for this area. The opening of the Michigan Avenue Bridge in 1920 created a new commercial district, the concept for the Magnificent Mile was part of the 1909 Burnham Plan of Chicago. It was constructed during the 1920s to replace Pine Street, which had been lined with factories and warehouses near the river, the earliest building constructions varied in style, but challenged new heights in construction. The name the Magnificent Mile is a trademark of the Greater North Michigan Avenue Association. Soon the property values driven by the shopping districts were pricing out the nearby artists of Tower Town. Rubloff and Zeckendorf successfully developed and promoted the area until it became one of the most prestigious addresses of the city and that distinction holds today, and spurred new investment along the Magnificent Mile and throughout the Near North Side. After 1950, suburban development reduced the Loops daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped, however, the Magnificent Mile kept a luxury shopping district close to the central business district. The opening of the 74-story Water Tower Place in 1975 marked the return of Chicago to retailing prominence, by 1979, the State Street commercial corridor had lost its commercial vitality and was closed to street traffic for renovation including sidewalk widening until 1996. The area also has a concentration of the citys major media firms, such as the Chicago Tribune newspaper. The American Planning Association selected The Magnificent Mile as one of the 10 Great Streets for 2007 through its Great Places in America program, in recent years, The Magnificent Mile has added trees and flower-filled medians to reflect the changing seasons. The Magnificent Mile is also notable for its three shopping centers, Water Tower Place, The Shops at North Bridge, and 900 North Michigan Shops
10.
Near North Side, Chicago
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The Near North Side is one of 77 defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the northernmost of the four areas that constitute Downtown Chicago, the others being the Near West Side, Near South Side, the community area is located north and east of the Chicago River. To its east is Lake Michigan, and its boundary is the 19th-century city limit of Chicago. Of the downtown community areas, the Near North Side has the second largest total area, after the Near West Side, the highest number of skyscrapers, the Near North Side is the oldest part of Chicago. Today this is marked by Pioneer Court, the Gold Coast consists mostly of high-rise apartment buildings and stone mansions throughout. As with many neighborhoods, its borders are subject to dispute, but, generally, they are North Avenue, to the north, Chicago Avenue, to the south. The Gold Coast became the home of the super-rich in 1885, over the next few decades, Chicagos elite gradually migrated from Prairie Avenue to their new homes north of the Loop. Along almost every boulevard of the Gold Coast, upscale boutiques, also, Aston Martin, BMW, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Maserati, Rolls-Royce, and Tesla all have dealerships in the Gold Coast. Many of Chicagos best known restaurants are located here as well, carmines, Gibsons, Hugos Frog Bar, Lou Malnatis Pizzeria, Maple & Ash, the original Mortons, Nico Osteria, the Pump Room, Spiaggia, and Table Fifty-Two are in the area. The Gold Coast Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30,1978, the Gold Coast is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools schools, Ogden School, and Lincoln Park High School. The prestigious Latin School, is located in the neighborhood as well and it crosses portions of the community areas of southern Lincoln Park, as well as the northern Near North Side, and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. This historic district sits within the Old Town Triangle Association, a Lincoln Park neighborhood bounded by the former Ogden Avenue right-of-way, Clark Street and it sits inside the community area of Lincoln Park and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. Old Town north of North Avenue is in Lincoln Park, and it is now an affluent gentrified neighborhood. Old Town is now considered an affluent and historic neighborhood, home to many of Chicagos older Victorian-era buildings, the neighborhood is home to St. Michaels Church, originally built to serve German immigrants, and one of only 7 to survive the great Chicago fire. St. Michaels, Holy Name Cathedral, Immaculate Conception, many of the streets and alleys, particularly in the Old Town Triangle section, predate the Great Chicago Fire and do not all adhere to the typical Chicago grid pattern. In 1927, sculptors Sol Kogen and Edgar Miller purchased and subsequently rehabilitated a house on Burton Place, near Wells Street, through the 1930s, an art colony emerged in the neighborhood as artists moved from the Towertown neighborhood near Washington Square Park. Old Town was home to many gays and lesbians from the 1950s through the 1980s and this was the first gay ghetto in Chicago, predating the current Lake View neighborhood. There were numerous gay bars, now closed, along Wells Street
11.
Community areas in Chicago
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These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
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Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
13.
Chicago Fire Department
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The Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, under the jurisdiction of the Mayor of Chicago. The Chicago Fire Department is the third largest municipal fire department in the United States after the New York City Fire Department and Cal Fire and it is also one of the oldest major organized fire departments in the nation. The Chicago Fire Department is led by the Fire Commissioner, who is Jose A. Santiago, the Fire Commissioner is appointed by the Mayor. The Fire Commissioner is assisted by the First Deputy Commissioner, who is Charles Stewart III, there are four bureaus under the First Deputy Commissioner, Operations, Fire Prevention, Administrative Services & Logistics. The Chicago Fire Department receives over 500,000 emergency calls annually, there are four Bureaus of Operation within the Chicago Fire Department, Operations, Administrative Services, Logistics and Fire Prevention. The four Bureaus are commanded by the 1st Deputy Fire Commissioner, Charles Stewart III, the Bureau of Operations is the largest Bureau within the Chicago Fire Department. The Bureau of Operations commands the following Divisions, Fire Suppression & Rescue, Emergency Medical Services, Special Operations, the Bureau of Operations is composed of over 4,500 Firefighters and Paramedics and is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Bureau of Administrative Services commands the following Divisions, Personnel, Training, the Photo Unit, Administrative Services is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Bureau of Logistics is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Bureau of Fire Prevention commands the following Divisions, Code Compliance and Inspections. Fire Prevention is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Bureau of Operations is one of four Bureaus within the organization of the Chicago Fire Department. Like the other three Bureaus, the Bureau of Operations is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, who reports to the 1st Deputy Commissioner, the Fire Suppression and Rescue Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Special Operations Division and the EMS Division are also commanded by an Assistant Deputy Commissioner, the Office of Fire Investigation is under the command of the Commanding Fire Marshall, equivalent to the rank of Deputy District Chief. The Fire Suppression and Rescue Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Division consists of five Fire Districts, each commanded by a District Chief. The Emergency Medical Services Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Division consists of two Field Divisions, the North Division, and the South Division. Each Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Chief Paramedic per shift, the two Assistant Deputy Chief Paramedics report to the Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner of the Division. Within the two Field Divisions, there are eight EMS Districts, each EMS District is under the command of a Paramedic Field Chief. Each EMS Districts Paramedic Field Chief is in charge of all EMS, the Special Operations Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Commissioner and is divided into several subsections, including Hazardous Materials and Air-Sea Rescue. Subdivision is commanded by a Deputy District Chief, the Air Sea Rescue subdivision is commanded by two Deputy District Chiefs, one in charge of Air Operations, and one in charge of SCUBA Operations
14.
Water Tower Place
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Water Tower Place is a large urban, mixed-use development comprising a 758,000 sq ft shopping mall and 74 story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The mall is located at 835 North Michigan Avenue, along the Magnificent Mile and it is named after the nearby Chicago Water Tower, and is owned by General Growth Properties. The project received a J. C. Nichols Prize from the Urban Land Institute in 1986, modernist architect Edward D. Dart, of Loebl Schlossman Bennett and Dart, was the chief architect. The tower section is a 78-story, 859-foot reinforced concrete slab, faced with marble, and is the eighth tallest building in Chicago. When built, it was the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world and it contains an award-winning Ritz-Carlton hotel, luxury condominiums and office space, and sits atop a block-long base containing an atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile. It shifted downtown Chicagos retail center of gravity north from State Street to North Michigan Avenue, the 360 condo units in the tower were designed in 1974. Richard A. Meyers Realty, Inc. was the contracted sales, in a recessionary market, the company was given the challenge of demonstrating the product and obtaining hard contracts before construction began. This was an assignment in the recessionary climate of 1974–1976. The product analysis was then compared with sales velocities of other projects to determine needs and wants. The net result was a mathematically designed housing product that allowed for specific space allocation for each room in each unit, the results were efficient units, where each room had a competitive advantage. Because of this unique design methodology, the units are still considered well designed. After the product was designed, Richard A. Meyers Realty, Inc. Michigan Avenue, and built several full-scale condominium units, several blocks away from the site. In 2001, a program of refurbishments was begun, including enclosing the exterior arcade along Michigan and these last additions broke up the boxy nature of the original architecture and added some dimension and scale to the monolithic marble walls. The Rouse Company acquired the center in 2002 during the breakup of the then Dutch-owned Urban Shopping Centers and it was subsequently acquired by General Growth Properties. The buildings most famous resident is Oprah Winfrey. Having bought a $6,000,000 condo on November 28,2006, Oprah says she is planning to sell her residence in Water Tower Place. The Ritz-Carlton, Chicago is a 435-room AAA Five Diamond, Mobil Five Star hotel, the builders of Water Tower Place acquired the rights to use the Ritz-Carlton name and logo when they opened a hotel in the tower in 1975. This was before the modern Ritz-Carlton chain was established in the mid-1980s, using the name and logo
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Architecture of Chicago
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The buildings and architecture of Chicago have influenced and reflected the history of American architecture. The built environment of Chicago is reflective of the history and multicultural heritage. Since most structures within the area were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 Chicago buildings are noted for their originality rather than their antiquity. Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s and these were among the first modern skyscrapers. However, the Montauk Building, designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller. Louis Sullivan was perhaps the citys most philosophical architect, realizing that the skyscraper represented a new form of architecture, he discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the Commercial Style, but it was called the Chicago School by later historians. In 1892, the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building, breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, since 1963, a Second Chicago School emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement, in particular his introduction of a new system of framed tubes in skyscraper design. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1966, numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called Chicago seven, James Ingo Freed, Tom Beeby, Larry Booth, Stuart Cohen, James Nagle, Stanley Tigerman and it is true that the White City represented anything other than its host citys architecture. Sullivans comments should be viewed in the context of his relationship with Burnham. Chicago is well known for its wealth of art, including works by such artistic heavyweights as Chagall, Picasso, Miró. City sculptures additionally honor the people and topics reflecting the rich history of Chicago. In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture. Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings, in the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. Ludwig Mies van der Rohes Illinois Institute of Technology campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style, van der Rohes work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School. Many organizations, notably Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois are devoted to promoting the preservation of historic neighborhoods, Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities
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Water tower
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In some places, the term standpipe is used interchangeably to refer to a water tower, especially one with tall and narrow proportions. Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground or surface service reservoirs, other types of water towers may only store raw water for fire protection or industrial purposes, and may not necessarily be connected to a public water supply. A water tower serves as a reservoir to help with water needs during peak usage times. The water level in the tower typically falls during the peak hours of the day. This process also keeps the water freezing in cold weather. Standpipes also provided a convenient fixed location to measure flow rates, designers typically enclosed the riser pipes in decorative masonry or wooden structures. By the late 19th-Century, standpipes grew to include storage tanks to meet the demands of growing cities. Many early water towers are now considered significant and have been included in various heritage listings around the world. Some are converted to apartments or exclusive penthouses, in certain areas, such as New York City in the United States, smaller water towers are constructed for individual buildings. In California and some states, domestic water towers enclosed by siding were once built to supply individual homes. The reservoir in the tower may be spherical, cylindrical, or an ellipsoid, with a height of approximately 6 metres. A standard water tower typically has a height of approximately 40 m, pressurization occurs through the hydrostatic pressure of the elevation of water, for every 10.20 centimetres of elevation, it produces 1 kilopascal of pressure. 30 m of elevation produces roughly 300 kPa, which is enough pressure to operate and provide for most domestic water pressure, the height of the tower provides the pressure for the water supply system, and it may be supplemented with a pump. The volume of the reservoir and diameter of the piping provide, however, relying on a pump to provide pressure is expensive, to keep up with varying demand, the pump would have to be sized to meet peak demands. During periods of low demand, jockey pumps are used to meet these lower water flow requirements, very high volumes and flow rates are needed when fighting fires. Using wireless sensor networks to monitor water levels inside the tower allows municipalities to automatically monitor, Water towers can be surrounded by ornate coverings including fancy brickwork, a large ivy-covered trellis or they can be simply painted. Some city water towers have the name of the city painted in large letters on the roof, as an aid to aviators. Sometimes the decoration can be humorous, an example of this are water towers built side by side, labeled HOT and COLD
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
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Printing House Row District
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The Printing House Row District is a U. S. historic district on the 500 through 800 blocks of South Dearborn, South Federal and South Plymouth streets in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The district was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 9,1996, the district includes the Monadnock Building, the Manhattan Building, the Fisher Building, and the Old Colony Building. The district overlaps significantly with the Printers Row neighborhood and it is not the same as South Loop Printing House District which is a different, although perhaps overlapping, district. Official City of Chicago Loop Community Map
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Pullman National Monument
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Pullman National Monument, also known as The Pullman District and Pullman Historic District, is located in Chicago and was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. The district is significant for its origins in the Pullman Company, one of the most famous company towns in the United States. It was built for George Pullman as a place to produce the famous Pullman sleeping cars, located in what is now the Pullman community area of Chicago, the district includes the Pullman factory and also the Hotel Florence, named after George Pullmans daughter. Also within the district is the A, philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum, named for the prominent leader A. Philip Randolph, which recognizes and explores African American labor history, parts of the site, in recent decades have been owned by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency prior to gifting them to the federal government. The area is east of Cottage Grove Avenue, from East 103rd St. to East 115th St and it was named a Chicago Landmark district on October 16,1972. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8,1969, preservationists had hoped to extend the district to include Schlitz Row, but the taverns located there have been demolished. The district was named a National Monument on February 19,2015, George Pullman was born in Brocton, New York and studied engineering. By the 1850s, Chicago was emerging as a major city, Pullman designed a method to raise buildings, which allowed better drainage. This innovation led Pullman to great financial success, with this new-found wealth, Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company to manufacture sleeping cars in 1867. Through a focus on luxury and customer comfort, Pullman gained a market share in the railroad car sector. The expensive cars were rented out to railroads with trained employees. Pullman was an advocate of employee welfare in a city that was a hotbed for labor unrest in the 1870s. When a new factory was required to demand, Pullman was presented with an opportunity to integrate employee betterment with manufacturing efficiency. As land values were skyrocketing in the city proper, Pullman purchased 4,000 acres south of Chicago and he organized the Pullman Land Association to oversee non-manufacturing real estate and transferred all but 500 acres to its control. Solon Spencer Beman was commissioned with the design of the town buildings. Nathaniel Franklin Barrett was tasked with the layout and landscape design, former Chicago superintendent of sewage Benzette Williams developed the utilities and drainage system. The project began in early 1880 and the first factory buildings were completed by fall
21.
Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District
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Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District, or simply Bronzeville, is a historic district in the Douglas community area of South Side, Chicago, in Cook County, Illinois. The neighborhood encompasses the land between the Dan Ryan Expressway to the west, Martin Luther King, Jr, drive to the east, 31st Street to the north, and Pershing Road to the south. The historic district includes nine structures that were accorded the Chicago Landmark designation on September 9,1998 and these buildings are, Overton Hygienic Building Chicago Bee Building Wabash Avenue YMCA Chicago Defender Building Unity Hall Eighth Regiment Armory Sunset Cafe Victory Monument Supreme Life Building. Six of the nine were already listed on the National Register of Historic Places−NRHP as a multiple property submission, on 30 April 30,1986. These are the Overton Hygienic Building, Chicago Bee Building, Wabash Avenue YMCA, Unity Hall, Eighth Regiment Armory, however, the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District is not a NRHP listed historic district. The South Side Community Art Center is also now a designated Chicago Landmark in the district, Black Metropolis Bronzeville National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago City of Chicago, Official Douglas Community Map
22.
Old Town, Chicago
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Old Town is a neighborhood and historic district in North Side, Chicago, Illinois, home to many of Chicagos older, Victorian-era buildings. Examples include St. Michaels Church, one of seven buildings to survive the Great Chicago Fire, in the 19th century, German immigrants moved to the meadows north of North avenue and began farming previous swampland, planting celery, potatoes and cabbages. This gave the area the nickname The Cabbage Patch, the name stuck until around 1900. During World War II, the streets of North, Clark, in the years immediately after the war, The population of “North Town” sponsored annual art fairs called the “Old Town Holiday. In the 1950s, much of Old Town was an enclave to many of the first Puerto Ricans to emigrate to Chicago and they referred to this area as part of La Clark. There is no legal entity known as Old Town, although claims have made as to the nature of its unspecific borders. Old Town is where you make it and this neighborhood is supposed to be as much a sound as a place, and its from the bells of St. Michaels Church. The story goes you only live in Old Town if you can hear them. it was said that all who lived within hearing distance of the churchs bells were Old Towners. The land known as Old Town originally served as a home and trade center to many Nations including Potawatomi, Miami, following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, most of the indigenous people were forcibly removed, and the land was then settled in the 1850s by German-Catholic immigrants. Clark Street is a leftover of the culture, it being an old road which followed a ridge along Lake Michigan. Old Town is home to many of Chicagos older, Victorian-era buildings, the neighborhood is also home to St. Michaels Church, originally a Bavarian-built church, and one of 7 to survive the path of the Great Chicago Fire. Many of the streets and alleys, particularly in the Old Town Triangle section, predate the Great Chicago Fire, Old Town has one Brown-Purple Line L station at 1536-40 North Sedgwick Street. It is one of the oldest standing stations on the L, the first homophile organization in American history, the Society for Human Rights, was established by Henry Gerber at his home, the Henry Gerber House, on North Crilly Court in 1924. The Henry Gerber House was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 6,2001, in June 2015 it was named a National Historic Landmark. In 1927, sculptors Sol Kogen and Edgar Miller purchased and subsequently rehabilitated a house on Burton Place, near Wells Street, through the 1930s, an art colony emerged in the neighborhood as artists moved from the Towertown neighborhood near Washington Square Park. The Young Lords then a street gang with Jose Cha-Cha Jimenez had a branch of their group at Wieland and this dense storefront-laden area became also the nexus of hippie culture, and gave rise to the boutiques in the neighborhood today. Seed Magazine was a staple of the neighborhood at the time. There is a piece of Chicago Real Estate, west of Lincoln Park, that is the pride of urban conservationists
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Prairie Avenue District
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The Prairie Avenue District is a historic district in the Near South Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. It includes the 1800 and 1900 blocks of South Prairie Avenue and the 1800 block of South Indiana and it was the site of the Battle of Fort Dearborn and became the citys most fashionable residential district after the Great Chicago Fire. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 27,1979 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15,1972. The John J. Glessner House, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1885–1886 at 1800 S, Prairie Avenue, has been restored as a historic house museum and is open for public tours. Official City of Chicago Near South Side Community Map Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance Glessner House Museum
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Schoenhofen Brewery Historic District
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The Schoenhofen Brewery Historic District is centered on the former site of the Peter Schoenhofen Brewing Company at 18th and Canalport Avenue in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Photo of the building Beginning in the mid-1880s, Peter Schoenhofen was among a group of brewers in Chicago who transformed production methods, by 1900, there were sixty Chicago breweries that collectively produced over 100 million gallons of beer per year. The Schoenhofen brewery building survived prohibition and competition from national brands, breweries, food factories, and stockyards dotted the Chicago area by the mid-20th century. The Schoenhofen Brewery was typical of the region, although enterprises were not located in the city center, but along the new rail lines. No mention is made of the springs as the source of the Brewerys water supply In the basement of the old brewery building is the only artesian well still in existence in the Chicago area. At 1600 feet deep the well is capable of producing one million gallons of water a day for the next 100 years, seventeen buildings once occupied the site when the brewery reached maximum capacity in 1910 at 1,200,000 barrels a year. Two of the remaining buildings demonstrate the change in styles that occurred at the turn of the century in the United States. The brewerys administration building was constructed in 1886, with designs of the late-Victorian era. Green River National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago Chrucky, history of the Schoenhofen Complex with illustrations Schoenhofen Brewery
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Villa District
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The Villa District, also known as Villa Historic District, is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located on Chicagos Northwest Side within the community area of Irving Park and its borders are along Pulaski Road to the west, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the north, Hamlin to the east, and Addison Street to the south. Located directly north of the Wacławowo area of Avondale, the Villa District is serviced by the Blue Lines Addison street station, the district was built in 1902 by a number of architects, many of them visibly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style of architecture. Most notable among these were designed by the architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox, whose partner Clarence Hatzfeld would later design the fieldhouse. The area was developed as the Villa addition to Irving Park and showcases many unique Craftsman. The Villa district was the northwest bookend for Chicagos vaunted Polish Corridor along Milwaukee Avenue that extended from Division, journalist Mike Royko famously dubbed the area as the Polish Kenilworth after the posh suburb of Chicagos North Shore. The Villa Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 11,1979 and its area was increased on March 10,1983 by the addition of the Villa Apartments, 3948-3952 and 3949-3953 W. Waveland Ave. The Villa District was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 23,1983, The Villa Improvement League
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Alta Vista Terrace District
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The Alta Vista Terrace District is a historic district in the Lake View community of Chicago, Illinois. The district was built in 1904 in imitation of the style of London. The development was the work of Samuel Gross, who was responsible for other real estate developments in Chicago. He was inspired to build Alta Vista Terrace after a trip to Europe, the street is one block long and contains 40 small, single-family rowhouses, each on a lot about 24 feet wide and 40 feet deep. There were 20 different exterior styles based on adaptations of architectural styles. Some of the features included Doric and Ionic wood pilasters, Gothic arches, Palladian windows, stained and leaded-glass fanlights, bay and bow windows, Alta Vista Terrace is found at 1050 West on the Chicago street grid, running north from Grace Street to Byron Street
27.
Astor Street District
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The Astor Street District is a historic district in Central Chicago, Illinois. Constructed over a period of more than 100 years, the buildings along Astor Street reflect the styles favored by their original high-society residents. The numerous 19th-century houses are designed in a variety of revival styles. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 19,1975, Astor Street is named after John Jacob Astor. Although he never lived in Chicago, the street was named to honor his achievements, at the time of his death in 1848 his estate was worth $20 million, the equivalent of $78 billion today. Astor was the founder of the American Fur Company and an investor in New York City real estate and his name gave a luster to the area. Potter Palmer was one of the landowners in the neighborhood. Interest in the area increased when Lake Shore Drive was opened in 1875 from North Avenue to Oak Street, by 1882 the Palmers had started building one of the first mansions on the drive in the block between Schiller and Division. The Palmers Gothic castle sat at 1350 N Lake Shore Drive became the center of Chicagos high society, other wealthy Chicago families followed the Palmers. Lumber, iron, liquor and other magnates flocked to the area, the Madlener home now houses the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts. Within 20 years of the opening of Lake Shore Drive, Astor Street was fully developed, filled with city houses abutting one another on their narrow sites and this limitations on land use also brought high-rise apartment buildings to the neighborhood, made fashionable by second generation Palmers. The homes in the district are primarily Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, the James Charnley House, now called the Charnley–Persky House, is a key building in the historic district. Designed by Louis Sullivan in 1882, it is notable as a young Frank Lloyd Wright. Featuring a plain facade with ornamentation that is unique among all other houses, it is lavishly decorated inside. The home today houses the Society of Architectural Historians, who give walking tours, the home is a National Historic Landmark, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Chicago Landmark. This 1899 mansion at 1340 N State Parkway was built for a surgeon - Dr. George Swift Isham, complete with 70-rooms, and a brick and limestone facade, the building became famous when it was acquired by Hugh Hefner in 1959. After the purchase, the basement was converted into a grotto. After Hefner left Chicago permanently for the West coast, the mansion was turned into a dormitory for the School of the Art Institute, in 1993, the mansion was sold, gutted and turned into four high-price luxury condos
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East Lake Shore Drive District
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The East Lake Shore Drive District is a historic district in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. It includes eight buildings at 140 E. Walton, 179-229 E, Lake Shore Drive, and 999 N. Lake Shore Drive designed by Marshall and Fox and Fugard & Knapp and it was designated a Chicago Landmark district on April 18,1985. These buildings include seven luxury high rise apartment buildings and the Drake Hotel, note that neither of the buildings on either end of the district actually has an East Lake Shore Drive address. This district is located within the Streeterville neighborhood and overlaps with the Gold Coast, as of 2014, East Lake Shore Drive ranked as the 6th wealthiest neighborhood in America with a median household income of $593,454. Official City of Chicago Near North Side Community Map
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Jackson Boulevard District and Extension
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The West Jackson Boulevard District in Chicago, Illinois, also known as West Jackson Historic District, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was earlier designed as a Chicago Landmark, in 1976, the NRHP district was expanded in 1989 to include one more building, the James H. Pearson House. The district is a district in the Near West Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. The districts area was built up between 1879 and 1893 by various architects, lumber baron Benjamin Ferguson commissioned a red brick Queen Anne house in 1883 that takes up three city lots. The area also includes the Church of the Epiphany, the original district was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 15,1976, and was then extended to present size on July 30,1997. The 1978 NRHP listing covered an 8. 5-acre area roughly bounded by Laflin, Ashland, Adams and it included 34 contributing buildings in Second Empire, Italianate, Queen Anne and other styles. The James H. Pearson House, a building at 1513 W. Adams St. which had constructed in 1885, was added to the NRHP listing in 1989. It was designed by architects Burnham & Root in Richardsonian Romanesque style
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McCormick Row House District
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The McCormick Row House District is a group of houses located in the Lincoln Park community area in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It sits between East and West parts of DePaul Universitys Lincoln Park Campus and is independent from the school and they were built between 1884 and 1889 and used by the McCormick Theological Seminary to gain rental income. They were designed in the Queen Anne Style by the A. M. F. Colton and Son architects, the McCormick Row House District also lies within the boundaries of the Sheffield Historic District. In 1973, the McCormick Theological Seminary made the decision to affiliate with the theological seminaries connected with the University of Chicago, in 1974, several McCormick Row House tenants formed the Seminary Townhouse Association and found buyers for all of the seminarys residential units. McCormick Row Houses are now owned by individual owners, with protecting the treatment and maintenance of building exteriors. Official City of Chicago Lincoln Park Community Map City of Chicago Landmarks Driehaus Museum summary of McCormick Row Houses Seminary Townhouse Association
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Historic Michigan Boulevard District
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It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 27,2002. The district includes numerous significant buildings on Michigan Avenue facing Grant Park, in addition, this section of Michigan Avenue includes the point recognized as the end of U. S. Route 66. This district is one of the worlds best known one-sided streets rivalling Fifth Avenue in New York City and it lies immediately south of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and east of the Loop Retail Historic District. Michigan Avenue is named after Lake Michigan, which it ran alongside at 100 east in the citys street numbering system until land reclamation for Grant Park pushed the shoreline east. The one-sided street feature is due in part to the legal battles of Aaron Montgomery Ward with the city over cleaning up the park. Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront except for the Art Institute of Chicago Building. Eventually, Wards ideas were adopted by Daniel Burnham in his Plan of Chicago, which called for insured light, air, the preservation of the lakefront view has inspired architects to create an architectural cornucopia of designs along the streetwall. As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue was referred to as Upper Boul Mich, paris Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich. The district has changed over the years as various architectural designs have evolved to compliment it, the boulevard was widened between 1909 and 1910 causing the Art Institute of Chicago Building to have to move the lions guarding its entrance back 12 feet. At that time, the Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue intersection was known as route center, also at that time, the boulevard had no streets crossing it and extending eastward, and thus, the Jackson intersection was a T intersection. The Fountain of the Great Lakes was highly visible from route center, today, four streets cross Michigan Avenue within the district. East Balbo Drive does not change names as it crosses Michigan, today the only building on the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in the Historic District hosts the Art Institute of Chicago. However, several interesting structures have been added to the part of the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in Millennium Park such as Crown Fountain. Among the current issues today is the trend to redevelop properties by constructing grand towers behind the facades of historic structures along Michigan and Wabash Avenues. The most recent examples of this have been The Heritage at Millennium Park, Legacy at Millennium Park and this trend is now endangering the Chicago Athletic Association Annex, which has been proposed for demolition to make way for a fifty- to eighty-story condominium tower across from Millennium Park. As a result, the building is listed first on the 2006-07 Chicagoland Watch List of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, on the other hand, many were concerned that the landmark district designation would stagnate development of the area. The purpose of the designation was to keep the architecture there and encourage architecture like it and keep the wall of the park, according to the Citys Department of Planning, thus, redevolpment for new uses will be part of the ongoing concerns for the neighborhood. Thus, buildings being renovated for condos and dormitories is a part of the present, several of the buildings listed below have played a prominent role in the cultural history of Chicago. S
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