1.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
2.
Chris Morris (satirist)
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Christopher J Chris Morris is an English comedian, writer, director, actor, voice actor, and producer. He is known for his humour, surrealism, and controversial subject matter. His tendency to avoid the media spotlight has seen him become one of the more enigmatic figures in British comedy, in the early 1990s, Morris teamed up with his radio producer, Armando Iannucci, to create On the Hour, a satire of news programmes. This was expanded into a spin off, The Day Today, which launched the career of Steve Coogan. Morris further developed the satirical news format with Brass Eye, which lampooned celebrities whilst focusing on such as crime. For many, the apotheosis of Morriss career was a Brass Eye special and it quickly became one of the most complained about programmes in British television history, leading the Daily Mail to describe him as the most loathed man on TV. Meanwhile, Morriss postmodern sketch and ambient music radio show Blue Jam helped him to gain a cult following and he went on to win a BAFTA for Best Short Film after expanding a Blue Jam sketch into My Wrongs 8245–8249 &117, which starred Paddy Considine. Blue Jam was adapted into the TV series Jam and this was followed by Nathan Barley, a sitcom written in collaboration with a then little-known Charlie Brooker that satirised hipsters, which had low ratings but found success upon its DVD release. Morris followed this by joining the cast of the Graham Linehan sitcom The IT Crowd, in 2010, Morris directed his first feature-length film, Four Lions, which satirised Islamic terrorism through a group of inept British Pakistanis. Reception of the film was positive, earning Morris his second BAFTA. Since 2012, he has directed four episodes of Iannuccis political comedy Veep and appeared onscreen in The Double and he has two younger brothers, including theatre director Tom Morris. From an early age he was a prankster, and also had a passion for radio, from the age of 10 he was educated at Stonyhurst College, an independent Jesuit boarding school in Lancashire. He went to study zoology at the University of Bristol, where he gained a 2,1, on graduating, Morris pursued a career as a musician in various bands, for which he played the bass guitar. He then went to work for Radio West, a radio station in Bristol. He then took up a news traineeship with BBC Radio Cambridgeshire and he also spent time in early 1987 hosting a 2–4pm afternoon show and finally ended up presenting Saturday morning show I. T. In July 1987, he moved on to BBC Radio Bristol to present his own show No Known Cure, the show was surreal and satirical, with odd interviews conducted with unsuspecting members of the public. He was fired from Bristol in 1990 after talking over the news bulletins, in 1988 he also joined, from its launch, Greater London Radio. He presented The Chris Morris Show on GLR until 1993, when one show got suspended after a sketch was broadcast involving a child outing celebrities, in 1991, Morris joined Armando Iannuccis spoof news project On the Hour
3.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
4.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
5.
Parody
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A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
6.
Armando Iannucci
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Armando Giovanni Iannucci, OBE is a Scottish satirist, writer, television director, and radio producer. Born in Glasgow, Iannucci studied at Oxford University and left work on a PhD about John Milton to pursue a career in comedy. Starting on BBC Scotland and BBC Radio 4, his work with Chris Morris on the radio series On the Hour was transferred to television as The Day Today. A character from series, Alan Partridge, went on to feature in a number of Iannuccis television and radio programmes including Knowing Me, Knowing You. In the meantime, Iannucci also fronted the satirical Armistice review shows and in 2001 created his most personal work, The Armando Iannucci Shows, for Channel 4. Moving back to the BBC in 2005, Iannucci created the political sitcom The Thick of It as well as the spoof documentary Time Trumpet in 2006. Winning funding from the UK Film Council, he directed an acclaimed feature film, In the Loop. As a result of works, he has been described by The Daily Telegraph as the hardman of political satire. Iannucci created the HBO political satire Veep, and was its showrunner for four seasons from 2012 to 2015, other works during this period include an operetta libretto, Skin Deep, and his radio series Charm Offensive. In March 2012, it was announced that he is working on his first novel, Tongue International and his father, also called Armando, is from Naples, while his mother was born in Glasgow to an Italian family. His father, who came to Scotland in 1950, ran a pizza factory, Iannucci has two brothers and a sister. He was educated at St Peters Primary School, St. Aloysius College, Glasgow, the University of Glasgow, and University College, Oxford, in his teens, he thought seriously about becoming a Roman Catholic priest. He abandoned graduate work on 17th-century religious language, with reference to Miltons Paradise Lost. Iannucci first received fame as the producer for On the Hour on Radio 4. Baynham was closely involved with both Morriss and Lee & Herrings work – simultaneously at one point, between 1995 and 1999, Iannucci produced and hosted The Saturday Night Armistice. In 2000, he created two pilot episodes for Channel 4, which became The Armando Iannucci Shows and this was an eight-part series for Channel 4 broadcast in 2001, written with Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil. The series consisted of Iannucci pondering pseudo-philosophical and jocular ideas and fantasies in between surreal sketches, Iannucci has been quoted as saying it is the comedy series he is most proud of making. He told The Metro in April 2007 The Armando Iannucci Show on Channel 4 came out around 9/11, people had other things on their minds
7.
Stewart Lee
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Stewart Graham Lee is an English stand-up comedian, writer, director and musician. He made his name in the mid-1990s as one half of the radio duo Lee and Herring, alongside Richard Herring, a success followed through with extensive touring to build up a live following. After a return to the circuit, and through BBC and Channel 4 specials and series, Lee has rebuilt an audience. Lee remains a significant draw in UK stand up, in recent years, Lee has been successful in selling out large venues including the ICC in his home city of Birmingham as well as larger venues in London. In December 2011 he won British Comedy Awards for best male television comic, a 2009 article in The Times referred to him as the comedians comedian, and for good reason and named him face of the decade. In June 2012 Lee was placed at number 9 in the Top 100 Most Influential People in UK Comedy and his stand-up features frequent use of repetition, call-backs, nonchalant delivery and deconstruction, a device he often self-consciously refers to on stage. Lee has written reviews for publications including The Sunday Times. Through the early 2000s he was a presenter on Resonance FM. Asked in 2003 what his favourites were, he said Most of my favourites are still going like The Fall, Giant Sand, I listen to a lot of jazz, 60s and folk music but I really like Ms. Dynamite, and The Streets. His debut novel, The Perfect Fool, includes an audio bibliography – a list of recommended listening, Lee mentions that it was his love of the band Giant Sand that first attracted him to visit the Southwestern United States. Lee was born in Wellington, Shropshire and he was adopted as a child and grew up in Solihull in the West Midlands. He attended the public school Solihull School on a part scholarship. As a teenager he suffered from ulcerative colitis and he is married to fellow comic Bridget Christie, with whom he has two children. He is a patron of the British Humanist Association, an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society and his influences include Ted Chippington, Simon Munnery, Kevin McAleer and Johnny Vegas. Having moved to London and begun performing stand up comedy after university, he rose to prominence in 1990. Throughout the late nineties he continued performing solo stand-up and has collaborated with, amongst others, Julian Barratt, Lee returned the favour by going on to direct their 1999 Edinburgh show, Arctic Boosh, which remains the template for their live work. In 2001, Lee published his first novel, The Perfect Fool, in the same year he performed Pea Green Boat, a stand-up show which revolved around the deconstruction of the Edward Lear poem The Owl and the Pussycat and a tale of his own broken toilet. This would later be condensed to focus mainly on the poem itself, in 2007, Go Faster Stripe released a 25-minute edit on CD &10 Vinyl
8.
Richard Herring
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Richard Keith Herring is an English stand-up comedian, comedy writer, podcaster and diarist whose early work includes the comedy double act Lee and Herring. He is described by The British Theatre Guide as one of the leading masters of modern British comedy. His 2016–17 show is a best of tour, drawing from these shows and he has maintained a daily blog called Warming Up without a break since 25 November 2002. His blog is archived by the British Library for purposes of UK documentary heritage, Richard Herring was born in Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, and grew up in Cheddar, Somerset. He attended The Kings of Wessex School, where his father was the headmaster and this later formed the basis of his 2008 stand-up show, The Headmasters Son. He was a student at St Catherines College, Oxford, where he wrote and he attained a 2,1 in History, though never collected the diploma, making him a graduand of Oxford University. Between 1992 and 2000, Richard was one half of the comedy double act with Stewart Lee. They were probably best known for their work, notably Fist of Fun and This Morning With Richard Not Judy but had been collaborating on stage. With Stewart Lee, Herring wrote material for Chris Morris and Armando Iannuccis On the Hour in 1991, during this time the duo contributed to the creation of the character that was grown into Alan Partridge. In 1992 and 1993, they wrote and performed Lionel Nimrods Inexplicable World for BBC Radio 4, for Radio 1, they wrote and performed one series of Fist of Fun in 1993, remaking it for television in 1995 and 1996. They also hosted a series on Radio 1 in 1994 and 1995, simply called Lee, a final television partnership with Lee, This Morning With Richard Not Judy, ran for 18 episodes over two series was eventually cancelled as a result of BBC management reshuffles. In 2011, Frank Skinner cited Lee & Herring as one of his favourite comedy acts, alongside Laurel and Hardy, The Two Ronnies and Reeves. Herring has written and performed in thirteen one-person shows, eleven of them consecutively, a Herring show typically starts with a run at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, continues with an extensive UK tour and ends with a recorded performance for DVD. For radio, Herring co-wrote and presented the history based sketch show That Was Then, for television he wrote Al Murrays sitcom Time Gentlemen Please. He also contributed to the series of Little Britain as script editor. There were 10 episodes in total, Herring made weekly appearances on Andrew Collinss BBC Radio 6 Music radio show on Saturday afternoons, where the two would discuss the weeks newspapers. Occasionally he hosted the show in Collinss absence and joined him for the whole of his show on 31 March 2007. Herring was also a panellist on BBC Radio 4 gameshow Banter, in February 2007, filming began on Herrings comedy drama You Can Choose Your Friends
9.
Steve Coogan
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Stephen John Coogan is an English actor, stand-up comedian, impressionist, screenwriter, and producer. He began his career in the 1980s, working as a voice artist on the puppet show Spitting Image. In the early 1990s, he began creating comic characters. In 1999, he co-founded the production company Baby Cow Productions and he featured in several television series, which earned him three BAFTA nominations and two wins for Best Comedy Performance. A feature-length film, Alan Partridge, Alpha Papa, was released in 2013, Coogan grew in prominence within the film industry in 2002, after starring in The Parole Officer and 24 Hour Party People. He was also an actor in the animated comedy films Despicable Me 2 and its prequel Minions. Coogan has also branched out into dramatic roles, with What Maisie Knew. He co-wrote, produced, and starred in the film adaptation Philomena, which earned him a Golden Globe and BAFTA nomination and he has been cast in the lead role for the ABC television pilot Doubt and the Showtime drama Happyish. On 22 November 2011, Coogan, along with Hugh Grant, Coogan was born in Middleton, Lancashire in 1965. He is the fourth of seven born to Kathleen, a housewife, and Anthony Coogan. He was raised Roman Catholic, in a working class family and his mother is Irish-born, from Mayo, and his father is of Irish descent. He attended Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School and he has stated that he had a happy childhood, and in addition to having four brothers and two sisters, his parents fostered children on a short-term basis. Coogan had a talent for impersonation, and wanted to go to drama school, Coogan began his career as a comic and impressionist, performing regularly in Ipswich, before working as a voice artist for television advertisements and the satirical puppet show Spitting Image. His most prominent characters developed at this time were Paul Calf, a working class Mancunian. He appeared as a presenter on the television comedy The Day Today, before hosting his own chat show. In 1997, Partridge returned in the sitcom Im Alan Partridge, which was followed by a series in 2002. Partridge featured in Coogans 2008 stand-up tour, a feature-length film, Alan Partridge, Alpha Papa, was released in 2013. Paul Calf first began as a character named Duncan Disorderly in Coogans early stand-up routines, Calf first came to wider public notice in 1993, with several appearances on Saturday Zoo, a late-night variety show presented by Jonathan Ross on Channel 4
10.
David Schneider (actor)
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David Schneider is an English actor, comedian and director. Schneider was born in London, England, during his time at university, Schneider performed a predominantly physical comedy act that contrasted with the trend towards stand-up comedy in live performance comedy in the 1980s. It was at time that he met Armando Iannucci, who in 1991 recruited him for news-radio spoof On the Hour. In the late 1990s he appeared in the topical satire The Saturday Night Armistice alongside Armando Iannucci, in 1997 and 2000, Schneider played the part of Bradley Wilson in the BBC sitcom The Peter Principle. Schneider wrote the screenplay for the 2001 feature film All the Queens Men, directed by Stefan Ruzowitzky and starring Matt LeBlanc, Schneider has also performed in the BBC sitcom Gimme Gimme Gimme and appeared on BBC Radio 4 panel show The 99p Challenge. He had small roles in movies, including The Saint,28 Days Later, A Knights Tale and Mission, Impossible. In 2004, Schneider played Joseph Goebbels in the satirical tongue-in-cheek comedy Churchill, following this, in 2006 Schneider took his first lead role when he made Uncle Max, a series of 13 dialogue-free shorts for CITV. They focus on humour, with Schneider saying he wanted to be a human cartoon. In April 2008, he featured in an episode of Hotel Babylon as a magician, Schneider provides the voice of Blink for the CBBC series One Minute Wonders. In 2008, he took part in BBC Threes Most Annoying People of 2008, relaying his views about celebrities including Prince William, Mark Ronson and Peaches Geldof. He has written a play, called Making Stalin Laugh, based on the slaughter of the Moscow State Jewish Theater on the orders of Joseph Stalin. He also directed a pilot in 2007 called Up Close and Personal, set in the offices of a celebrity magazine. The pilot was rejected by ITV2. In 2011, he played Soggy Sid in Horrid Henry, The Movie and his radio sitcom Births, Deaths and Marriages, set in a Register office and starring himself, premiered on BBC Radio 4 in May 2012. Official website David Schneider at the Internet Movie Database
11.
Alan Partridge
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Alan Gordon Partridge is a fictional character portrayed by English actor and comedian Steve Coogan. Coogan described Partridge as a Little Englander, with right-wing values, Partridge was created by Coogan and Armando Iannucci for the 1991 BBC Radio 4 comedy programme On the Hour, a spoof of British current affairs broadcasting, as the shows sports presenter. In 1992, Partridge hosted a spin-off Radio 4 spoof chat show, Knowing Me, on the Hour transferred to television as The Day Today in 1993, followed by Knowing Me, Knowing You in 1994. It earned two BAFTAs and was followed by a series in 2002. Critics have praised Alan Partridges complexity, realism and pathos, vanity Fair called him a British national treasure and The Guardian described him as one of the greatest and most beloved comic creations of the last few decades. The character has been credited with influencing awkward comedies such as The Inbetweeners, Nighty Night, according to Den of Geek, Partridge has so influenced British culture that Partridgisms have become part of everyday vernacular. Alan Partridge was created for the 1991 BBC Radio 4 comedy programme On The Hour, the shows writers Armando Iannucci, Patrick Marber, Richard Herring and Stewart Lee wrote much of Partridges original material, although Herring credits the creation to Coogan and Iannucci. Iannucci asked Coogan to do a voice for a sports reporter, according to Iannucci, Someone said, Hes an Alan. and someone else said. Within minutes we knew where he lived, wed worked out his back story, Coogan said Partridge was originally a one-note, sketchy character and freak show, but became more and more refined as sort of a dysfunctional alter ego over the years. He had performed a character for a BBC college radio station at university. Following On the Hour, Partridge presented six episodes of a spoof Radio 4 chat show, Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge, the series saw Partridge annoy and offend his guests, and coined the characters catchphrase, Aha. In 1993, On the Hour transferred to television as The Day Today, in 1994, Knowing Me, Knowing You transferred to television, the series ends with Partridge accidentally shooting a guest and attacking a BBC commissioning editor, ending his television career. It was nominated for the 1995 BAFTA for Light Entertainment Performance, a Christmas special, Knowing Me, Knowing Yule, was broadcast in December 1995. In 1997, Coogan starred in a sitcom, Im Alan Partridge, written by Coogan, Iannucci, Iannucci said the writers used the sitcom as a kind of social X-ray of male middle-aged Middle England. It won the 1998 BAFTA awards for Comedy Performance and Comedy Programme or Series, in 1999, Partridge appeared on the BBC telethon Children in Need, performing a medley of Kate Bush songs. The BBC broadcast a series of Im Alan Partridge in 2002. In March 2003, the BBC broadcast a mockumentary, Anglian Lives, Alan Partridge, about Partridges life, in 2008, Coogan performed a tour titled Steve Coogan as Alan Partridge and other Less Successful Characters, featuring Partridge as a life coach. After a hiatus, Partridge returned in 2010 in a series of YouTube shorts, Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge, Coogan co-wrote the shorts with brothers Neil and Rob Gibbons, who submitted scripts to his company Baby Cow Productions, the brothers have co-written every Partridge project since
12.
The Day Today
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The Day Today is a British comedy television show which parodies television current affairs programmes, broadcast in 1994 on BBC2. For The Day Today, Peter Baynham joined the writing team, the principal cast of On the Hour was retained for The Day Today. The Day Today is composed of six episodes and a selection of shorter. The six half-hour episodes were originally broadcast from 19 January to 23 February 1994 on BBC2, the Day Today has won many awards, including Morris winning the 1994 British Comedy Award for Best Newcomer. All six episodes are available on BBC DVD, having previously issued on VHS. Each episode is presented as a news programme, and the episodes rely on a combination of ludicrous fictitious news stories, covered with a serious. Each episode revolves around one or two stories, which are pursued throughout the programme, along with a host of other stories usually only briefly referred to. The final episode features reports from the fictitious documentary The Office, other non-news segments of the programme include the occasional physical cartoons of current events set in the studio. The programme occasionally features producer Armando Iannucci and writer Peter Baynham, John Thomson, Graham Linehan, Tony Haase, and Minnie Driver also appear. Michael Alexander St John provides the voiceover stings, as he did in On the Hour, much of the programmes humour derives from its excessively brash style of reporting, and its unnecessarily complex format. Morris presents aggressively, often arguing with reporters and guests on-air, the programme frequently lambasts Conservative government politicians in office at the time of the programmes production. Those repeatedly lampooned by the series include John Major, Michael Heseltine, Chris Patten, Douglas Hurd, Virginia Bottomley, Michael Portillo, each episode ends in a familiar style for news reports, with the camera panning out as the studio lights dim on Morris. The programme features surreal news items, examples include, Reports that explosive-packed terrorist dogs were being released in London by the IRA. These bomb dogs wreak havoc, and prompt the British police to begin executing any dog on sight and this story is accompanied by a clip of Steve Coogan impersonating a Gerry Adams-esque Sinn Féin leader, spouting rhetoric while inhaling helium to subtract credibility from his statement. Coverage of a feud between John Major and the Queen, coverage of an ongoing rail crisis, following a train trapped on the tracks in Hampshire. Trapped by a signal post, the stranded train rapidly becomes the scene of anarchy and paganism. In the fifth episode, Morris provokes a war between Hong Kong and Australia, and much of the episode revolves around the resulting conflict, subsequent reports of the war, delivered from Eastmanstown in the Upper Cataracts on the Australio-Hong-Kong border, are humorously blown out of proportion. Morris has several computers giving him the news instantly from around the world and he is always confrontational and aggressive, frequently picking fights with his staff and guests while on-air, and his efforts to resolve problems frequently make bad situations even worse
13.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
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Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, KG, GCMG, GCVO, ADC is a grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He has held the title of Duke of Kent since the death of his father in 1942, the Duke of Kent carries out engagements on behalf of his first cousin, Elizabeth II. He is perhaps best known as president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, presenting the trophies to the Wimbledon champion and he also served as the United Kingdoms Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, retiring in 2001. He is also the president of The Scout Association, the Royal United Services Institute, and the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and since 1967 Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. The Duke of Kent is also patron of the Institute of Advanced Motorists, as of the birth of the Duke of Cambridges second child, the Queens fifth great-grandchild, on 2 May 2015, the Duke of Kent was 34th in line. As of the death of the 7th Earl of Harewood in 2011, he became the Queens oldest living paternal cousin, since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip, he is also a second cousin to Prince Charles and his siblings. Prince Edward was born on 9 October 1935, at No.3 Belgrave Square, home Secretary Sir John Simon was present to verify the birth. Prince Edwards father was Prince George, Duke of Kent, the son of George V. His mother was Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and he was baptised in the Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace on 20 November 1935 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Cosmo Lang. Prince Edward began his schooling at Ludgrove, a school in Berkshire, before going on to Eton College. After school he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst where he won the Sir James Moncrieff Grierson prize for foreign languages, on 25 August 1942, Prince Edwards father, the Duke of Kent, was killed when his plane crashed in bad weather in Caithness. Prince Edward, who was almost 7, succeeded his father as Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and he later took his seat in the House of Lords in 1959. As a member of the family, he began performing engagements at an early age. In 1953, he attended the coronation of his cousin, Elizabeth II, the Duke of Kent graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 29 July 1955 as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Scots Greys, the beginning of a military career that would last over 20 years. He was promoted to captain on 29 July 1961, the Duke of Kent saw service in Hong Kong from 1962–63 and later served on the staff in Eastern Command. He was promoted to Major on 31 December 1967, during the early 70s, the Duke also served in Northern Ireland with his Regiment. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 30 June 1973, the Duke retired from the Army on 15 April 1976. He was subsequently promoted Major-General on 11 June 1983 and Field Marshal on 11 June 1993, the Duke of Kent married Katharine Worsley at York Minster on 8 June 1961
14.
Labia
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The labia are part of the female genitalia, they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia, the labia majora are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia, the labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Labium is a Latin-derived term meaning lip, labium and its derivatives are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva. The labia majora often have an appearance, and are thicker towards the anterior. The anterior junction of the labia majora is called the anterior commissure, to the posterior, the labia majora join at the posterior commissure, which is above the perineum and below the frenulum of the labia minora. The labia minora, also called inner labia or inner lips, are two soft folds of fat-free, hairless skin between the labia majora and they enclose and protect the vulvar vestibule, urethra and vagina. The upper portion of each labium minora splits to join both the clitoral glans, and the clitoral hood. The labia minora meet posterially at the frenulum of the labia minora, the fourchette is more prominent in younger women, and often recedes after sexual activity and childbirth. The outer surface of the labia majora is pigmented skin, the inner surface of the labia majora is smooth, hairless skin, which resembles a mucous membrane, and is only visible when the labia majora and labia minora are drawn apart. Both the inner and outer surfaces of the labia majora contain sebaceous glands, apocrine sweat glands, the labia majora have fewer superficial nerve endings than the rest of the vulva, but the skin is highly vascularized. The internal surface of the labia minora is a thin moist skin and they contain many sebaceous glands, and occasionally have eccrine sweat glands. The labia minora have many nerve endings, and have a core of erectile tissue. The color, size, length and shape of the labia can vary extensively from woman to woman. In some women the labia minora are almost non-existent, and in others they can be fleshy and they can range in color from a light pink to brownish black, and texturally can vary between smooth and very rugose. The biological sex of an individual is determined at conception, which is the moment a sperm fertilizes an ovum, the chromosome type contained in the sperm determines the sex of the zygote. A Y chromosome results in a male, and an X chromosome results in a female, a male zygote will later grow into an embryo and form testes, which produce androgens, usually causing male genitals to be formed. Female genitals will usually be formed in the absence of significant androgen exposure, the genitals begin to develop after approximately 4 to 6 weeks of gestation. Initially, the external genitals develop the way regardless of the sex of the embryo
15.
British Comedy Awards
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The British Comedy Awards was an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom celebrating notable comedians and entertainment performances of the previous year. Jonathan Ross announced that he would not be presenting the 2008 awards, the 2007 show occurred on 6 December 2007, but was not televised due to the 2005 controversy and subsequent investigations. The following years ceremony was shown live on 6 December 2008, Compliance for the show was the responsibility of the ITV Compliance Unit of ITV Network Limited. In June 2010, it was announced that awards were to be broadcast on Channel 4 for three years, which was extended for one more year. Shortly afterwards, the 2010 ceremony was postponed until the 2010 ceremony finally aired in January 2011, in June 2015 Channel 4 announced they would be dropping the ceremony. The 2015 ceremony was cancelled due to a lack of a suitable broadcast partner. A new broadcast partner is being lined up for the 2016 ceremony, at the 2005 British Comedy Awards show, the wrong show received the Peoples Choice Award. Charged by the show with investigating the allegations of irregularities. It was understood that he would be if the recipients were Anthony McPartlin. In order to ensure his attendance, this assurance was given, but it could not be definitively established that Williams involvement led to the wrong winner being announced. Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway did however receive the Peoples Choice Award at the British Comedy Awards 2006, beginning on 26 July 2007, British tabloid newspapers reported the alleged involvement of the British Comedy Awards in the 2007 British television phone-in scandal. ITV announced that they postponed the British Comedy Awards 2007 due to the voting irregularities, in a statement, the company said, Pending conclusion of the investigation, broadcast of the British Comedy Awards 2007 will be postponed. ITV will not make any comment regarding this matter until the conclusion of the investigation. The 2007 awards did take place on 5 December 2007, in early May 2008 Ofcom announced its fining and sanctioning ITV plc in a press release. On 15 August 2008, it was announced that a scandal could have been committed in the award ceremony at the 2004 Awards. Angus Deayton replaced Jonathan Ross as the host of the British Comedy Awards, Ross returned to presenting the awards in 2009. Best Comedy Panel Show, Would I Lie to You, British Comedy Awards at British Comedy Guide
16.
Writers' Guild of Great Britain
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The Writers Guild of Great Britain, established in 1959, is a trade union for professional writers. It is affiliated with both the Trades Union Congress and the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds and it represents writers working in television, radio, film, theatre, books and multimedia. These agreements are regularly renegotiated and in most cases the minimum fees are reviewed annually, WGGB advises its members on all aspects of their working lives. This includes contract vetting, legal advice, help with copyright problems, regular events are organised for members. The Annual General Meeting each summer features an address by an industry professional/s, WGGB makes a point of highlighting the importance of writing for children in all media. WGGB representatives attend regular briefings with the Arts Council, Ofcom, International connections include, International Affiliation of Writers Guilds, European Writers Congress, Fédération des Scénaristes dEurope, UNI-MEI. WGGB has a membership and services arrangement with the Irish Playwrights. UK WGGB members who achieve TV or film writing contracts in the US can join the Writers Guild of America without paying the usual $2,500 initial fee. The Writers Guild Pension Scheme provides personal pension plans customised for freelance writers who may need to make irregular, the scheme is coupled with clauses in several Guild MTAs entitling members to pension contributions in addition to their writing fees. Over the years the Writers Guild Welfare Fund has accumulated more than £40,000, the union was founded in 1959 as the Television and Screen Writers Guild, the successor to the Screenwriters Association dating back to 1938. During the 1960s it expanded to radio and book writers. WGGB also hosts the annual Writers Guild Awards, in 1997 WGGB merged with the Theatre Writers Union, and membership now stands at around 2,400. Full Membership is open to anyone who has received payment for a piece of work under a contract with terms no less than those negotiated by WGGB. Writers who do not qualify can join as Candidate Members, the WGGB Awards were first given out in 1961. It also awards the Tinniswood Award for radio dramas, which are incorporated into the BBC Audio Drama Awards
17.
Graham Linehan
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Graham Linehan is an Irish television comedy writer and director who, often in partnership with Arthur Mathews, has written or co-written a number of popular television comedies. He is most noted for the sitcoms Father Ted, Black Books, amongst others, he has also worked on Big Train, Count Arthur Strong, Brass Eye and The Fast Show. He also had a column with the magazine In Dublin before moving to London, Linehan is married to Helen Serafinowicz, a writer and the sister of Peter Serafinowicz, and the couple have two children. Linehan and Mathews first met while working at Hot Press, the two continued their collaboration with Paris and Father Ted. They then wrote the first series of the sketch show Big Train and they also wrote the Dearth of A Salesman episode for the series Coogans Run, which featured the character Gareth Cheeseman. In late 2003, they were named one of the 50 funniest acts to work in television by The Observer, Linehan has since written for other shows, including Brass Eye. With Dylan Moran, he co-wrote the first series of Black Books, Linehan has also contributed material to Blue Jam, and its television adaptation Jam. In November 2008, he was awarded an International Emmy for The IT Crowd, in 2013, he wrote and directed The Walshes. Linehan and Mathews have had one book published, Father Ted and they have also contributed to various magazines and written surreal liner notes for the popular Volume series of alternative music compilations. This film appears as an extra on The IT Crowd, Version 1.0 DVD and he was also an executive producer of the first series of The IT Crowd, and an associate producer of one episode of Father Ted. Both Linehan and Mathews have made appearances in programmes they have written. They also made an appearance in the sitcom Im Alan Partridge as two Irish TV producers considering Alan Partridge for a contract and he appeared in the Identity Parade round of Never Mind the Buzzcocks. Linehan was one of the writers interviewed by Charlie Brooker in a special episode of the fifth series of Brookers Screenwipe programme. Linehan also appeared as a guest panellist on Have I Got News for You in 2011 and again in 2012 and he received a score of −19 on his only appearance on QI. In 2007, a documentary about Linehan, his life and his career was produced by Wildfire Films for RTÉ One and this documentary explored the art, craft and deeply competitive business of creating contemporary television comedy. It was directed by Adrian McCarthy and produced by Martha ONeill, in 2011, Linehan also appeared with several members of the cast in Channel 4s Father Ted Night, an evening of the writers favourite episodes and two retrospective documentaries. On 6 June 2011, Linehan appeared on BBC Radio 4s Today programme to discuss his adaption of the Ealing comedy film The Ladykillers for the West End stage. During this appearance, Linehan took issue with Today presenter Justin Webb over what he saw as the staging of an artificial argument between himself and the critic Michael Billington
18.
Brass Eye
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Brass Eye is a British comedy series parodying the current affairs news programming of the mid-1990s. A series of six episodes aired on Channel 4 in 1997, the series was created by Chris Morris, written by Morris, David Quantick, Peter Baynham, Jane Bussmann, Arthur Mathews, Graham Linehan and Charlie Brooker and directed by Michael Cumming. Drugs The second episode, Drugs, has described by Professor Michael Gossop as illustrative of the ease in which anti-drug hysteria can be evoked in the United Kingdom. In the opening scene of episode, a voiceover tells viewers that there are so many drugs on the streets of Britain that not even the dealers know them all. He also explained that possession of drugs without physical contact and the exchange of drugs through a mandrill were perfectly legal in English law, in response, the Home Office minister incorrectly identified the fictitious drug Cake as a pseudonym for the hallucinogenic drug methylenedioxybenzylamphetamine. Just imagine how his mother felt, Sex In one scene of the Sex episode, Morris posed as a talk-show host who took a starkly discriminatory attitude in favour of those with Good AIDS over those with Bad AIDS. A special one-off edition of the show aired four years after the series had ended and it eventually aired on 28 July 2001. It tackled paedophilia and the panic in parts of the British media following the murder of Sarah Payne. This included an incident in 2000 in which a paediatrician in Newport had the word PAEDO daubed in yellow paint on her home, nOTWs then Editor Rebekah Brooks would years later discuss this campaign at the Leveson Inquiry. To illustrate the medias reaction to the subject, various celebrities were duped into presenting fatuous. Gary Lineker and Phil Collins endorsed a spoof charity, Nonce Sense, with Collins saying, at one point, bogus CCTV footage was shown of a paedophile attempting to seduce children by stalking the streets while disguised as a school. Lineker described paedophile text slang, stating that BALTIMORA translates to literally, labour MP Syd Rapson related that paedophiles were using an area of internet the size of Ireland. Blackwood also warned watching parents that exposure to the fumes would make their children smell like hammers, prior to the launch, an eight-year-old boy had been placed on board the spaceship with Cooke by mistake. During the programme, the studio was invaded by a fictional militant pro-paedophile activism organisation called Milit-pede, when it returned, presenter Chris Morris confronted a spokesman, Gerard Chote, who had been placed in a pillory, asking if he wanted sex with Morriss six-year-old son. Hesitantly, the spokesman refused, apologetically explaining I dont fancy him, the episode won a Broadcast magazine award in 2002. The series was repeated in 2001 to tie in with the paedophilia special, a disclaimer was also added to the Drugs episode at the request of David Amess. In a particularly infamous portrayal, Hindley was the topic of a song by a fictitious indie band called Blouse. The lyrics to part of the read, Every time I see your picture, Myra/I have to phone my latest girlfriend up and fire her/And find a prostitute who looks like you and hire her/Oh
19.
DJ
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
20.
Backmasking
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Backmasking is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be played forward. Backmasking is a process, whereas a message found through phonetic reversal may be unintentional. Backmasking was popularised by the Beatles, who used backward instrumentation on their 1966 album Revolver, artists have since used backmasking for artistic, comedic and satiric effect, on both analogue and digital recordings. The technique has also used to censor words or phrases for clean releases of explicit songs. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device allowing sound to be recorded and reproduced on a cylinder with a stylus attached to a diaphragm mounted at the narrow end of a horn. Emile Berliner invented the familiar lateral-cut disc phonograph record in 1888 and his design overtook the Edison phonograph in the 1920s, partly because Berliners patent expired in 1918, leaving others free to use his invention. These two trends led to tape music compositions, composed on tape using techniques including reverse tape effects, the Beatles, who incorporated the techniques of concrète into their recordings, were responsible for popularizing the concept of backmasking. Lennon stated that, while under the influence of marijuana, he played the tapes for Rain in reverse. The following day he shared the results with the other Beatles, Lennon then liked the effect and kept it. Regardless, Rain was the first song to feature a backmasked message, when the rain comes, they run and hide their heads. The Beatles were involved in the spread of backmasking both as a technique and as the center of a controversy. The latter has its roots in an event in 1969, when WKNR-FM DJ Russ Gibb received a call from a student at Eastern Michigan University who identified himself as Tom. The caller asked Gibb about a rumor that Beatle Paul McCartney had died, Gibb played the song backwards on his turntable, and heard Turn me on, dead man. The Paul is dead rumor popularized the idea of backmasking in popular music, after Gibbs show, many more songs were found to contain phrases that sounded like known spoken languages when reversed. In 1981, Christian DJ Michael Mills began stating on Christian radio programs that Led Zeppelins Stairway to Heaven contained hidden messages that were heard by the subconscious. Also in 1982, fundamentalist Christian pastor Gary Greenwald held public lectures on dangers of backmasking, along with at least one mass record-smashing, One result of the furor was the firing of five radio DJs who had encouraged listeners to search for backward messages in their record collections. A more serious consequence was legislation by the governments of Arkansas. The 1983 California bill was introduced to prevent backmasking that can manipulate our behavior without our knowledge or consent, the successful bill made the distribution of records with undeclared backmasking an invasion of privacy for which the distributor could be sued
21.
Endangered species
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An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as likely to become extinct. In 2012, the IUCN Red List featured 3079 animal and 2655 plant species as endangered worldwide, the figures for 1998 were, respectively,1102 and 1197. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species, for example, population numbers, trends and species conservation status can be found in the lists of organisms by population. The conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become extinct, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Over 40% of the species are estimated to be at risk of extinction. Internationally,199 countries have signed an accord to create Biodiversity Action Plans that will protect endangered, in the United States, such plans are usually called Species Recovery Plans. Those species of Near Threatened and Least Concern status have been assessed and found to have relatively robust and healthy populations, though these may be in decline. The IUCN categories, with examples of animals classified by them, include, Extinct Extinct in the wild Captive individuals survive, critically endangered Faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Endangered Faces a high risk of extinction in the near future, vulnerable Faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. Near-threatened May be considered threatened in the near future, Least concern No immediate threat to species survival. A population size reduction of ≥ 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on any of to under A1. E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, there is data from the United States that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, species may be listed as endangered or threatened, the Salt Creek tiger beetle is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. Some endangered species laws are controversial, also lobbying from hunters and various industries like the petroleum industry, construction industry, and logging, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws. The Bush administration lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult an expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species. Under the Obama administration, this policy has been reinstated, being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers. This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species. Another problem with the species is its effect of inciting the use of the shoot, shovel
22.
Wanker
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Wanker is a term that literally means one who wanks but has since become a general insult. It is a term of English origin common in Britain and other parts of the English-speaking world, including Ireland, Australia. It initially referred to an onanist and is synonymous with the word tosser, the terms wank and wanker originated in British slang during the late 19th and early 20th century. In modern usage it is usually a term of contempt rather than a commentary on sexual habits. Wanker has similar meanings and overtones to American pejoratives like jerk or jerk-off, more generally, wanker can carry suggestions of egotistical and self-indulgent behaviour and this is the dominant meaning in Australia and New Zealand. Wanker may be indicated by a gesture, usually to an audience out of hearing range. It is performed by curling the fingers of the hand into a loose fist and moving the back and forth to mime male masturbation, which is equivalent to saying. In the United States, the term is understood, but rarely used, related are terms such as wankers colic, for an undiagnosed visceral pain, and wankers doom, for excessive masturbation, from slang used in the RAF and British prisons since the 1920s. In December 2000, the Advertising Standards Authority published research on attitudes of the British public to pejoratives and it ranked wanker as the fourth most severe pejorative in English. The BBC describes it as offensive and almost certain to generate complaints if used before the watershed. In Australia, it is considered offensive but is widely accepted and used in the media. Mary Cresswell, an American etymologist, describes wanker as somewhat more offensive in British use than Americans typically realize, the Winkers Song by Ivor Biggun is one of many songs about masturbation. It describes the singer, Im a wanker, Im a wanker, and it does me good like it bloody well should, and it reached number 22 in the 1978 UK charts. It was banned by BBC Radio 1 and every national radio, phil Collins used the word in his 1984 cameo appearance on Miami Vice and has sometimes been credited with introducing the word to America. In the film This Is Spinal Tap, David St. Hubbins, on the American television show Married. With Children, Peggy Bundys family is from the fictional Wanker County, on the British television quiz show Countdown, contestants have to form the longest word possible from nine randomly selected letters. On one occasion the letters permitted the spelling of wanker and both contestants replied with the word, leading one to quip weve got a pair of wankers, the sequence was edited out of the show, but has been shown as an outtake on other shows. However, on an occasion, wanker was offered
23.
State of emergency
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A government or division of government may declare that their area is in a state of emergency. This means that the government can suspend and/or change some functions of the executive and it alerts citizens to change their normal behavior and orders government agencies to implement emergency plans. Justitium is its equivalent in Roman law, where Senate could put forward senatus consultum ultimum and it can also be used as a rationale for suspending rights and freedoms guaranteed under a countrys constitution or basic law. The procedure for and legality of doing so varies by country, under international law, rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, for example, a government can detain persons and hold them without trial. All rights that can be derogated from are listed in the International Covenant for Civil, non-derogable rights are listed in Article 4 of the ICCPR, they include the rights to freedom from arbitrary deprivation of liberty and to freedom from torture and/or ill-treatment. Constitutions are contracts between the government and the individuals of that country. The International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights is an international law document signed by states, therefore, the Covenant only applies to persons acting in an official capacity, not private individuals. However, signatories to the Covenant are expected to integrate it into national legislation, although this is common protocol stipulated by the ICCPR often this is not strictly followed, enforcement is better regulated by European Convention of human rights. In some situations, martial law is declared, allowing the military greater authority to act. In other situations, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Ms. Nicole Questiaux and Mr. Article 4 to the International Covenant on Civil, the European Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights have similar derogatory provisions. No derogation is permitted to the International Labour Conventions, some political theorists, such as Carl Schmitt, have argued that the power to decide the initiation of the state of emergency defines sovereignty itself. The state of emergency can, and often has been, abused by being invoked, an example would be to allow a state to suppress internal opposition without having to respect human rights. An example was the August 1991 attempted coup in the Soviet Union where the coup leaders invoked a state of emergency and this provision was much abused during dictatorships, with long-lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. State-of-emergency legislation differs in each state of Australia, in Victoria, the premier can declare a state of emergency if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. The declaration expires after 30 days, and a resolution of either the upper or lower House of Parliament may revoke it earlier, under the Public Safety Preservation Act, a declared state of emergency allows the premier to immediately make any desired regulations to secure public order and safety. However, these regulations expire if Parliament does not agree to them within 7 days. Also, under the Essential Services Act, the premier may operate or prohibit operation of, as desired, a State of Emergency does not apply to the whole state, but rather districts or shires, where essential services may have been disrupted
24.
Propaganda
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Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. Propaganda is often associated with material prepared by governments, but activist groups, in the 2010s, the term propaganda is associated with a manipulative approach, but propaganda historically was a neutral descriptive term. Propaganda is a modern Latin word, the form of propagare, meaning to spread or to propagate. Originally this word derived from a new body of the Catholic church created in 1622, called the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Its activity was aimed at propagating the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries, from the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in secular activities. The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The Behistun Inscription detailing the rise of Darius I to the Persian throne is viewed by most historians as an example of propaganda. During the era of the American Revolution, the American colonies had a network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the Patriots. During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, propaganda was widely used, abolitionists in Britain and the United States in the 19th century developed large, complex propaganda campaigns against slavery. The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of war in 1914, after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, military officials such as Erich Ludendorff suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat. Adolf Hitler came to echo this view, believing that it had been a cause of the collapse of morale. Later, the Nazis adapted many British propaganda techniques during their time in power, most propaganda in Germany was produced by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph Goebbels was placed in charge of this ministry, the 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of totalitarian states and the Second World War, are arguably the Golden Age of Propaganda. Leni Riefenstahl, a filmmaker working in Nazi Germany, created one of the propaganda movies. US war films in the early 1940s in the United States were designed to create a patriotic mindset, the West and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, george Orwells novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are virtual textbooks on the use of propaganda. During the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro stressed the importance of propaganda, Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the Vietnam War as means of controlling peoples opinions. During the Yugoslav wars, propaganda was used as a strategy by governments of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Croatia
25.
Public school (United Kingdom)
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A public school in England and Wales is an older, student selective and expensive fee-paying independent secondary school which caters primarily for children aged between 11 or 13 and 18. The term public should not be misunderstood to mean that these are public sector schools, traditionally, public schools were all-male boarding schools, although most now allow day pupils, and many have become either partially or fully co-educational. The origins of schools in the UK were primarily religious until 1640 and it was intended that by-products of this would be the publication of universal books and the setting up of schools for boys and girls. Henceforth each of these schools was to be managed by a board of governors, Public schools have had a strong association with the ruling classes. Historically they educated the sons of the English upper and upper-middle classes, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in England while their parents were on overseas postings. In 2010, over half of Cabinet Ministers had been educated at public schools, in 2014, annual fees at Canford School and Eton College were more than £33,000 for boarders. The name dates back to the time when schools founded for local children went public and it is also used to describe the some 230 girls senior schools belonging to the Girls Schools Association. Until the late medieval period most schools were controlled by the church and had specific entrance criteria, others were restricted to the sons of members of guilds, trades or livery companies. The need for professional trades in an increasingly secularised society required schools for the sons of the gentry that were independent from ecclesiastical authority, from the 16th century onward, boys boarding schools were founded or endowed for public use. Traditionally, most of public schools were all boys and full boarding. Separate preparatory schools for younger boys developed from the 1830s, with entry to the schools becoming limited to boys of at least 12 or 13 years old. The first of these was Windlesham House School, established with support from Thomas Arnold, many of the schools, including Rugby School, Harrow School and the Perse School fell into decline during the 18th century and nearly closed in the early 19th century. Protests in the local newspaper forced governors of the Perse School to keep it open, a Royal Commission, the Clarendon Commission, investigated nine of the more established schools, including seven boarding schools and two day schools. St Pauls School and the Merchant Taylors School claimed successfully that their constitutions made them private schools, in 1887 the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal determined that the City of London School was a public school. In the first year only 12 headmasters attended, but in the following year 34 did, the Headmasters Conference has since grown steadily to over 200 schools. The Public Schools Yearbook was published for the first time in 1889, listing 30 schools, mostly boarding schools except for St Pauls School, some academically successful grammar schools were added in later editions. The 1902 edition included all schools whose principals qualified for membership of the Headmasters Conference, the Fleming Report defined a public school as a member of the Governing Bodies Association or the Headmasters Conference. Based on the recommendations of this report, the Education Act 1944 offered a new status to endowed grammar schools receiving a grant from central government
26.
New-age music
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New Age music is a genre of music intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation, and optimism. There is no definition of New Age music. An article in Billboard magazine in 1987 commented that New Age music may be the most startling successful non-defined music ever to hit the public consciousness. Many consider it to be a term for marketing rather than a musical category. New Age music was influenced by a range of artists from a variety of genres. Tony Scotts Music for Zen Meditation is considered to be the first New Age recording, paul Horn was one of the important pioneers. Irv Teibels Environments series featured natural soundscapes, tintinnabulation, and Om chants and were some of the first publicly available psychoacoustic recordings, Steven Halperns 1975 Spectrum Suite was a key work that began the New Age music movement. New Age music is defined more by the use and effect or feeling it produces rather than the instruments and genre used in its creation, it may be acoustic, electronic, or a mixture of both. There is also a significant overlap of sectors of New Age music with ambient music, classical music, jazz, electronica, world music, chillout, space music, pop music, the proponents of this definition are almost always musicians who create their music expressly for these purposes. To be useful for meditation music needs to have repetitive dynamic and texture, without sudden loud chords and it is minimalist in conception, and thus are mostly instrumentalist rather than vocalist musicians. Subliminal messages are used in New Age music, and the use of music instruments along the natural sounds of the animals. Music which is found in the New Age sections of record stores, stephen Hill, founder of the Hearts of Space in 1973, considers that many of the artists are very sincerely and fully committed to New Age ideas and ways of life. Some composers like Kitarō consider their music to be part of their growth, as well expressing values. However, it is noted that New Age music is a mere popular designation which successfully sells records. J. Gordon Melton argued it does not refer to a genre of music. Kay Gardner considered that the label New Age is considered an inauthentic commercial intention of the so-called New Age music. She commented that a lot of New Age music is schlock and how due to records sales everyone with a home studio put in some sounds of crickets, oceans, or rivers, as a guarantee of sales. Thus under the term, some consider that the Mike Oldfields progressive rock album Tubular Bells became one of the first albums to be referred to under the genre description of New Age
27.
Whale vocalization
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Whale sounds are used by whales for different kinds of communication. The mechanisms used to produce sound vary from one family of cetaceans to another, sight is less effective for marine mammals because of the way particulates in the ocean scatter light. Smell is also limited, as molecules diffuse more slowly in water than in air, however, the speed of sound is roughly four times greater in water than in the atmosphere at sea level. The word song is used to describe the pattern of regular and predictable sounds made by some species of whales and this is included with or in comparison with music, and male humpback whales have been described as inveterate composers of songs that are strikingly similar to human musical traditions. It has been suggested that humpback songs communicate male fitness to female whales and this clicking sequences reportedly allow the groups to coordinate foraging activities. Humans produce voiced sounds by passing air through the larynx and this vibration is further modified by speech organs in the oral and nasal cavities, creating sounds which are used in human speech. Cetacean sound production differs markedly from this mechanism, the precise mechanism differs in the two major suborders of cetaceans, the Odontoceti and the Mysticeti. Odontocetes produce rapid bursts of clicks that are thought to be primarily for echolocation. Specialized organs in an odontocete produce collections of clicks and buzzes at frequencies from 0.2 to 150 kHz to obtain information about its environment. Lower frequencies are used for echolocation, due to the fact that shorter wavelengths do not travel as far as longer wavelengths underwater. Higher frequencies are more effective at distances, and can reveal more detailed information about a target. Echoes from clicks convey, not only the distance to the target, but also the size, shape, speed, additionally, echolocation allows the odontocete to easily discern the difference between objects that are different in material composition, even if visually identical, by their different densities. Individuals also appear to be able to isolate their own echoes during pod feeding activity without interference from other pod members echolocations, whistles are used for communication, and four- to six-month-old calves develop unique sounds that they use most frequently throughout their lives. Such signature whistles are distinctive to the individual and may serve as a form of identification among other odontocetes, though a large pod of dolphins will produce a wide range of different noises, very little is known about the meaning of the sound. Frankel quotes one researcher who says listening to a school of odontocetes is like listening to a group of children at a school playground, the multiple sounds odontocetes make are produced by passing air through a structure in the head called the phonic lips. The structure is analogous to the nasal cavity, but the phonic lips act similarly to human vocal chords. As the air passes through this passage, the phonic lip membranes are sucked together. These vibrations can, as with the vibrations in the human larynx, the vibrations pass through the tissue of the head to the melon, which shapes and directs the sound into a beam of sound useful in echolocation
28.
Brigitte Bardot
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Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot is a French actress, singer and fashion model, who later became an animal rights activist. She was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s and was referred to by her initials. She started her career in 1952. After appearing in 16 routine comedy films that had limited international release, Bardot caught the attention of French intellectuals. She later starred in Jean-Luc Godards 1963 film Le Mépris, for her role in Louis Malles 1965 film Viva Maria. Bardot was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, from 1969 to 1978, Bardot was the official face of Marianne to represent the liberty of France. Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973, during her career in show business, she starred in 47 films, performed in several musical shows and recorded over 60 songs. She was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1985 but refused to accept it, after her retirement, she established herself as an animal rights activist. During the 2000s, she generated controversy by criticizing immigration and Islam in France and has been fined five times for inciting racial hatred, Bardot was born in Paris, the daughter of Louis Bardot and Anne-Marie Toty Bardot. Louis had a degree and worked with his father, Charles Bardot. Louis and Anne-Marie married in 1933, Bardot grew up in an upper middle-class Roman Catholic observant home. When she was seven she was admitted to the Cours Hattemer and she went to school three days a week, and otherwise studied at home. This gave time for lessons at Madame Bourgets dance studio three days a week, Brigittes mother also enrolled Brigittes younger sister, Marie-Jeanne, in dance. Marie-Jeanne eventually gave up dancing lessons and did not tell her mother, in 1947, Bardot was accepted to the Conservatoire de Paris. For three years she attended classes by Russian choreographer Boris Knyazev. One of her classmates was Leslie Caron, the other ballerinas nicknamed Bardot Bichette. At the invitation of an acquaintance of her mother, she modelled in a show in 1949. In the same year, she modelled for a fashion magazine Jardin des Modes managed by journalist Hélène Lazareff, aged 15, she appeared on an 8 March 1950 cover of Elle and was noticed by a young film director, Roger Vadim, while babysitting
29.
Jean-Michel Jarre
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Jean-Michel Jarre is a French composer, performer, and record producer. He is a pioneer in the electronic, ambient, and new-age genres, and known as an organiser of outdoor spectacles of his music featuring lights, laser displays, Jarre was raised in Lyon by his mother and grandparents, and trained on the piano. From an early age, he was introduced to a variety of art forms, including those of street performers, jazz musicians, and the artist Pierre Soulages. He played guitar in a band, but his style was perhaps most heavily influenced by Pierre Schaeffer. His first mainstream success was the 1976 album Oxygène, recorded in a makeshift studio at his home, the album sold an estimated 12 million copies. More albums were to follow, but his 1979 concert served as a blueprint for his performances around the world. Several of his albums have been released to coincide with large-scale outdoor events, as of 2004, Jarre had sold an estimated 80 million albums. He was the first Western musician officially invited to perform in the Peoples Republic of China, Jean-Michel Jarre was born in Lyon on 24 August 1948, to France Pejot, a French Resistance member and concentration camp survivor, and composer Maurice Jarre. When Jarre was five, his parents split up and his moved to America. He did not see his father again until reaching the age of 18, for the first eight years of his life, Jarre spent six months each year at his maternal grandparents flat on the Cours de Verdun, in the Perrache district of Lyon. Jarres grandfather was a player, engineer and inventor, designing an early audio mixer used at Radio Lyon. He also gave Jean-Michel his first record player, from his vantage point high above the pavement, the young French boy was able to watch street performers at work, an experience he later cited as proving influential on his art. Jarre struggled with classical studies, although he later changed teachers. A more general interest in musical instruments was sparked by his discovery at the Saint-Ouen flea market and these early jazz experiences suggested to him that music may be descriptive, without lyrics. He was also influenced by the work of French artist Pierre Soulages, Soulages paintings used multiple textured layers, and Jarre realised that for the first time in music, you could act as a painter with frequencies and sounds. I also saw the last concert by the great Arabic singer Om Khalsoum and she is the goddess, the Maria Callas of the Orient. Then I heard Georgia on My Mind by Ray Charles, and I realised that music can talk to your tummy, I was so impressed by the organic sensuality coming from Ray Charless music – there was no intellectual process and it was great. As a young man Jarre earned money by selling his paintings, exhibiting some of his works at the Lyon Gallery – LŒil écoute, and by playing in a band called Mystère IV
30.
Cannes
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Cannes is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, the city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it also played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations, by the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means, the area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands. In 69 AD, it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Otho and Vitellius, in the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from canna, a reed, Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands, most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, the insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, one took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years, during the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary. They had many different purposes, at the end of the 19th century, henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who built winter residences. At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, in Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue dAntibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs, an establishment was built for the rich winter clientele. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979, in the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a centre, a post office. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, winter tourism gave way to summer tourism and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed
31.
Nigel Mansell
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Nigel Ernest James Mansell, CBE is a British former racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the CART Indy Car World Series. His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. He held the record for the most number of set in a single season. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by longtime Formula One commentator Murray Walker, in 2008, ESPN. com ranked him 24th on their Top 25 Drivers of All Time list. He was also ranked No.9 of the 50 greatest F1 drivers of all time by the Times Online on a list that included such drivers as Prost, Senna, Jackie Stewart. Mansell raced in the Grand Prix Masters series in 2005, and he later signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari F430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007. He has since competed in sports car races with his sons Leo and Greg. Mansell was inducted to the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2005 and he is the current president of one of the UKs largest Youth Work Charities, UK Youth. He is also President of the IAM, in September 2014, it was announced that Mansell would be opening a Mitsubishi franchise on Jersey later in the month. Defeated Erik Spaulding in semi-final 2017 Belleair Club Championship, Nigel Ernest James Mansell was born on 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire, the son of Eric, an engineer and Joyce Mansell. Mansell spent 11 years of his life as a Special Constable on the Isle of Man during his driving career, during this period, he also developed a golf course in Devon. He had a slow start to his racing career, using his own money to help work his way up the ranks. After considerable success in racing, he moved to the Formula Ford series to the disapproval of his father. In 1976, Mansell won six of the nine races he took part in and he entered 42 races the following year and won 33 to become the 1977 British Formula Ford champion, despite suffering a broken neck in a qualifying session at Brands Hatch. Doctors told him he had been close to quadriplegia, that he would be confined for six months. Mansell discharged himself from the hospital and returned to racing, Three weeks before the accident he had resigned from his job as an aerospace engineer, having previously sold most of his personal belongings to finance his foray into Formula Ford. Later that year he was given the chance to race a Lola T570 Formula 3 car at Silverstone and he finished fourth and decided that he was ready to move into the higher formula. Mansell raced in Formula Three in 1978–1980, Mansells first season in Formula Three started with a pole position and a second-place finish
32.
Graham Gooch
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Graham Alan Gooch OBE DL is a former English cricketer who captained Essex and England. His List A cricket tally of 22,211 runs is also a record and he is one of only twenty-five players to have scored over 100 first-class centuries. Internationally, despite being banned for three following a rebel tour to ostracized South Africa, Gooch is the second highest Test run scorer for England. His playing years spanned much of the period of domination by the West Indies and his score of 154 against them at Headingley in 1991 is regarded as one of the greatest centuries of all time by many critics and former players. His career-best score of 333 – added to his second innings century – remains the highest match aggregate at Lords and he is the first to make 20 Test appearances at Lord’s. As captain, Matthew Engel noted, his fitness and work-ethic gave the team more purpose than it had shown in a decade. After 118 Tests, aged forty-two, he retired into coaching and as team selector, in 2009 he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. He returned to coach Essex, before becoming England batting coach in 2012, Gooch was born in Whipps Cross Hospital, Leytonstone, in East London. He was educated at Norlington School for Boys and Leyton County High School for Boys, Gooch played first-class cricket regularly between 1973 and 1997. Famous for his stance, a high bat-lift and heavy bat he became one of the most prolific run scorers top-class cricket has ever seen. On 8 November 2011, he received an award from University of East London. Gooch made his debut in Test cricket in 1975 at 21 against the touring Australia side captained by Ian Chappell and his debut was not a great success as Gooch got a pair, and England lost the first Test by an innings and 85 runs. The second Ashes Test in the series was not much better and he was not selected again until 1978 where his scoring rate for Essex meant that he could not be ignored and he became a mainstay in the England line-up. In 1980 he was awarded the Wisden Cricketer of the Year, geoffrey Boycott was generally perceived as the key player organising the tour party but it was Graham Gooch who captained the team who gained the most media attention and in some cases vilification. Gooch was not handed the captaincy until the arrived in South Africa at the beginning of March. Gooch claimed in the film Out of the Wilderness that others decided he had no place in England cricket, upon the expiration of the ban, Gooch was restored to the England team in 1985. He returned to the England team for the Cricket World Cup in India and Pakistan, and his second match, the one-off Test against Sri Lanka, was won, and all seemed fair for Gooch to remain as captain for the tour of India that winter. But that tour was cancelled over the Indian governments refusal to grant visas to the eight players who had sporting links with South Africa, including Gooch himself
33.
Seve Ballesteros
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Severiano Seve Ballesteros Sota was a Spanish professional golfer, a World No.1 who was one of the sports leading figures from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. He gained attention in the world in 1976, when at the age of 19 he finished second at The Open. He played a role in the re-emergence of European golf. He won the World Match Play Championship a record-tying five times and he is generally regarded as the greatest Continental European golfer of all time. Ballesteros won a record 50 European Tour titles and he won at least one European Tour title for 17 consecutive years between 1976 and 1992. His final victory was at the 1995 Peugeot Spanish Open, largely because of back-related injuries, Ballesteros struggled with form during the late 1990s. In spite of this, he continued to be involved in the game of golf, creating the Seve Trophy, Ballesteros eventually retired from competitive golf in 2007 because of continued poor form. In 2008 he was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumour, Ballesteros was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for the second time at the BBC Sports Personality Awards 2009. He was presented with the award at his home in Spain by his friend, compatriot, after reports that he would make a return to the spotlight at the 2010 Open Championship, on the advice of doctors he did not travel to St Andrews. Ballesteros died of cancer on 7 May 2011, aged 54. Severiano Ballesteros Sota was born in the village of Pedreña, Cantabria, Spain, on 9 April 1957, one died in childhood, all the others became professional golfers. His maternal uncle Ramón Sota was Spanish professional champion four times, Ballesteros older brother Manuel finished in the top 100 on the European Tour Order of Merit every year from 1972 to 1983, and later became Ballesteros manager. His brothers Vicente and Baldomero, and nephew Raúl are also professional golfers, Ballesteros turned professional in March 1974 at the age of 16. He burst onto the scene with a second-place finish in 1976 Open Championship at Royal Birkdale Golf Club. Ballesteros led by two shots after the round, but a final round 74 saw him tie with Jack Nicklaus. He went on to win the European Tour Order of Merit that year, Ballesteros won his first Open Championship in 1979 with a closing 70, a round in which he famously hit his tee shot into a car park on the 16th hole yet still made a birdie. Ballesteros went on to win five major championships, the Masters Tournament in 1980 and 1983 and his 1980 Masters win was the first by a European player, and at the time he was the youngest winner of the tournament, at age 23. Ballesteros described the putt he holed on the 18th green at St Andrews to win the 1984 Open Championship as the happiest moment of my whole sporting life, in 1988, Ballesteros won his fifth and last major title, The Open Championship at Royal Lytham & St Annes
34.
Gabriela Sabatini
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Gabriela Beatriz Sabatini is an Argentine former professional tennis player. She was one of the players on the womens circuit in the late-1980s and early-1990s. She won the singles title at the US Open in 1990. Sabatini also won most of the highest level regular events on the tour, including Miami. In the late 1980s, Sabatini launched a line of fragrances after partnering with the German perfume company Muelhens and her signature scent debuted in 1989. Sabatini was born 16 May 1970 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to parents Osvaldo and her father is an executive in General Motors. Sabatini said that she deliberately lost matches in her youth to avoid reporters and she made this claim when she was 43, saying her shyness was a major problem and she thought she had to speak after winning a tournament, so she often lost in semifinals. Sabatini first came to the worlds attention as a junior. She started playing tennis at the age of 6, and won her first tournament at age 8, in 1983, age 13, she became the youngest player to win the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. She won six major international titles, including the French Open girls singles. In 1985, aged 15 years and three weeks, Sabatini became one of the players to reach the semifinals at the French Open. She won her first top-level singles title later that year in Tokyo, in 1988, Sabatini reached her first Grand Slam singles final at the US Open. She faced Germanys Steffi Graf, who had won the three previous Grand Slam singles events that year and was looking to win a fourth, Graf won the match in three sets. Sabatini was selected to represent Argentina in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul and she also carried the countrys flag in the opening ceremony. She went on to win the medal in the womens singles competition. In the final, she again faced Graf, who was bidding to turn her Grand Slam into what the media had dubbed a Golden Slam, Sabatini teamed-up with Graf to win the womens doubles title at Wimbledon that year. She also won 1988s year-end WTA Tour Championships, Sabatinis next Grand Slam singles final came in 1990, where she again faced Graf in the final of the US Open. Sabatini beat Graf in two sets and she also beat Graf in a semifinal of the WTA Tour Championships but lost the final to Monica Seles in the events first-ever five-set final 6–4, 5–7, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
35.
Linford Christie
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Linford Cicero Christie OBE is a Jamaican-born British former sprinter. He was the first European to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m and he is a former world indoor record holder over 200 metres, and a former European record holder in the 60 metres,100 m and 4 ×100 metres relay. Christie was born in Saint Andrew, Jamaica, where he was brought up by his grandmother, at the age of seven he followed his parents, who had emigrated to Acton, London, England, five years before. He was educated at Henry Compton Secondary School in Fulham, London and he competed in the very first London Youth Games in 1977 for the borough of Hammersmith & Fulham. He also joined the Air Training Corps in 1978,336 Squadron and he did not take up athletics seriously until he was 19. Christies early track career was not promising and he failed to make the Great Britain team for the 1984 Summer Olympics, not even being included in the sprint relay squad. It was not until he began to work in earnest under the coaching of Ron Roddan that he began to fulfill his potential. In 1986, he was the winner of the 100 m at the European Championships and finished second in the same event at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. Christies time was 9.97 seconds, a new European record by 0.03 seconds and only the time anyone had ever broken the ten-second barrier. Christie faced a disciplinary hearing himself in Seoul because of a drug test for the banned stimulant pseudoephedrine after he ran in the heats of the 200 m. The hearing panel decided by a vote to give Christie the benefit of the doubt. In the absence of his great rival Lewis, Christie ran 9.96 s in the final, and at the age of 32 years 121 days became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years 38 days. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and he was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. After 1994, he was less successful, Christie was disqualified in the 1996 Olympic final after two false starts. He retired from international competition in 1997, although he continued to make appearances at invitation meetings. In February 1999, Christie competed in a meet in Dortmund. A routine unannounced drug test found the banned substance nandrolone, after a six-month delay, a disciplinary hearing was convened by the British Athletic Federation which found Christie to be not guilty. But the IAAF overruled and confirmed a two-year suspension, Christie is also banned for life from British Olympic Association teams
36.
Moroccans
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Moroccans are a people that share a common Moroccan culture and ancestry. A sizable part of the Moroccan diaspora is composed of Moroccan Jews, in traditional physical anthropology, the indigenous Berbers of Morocco and elsewhere in the Maghreb are among the various Hamitic inhabitants of Africa, representing the westernmost branch. As such, the principal element in the local population is the Mediterranean type. The first anatomically modern humans in North Africa are the makers of the Aterian, the earliest Aterian lithic assemblages date to around 145,000 years ago, and were discovered at the site of Ifri nAmmar in Morocco. This industry was followed by the Iberomaurusian culture, a backed bladelet industry found throughout the Maghreb and it was originally described in 1909 at the site of Abri Mouillah. Other names for this Cro-Magnon-associated culture include Mouillian and Oranian, the Epipaleolithic Iberomaurusian makers were centered in prehistoric sites, such as Taforalt and Mechta-Afalou. They were succeeded by the Capsians, the Capsian culture is often thought to have arrived in Africa from the Near East, although it is also suggested that the Iberomaurusians may have been the progenitors of the Capsians. The proto-Berber tribes evolved from prehistoric communities during the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age. The Arab people in Morocco have dominantly unique genetics which primarily exist of haplogroup J1, J2, Arabs of Morocco are a 20% J, an accounts for the majority of in Saudi Arabia, Sudan & a primary element in North Africa. Seems to be an exclusively Adnani marker, the Arabs of Morocco have 76% of Haplogroup E1b1b1a M78. The M78 subgroup exists of a few different subgroups, of which M78α is present amongst Arabs at 39% and M78β is present at 31, to the M78 major subclade belongs V22 and V65 as well, which will be explained in the next chapters. Arabs of Morocco are a 40% E1b1b, another lineage to expand out of Egypt, found in various ethnic groups with a peaking frequency in Sudan & Egypt. Arabs of Morocco are a 30% E1b1b, a marker of the Ancient Libyan tribes, Arabs of Morocco are a 30% E1b1b, a Proto-Berber marker E1b1b1b1a1 A reduced Proto-Berber lineage in Mali. According to Ibn Khaldun, whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals, Moroccans primarily descend from Berbers, Arabized Berbers and Haratin/Gnawa, like other neighboring Maghrebans. As such, Berbers are descendants of the populations of Morocco via the Iberomaurusians and Capsians. The Afroasiatic family may have originated in the Mesolithic period, perhaps in the context of the Capsian culture, by 5000 BC, the populations of Morocco were an amalgamation of Ibero-Maurisian and a minority of Capsian stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the Neolithic revolution. Out of these populations, the tribes formed during the late Paleolithic era. The highest frequencies of L-mtDNA in Moroccan cities is reported for the Moroccan Arabs of the area of El Jadida at 46%
37.
1992 Summer Olympics
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The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event played in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The games were the first to be unaffected by boycotts since 1972, Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, on October 17,1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin, at the Opening Ceremony Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang Romiossini as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in both Catalan and Spanish as the flag was hoisted, the Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch, Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme. South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Womens 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand. Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics. As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, the other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team, however, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time. In mens artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, won six gold medals, Scherbo tied Eric Heidens record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. In womens artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States Shannon Miller, russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays, evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history. The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals, in womens 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics. After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball became an Olympic sport
38.
I'm Alan Partridge
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Im Alan Partridge is a 1997 BBC situation comedy starring Steve Coogan and written by Coogan, Peter Baynham and Armando Iannucci. It features Alan Partridge, a tactless and inept radio DJ, after he has left by his wife. The show follows Partridge as he lives in a hotel, presents a graveyard slot on Norwich local radio. A second series followed in 2002, with Partridge now living in a static caravan after recovering from a mental breakdown, Iannucci said the writers used the sitcom as a kind of social X-ray of male middle-aged Middle England. Supporting Coogan are Felicity Montagu as his faithful but timid personal assistant, Lynn Benfield, Simon Greenall as Geordie handyman Michael, the series was nominated for three BAFTAs, two British Comedy Awards, and a Royal Television Society award. In a list drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted by industry professionals, the main character of the series, Alan, a former host on Knowing Me, Knowing You. By series two, following a mental breakdown, Alan has fixed himself slightly. He lives in a static caravan next to the house he is having built. Besides this, he has a show in the evening, hosts a military-based quiz show on digital television, has published his autobiography. Alan is generally loathsome and narcissistic with very poor social skills, Lynn is a member of a local Baptist church, which Alan finds strange but is willing to tolerate. Her mother, with whom Lynn possibly lives, is apparently housebound, when accompanying Alan, Lynn appears inhibited by him, but seems capable of easily blending into social situations when Alan is not present. Despite her intense and frequently ludicrous workload, Lynn receives a paltry £8,000 per year, by the second series, her mother has died, and Lynn finds romance with a fellow churchgoer, a retired policeman. At the celebration following her church baptism, she is shown to have friends and is held in high regard by other churchmembers. An all-purpose worker at the Linton Travel Tavern, Michael speaks with a heavy Geordie accent, Partridge and Alan clearly regards Michael with a great deal of disdain. Michael is almost as desperate and neurotic a character as Alan, Michael frequently tells stories of his time in the British army, to the delight of Alan, especially if they are of a salacious or violent nature. During a period of military placement in the Philippines, Michael married a Filipino woman, however, his wife left him and now lives with his brother in Sunderland, possibly shedding light on the origins of Michaels neuroticism. In the last episode of the first series, Michael appears at Alans party already drunk on Scrumpy Jack and he is also a recurring character in the second series of Im Alan Partridge, where he has left the Linton Travel Tavern and now works in a BP petrol station. Dave is a Radio Norwich DJ who runs the right after Alans graveyard slot show
