1.
University of Edinburgh
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The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands ancient universities. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh was ranked 17th and 21st in the world by the 2014–15 and 2015-16 QS rankings. It is now ranked 19th in the according to 2016-17 QS Rankings. It is ranked 16th in the world in arts and humanities by the 2015–16 Times Higher Education Ranking and it is ranked the 23rd most employable university in the world by the 2015 Global Employability University Ranking. It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U. S. News Best Global Universities Ranking and it is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe. It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and it continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011. Edinburgh receives approximately 50,000 applications every year, making it the fourth most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants, after St Andrews, it is the most difficult university to gain admission into in Scotland, and 9th overall in the UK. This was a move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. Established as the Tounis College, it opened its doors to students in October 1583, instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the more populous. It was renamed King Jamess College in 1617, by the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The universitys first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School and its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor and it went under what was then North College Street, and under the university buildings until it reached the universitys anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged, towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of divinity at the university since the 1920s. The two oldest schools – law and divinity – are both well-esteemed, with law being based in Old College and divinity in New College on the Mound and they are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union which was founded in 1866. The medical school is renowned throughout the world and it was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century
2.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
3.
South Bridge, Edinburgh
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South Bridge is a bridge in Edinburgh, Scotland, starting at the High Street and finishing at Chambers Street/Infirmary Street. The bridge is constructed of nineteen arches, but is now almost entirely enclosed by buildings on both sides, exposing only the largest arch, where the crosses the Cowgate. Below deck level are many buildings and vaults, the latter now something of a tourist attraction, most of the buildings on the deck level have separate entrances at the level of the streets passing below or parallel to the bridge. North Bridge, Edinburgh George IV Bridge 2002 Cowgate Fire, which destroyed and damaged several South Bridge buildings
4.
Edinburgh Law School
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Edinburgh Law School, founded in 1707, is a school within the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom dedicated to research and teaching in law. Known today as Edinburgh Law School, it is located in the historic Old College, two of the twelve currently sitting Supreme Court of the United Kingdom justices are graduates of Edinburgh. The offer rate for the 2013–2014 admissions cycle was 21. 4%, Edinburgh Law includes undergraduate LLB and post-graduate LLB programs, along with LLM, MSc and PhD programs. In 2010, the Guardian University Guide ranked Edinburgh Law School as the fourth best law school in the UK, in 2014, the Research Excellence Framework commissioned by the UK government, ranked Edinburgh University 1st in Scotland and 4th in the UK. Also in 2014, the newspaper The Telegraph ranked Edinburgh Law 6th in the United Kingdom, by 1722 the University had four Professors of Law, and classes—in Civil Law, Scots Law and History—were usually given in their respective homes or offices. Numbers grew with the expansion of the profession in the 19th century. Scholarship amongst the academics at Edinburgh continued to grow in reputation, with the work of Muirhead, Lorimer and Rankine achieving international renown. The Faculty of Law had moved to Old College, built in 1789, the degree was only open to graduates, usually those who had studied for the M. A. at a Scottish University or the B. A. at Oxford or Cambridge. In 1909 the first women were enrolled on the Law course, by 1966, the LL. B. had become a full-time undergraduate course, although many would continue to study for an Arts degree beforehand. In 1981, Edinburgh first offered the Diploma in Legal Practice, Students wishing to enter the legal profession. Today, the School of Law is associated both with traditional Scots law and with innovation across a range of subjects. In 2007 the School celebrated its Tercentenary year, marked by a series of events, james Muirheads work on Roman Law garnered international praise, Professor Erskines Principles became a standard text in Scots Law, as did those of Professor George Joseph Bell. In the 20th-century, the eminent legal theorist Professor Sir Neil MacCormick wrote his texts on legal philosophy as Regius Professor at Edinburgh. Students of the School of Law are represented by the Law Students Council, the University of Edinburgh Law Society, known as LawSoc, provides a programme of social events. In addition, there is a Postgraduate Students Research Committee for doctoral level students, for graduate-level students there are a number of subject-specific discussion groups which meet on a regular basis. Since 2008, the students have published the Edinburgh Student Law Review, sponsored by Herbert Smith and Balfour and Manson
5.
Talbot Rice Gallery
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Talbot Rice Gallery is part of the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland. The Gallery focuses on art exhibitions and has collaborated with some of the worlds leading international artists including Rosemarie Trockel, Joseph Kosuth and Tim Rollins. Being part of a University, Talbot Rice Gallery also creates links between artists and academics, providing access to cutting edge research and historic collections. The Gallerys website states, Being part of the University of Edinburgh allows Talbot Rice to collaborate with a range of departments, academics, the Universitys historic Old College was designed by Robert Adam and completed by William Henry Playfair. In 1967 the library collection was moved to a new location, an arts centre with an exhibition hall was opened in the Quad in 1970, following a £20,000 renovation paid for by the Gulbenkian Foundation. The gallery opened in 1975 and takes its name from David Talbot Rice, the gallery receives funding from Creative Scotland in addition to the university. The gallery comprises two main exhibition spaces which include a changing programme of about 5 exhibitions per year. The Georgian Gallery is home to a permanent display of the universitys Torrie Collection of Old Master paintings, the gallery is open to the public and admission free. Their website provides information on opening hours, current and previous exhibitions, lectures and events, in addition to details of available catalogues, official website The University of Edinburgh Talbot Rice Gallery on ArtGuide. Org Info on TRG from the 24Hour Museum
6.
Robert Adam
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Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSA FSA FRSA was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam, Scotlands foremost architect of the time, with his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after Williams death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, here he developed the Adam Style, and his theory of movement in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the Kings Works from 1761 to 1769, Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America, Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. He served as the member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774, Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy, Fife, although the family moved to Edinburgh later that same year. As a child he was noted as having a feeble constitution, in autumn 1743 he matriculated at Edinburgh University, and compulsory classes for all students were, the Greek language, logic, metaphysics and Natural philosophy. Students could choose three subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin, and anatomy. His studies were interrupted by the arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, at the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father and he assisted William Adam on projects such as the building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House. Williams position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill, a part of the Blair Adam estate which included a tower house, to Robert. On William Adams death, John Adam inherited both the business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam, the Adam Brothers first major commission was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first new build at Dumfries House. For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the contractor at Fort George. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend and he took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton, designed by Inigo Jones, and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris. His sketchbook of the trip shows an continuing interest in gothic architecture. Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume, other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie, John Home and Alexander Wedderburn
7.
George Square, Edinburgh
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George Square is a city square in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is in the south of the city centre, adjacent to the Meadows and it was laid out in 1766 outside the overcrowded Old Town, and was a popular residential area for Edinburghs better-off citizens. In the 1960s much of the square was redeveloped by the University of Edinburgh, despite the protests of the Cockburn Association, most but not all buildings on the square now belong to the university. Principal buildings include the Main Library, David Hume Tower and Appleton Tower, the square was laid out by the builder James Brown, and comprised modest, typically Georgian, terraced houses. Away from the overcrowded Old Town, George Square became popular with lawyers, well-known residents included Sir Walter Scott, the judge Lord Braxfield, and the politician Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville. The square was named after James Browns elder brother, George Brown, the University of Edinburgh began drawing up plans to redevelop the square in the 1950s. Architects Basil Spence, Robert Matthew were closely involved in the plans, opposition to demolition of the Georgian Square was led by the Cockburn Association, and the Georgian Group of Edinburgh which was established by Colin McWilliam and others to resist the proposals. In the end, the side of the square was retained. On the northern side, the 19th century George Watsons Ladies College was retained alongside the modern Hugh Robson Building, Georgian terraces were retained along half of the east side, while the southern side was entirely redeveloped. The David Hume Tower stands at the south-east corner, adjacent to the lecture theatre. The Main Library occupies most of the side of the square. During August each year, the square becomes an important hub for events at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, many of the university buildings, notably George Square Theatre and the lecture theatres in the David Hume Tower complex are converted to use as venues by venue operator Assembly. The gardens are filled with bars and pop-up venues, including, in recent years while nearby Bristo Square is being renovated, archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Media related to George Square, Edinburgh at Wikimedia Commons
8.
John Hutchison (sculptor)
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John Hutchison was a Scottish sculptor based in Edinburgh. His most notable work is the bust of Sir Walter Scott in Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey. He was born in Laurieston, in north-west Edinburgh and he lived worked and died in Edinburgh. However his apprenticeship was served in Hospitalfield, Arbroath 1849 to 1853 under James Christie alongside Robert Scott Lauder and he exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy from 1862 until 1902. He acted as Librarian to the RSA from 1877-1886 and as Honorary Treasurer from 1886 –1907 and he studied at the Edinburgh School of Applied Art 1894-5, when already an established sculptor. He contributed three stone figures to the Scott Monument on Princes Street, Baron Bradwardine, The Glee Maiden and Flora MacIvor. His sculpture yard stood at 3 Torphicen Place in Edinburghs West End and he died in Edinburgh and is buried in Grange Cemetery, in the northern half of its SE section, alongside his wife Margaret Ballantine. His daughter Henrietta married Andrew Paterson Melville and became a Justice of the Peace
9.
Napoleonic Wars
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The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Napoleon became the First Consul of France in 1799, then Emperor five years later, inheriting the political and military struggles of the Revolution, he created a state with stable finances, a strong central bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. The British frequently financed the European coalitions intended to thwart French ambitions, by 1805, they had managed to convince the Austrians and the Russians to wage another war against France. At sea, the Royal Navy destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in October 1805, Prussian worries about increasing French power led to the formation of the Fourth Coalition in 1806. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July, although Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, it did not bring a lasting peace for Europe. Hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia, the Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, the Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. Unwilling to bear the consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse and retreat of the Grand Army along with the destruction of Russian lands. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, a lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814 and he was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again, the Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Congress of Vienna, which started in 1814 and concluded in 1815, established the new borders of Europe and laid out the terms, Napoleon seized power in 1799, creating a de facto military dictatorship. The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition, Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleons assertion of control over Switzerland. Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, for its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers. The British quickly enforced a blockade of France to starve it of resources. Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain, and sought to eliminate Britains Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him, the so-called Continental System formed a league of armed neutrality to disrupt the blockade and enforce free trade with France
10.
William Henry Playfair
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William Henry Playfair FRSE was one of the greatest Scottish architects of the 19th century, designer of many of Edinburghs neo-classical landmarks in the New Town. He was born on 15 July 1790 in Russell Square, London, to James Playfair, Playfairs father was also an architect, and his uncles were John Playfair, the scientist, and William Playfair, an economist and pioneer of information graphics. Two of his finest works are the buildings of the National Gallery of Scotland. The Playfair Project completed in 2004 joined the two buildings with an underground link. In the 1830s Playfair is listed as living at 17 Great Stuart Street on the prestigious Moray Estate in Edinburghs west end, Playfair joined the Free Church following the Disruption of 1843, losing his right to burial in the parish churchyard. Playfair took David Cousin under his wing and was responsible for the part of his training. 1817 Appointed architect to design work on the Old College, University of Edinburgh. The building was completed around 1831,1818 Commissioned by the will of the late Captain John McNabb to design the main building of Dollar Academy, a fitting structure with a Doric facade, which is now named after him. However, due to lack of investment it was never finished, adjacent to The Royal Scottish Academy. 1851 Donaldsons College, Edinburgh 1852 Dunstane House – now a Hotel in west of Edinburgh 1859 National Gallery of Scotland opened to the two years after Playfairs death. Parks & Gardens, UK Playfair, William Henry, Dictionary of Scottish Architects Dictionary of Scottish Architects- William Henry Playfair Gazetteer for Scotland Details William Henry Playfairs buildings in Edinburgh Portrait
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